Irvinebank is a rural town and locality in the Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. In the , the locality of Irvinebank had a population of 125 people.

Geography
The Great Dividing Range forms the south-eastern and southern boundary of the locality.

Irvinebank is in the western foothills of the Atherton Tablelands of Far North Queensland,  south-west of Cairns via the Bruce Highway, Gillies Range Road, State Route 25 (bypassing Atherton) and the Herberton Petford Road. From further west it can be accessed from the Burke Developmental Road at Petford.

The terrain is generally mountainous with the following named peaks:

 Billing Knob ()
 Boot Hill ()
 Elizabeth Bluffs ()
 Geebung Hill ()
 Giblets Peak ()
 Hermit Hill ()
 Iron Mountain ()
 Lead Hill ()
 Mount Babinda ()
 Mount Gossan ()
 Mount Luxton ()
 Mount Misery ()

History

First known as Gibbs Camp, the town was founded in 1884 by John Moffat, who had purchased the mining leases from the original prospectors. From 1889 he owned the Vulcan tin mine. He built a dam, a mill, smelters and other infrastructure that attracted settlers and miners to the area. Moffat was born at Newmilns, Ayrshire, Scotland, which is situated on the River Irvine, and it is assumed he named the town Irvinebank in honour of his home town. Irvinebank became a thriving town with an economy based on mining, milling and smelting.

In late 1884, Irvinebank became famous for a massacre of Aboriginal Australians and a subsequent inquiry. In October of that year a Native Police patrol led by officers William Nichols and Roland Garraway conducted a series of raids in the area during which an Aboriginal camp was fired upon. An old man, two women and a 6-year-old child were killed. Another two Aboriginal men were arrested, never to be seen again. John Moffat alerted authorities and an investigation was held. Seven troopers were later charged with murder and Sub-inspector Nichols was charged with being an accessory. At a trial in Townsville the magistrate concluded there was no case against Nichols and he was discharged "amid considerable applause". The troopers were remanded in custody and in October 1885 they too were discharged. Nichols, however, was dismissed from the Native Police by the Queensland government and the Irvinebank massacre is regarded as a turning point away from the policy of indiscriminate killing of Indigenous people in the colony.

Irvinebank Post Office opened on 1 June 1885 (a receiving office had been open from 1884).

Irvinebank Provisional School opened on 27 September 1886. On 1 August 1890 it became Irvinebank State School.

Montalbion State School opened  and closed in 1906.

Stannary Hills Provisional School opened on 18 January 1904. In 1907, it became Stannary Hills State School. It closed .

Rocky Bluffs Provisional School opened on 1904 and closed on 1910.

Gurrumba Provisional School opened in 1907. On 1 January 1909, it became Gurrumba Provisional School. It closed .

Hale's Siding Provisional School opened on 22 February 1915 and closed in February 1922.

In the ten years up to the 1911 census the population had swelled from 619 to 1264, but another 10 years saw it reduced back to only 607 and continued to fall.

At the 2006 census, Irvinebank had a population of 311.

Although currently and historically within the Shire of Mareeba, between 2008 and 2013, the Shire of Mareeba (and hence Invinebank) was within the Tablelands Region) until 2014 when the shire was re-instated following a vote by the residents.

In the , the locality of Irvinebank had a population of 125 people.

Heritage listings

Irvinebank has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 High Street: Irvinebank State School
 Jessie Street: Queensland National Bank
 off Jessie Street: Irvinebank State Treatment Works
 16 O'Callaghan Street: Loudoun House
 Mareeba Mining District: Vulcan Mine
 McDonald Street: Irvinebank School of Arts Hall
 Stannary Hills-Irvinebank Road: Stannary Hills Tramways

Education
Irvinebank State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at High Street (). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 9 students with 2 teachers (1 full-time equivalent) and 4 non-teaching staff (1 full-time equivalent).

There is no secondary school in Irvinebank. The nearest government secondary schools are Dimbulah State School (to Year 10) in neighbouring Dimbulah to the north-west and Herberton State School (to Year 10) in Herberton to the east. Catholic secondary education to Year 12 is available in Herberton, while the nearest government secondary school offering schooling to Year 12 is Atherton State High School in Atherton to the north-east;  Given the size of the locality, some children might live too far away to attend any of these schools; distance education and boarding schools would be other options.

Facilities
Irvinebank Post Office is at 16 O'Callaghan Street ().

Irvinebank Rural Fire Station is on Jessie Street in the town ().

Irvinebank Cemetery is on Cemetery Road off the Herberton Petford Road just to the south-west of the town ().

Montalbion Pioneer Cemetery is in the former town of Montalbion along a signed dirt track off the Herberton Petford Road (). It is no longer open for burials.

Amenities
Irvinebank School of Arts is a public hall at 2633 Herberton Petford Road (). There are a number of monuments and memorials there, including:

 a cairn with memorial to John Moffat and his secretary and town historian Allan Ferguson Waddell, erected by the Royal Geographical Society of Queensland
Irvinebank Roll of Honour, commemorating those from the town who served in World War I

Irvinebank Tavern is at 2656 Herberton Petford Road (). It provides meals, cabin accommodation and petrol.

Attractions
Loudoun House Museum is at 16 O'Callaghan Street in heritage-listed Loudon House (). The museum presents the local history of the area and has resources for family history.

Notable residents
 Henry Dalziel, recipient of the Victoria Cross in World War I was born in Irvinebank

See also
 List of tramways in Queensland

References

On the Irvinebank Massacre 1884:
Dillon Paul, The Irvinebank Massacre, ISBN 9781922449498, Connor Court Publishing, Brisbane, 2021.

External links

Populated places in Far North Queensland
Towns in Queensland
Shire of Mareeba
Localities in Queensland


Billboard Top Movie Hits is a series of compilation albums released by Rhino Records in April 1996 featuring recordings popularized through their use in movies released from the 1940s through the 1970s.  Five albums were released in the series, each containing ten songs from a specified five- or ten-year period.

1940s

"I've Heard That Song Before" (From Youth on Parade) – Helen Forrest, Harry James & His Orchestra
"Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah" (From Song of the South) – James Baskett
"Swinging on a Star" (From Going My Way) – Bing Crosby, John Trotter, Williams Brothers
"My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time" (From In Society) – Doris Day, Les Brown & His Orchestra
"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" (From Buck Privates) – Andrews Sisters, Vic Schoen & His Orchestra
"You'll Never Know" (From Hello Frisco, Hello) – Dick Haymes & The Song Spinners
"(I Got Spurs That) Jingle, Jangle, Jingle" (From The Forest Rangers) – Harry Babbiyt, Kay Kyser & His Orchestra
"It's Magic" (From Romance on the High Seas) – Doris Day
"Doctor, Lawyer, Indian Chief" (From The Stork Club) – Betty Hutton, Paul Weston & His Orchestra
"As Time Goes By" (From Casablanca) – Rudy Vallee

1950-1954

"The Song from Moulin Rouge (Where Is Your Heart?)" (From Moulin Rouge) – Felicia Sanders, Percy Faith & His Orchestra
"Three Coins in the Fountain" (From Three Coins in the Fountain) – Four Aces, Al Albert with Chorus
"ABA Daba Honeymoon" (From Two Weeks with Love) – Debbie Reynolds, Carleton Carpenter
"High and the Mighty" (From The High and the Mighty) – Victor Young & His Singing Strings
"Ruby" (From Ruby Gentry) – Richard Hayman & His Orchestra
"Secret Love" (From Calamity Jane) – Doris Day
"Ol' Man River" (From Show Boat) – William Warfield
"Anywhere I Wander" (From Hans Christian Andersen) – Julius LaRosa
"Anna" (From Anna) – Silvana Mangano
"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)" (From High Noon) – Frankie Laine

1955-1959

"Unchained Melody" (From Unchained) – Les Baxter and His Chorus and Orchestra
"Love Is a Many Splendored Thing" (From Love Is a Many Splendored Thing) – Four Aces, Al Alberts
"It's Not for Me to Say" (From Lizzie) – Johnny Mathis, Ray Conniff
"Moonglow" (Theme from Picnic) – Morris Stoloff and the Columbia Pictures Orchestra
"Tammy" (From Tammy and the Bachelor) – Debbie Reynolds
"April Love" (From April Love) – Pat Boone
"Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)" – Doris Day, Frank De Vol and His Orchestra
"Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White" (From Under Water!) – Perez Prado and His Orchestra, Billy Regis
"Fascination" (From Love in the Afternoon) – Jane Morgan & the Troubadors
"The Man with the Golden Arm" (Main Title) – Elmer Bernstein & Orchestra, Shelly Manne

1960s

"Theme from A Summer Place" – Percy Faith & His Orchestra
"Exodus" – Ferrante & Teicher
"Theme from Valley of the Dolls – Dionne Warwick
"Jean" (From The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie) – Oliver
"Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet – Henry Mancini & His Orchestra
"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head" –  B.J. Thomas
"Ballad of the Alamo" (From The Alamo) – Marty Robbins
"Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte" – Patti Page
"Born Free" – Roger Williams Orchestra
"Moon River" (From Breakfast at Tiffany's) – Henry Mancini & His Orchestra

1970s

"Star Wars (Main Title)" (Album version) – The London Symphony Orchestra
"Midnight Cowboy" – Ferrante & Teicher
"Every Which Way but Loose" – Eddie Rabbitt
"Theme from Shaft" – Isaac Hayes
"Gonna Fly Now" – Bill Conti
"You Light Up My Life" – Debby Boone
"The Entertainer" – Marvin Hamlisch
"I Got a Name" – Jim Croce
"Dueling Banjos" – Eric Weissberg & Steve Mandell
"Theme from Close Encounters of the Third Kind" - John Williams

Movies
1996 compilation albums
Pop compilation albums
Soundtrack compilation albums
Various artists albums


There were Chinese people in Tanzania as early as 1891. However, most of the Chinese in the country trace their roots to three distinct waves of migration: 1930s settlement on Zanzibar, workers sent by the Chinese government in the 1960s and 1970s as part of development assistance to Tanzania, and private entrepreneurs and traders who began doing business there during the 1990s.

History

Most foreign labour in Tanganyika's history as a German colony came from other parts of Africa; however, there were a few Chinese as well. In 1891, the German East Africa Company hired 491 Chinese and Javanese labourers from Singapore to work on plantations in Usambara. Separately, a community of overseas Chinese began to form on the island of Zanzibar, by then a British possession, in the 1930s. The Chinese noodles they produced there became a popular staple food for the local population, especially for the evening iftar meal which marks the end of the day's fasting during Ramadan.

In 1969, a few years after Tanganyika and Zanzibar achieved independence from the British Empire and merged to become Tanzania, the People's Republic of China agreed to provide financing and technical assistance for the construction of the TAZARA Railway, intended to give Zambia an alternative to an existing railway route passing through Rhodesia, and allow them to export copper through ports in Tanzania instead. The first thousand Chinese railway workers came to Dar Es Salaam on board the ocean liner Yao Hao in August 1969.; they would be followed by twenty to thirty thousand more in the next five years. At any given time, Chinese composed between twenty-five and thirty percent, or 13,000, of the thirty to forty thousand workers on the railway. Most of them returned home after their stint in the country, but due to the emphasis placed on speedy construction, they had little time to train their Tanzanian counterparts to replace them; as a result, teams of Chinese experts continued to work for the railway authority as late as 2004. During these years, China also sent some advisors to Zanzibar for work on other development projects. Finally, roughly 200 doctors from Jiangsu were dispatched all over Tanzania on two-year stints; people's positive experience with these doctors laid the foundations for the later popularity of traditional Chinese medicine, though they themselves were not TCM practitioners.

The population of old overseas Chinese continued to decrease; by 2008, just twenty remained in Dar es Salaam, including a Meixian Hakka couple from South Africa who ran a Chinese restaurant, and a number of Burmese Chinese who traced their roots to the Taishan and Kaiping counties of Guangdong. However, their numbers were bolstered by the arrival of new expatriate businessmen and entrepreneurs beginning in the 1990s.

Numbers
In 2000, statistics of Tanzania's Immigration Department showed that they had issued work or residence permits to just 239 Chinese nationals, making them one of the smaller groups of foreigners in the country. However, China's official Xinhua News Agency reported in 2008 that 10,000 Chinese people live in the country.
In January 2013, the Chinese Ambassador to Tanzania was quoted saying that there were more than 30,000 Chinese people living in Tanzania.

Business and employment
The new wave of Chinese expatriates in the 1990s initially came to Tanzania with the intention of working in more typical industries, such as construction, textiles, or food products. However, the World Health Organization's push for privatisation of health care in Tanzania provided unexpected business opportunities to them; despite the fact that most lacked any medical training, they began setting up traditional Chinese medicine clinics, the first of which was established in 1996. Qualified practitioners came later, but in the early 2000s, the majority were still learning on the job.

See also

 China–Tanzania relations
 Indians in Tanzania

References

Citations

Sources

External links
Chinese in Tanzania , a post from Marc van der Chijs' weblog
Making Noodles in Zanzibar, a film by Elisabeth Hsu

Asian diaspora in Tanzania
Tanzania


The Polytechnic University of San Luis Potosí (in Spanish: Universidad Politécnica de San Luis Potosí, UPSLP) was created on 27 June 2001 and was the first Polytechnic University of the Subsystem of Polytechnic Universities.

Besides the academic programs, the university offers a series of professional certifications, such as: The FCE by University of Cambridge, the MOS certification by Microsoft, and other certifications offered by Cisco Systems, or Sun Microsystems.

The campus of the university was built using a Project for Rendering of Services (PPS in Spanish); being the first higher education institution in Mexico created under this modality. Acciona is the company in charge of rendering the services until the year 2027

Academic model
The university is founded on a flexible model that offers student different exit points during their studies. A student can complete a "Professional Associate" degree after two years, a "University Technician" program after three years and a bachelor's degree after four-and-a-half years. The model also offers a tutorial program, for which each student is closely supervised by the faculty.

Undergraduate programs

Unlike the rest of the universities of the sub-system, the UPSLP offers all its program in nine semesters (4.5 years).

The university offers six programs:
 Information Technology Engineering
 Telematics Engineering
 Manufacturing Technology Engineering
 Systems and Industrial Technology Engineering
 International Marketing
 Administration and Management

Academic Division

The academic vice-provost is the highest academic position of the university and reports directly to the president/provost of the university. There are three divisions that oversee the academic development of the university:

 Division of Administration and Humanities
 Division of New Technologies
 Division of Manufacturing and Basic Sciences

These three divisions report to the vice-provost and are in charge of the undergraduate programs. In a micro-level, the university is divided into "academies". Each academy is in charge of offering the lectures for the undergraduate program. The academies report to head of division. The academies are

 Mathematics
 Sciences
 English
 Humanities
 Computing
 Marketing
 Management and Administration
 Manufacturing and Industrial Systems

However, since its conception, the positions of head of the Divisions of New Technologies and Manufacturing and Basic Sciences are vacant, as well as those of undergraduate program coordinators.

References

Public universities and colleges in Mexico
Universities and colleges in San Luis Potosí
Educational institutions established in 2001
2001 establishments in Mexico


Marion High School is a high school located in the growing city of Marion, Illinois, serving the Marion Unit 2 School District. The school's enrollment was approximately 1,125 students in the 2013–2014 school year.  Marion Unit #2 School District built a new high school on the same property, that is completely finished.

In addition to Marion it serves Creal Springs.

Campus
The current building has over  of space, with the previous building about 50% of the size. The proposed cost was $65 million. Construction on the facility began in 2012, with a wing for fine arts scheduled to be finished in 2017. It includes geothermal heating.

In 2016 Marion CUSD had not yet received the requested federal and state funds for finishing the new high school's construction, so the school board was determining whether it should take out a credit line for up to $7.3 million for that purpose.

Curriculum
In 2015 the students began using Chromebooks.

Notable alumni
Aaron Adeoye, NFL player
Homer M. Butler, American newspaper editor, journalist, and politician
Ray Fosse, former professional baseball player and television color commentator

References

Public high schools in Illinois
Marion, Illinois
Schools in Williamson County, Illinois


Karel Abraham (born 2 January 1990) is a retired motorcycle racer from the Czech Republic. He competed in Grand Prix motorcycle racing from  to , riding in the 125cc, 250cc, Moto2 and MotoGP classes, with the exception of 2016, when he raced in the Superbike World Championship. In  he won the Moto2 Valencian Grand Prix and finished third at Twin Ring Motegi in the same class. His father, also called Karel Abraham, has owned Brno Circuit since December 2005.

Career

125cc World Championship
Abraham started racing in the 125cc class of the world championship in , riding for Semprucci Cardion Blauer on an Aprilia motorcycle. In  he rode for his father's AB Motoracing team.

250cc World Championship
From  to , Abraham rode in 250cc for AB Motoracing using Aprilia motorcycles.

Moto2 World Championship
In , Abraham and AB Motoracing competed in the new Moto2 class, using RSV and FTR chassis. Abraham took his and his team's first victory in Valencia.

MotoGP World Championship

Abraham and the team stepped up to MotoGP in , having signed a contract with Ducati, he finished the season in fourteenth place in the championship; his best results were a pair of seventh-place finishes at Jerez and Silverstone. The team remained with Ducati for  and Abraham finished the season with a best result of 7th at Valencia.

For  Abraham switched to an ART-Aprilia running under CRT regulations, He finished the season in 24th place overall with just 5 points. CRT was restructured as the "Open" class for  and Abraham took part with the new Honda RCV1000R. He obtained the 17th position in the riders' championship. In  Abraham struggled with the Honda RC213V-RS and did not score any points.

Superbike World Championship
On 21 November 2015, Milwaukee BMW announced that Abraham would race for the team for the  season of the Superbike World Championship, partnering 2015 British Superbike Championship winner Josh Brookes.

Return to MotoGP
Abraham returned to MotoGP in  riding a Ducati for the Pull&Bear Aspar Team. He remained with the team, now called Ángel Nieto Team, for . He raced for Avintia Racing on a Ducati in 2019. His contract was terminated at the end of the season.

Career statistics

Grand Prix motorcycle racing

By season

By class

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Superbike World Championship

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Brno
125cc World Championship riders
250cc World Championship riders
Czech motorcycle racers
Moto2 World Championship riders
Aspar Racing Team MotoGP riders
Superbike World Championship riders
Ángel Nieto Team MotoGP riders
MotoGP World Championship riders
Avintia Racing MotoGP riders


First round selections

The following are the first round picks in the 1976 Major League Baseball draft.

* Did not sign

Other notable Selections

* Did not sign

Background
The 1976 Arizona State University team, considered by many to be the best collegiate team ever, played a major role in the draft. Floyd Bannister was picked number one by the Astros while Ken Landreaux was selected sixth by the Angels. In all, 12 players from that team went on to play in the majors.

Bannister and Landreaux anchored a June draft that was one of the most talented ever. The first 10 selections went on to play in the big leagues. Among those picked in the June draft were Rickey Henderson (Oakland), Alan Trammell, Jack Morris and Dan Petry (Detroit), Wade Boggs and Bruce Hurst (Boston), Steve Trout (Chicago White Sox), Leon Durham (St. Louis), and Pat Tabler (New York Yankees).

Willie McGee (Chicago White Sox) and Ozzie Smith (Detroit) were selected in the seventh round but did not sign.
In the January phase, Steve Kemp of Southern California was picked first by the Tigers and Jody Davis was picked third by the Mets.

Notes

External links
Complete draft list from The Baseball Cube database

References

Major League Baseball draft
Draft
Major League Baseball draft


Lori Paulo Sandri (29 January 1949 – 3 October 2014) was a Brazilian football manager.

Coaching career
He previously managed Atlético Paranaense, Criciúma, Santa Cruz, Guarani, Al-Shabab, Al-Ettifaq, Internacional, Coritiba, Al Ain, the United Arab Emirates national team, Juventude, Al-Hilal, Botafogo (SP), Goiás, Tokyo Verdy, Vitória, Paraná, América (RN) and Sertãozinho.

Managerial statistics

Death
Lori Sandri died, aged 65, of a brain tumor in October 2014.

References

External links
Player profile at SambaFoot
Lori Sandri diz que afastou 'bondes' do Galo, mas não houve tempo para salvação

1949 births
2014 deaths
Brazilian people of Italian descent
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian football managers
Expatriate football managers in Portugal
Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate football managers in the United Arab Emirates
Expatriate football managers in Japan
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A managers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B managers
Primeira Liga managers
J1 League managers
Saudi Pro League managers
Sport Club Internacional players
Rio Branco Sport Club players
Club Athletico Paranaense players
Londrina Esporte Clube players
Uberaba Sport Club managers
Associação Chapecoense de Futebol managers
Club Athletico Paranaense managers
Criciúma Esporte Clube managers
Botafogo Futebol Clube (SP) managers
Santa Cruz Futebol Clube managers
Guarani FC managers
Al Shabab FC (Riyadh) managers
Al-Ettifaq FC managers
Sport Club Internacional managers
Coritiba Foot Ball Club managers
Sport Club do Recife managers
Al Ain FC managers
United Arab Emirates national football team managers
Esporte Clube Juventude managers
Al Hilal SFC managers
Goiás Esporte Clube managers
Tokyo Verdy managers
Esporte Clube Vitória managers
Paraná Clube managers
Clube Atlético Mineiro managers
América Futebol Clube (RN) managers
Sertãozinho Futebol Clube managers
C.S. Marítimo managers
Esporte Clube Noroeste managers
Men's association football midfielders
Associação Atlética Internacional (Limeira) managers
People from Encantado, Rio Grande do Sul
Footballers from Rio Grande do Sul


Icelandic (;  ) is a North Germanic language spoken by about 314,000 people, the vast majority of whom live in Iceland, where it is the national language. Given the fact that it is a North Germanic language, it is most closely related to Faroese, western Norwegian dialects, and the extinct language Norn. It is not mutually intelligible with the continental Scandinavian languages (Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) and is more distinct from the most widely spoken Germanic languages, namely English and German. The written forms of Icelandic and Faroese are very similar, but their spoken forms are not mutually intelligible.

The language is more conservative than most other Germanic languages. While most of them have greatly reduced levels of inflection (particularly noun declension), Icelandic retains a four-case synthetic grammar (comparable to German, though considerably more conservative and synthetic) and is distinguished by a wide assortment of irregular declensions. Icelandic vocabulary is also deeply conservative, with the country's language regulator maintaining an active policy of coining terms based on older Icelandic words rather than directly taking in loanwords from other languages.

Aside from the 300,000 Icelandic speakers in Iceland, Icelandic is spoken by about 8,000 people in Denmark, 5,000 people in the United States, and more than 1,400 people in Canada, notably in the region known as New Iceland in Manitoba which was settled by Icelanders beginning in the 1880s.

The state-funded Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies serves as a centre for preserving the medieval Icelandic manuscripts and studying the language and its literature. The Icelandic Language Council, comprising representatives of universities, the arts, journalists, teachers, and the Ministry of Culture, Science and Education, advises the authorities on language policy. Since 1995, on 16 November each year, the birthday of 19th-century poet Jónas Hallgrímsson is celebrated as Icelandic Language Day.

Classification

Icelandic is a North Germanic language which is a part of the Indo-European language family. Icelandic is further classified as a West Scandinavian language. Icelandic is derived from an earlier language Old Norse, which later became Old Icelandic and currently Modern Icelandic. The division between old and modern Icelandic is said to be before and after 1940.

History

The oldest preserved texts in Icelandic were written around 1100 AD. Many of the texts are based on poetry and laws traditionally preserved orally. The most famous of the texts, which were written in Iceland from the 12th century onward, are the sagas of Icelanders, which encompass the historical works and the Poetic Edda.

The language of the sagas is Old Icelandic, a western dialect of Old Norse. The Dano-Norwegian, then later Danish rule of Iceland from 1536 to 1918 had little effect on the evolution of Icelandic (in contrast to the Norwegian language), which remained in daily use among the general population. Though more archaic than the other living Germanic languages, Icelandic changed markedly in pronunciation from the 12th to the 16th century, especially in vowels (in particular, , , , and /).

The modern Icelandic alphabet has developed from a standard established in the 19th century, primarily by the Danish linguist Rasmus Rask. It is based strongly on an orthography laid out in the early 12th century by a document referred to as the First Grammatical Treatise by an anonymous author, who has later been referred to as the First Grammarian. The later Rasmus Rask standard was a re-creation of the old treatise, with some changes to fit concurrent Germanic conventions, such as the exclusive use of  rather than . Various archaic features, as the letter , had not been used much in later centuries. Rask's standard constituted a major change in practice. Later 20th-century changes include the use of  instead of  and the replacement of  with  in 1974.

Apart from the addition of new vocabulary, written Icelandic has not changed substantially since the 11th century, when the first texts were written on vellum. Modern speakers can understand the original sagas and Eddas which were written about eight hundred years ago. The sagas are usually read with updated modern spelling and footnotes, but otherwise are intact (as with recent English editions of Shakespeare's works). With some effort, many Icelanders can also understand the original manuscripts.

Legal status and recognition
According to an act passed by the Parliament in 2011, Icelandic is "the national language of the Icelandic people and the official language in Iceland"; moreover, "[p]ublic authorities shall ensure that its use is possible in all areas of Icelandic society".

Iceland is a member of the Nordic Council, a forum for co-operation between the Nordic countries, but the council uses only Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish as its working languages (although the council does publish material in Icelandic). Under the Nordic Language Convention, since 1987 Icelandic citizens have had the right to use Icelandic when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries, without becoming liable for any interpretation or translation costs. The convention covers visits to hospitals, job centres, the police, and social security offices. It does not have much effect since it is not very well known and because those Icelanders not proficient in the other Scandinavian languages often have a sufficient grasp of English to communicate with institutions in that language (although there is evidence that the general English skills of Icelanders have been somewhat overestimated). The Nordic countries have committed to providing services in various languages to each other's citizens, but this does not amount to any absolute rights being granted, except as regards criminal and court matters.

Phonology

Consonants
All Icelandic stops are voiceless and are such distinguished by aspiration. When at the beginning of the word stops are realised post-aspirated, but pre-aspirated when occurring within a word.

  are laminal denti-alveolar,  is apical alveolar,  are alveolar non-sibilant fricatives; the former is laminal, while the latter is usually apical.
 A phonetic analysis reveals that the voiceless lateral approximant  is, in practice, usually realised with considerable friction, especially word-finally or syllable-finally, i. e., essentially as a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative .

 includes three extra phones: .

Word-final voiced consonants are devoiced pre-pausally, so that dag ('day (acc.)') is pronounced as  and dagur ('day (nom.)') is pronounced .

Vowels

Icelandic has 8 monopththongs and 5 diphthongs. The diphthongs are created by taking a monophthong and adding either  or  to it. All the vowels can either be long or short and is based on a length rule, vowels in open syllables are long, and vowels in closed syllables are short.

Grammar

Icelandic retains many grammatical features of other ancient Germanic languages, and resembles Old Norwegian before much of its fusional inflection was lost. Modern Icelandic is still a heavily inflected language with four cases: nominative, accusative, dative and genitive. Icelandic nouns can have one of three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine or neuter. There are two main declension paradigms for each gender: strong and weak nouns, and these are further divided into subclasses of nouns, based primarily on the genitive singular and nominative plural endings of a particular noun. For example, within the strong masculine nouns, there is a subclass (class 1) that declines with -s () in the genitive singular and -ar () in the nominative plural. However, there is another subclass (class 3) of strong masculine nouns that always declines with -ar () in the genitive singular and -ir () in the nominative plural. Additionally, Icelandic permits a quirky subject, that is, certain verbs have subjects in an oblique case (i.e. other than the nominative).

Nouns, adjectives and pronouns are declined in the four cases and for number in the singular and plural.

Verbs are conjugated for tense, mood, person, number and voice. There are three voices: active, passive and middle (or medial), but it may be debated whether the middle voice is a voice or simply an independent class of verbs of its own, as every middle-voice verb has an active-voice ancestor, but sometimes with drastically different meaning, and the middle-voice verbs form a conjugation group of their own. Examples are  ("come") vs.  ("get there"),  ("kill") vs.  ("perish ignominiously") and  ("take") vs.  ("manage to"). In each of these examples, the meaning has been so altered, that one can hardly see them as the same verb in different voices. Verbs have up to ten tenses, but Icelandic, like English, forms most of them with auxiliary verbs. There are three or four main groups of weak verbs in Icelandic, depending on whether one takes a historical or a formalistic view: , , and , referring to the endings that these verbs take when conjugated in the first person singular present.
Almost all Icelandic verbs have the ending -a in the infinitive, some with , two with  (, ) one with  (: "wash") and one with . Many transitive verbs (i.e. they require an object), can take a reflexive pronoun instead. The case of the pronoun depends on the case that the verb governs. As for further classification of verbs, Icelandic behaves much like other Germanic languages, with a main division between weak verbs and strong, and the strong verbs, of which there are about 150 to 200, are divided into six classes plus reduplicative verbs.

The basic word order in Icelandic is subject–verb–object. However, as words are heavily inflected, the word order is fairly flexible, and every combination may occur in poetry; SVO, SOV, VSO, VOS, OSV and OVS are all allowed for metrical purposes. However, as with most Germanic languages, Icelandic usually complies with the V2 word order restriction, so the conjugated verb in Icelandic usually appears as the second element in the clause, preceded by the word or phrase being emphasised. For example:
  (I know it not.)
  (Not know I it. )
  (It know I not.)
  (I went to Britain when I was one year old.)
  (To Britain went I, when I was one year old.)
  (When I was one year old, went I to Britain.)

In the above examples, the conjugated verbs  and  are always the second element in their respective clauses, see verb-second word order.

A distinction between formal and informal address (T–V distinction) had existed in Icelandic from the 17th century, but use of the formal variant weakened in the 1950s and rapidly disappeared. It no longer exists in regular speech, but may occasionally be found in pre-written speeches addressed to the bishop and members of parliament.

Vocabulary

Early Icelandic vocabulary was largely Old Norse with a few words being Celtic from when Celts first settled in Iceland. The introduction of Christianity to Iceland in the 11th century brought with it a need to describe new religious concepts. The majority of new words were taken from other Scandinavian languages;  ("church"), for example. Numerous other languages have influenced Icelandic: French brought many words related to the court and knightship; words in the semantic field of trade and commerce have been borrowed from Low German because of trade connections. In the late 18th century, language purism began to gain noticeable ground in Iceland and since the early 19th century it has been the linguistic policy of the country (see linguistic purism in Icelandic). Nowadays, it is common practice to coin new compound words from Icelandic derivatives.

Icelandic personal names are patronymic (and sometimes matronymic) in that they reflect the immediate father or mother of the child and not the historic family lineage. This system, which was formerly used throughout the Nordic area and beyond, differs from most Western systems of family name. In most Icelandic families, the ancient tradition of patronymics is still in use; i.e. a person uses their father's name (usually) or mother's name (increasingly in recent years) in the genitive form followed by the morpheme -son ("son") or -dóttir ("daughter") in lieu of family names.

In 2019, changes were announced to the laws governing names. Icelanders who are officially registered with non-binary gender will be permitted to use the suffix  ("child of") instead of  or .

Language policy

A core theme of Icelandic language ideologies is grammatical, orthographic and lexical purism for Icelandic. This is evident in general language discourses, in polls, and in other investigations into Icelandic language attitudes. The general consensus on Icelandic language policy has come to mean that language policy and language ideology discourse are not predominantly state or elite driven; but rather, remain the concern of lay people and the general public. The Icelandic speech community is perceived to have a protectionist language culture, however, this is deep-rooted ideologically primarily in relation to the forms of the language, while Icelanders in general seem to be more pragmatic as to domains of language use.

Linguistic purism

Starting in the late 16th century discussion has been ongoing on the purity of the Icelandic language, the bishop Oddur Einarsson wrote in 1589 that the language has remained unspoilt since the time the ancient literature of Iceland was written. Later in the 18th century the purism movement got bigger and more works were translated into Icelandic, especially in areas where Icelandic had hardly ever been used in, with this came many neologisms, with many of them being loan-translations. In the early 19th century people were influenced by romanticism and a bigger importance was put on the purity of spoken language, instead of just the written language. The written language was also brought closer to the spoken language as the sentence structure of literature had previously been influenced by Danish and German.

The changes brought by the purism movement have had the most influence on the written language, as many speakers use foreign words freely in speech, but try to avoid them when writing. The success of the many neologisms created from the movement has also been variable as some loanwords have not been replaced with native ones. There is still a conscious effort to create new words, especially for science and technology, with many societies publishing dictionaries, some with the help of The Icelandic Language Committee ().

Writing system

The Icelandic alphabet is notable for its retention of three old letters that no longer exist in the English alphabet: Þ, þ (, modern English "thorn") and Ð, ð (, anglicised as "eth" or "edh") and Æ, æ (æsc, anglicised as "ash" or "asc"), with þ and ð representing the voiceless and voiced "th" sounds (as in English thin and this), respectively, and æ representing the diphthong /ai/ which does not exist in English. The complete Icelandic alphabet is:

The letters with diacritics, such as  and , are for the most part treated as separate letters and not variants of their derivative vowels. The letter  officially replaced  in 1929, although it had been used in early manuscripts (until the 14th century) and again periodically from the 18th century. The letter  was formerly in the Icelandic alphabet, but it was officially removed in 1974, except in people's names.

See also
 Basque–Icelandic pidgin (a pidgin that was used to trade with Basque whalers)
 Icelandic exonyms
 Icelandic literature
 Icelandic name

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
 Icelandic: at once ancient and modern, a 16-page pamphlet with an overview of the language from the Icelandic Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, 2001.
 Icelandic-English Dictionary / Íslensk-ensk orðabók Sverrir Hólmarsson, Christopher Sanders, John Tucker. Searchable dictionary from the University of Wisconsin–Madison Libraries
 Icelandic – English Dictionary: from Webster's Rosetta Edition.
 Collection of Icelandic bilingual dictionaries
 Old Icelandic-English Dictionary by Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson

West Scandinavian languages
North Germanic languages
Languages of Iceland
Subject–verb–object languages
Verb-second languages


Acicula fusca is a species of land snail in the family Aciculidae. It is known by the common name point snail. It is native to Europe, where it occurs in Britain, Ireland, France south to the Basses Pyrénées, Spain, Belgium, and north-west Germany. Commonest in the west. The distribution type is Oceanic Temperate.

Shell description
For terms see gastropod shell''.

The shell is about 2 to 3 millimeters wide, with 6 whorls and shallow sutures. The apex is blunt. The penultimate whorl is striated with 15 to 23 lines and the aperture climbs only slightly at the penultimate whorl. The apertural margin is not thickened inside, the callus does not cover the umbilicus, the angularis is very weak, the parietal callus is weak or absent, no cervical callus is present. There is a minute translucent operculum. The surface is smooth, glossy, reddish to yellowish-brown.

Habitat
This species lives in wet moss and leaf litter in woodlands on calcareous soils. Because it is minute, it is easily overlooked.

References

External links

 Acicula fusca at Animalbase
 Malacologie-les escargots terrestres de France Image
 Acicula fusca Species account and photograph at Mollusc Ireland.
Guido Poppe: Acicula

Acicula (gastropod)
Gastropods of Europe
Gastropods described in 1803


Nikolai Nikolayevich Korotkov () (1893–1954) was an association football player.

International career
Korotkov played his only game for Russia on 5 July 1914 in a friendly against Sweden.

External links
  Profile

1893 births
1954 deaths
Men's footballers from the Russian Empire
Russian Empire men's international footballers
Men's association football defenders


Line 1 (Italian: Linea 1) is an  rapid transit line, part of the Naples Metro in Naples, Italy. , Line 1 connects 19 stations. It is operated by Azienda Napoletana Mobilità SpA (ANM). The line has been renamed Metrò dell'Arte (Metro of Art) reflecting the presence of contemporary art works installed in some of its stations.

The line is in the process of being upgraded and expanded. When the upgrading works are completed, Line 1 will connect 27 stations and form a loop, and bring easier access to the city centre for residents of Chiaiano, Piscinola, and Scampia.

History
Planning for Line 1 began in 1963, when the Ente Autonomo del Volturno (EAV) proposed a new funicular line to connect Vomero with the Museum. However the Commissione Comunale dei Trasporti  (Municipal Transportation Commission) decided to investigate alternative possibilities to a funicular line. After several years of discussions, in 1966, the EAV proposed the construction of a metro system connecting Piazza Matteotti with Piazza Medaglie d'Oro, with provision for further extension to the Hospital in Colli Aminei.

The following year the council approved the EAV's "white paper" for the project. By 1968, a commission had been undertaken to plan and study possible routes and station locations, and they determined that the subway would be about 4.5 km long and have 12 stations, with an average distance between stations of 375m. On the day the project was due to be approved by the council, the EAV attempted to submit an updated version of the draft asking for concessions for construction and operation but was refused, and the project immediately stalled.

A further year and a half passed with no progress made. By 1971, the Azienda Trasporti Milanesi (Transport Agency of Milan) had become involved, assisting Azienda Napoletana Mobilità (Transportation Agency of Naples) in trying to formulate an alternative draft plan. Submissions made in both 1970 and 1971 for further funding towards construction were both refused. A breakthrough was achieved in 1972, with a funding of 42 million lire approved, on the proviso that the line be extended to connect Naples central railway station.

As a result of the breakthrough, in 1972, Metropolitana di Napoli was formed with 1,2 million lire of operating capital and a new revised proposal for the project was submitted. However, despite the earlier promises that were made, the Italian government decided to block the funds. By 1974, it was decided that the responsibility for funding the project should fall on the regional government, not the Italian government. A new budget of 10 million lire was made available. On Christmas Eve 1974, the new proposals were finally given approval. Between 1975 and 1977, the project was again delayed as an Interministerial Commission was conducted as part of governmental scrutiny processes. In 1976 the municipal council finally granted the money to implement the project and the foundation stone for Medaglie d'Oro station was laid on 22 December 1976.

In 1978, it was decided that the line could be extended to Scampia and Piscinola, and the funding was provided by the European Community. By 1980, the line had reached Piazza Vanvitelli, but on 23 November of that year, the Irpinia earthquake struck nearby Conza, causing extensive damage and loss of life. It was then advised that plans would have to be adapted to deal with possible future earthquakes. The European Union funded 33% of the total expenditure for this additions to the plans. However, in the mid 1990s, it emerged that elements of the Camorra had been involved in syphoning millions of lire of this funding.

In 1983, further funding issues continually blocked and delayed construction work, and in 1984, the council was forced to apply for loans for the continuation of construction. The following year, the contract for the construction of the stretch from Colli Aminei to Piscinola proceeded, with funds allocated by the Comune di Napoli council and Campania regional government, and in May 1985, the stretch between Piazza Medaglie d'Oro and Colli Aminei.

Between 1986 and 1988, sections of line from Colli Aminei to Vanvitelli, Piscinola and Savator Rosa were completed.

After thirteen years of work, the first section of the line, between the stations of Vanvitelli and Colli Aminei, opened on 23 March 1993.

On 19 July 1995, the line was extended to Piscinola – Scampia.

A large length of Line 1 runs along the coast of the Bay of Naples, and some is parallel to the ancient city wall. Much of the area through which it has been constructed is archaeologically rich, and many objects have been recovered during its construction. Currently these objects are displayed in Museo station, and it is planned for further such exhibits at Duomo and Municipio. The Duomo station is also expected to include the remains of an ancient Roman temple.

In 2001, the line was extended from Vanvitelli to Museo near the National Archaeological Museum, where it connects with Piazza Cavour on Line 2 by an underground walkway.  The line was extended to Dante in the heart of the city in 2002 with an intermediate station at Materdei opening in 2003. In 2011, the line reached Università with an intermediate station at Toledo opening in September 2013 which won the prize as one of the most impressive and most beautiful European stations. In 2013, the line finally reached Garibaldi beside the central train station with an intermediate station Municipio opening near the city hall in 2015.

Line 1 was operated by Metronapoli from July 2000 to 2013. In November 2013, operations of the Naples Metro was taken over by Azienda Napoletana Mobilità SpA.

Future
Extension work is underway between Garibaldi and Capodichino (Naples International Airport). By 2024, Line 1 will become a circular line of .

Stations

See also
 Naples Metro
 Art Stations of the Naples Metro
 List of Naples metro stations
 List of metro systems

References

External links

 Metro (official site from AMN)
 Napoli at UrbanRail.net
 Railways and metro station of Naples

Naples Metro lines
Railway lines opened in 1993
1993 establishments in Italy


The Arts of Fashion Foundation is a 501(c) (3), public, non-profit organization, based in San Francisco, California, established in 2001, whose focus of the foundation is the support of creativity and design in fashion and the arts linked to it. Among their projects are the International Arts of Fashion Competition, The MasterClass Series, the CarteBlanche and Debut Series (and the latter's spinoff, InvestFashion), The Tandem Series and Fashion.edu.

The Foundation, in cooperation with the Council of Fashion Designers of America, created a petition in support of the Design Piracy Prohibition Act - IDPPPA (S.3728).

Nathalie Doucet
Nathalie Doucet a French-born US citizen, is the founder of Arts of Fashion Foundation,  and of InvestFashion, an online platform created to finance entrepreneurial fashion designers by way of crowdsourcing/crowdfunding. It is geared towards finding and uniting investors with awarded fashion designers.

External links
 Official website
sfgate.com
sfindiefashion.com
sfgate.com afingo.com
afingo.com
nymag.com
theposhreport.com
sfgate.com
 Official Website
 InvestFashion Website

References

Arts foundations based in the United States
Organizations based in San Francisco


Samsi, Nepal  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3258 people living in 554 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Shreepur  is a Village Development Committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 7666 people residing in 1472 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Simardahi  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3866 people living in 716 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


André Okombi Salissa is a Congolese politician. As a member of the ruling Congolese Labour Party (PCT), he served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville from 1997 to 2012. He was also the President-Coordinator of the Action Committee for the Defense of Democracy - Youth Movement (CADD-MJ). After his dismissal from the government, he moved into opposition, becoming the President of the Initiative for Democracy in Congo and standing as a candidate in the 2016 presidential election.

Political career
Okombi Salissa was born at Lekana, located in the Plateaux Region of Congo-Brazzaville; he is an ethnic Téké. He participated in the June–October 1997 civil war on the side of opposition leader Denis Sassou Nguesso, helping to lead Sassou Nguesso's rebel Cobra militia.

The Cobra militia prevailed in October 1997, capturing Brazzaville and returning Sassou Nguesso to power. As President, Sassou Nguesso appointed Okombi Salissa as Minister of Technical and Vocational Education on 2 November 1997.  Okombi Salissa's portfolio was expanded on 12 January 1999, when he was appointed as Minister of Technical and Vocational Education, in charge of the Redeployment of the Youth, Civic Instruction, and Sports. In the 2002 parliamentary election, he was elected to the National Assembly as the PCT candidate in Lekana constituency; he defeated Minister of Public Works Florent Ntsiba in the second round of voting, held in June 2002.

After the 2002 election, Okombi Salissa remained in the government and was moved to the post of Minister of Labour, Employment, and Social Security on 18 August 2002. He was accordingly succeeded by Pierre-Michel Nguimbi at the Ministry of Technical and Vocational Education on 23 August 2002, and he in turn succeeded René-Dambert Ndouane at the Ministry of Labour on 26 August 2002. The newspaper Le Choc reported on 20 July 2004 that Okombi Salissa, together with three former ministers, had been barred from leaving the country without Sassou Nguesso's approval due to suspicions that they had misused public funds. This report was denied on the next day by public prosecutor Georges Akiéra.

Okombi Salissa was moved from his post as Minister of Labour, Employment, and Social Security to that of Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation on 7 January 2005, and he succeeded Isidore Mvouba at the head of the Ministry of Transport on 25 January. Two years later, on 3 March 2007, he was instead appointed as Minister of Tourism and the Environment; following that appointment, he was succeeded as Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation by Emile Ouosso on 12 March 2007. As a result of Okombi Salissa's appointment as Minister of Tourism and the Environment, he became President of the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN) because AMCEN was chaired by Congo-Brazzaville at that time.

In the June–August 2007 parliamentary election, Okombi Salissa was again elected to the National Assembly as the PCT candidate in Lekana; he won the seat in the first round with 91.34% of the vote. Following the election, he remained Minister of Tourism and the Environment in the government appointed on 30 December 2007. He was President of AMCEN until its 12th Session in June 2008, when South Africa assumed the presidency instead.

As of 2007, Okombi Salissa was the President-Coordinator of the Action Committee for the Defense of Democracy - Youth Movement (CADD-MJ), a political association affiliated with the PCT; he also served as the PCT's Permanent Secretary for Youth, Categorical Unions, and Associated Movements. At CADD-MJ's Second Ordinary Congress in December 2007, he was re-elected by acclamation as President-Coordinator of the Central Council of the CADD-MJ.

The CADD-MJ was critically characterized as a "private militia", and Okombi Salissa described as an occultist. Okombi Salissa owns a number of properties in Brazzaville, including a hotel in the Moungali district called Les Bourgeois.

At the time of the July 2009 presidential election, Okombi Salissa was Head of the Voter Mobilization Department for Sassou Nguesso's re-election campaign. After Sassou Nguesso won re-election, he moved Okombi Salissa to the post of Minister of Technical and Vocational Education, Skills Training, and Employment on 15 September 2009. At the PCT's Sixth Extraordinary Congress, held in July 2011, Okombi Salissa was elected to the PCT's 51-member Political Bureau.

In the July–August 2012 parliamentary election, Okombi Salissa was again elected to the National Assembly as the PCT candidate in Lekana; he won the seat in the first round of voting. Following the election, Okombi Salissa was dismissed from the government on 25 September 2012 after 15 years of continuous service; he was succeeded by Serge Blaise Zoniaba at the Ministry of Technical and Vocational Education on 27 September 2012.

The CADD-MJ was dissolved in 2013, effectively leaving Okombi Salissa in the political wilderness, although he remained on the PCT Political Bureau and was a Deputy in the National Assembly. Subsequently he purportedly planned to stand as a presidential candidate in the 2016 election, although reaction to his purported plans was generally dismissive. He began living in "voluntary exile" in France in 2013. He was indefinitely suspended from the PCT Central Committee in December 2013 for failing to engage in party work and instead working with other organizations.

Due to his long absence, Okombi Salissa attracted attention by returning to the National Assembly at the opening of a parliamentary budget session on 15 October 2014. However, he remained a dissenting voice within the PCT. Prior to a government-sponsored dialogue held at Sibiti in July 2015 to discuss potential constitutional changes which could allow Sassou Nguesso to run for another term, Okombi Salissa said on 11 July 2015 that it would merely be a "monologue", not a real dialogue. PCT Secretary-General Pierre Ngolo responded that it was a genuine dialogue and that Okombi Salissa's "positions are truly at odds with those of the party", describing him as "a friend gone astray" and questioning whether he wanted to remain in the party.

Okombi Salissa later became President of the Initiative for Democracy in Congo, and he announced on 30 January 2016 that he planned to stand against Sassou Nguesso as a candidate in the March 2016 presidential election. A warrant was issued for Okombi Salissa's arrest in December 2016 on allegations of illegal weapons possession. He eluded the authorities for some time, but he was arrested on 10 January 2017. Okombi was still a Deputy in the National Assembly, but his parliamentary immunity was removed by the National Assembly on 19 January 2017, and he was charged on 23 January.

References

Members of the National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)
Living people
Government ministers of the Republic of the Congo
Congolese Party of Labour politicians
Year of birth missing (living people)


Singyahi  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 6264 people living in 1204 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


SB-271046 is a drug which is used in scientific research. It was one of the first selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonists to be discovered, and was found through high-throughput screening of the SmithKline Beecham Compound Bank using cloned 5-HT6 receptors as a target, with an initial lead compound being developed into SB-271046 through a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study. SB-271046 was found to be potent and selective in vitro and had good oral bioavailability in vivo, but had poor penetration across the blood–brain barrier, so further SAR work was then conducted, which led to improved 5-HT6 antagonists such as SB-357,134 and SB-399,885.

SB-271046 was found to increase levels of the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters glutamate and aspartate, as well as dopamine and noradrenaline in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats, and 5-HT6 antagonists have been shown to produce nootropic effects in a variety of animal studies. Suggested applications of these drugs include treatment of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders.

References

5-HT6 antagonists
N-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazines
Sulfonamides
Benzothiophenes
Chloroarenes
Peripherally selective drugs
1-Piperazinyl compounds


The Hundred-knot Bamboo Tree (also The Bamboo of 100 Joints) () is a Vietnamese fable and parable, Vietnamese fairy tale and part of Vietnamese oral tradition.  The story is included in anthologies of Vietnamese stories.

The story is about a laborer who is exploited by a wealthy landowner. In order to keep and motivate the laborer, the landowner promises to reward him with marriage to his daughter after three years of labor. When the time for marriage arrives, the landowner breaks his promise by offering his daughter to another man.  When the laborer complains, the landowner tries to trick him again by sending him in search of a bamboo stalk with one hundred segments, again promising him his daughter if the laborer can find the bamboo stalk.  After divine intervention, the laborer triumphs in the end.

See also
Myths and legends about bamboo

Notes

External links
 The story on Vietnam culture.com The Hundred Knot Bamboo
 The story

Vietnamese fairy tales
Mythological plants


Shiswa Kataiya  is a village in Manara Shiswa Municipality  in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5881 people living in 1004 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Schloss Vollrads is a castle and a wine estate in the Rheingau wine-growing region in Germany. It has been making wine for over 800 years.

History
After the donation of Verona in 983 the archbishopric of Mainz, the new owner, invested in vine growing. However, vines had been cultivated there since Roman times. The manor house was named after the Lords of Winkel; Vollradus is a given name. In 1218 a "Vollradus in Winkela" (so-called knight Vollradus), in 1268 a "Conradus dictus Vollradus armiger" is documented. No building originating from this time is traceable.

Today the core building of the estate is a substantial tower house, as a water castle surrounded by a square pond. Therefore, the house is only reachable by bridge. This keep can be traced to the first third of the 14th century and the family of Greiffenclau, the heirs of the Lords of Winkel. The octagon stage tower, flanking the donjon, was erected in 1471; the bay window was added in 1620. Above the doorway the coat of arms of the Greiffenclau family is to be seen.

In 1684 the present two-winged manor house was built by Georg Phillip Greiffenclau von Vollrads near the tower. His son Johann Erwein erected the estate buildings around 1700, as well as boundary walls around the manor garden, and finally equipped the tower with a typical baroque roof.

In 1907/1908 Countess Clara Matuschka-Greiffenclau had the buildings remodelled. She increased the height of the southern wing of the mansion by a third floor, added two towers with an onion dome, and enlarged the terraces and the bay windows at the Donjon.

In 1975  took charge of the property, which was heavily in debt. Although an important figure in the emergence of a new or rediscovered style of high quality dry Rheingau wine in the 1980s and 1990s, he was not successful in reorganising his estate. When in 1997 the principal bank decided on the declaration of bankruptcy, Erwein, who was then also the chairman of the VDP-Rheingau, took his gun, went to his beloved vineyards, and committed suicide. Since then, the estate has belonged to the Nassauische Sparkasse bank, which runs the manor house as well as the vineyards and a restaurant.

The winery is a member of the Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter (VDP).

Most of the time the manor house is not open to the public. Access is only allowed for special events. In the summer live music acts take place, especially as a venue of the Rheingau Musik Festival, and in the harvest season a public bar is opened in the center court.

Geography
Schloss Vollrads is a vineyard site documented since the Middle Ages in the Rheingau within the boundaries of the collective site (Großlage) of Honigberg between Johannisberg, Winkel, Mittelheim and Erbach. The estate claims to be the oldest winery of Germany, which is not verifiable for the distinct single vineyard site (Einzellage) of 58 ha size.

Schloss Vollrads is in fact a vineyard designation (Einzellage) in its own right (as is Schloss Johannisberg), and one of a handful historic German vineyards which according to the wine law do not have to display a village name, which otherwise would be Winkel, on the label. Thus, the wines are simply labelled as "Schloss Vollrads Riesling", which signifies both the vineyard site, the producer and the grape variety.

The Riesling grape is the only grape variety used in the winery. Nevertheless, the whole range of Prädikat designations such as Kabinett, Spätlese, Auslese, Beerenauslese, Trockenbeerenauslese up to the Eiswein is vinified. Schloss Vollrads also produces dry wines under the Erstes Gewächs designation. The Vollrads Lage is highly "terroir-expressive", meaning that the character of Riesling wines is clearly influenced by the wine's place of origin. In order to avoid cork taint, the wine is sealed with Vino-Lok glass stoppers.

Visitors
The estate offers guided tours with tastings, a wine bar, shop, and various special events. It is a regular concert stage for the Rheingau Musik Festival.

See also
 List of oldest companies

References

Further reading
Stephen Brook, Liquid Gold: Dessert Wines of the World, Constable and Company Ltd, 1990

External links

 Official website
 Aerial views of Schloss Vollrads
 Exact position of the vineyard

Wineries of Germany
Vineyards of Germany
Vollrads
Buildings and structures in Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis
Rheingau


Sonama is a rural municipality in Mahottari District in Madhesh Province of southeastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 7016 people living in 1315 individual households. Now according to 2021its population in 51732

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Sonamai, सोनामाई is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 8,973 people living in 1,662 individual households.

Sonamai has a substantial tourism industry due to its significance in Hinduism and being the place of Goddess.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Sonaul is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2842 people living in 506 individual households.
           - Ajit Yadav

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Suga Bhawani  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4527 people living in 726 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Sundarpur  is a Village Development Committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 8971 people residing in 1766 individua

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Gonzalo Pieres Jr. (born December 17, 1982) Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Province is a professional Argentine polo player with a 10-goal handicap. Currently, he is ranked number 3.

Biography

Early life
Gonzalito was born into a family of polo players and is the eldest son of polo legend Gonzalo Pieres Sn and his wife Cecilia Rodríguez Piola. His siblings are Tatiana Pieres, married to 10-goaler Mariano Aguerre, Facundo Pieres, Nicolas Pieres and Cecilia Pieres.

Career
He debuted in the Argentine Open in 1999, taking part every year since then. After losing the Argentine Open finals in 2005 and 2007 in extra-time only, his team Ellerstina was considered a strong rival for the La Dolfina Polo Team and in 2008 met the expectations by beating La Dolfina 13-12 through a golden goal in an extra-chukka, which was made by Gonzalo.

Other teams Gonzalo played for include Audi, Loro Piana, Outback, Ellerston, Tonkawa, and Black Watch. He has won tournaments in Sotogrande (Spain), Deauville (France) and England. In 2008, he won the Abierto Argentino de Polo with Ellerstina Etiqueta Negra and the Queen's Cup with Ellerston for the first time.

Honors
Pieres was inducted into the Museum of Polo and Hall of Fame in 2008.

References

External links
Profile on World Polo Tour
Tournaments
Interview with G. Pieres
Ellerstina Polo Team

Argentine polo players
Sportspeople from Buenos Aires Province
1982 births
Living people


The men's K-2 500 metres event was a pairs kayaking event conducted as part of the Canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics program.

Medalists

Results

Heats
19 crews were entered into the event. The top finishers from each of the three heats advanced directly to the finals while the remaining teams were relegated to the semifinals.

Overall Results Heats

Semifinals
The top three finishers in each of the two semifinals advanced to the final.

Overall Results Heats

Final

The race was delayed five hours by wind gusts of , which happened three times in the event alone. Because of the winds, the waters were as choppy as those used for the whitewater course. Australia moved from third to first with 50 meters left, only to have the Hungarians surge ahead at the finish to win the race. The winning time was 16 seconds slower than that of the qualifying heats four days earlier due to the adverse weather conditions.

References
2000 Summer Olympics Canoe sprint results.
Sport-reference.com 2000 men's K-2 500 m results
Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2008). "Canoeing: Men's Kayak Pairs 500 Meters". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. p. 474.

Men's K-2 500
Men's events at the 2000 Summer Olympics


Aleksandr Ivanovich Krotov () (1895–1959) was an association football player.

International career
Krotov played his only game for Russia on 12 July 1914 in a friendly against Norway, scoring a goal in a 1:1 draw.

External links
  Profile

1895 births
1959 deaths
Men's footballers from the Russian Empire
Russian Empire men's international footballers
Soviet men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders


Brian Birch (18 November 1931–1989) was an English footballer who played for several English clubs in the late 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s.

Born in Salford, Birch joined Manchester United as a 14-year-old in May 1946, before turning professional two years later. He was 17 when he made his debut on 27 August 1949, playing at inside left in a 1–1 home draw with West Bromwich Albion. Birch was always on the fringes of the United first team, but apart from a spell midway through the 1950–51 season in which he scored four goals in nine appearances, he never lived up to his potential and was sold to Wolverhampton Wanderers for £10,000 towards the end of the 1951–52 season. His tenure at Wolves was short, however, and he was transferred to Lincoln City after just nine months in the West Midlands.

In three years with Lincoln, Birch played in more than fifty matches, scoring 15 goals. He then dropped out of league football for a season in 1955, joining Boston United, before moving to Barrow in 1956. He became a first team regular at Barrow, making 60 appearances and scoring 27 goals in just over two seasons there. Exeter City signed him in September 1958, but he was on the move again in January 1960, this time to Oldham Athletic. He moved to Rochdale in March 1961, before going into coaching at the end of the 1961–62 season.

He dipped in and out of playing for the next few years, picking up appearances for Boston United, Mossley and Ellesmere Port, but his coaching experience eventually led him to Blackburn Rovers in 1967, where he became the coach to one of the club's junior teams.

Birch was trainer of Galatasaray from 1971 to 1973. He won two consecutive championships with Galatasaray in the Turkish First League and Helsingborgs IF. In the summer of 1980 he returned to Galatasaray, but was not able to be successful like he was in the 1970s with the club and his contract was terminated after one-and-a-half years. He managed the Turkish club Ankaragücü for three matches in 1987.

References

External links

Profile at StretfordEnd.co.uk
Profile at MUFCInfo.com

1931 births
1989 deaths
Footballers from Salford
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Manchester United F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
Boston United F.C. players
Barrow A.F.C. players
Exeter City F.C. players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Ellesmere Port Town F.C. players
Mossley A.F.C. players
English Football League players
English football managers
Galatasaray S.K. (football) managers
Ethnikos Piraeus F.C. managers
Helsingborgs IF managers
MKE Ankaragücü managers
Süper Lig managers
Super League Greece managers
English expatriate football managers
English expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
English expatriate sportspeople in Norway
English expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Expatriate football managers in Turkey
Expatriate football managers in Norway
Expatriate football managers in Greece


Two human polls made up the 2008–09 NCAA Division I men's basketball rankings, the AP Poll and the Coaches Poll, in addition to various publications' preseason polls.

Legend

AP poll
The Associated Press (AP) preseason poll was released on October 31, 2008.  This poll is compiled by sportswriters across the nation.  In Division I men's and women's college basketball, the AP Poll is largely just a tool to compare schools throughout the season and spark debate, as it has no bearing on postseason play. Generally, all top 25 teams in the poll are invited to the NCAA basketball tournament, also known as March Madness.

ESPN/USA Today Coaches Poll
The Coaches Poll is the second oldest poll still in use after the AP Poll. It is compiled by a rotating group of 31 college Division I head coaches. The Poll operates by Borda count. Each voting member ranks teams from 1 to 25. Each team then receives points for their ranking in reverse order: Number 1 earns 25 points, number 2 earns 24 points, and so forth. The points are then combined and the team with the highest points is then ranked #1; second highest is ranked #2 and so forth. Only the top 25 teams with points are ranked, with teams receiving first-place votes noted in the quantity next to their name. Any team receiving votes after the top 25 is listed after the top 25 by their point totals. However, these are not real rankings: They are not considered #26, #27, etc. The maximum number of points a single team can earn is 775. The preseason poll was released on October 30, 2008.

References

College men's basketball rankings in the United States


Overview
Aglia tau, the tau emperor, is a moth of the family Saturniidae. They are also known as giant silkmoths. It is found in Europe and across Central Asia to the Pacific coast. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. Their genus, Aglia, is composed of 6 Palearctic (North European) species.

Size
The wingspan is 60–84 mm. The moth flies from March to July with a univoltine lifecycle depending on the location.

Habitat
The larvae primarily feed on European beech, but also birch, Alnus glutinosa, Salix caprea and Sorbus aucuparia. The larvae look similar to Royal Walnut Moth caterpillars Citheronia regalis in their earlier instars. They can be found in older growth forests, with a large portion of trees in the Fagaceae family. They can also be found in younger riparian forests with less Fagaceae species present.

Lifecycle
Their life cycle is similar to any Lepidopterans, consisting of 4 stages. Eggs laid by adult females take about 3 weeks to hatch into first instar caterpillars. These grow quickly and go through 4 more instars, for 5 total. Then they spin a silken cocoon on the forest floor and pupate. These pupa will overwinter until March, until warmer weather comes and they start developing. Adult moths lack mouths and only breed. Then the adult females lay eggs then die.

References

External links

Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa
Lepidoptera of Belgium
Lepiforum e.V.
Vlindernet.nl

Agliinae
Moths described in 1758
Moths of Asia
Moths of Europe
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


Bamti Bhandar  is a former village development committee in Ramechhap District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,895.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Ramechhap District

Populated places in Ramechhap District


Betali  is a village development committee in Ramechhap District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,907 people living in 740 individual households.

References

buddhi ghimire betali 2 ramechhap

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Ramechhap District

Populated places in Ramechhap District


Bethan is a village development committee in Ramechhap District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5,305 people living in 944 individual households.

Notable Person
 Kul Man Ghising, Director of NEA

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Ramechhap District

Populated places in Ramechhap District


The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () and its variants were the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany. During World War II, 457 servicemen of the Waffen-SS, including volunteers and conscripts from Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, France, Hungary, Latvia, Netherlands and Norway, received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Of these, 411 presentations were formally made and evidence of the award is available in the German Federal Archives. One recipient, Hermann Fegelein, was court-martialed and executed on 29 April 1945. According to German law he was deprived of rank and all awards previously. Fegelein must therefore be considered a de facto but not de jure recipient. A further 46 Knight's Cross, 8 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and 4 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords recipients are either lacking the evidence to sustain their listings or received the award under questionable legal terms. All of them were accepted by the Association of Knight's Cross Recipients () as legitimate recipients.

The Oberkommando der Wehrmacht kept separate Knight's Cross lists, one for each of the three military branches, Heer (Army), Kriegsmarine (Navy), Luftwaffe (Air force) and for the Waffen-SS. Within each of these lists, a unique sequential number was assigned to each recipient. The same numbering paradigm was applied to the higher grades of the Knight's Cross, one list per grade.

Background
The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grades were based on four separate enactments. The first enactment,  of 1 September 1939 instituted the Iron Cross (), the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross (). Article 2 of the enactment mandated that the award of a higher class be preceded by the award of all preceding classes. As the war progressed, some of the recipients of the Knight's Cross distinguished themselves further and a higher grade, the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, was instituted. The Oak Leaves, as they were commonly referred to, were based on the enactment  of 3 June 1940. In 1941, two higher grades of the Knight's Cross were instituted. The enactment  of 28 September 1941 introduced the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds. At the end of 1944 the final grade, the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Golden Oak Leaves, Swords, and Diamonds, based on the enactment  of 29 December 1944, became the final variant of the Knight's Cross authorized.

Recipients
The list is initially sorted alphabetically.

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Waffen SS


The transport of concentration camp inmates to Tyrol refers to a transfer of 139 high-profile prisoners (Prominenten) of the Nazi regime in the final weeks of the Second World War in Europe from Dachau concentration camp in Bavaria to South Tyrol.

The transport is notable for involving a confrontation between the escorting SS and SD detachments and a force of the German Army (Heer) in Niederdorf.  Ultimately, the SS/SD were faced with overwhelming firepower and stood down, whereupon the army unit "adopted" the Prominenten and escorted them to their final destination at the Hotel Pragser Wildsee some 12 km off. There, the prisoners were protected from both fanatical German forces and Italian partisans until relieved by a company of the U.S. 5th Army on May 4, 1945.

Background
This movement was personally ordered by Adolf Hitler and implemented by Gestapo chief SS Gruppenführer Heinrich Müller. This group of Prominenten comprised men, women and children from seventeen nations. Almost a third were relatives of Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg and other leaders of the attempted assassination of Adolf Hitler in July 1944. They had been imprisoned under the Sippenhaft (kin detention) law which punished relatives of those accused of crimes against the state. The remainder included renegade Soviet generals, former collaborators from a number of Axis countries, a couple of Mussolini's Police Chiefs, some senior Nazi politicians and German Army officers who had simply fallen out with Hitler. In addition, there were a number of saboteurs, spies, traitors, resistance fighters, church leaders and four survivors of the Great Escape. It also included many wives and children of key prisoners.

It was intended that these prisoners should be held as hostages in the hopes of trading their lives for some concession from the Allies as the war wore down, or after hostilities ended. The prisoners were gathered together and escorted by a detachment of SS-Totenkopfverbände and Sicherheitsdienst troopers.

Timeline of events

Evacuation from Dachau to the South Tyrol

On 17, 24 and 26 April 1945 small convoys of buses and trucks began transporting the Prominenten from Dachau toward the SS-Sonderlager Innsbruck. On 27 April the prisoners began what transpired to be the final leg of their journey to a large lake-side hotel at Pragser Wildsee in the Italian Tyrol 12.5 km south west of Niederdorf, then still occupied by three German Luftwaffe generals and their staff.

Making its way over the Brenner Pass the convoy entered the Italian Tyrol through the Puster Valley and eventually stopped the following morning, just outside the small village of Niederdorf (German) - Villabassa (Italian), South Tyrol, 70 km north-east of Bolzano.

Delay in Niederdorf

In command of the SS-TV detachment was Obersturmführer Edgar Stiller, who was responsible for the transport, accommodation and general custody of the hostages. The commander of the SD detachment, Obersturmführer Friedrich Bader, was also a Gestapo officer. His responsibility was to carry out whatever final orders were received from Berlin in connection with the hostages, or to execute them in the event of any resistance or rescue attempts.

As a result of the chaotic conditions in Berlin nearly all communication systems were down.  Without specific orders Stiller was uncertain what to do and the situation became increasingly tense.  Upon arrival at Niederdorf the prisoners took matters into their own hands by leaving the transports and walking into the village. A local official (also an Italian Resistance leader) arranged temporary accommodation for the hostages in village hotels and the Town Hall.

During the morning of 28 April one of the hostages searched the wallet of an SD man who had collapsed from drunkenness.  A document in it called for the execution of 28 members of the Prominenten, including all the British officers and other military prisoners. Many of the SD and SS guards had been drinking and were becoming steadily more aggressive.

On Sunday 29 April, Colonel Bogislaw von Bonin, who had been imprisoned for disobeying Hitler by authorising Army Group A to retreat from Warsaw in January 1945, approached the local Wehrmacht liaison office in Niederdorf and asked them to contact his old friend, Colonel General Heinrich von Vietinghoff, the commander of Army Group C with headquarters in Bolzano, Italy, on the phone. He wasn't available but von Bonin was able to speak to another friend, General Hans Röttiger, Vietinghoff's Chief of Staff, and explain the highly dangerous situation and the need for assistance.

Vietinghoff rang back two hours later to say he would send a Wehrmacht officer and a company of infantry to provide safe custody for the hostages. In the meantime, contingency plans were being made by the prisoners to attack the SS and SD troopers who were becoming increasingly threatening. Tasked with the rescue of the Prominenten, Wehrmacht Captain Wichard von Alvensleben made a reconnaissance trip to Niederdorf later that evening. Almost immediately he bumped into Obersturmführer Stiller. Von Alvensleben, realising that this officer must have a connection with the hostages, engaged him in conversation without revealing his mission. Stiller explained that he had relinquished his authority over the prisoners to one of the British officers but expressed great concern over what might happen when his second in command, an unpredictable SD Obersturmführer, learned of his decision.

Von Alvensleben returned to his quarters at Sexten, some 17 km east of Niederdorf to reflect on his next course of action. He had received neither permission nor an order to act against the SS; no superior in his chain of command had the authority to issue either, with the exception of his brother SS-Sturmbannfuehrer Ludolf Jakob von Alvensleben, who commanded all SS units in Adria West at the time.

At dawn on Monday 30 April, von Alvensleben returned to Niederdorf with two of his men. The party soon encountered a second SS Obersturmführer, the belligerent member of the SD he had been warned of by Stiller, Friedrich Bader. Von Alvensleben immediately engaged him, again without revealing his mission. Initially reluctant to discuss the hostages, Bader eventually stated that his orders would only be fulfilled when all the Prominenten were dead.

Standoff between the Wehrmacht and the SS/SD
At this point von Alvensleben explained that he was an emissary of the Commander-in-Chief of Army Group C and that Bader should consider his orders fulfilled and his mission over. In fact the Wehrmacht captain had no authority to negotiate or give orders to the SS. In any event Bader refused to accept his instructions. With only two men at his disposal, von Alvensleben was in an untenable position. He withdrew and quickly radioed his battalion headquarters at Sexten with a request for a battle group to be despatched to Niederdorf immediately.

Forty-five minutes later fifteen Wehrmacht NCOs armed with machine pistols arrived and positioned themselves in front of the Town Hall where the SS detachments were headquartered. Realising he needed further reinforcements, von Alvensleben summoned a larger force which was based just 4 km away at Dobbiaco.

Two hours later, 150 men from an infantry training battalion arrived and positioned two heavy machine guns in the square opposite the SS headquarters in the Town Hall. Von Alvensleben demanded Stiller and Bader remain inside with their men.

However, the young Wehrmacht captain realised he needed additional direction from his superiors at their Bolzano headquarters. By a stroke of luck SS-Obergruppenführer Karl Wolff, the Supreme Commander of all SS forces in Italy, was standing next to General Röttiger when von Alvensleben's call came through. Taking the phone from Röttiger, Wolff volunteered to von Alvensleben that the SS and SD detachments should stand down on his authority – no matter that he lacked it over either of their officers.

Throughout this Stiller and Bader, along with their men, were becoming dangerously belligerent. With the SS and SD corralled in the village square by the Wehrmacht force, it remained an extremely tense situation and a firefight between them was still a real possibility. When one of the British contingent among the prisoners drew the SD troopers’ attention to the firepower they were facing, they finally conceded and began laying down their weapons.

Eventually most of the SS and SD men were allowed to leave the village in a bus and a truck, and were last seen heading towards the Brenner Pass.

Contemporary rumours suggested that the SS and SD men were ambushed by partisans and subsequently captured and strung up from roadside telegraph poles.  It has now been established that this was not true.

Wehrmacht surrender to US Army detachment

The Prominenten were now free of the SS and SD, but not of danger.  They were still at the mercy of German deserters, fanatical Nazis carrying on the fight, and marauding bands of Italian partisans with scores to settle.

As a courtesy, the Wehrmacht escorted the Prominenten to their original destination, the Hotel Pragser Wildsee. The Luftwaffe generals and their staffs had left; some of the hostages had also disappeared, but the majority elected to stay there under the protection of the Wehrmacht.

Great Escape Wing Commander Harry Day and the Italian resistance leader who had arranged the hostage accommodation at Niederdorf, left the hotel on 1 May to make their way to the US front line in order to persuade US forces to mount a final rescue mission.

Day and his companion finally crossed the US Fifth Army’s lines on 3 May. In the meantime, all German forces in Italy had surrendered with effect from 2 May. However, spasmodic and occasionally fierce fighting between German and US forces continued to take place. Day’s first contact was with elements of the US 88th Division, but they were in no position to mount a rescue bid as they were at least 125 miles from the Pragser Wildsee. On the other hand, the 85th Division’s 339th Infantry Regiment had reached their latest objective at San Candido half an hour after midnight on 4 May.  Just 21 km from Pragser Wildsee, they received immediate orders to send a "strong combat patrol" to rescue the hostages.

G Company of the 339th was nominated for the task and arrived during the early hours of 4 May in a convoy of trucks, jeeps, and armoured carriers.

There was a tense silence as the Wehrmacht machine gunners and the American infantrymen saw each other in the gloom of the dawn, but when the Wehrmacht sentries realised that the soldiers were American and not German foes, they laid down their weapons and surrendered. The Prominenten were now officially liberated, and their Wehrmacht chaperones relieved of their duty.

List of prisoners
(by country)

References

Sources
 Sayer Ian & Dronfield Jeremy. Hitler's Last Plot – The 139 VIP hostages Selected for Death in the Final Days of World War II.  New York: Da Capo Press, 2019
 Hans-Günter Richardi, SS-Geiseln in der Alpenfestung
 Pragser Wildsee.com
 Peter Koblank: Die Befreiung der Sonder- und Sippenhäftlinge in Südtirol, Online-Edition Mythos Elser 2006
 ECHO Tirol 10 November 2005
 , Hostage of the Third Reich: The Story of My Imprisonment and Rescue from the SS,
 Endgame 1945 The Missing Final Chapter of World War II
 Klaus-Dietmar Henke, Die amerikanische Besetzung Deutschlands,
 Kurt von Schuschnigg: Austrian Requiem, Victor Gollancz 1946, London.

Nazi concentration camps
1945 in Germany
Nazi SS
History of Tyrol (region)


Pejić is a Croatian and Serbian surname, and may refer to:

Andreja Pejić, Bosnian-Australian top model
Jelena Pejić, Miss Serbia and Montenegro 2004
Katarina Pejić, mother of Yugoslav writer Ivo Andrić
Marko Pejić, Croatian footballer
Mel Pejic, English footballer of Serb descent
Mihajlo Pejić, US WW II Medal of Honor recipient of Serb descent
Mike Pejic, English footballer of Serb descent
Miroslav Pejić, Bosnian Croat footballer of Croat descent
Pero Pejić, Croatian footballer
Shaun Pejic, English-born Welsh footballer of Serb descent

Surnames of Croatian origin
Surnames of Serbian origin


Maja e Papingut is a mountain peak of the Nemërçka massif, in southern Albania. Reaching a height of , it is the 3rd most prominent peak in the country and the 44th most prominent peak in Europe.

Geology
Formerly known as Maja e Dritës, the peak is nestled in the Southern Mountain Region, between the municipalities of Përmet and Gjirokastër, where it takes on the shape of a pyramid. It is composed primarily of Cretaceous limestone rocks with asymmetrical backs. The eastern side has undergone significant changes from quaternary ice, resulting in the formation of large cirques. The peak is blanketed in snow throughout the year and is a popular destination for mountain climbers.

See also
 List of mountains in Albania
 List of European ultra-prominent peaks

References

Mountains of Albania
Two-thousanders of Albania


The 1954–55 Greek Football Cup was the 13th edition of the Greek Football Cup. The competition culminated with the Greek Cup Final, held at Leoforos Alexandras Stadium, on 12 June 1955. The match was contested by Panathinaikos and PAOK, with Panathinaikos winning by 2–0.

Calendar
From Round of 16 onwards:

Knockout phase
In the knockout phase, teams play against each other over a single match. If the match ends up as a draw, extra time will be played and if the match remains a draw a replay match is set at the home of the guest team which the extra time rule stands as well. If a winner doesn't occur after the replay match the winner emerges by a flip of a coin. The mechanism of the draws for each round is as follows:
In the draw for the round of 16, the eight top teams of each association are seeded and the eight clubs that passed the qualification round are unseeded.The seeded teams are drawn against the unseeded teams.
In the draws for the quarter-finals onwards, there are no seedings, and teams from the same group can be drawn against each other.

Bracket

Round of 16

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* Match suspended at 69th minute. Olympiacos scored and Olympiacos Patras players questioned goal's validity and left from the field.

Quarter-finals

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Semi-finals

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Final

The 13th Greek Cup Final was played at the Leoforos Alexandras Stadium.

References

External links
Greek Cup 1954-55 at RSSSF

Greek Football Cup seasons
Greek Cup
Cup


Coscinocera hercules, the Hercules moth, is a moth of the family Saturniidae, endemic to New Guinea and northern Australia. The species was first described by William Henry Miskin in 1876.

Description
Adults have a wingspan of about , making it the largest moth found in Australia, and its wings have the largest documented surface area (300 square centimeters) of any living insect. They are mainly colored golden-brown and white, with transparent spots on each of the four wing sections – the coloring and patterns between sexes is mostly static. However, adult males have longer, slimmer tails on their wings than females do, making it somewhat easy to differentiate them in this way.

Their larvae grow up to 12 cm (about 4.7 in), and will weigh around 54 grams in their final instar. They are a pale-blue or green color, with red dots along their sides and yellow spines.

Diet
As an adult, the Hercules moth does not eat. The larvae feed on the leaves of a number of rainforest trees including Dysoxylum mollissimum, Glochidion ferdinandi, Homalanthus populifolius, Polyscias elegans, Timonius rumphii, and Timonius singularis.

References

External links

Information about this species at the Atlas of Living Australia.
View sightings of this species on iNaturalist.
View images of this species on Flickriver.com.

Saturniinae
Moths described in 1876


The 1925–26 FA Cup was the 51st staging of the world's oldest football cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly known as the FA Cup. Bolton Wanderers won the competition for the second time, beating Manchester City 1–0 in the final at Wembley.

Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday. Some matches, however, might be rescheduled for other days if there were clashes with games for other competitions or the weather was inclement. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played. This first edition of the competition with the modern naming convention of the FA cup first and second qualifying rounds became first and second round proper and what was previously called first round proper became third round proper.

Calendar

First round proper
At this stage 40 clubs from the Football League Third Division North and South joined the 25 non-league clubs who came through the qualifying rounds. Millwall, Bristol City, Crystal Palace and Plymouth Argyle were given a bye to the third round. Four Second Division sides, Barnsley, Darlington, Oldham Athletic and Swansea Town were entered at this stage. To make the number of matches up, seven non-league sides were given byes to this round. These were:

Clapton
St Albans City
London Caledonians
West Stanley
Northfleet United
Dulwich Hamlet
Southall

38 matches were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 28 November 1925. Seven matches were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture, of which four went to another replay, and one of these went to a third.

Second round proper
The matches were played on Saturday, 12 December 1925. Four matches were drawn, with replays taking place in the following midweek fixture.

Third round proper
40 of the 44 First and Second Division clubs entered the competition at this stage, along with Third Division South teams Millwall, Bristol City, Crystal Palace and Plymouth Argyle. Also given a bye to this round of the draw were amateur side Corinthian. The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 9 January 1926. Nine matches were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture, of which one went to a second replay.

Fourth round proper
The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 30 January 1926. Three games were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture.

Fifth round proper
The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 20 February 1926. There were two replays, played in the next midweek fixture.

Sixth round proper
The four quarter-final ties were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 6 March 1926. There was one replay, between Nottingham Forest and Bolton Wanderers, played in the following midweek fixture. This then went to a second replay the week after.

Semifinals
The semi-final matches were played on Saturday, 27 March 1926. Both matches ended in 3–0 victories for Manchester City and Bolton Wanderers, who went on to meet in the final at Wembley.

Final

The 1926 FA Cup final was contested by Bolton Wanderers and Manchester City at Wembley. Bolton won by a single goal, scored by David Jack.

Match details

See also
FA Cup final results 1872-

References
General
Official site; fixtures and results service at TheFA.com
1925-26 FA Cup at rsssf.com
1925-26 FA Cup at soccerbase.com

Specific

FA Cup seasons
FA
Cup