The Kaiserjäger (officially designated by the Imperial and Royal (k.u.k.) military administration as the Tiroler Jäger-Regimenter or "Tyrolean Rifle Regiments"), were formed in 1895 as four normal infantry regiments within the Common Army of Austria-Hungary. Despite the name "Tirol" in its title its members were not just recruited from the crown land of Tyrol (including Vorarlberg) but also from other parts of the monarchy. The regiments were disbanded in 1918 with the end of the k.u.k. monarchy. The word Jäger (meaning "hunter" or "huntsman") is a characteristic term used for light infantry or light infantrymen in a German-speaking context.

Background

The first standing troops in the Tyrol were the native Tyrolese soldiers of the Tyrolean State Battalion () formed in 1703. This was superseded in 1745 by the Tyrolean Field and State Regiment (Tiroler Feld- und Landregiment), which was given the status and prerogatives of an imperial regiment and went under the regimental number 46. Due to the political situation during the Napoleonic era, the regiment was permanently stationed in Veneto – still Austrian at that time – in 1801, which is why it lost its original name.

As its successor in Tyrol, the 64th Tyrolean Rifles (Tiroler Jägerregiment Nr. 64) was established, based on a Tyrolean rifle corps and the battalion of Kurz'schen Jäger ("Kurz's Rifles"). When Tyrol fell to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1805, the name Tyrolean Rifles was withdrawn. After the return of Tyrol to the Austrian Empire in 1814, the reorganization of a Tyrolean rifle corps was immediately begun. Initially it consisted of one battalion, but was later expanded to three. The inhaber of the Rifles was Feldmarschall-Leutnant Franz Philipp Fenner von Fenneberg (1762–1824), which resulted in the contemporary title of Fennerjäger.

Founding of the regiment
In spring 1815, Emperor Francis I directed the establishment of a Kaiser-Jäger-Regiment of four battalions and 16 companies. The formation of this regiment began on 16 Jan 1816. By contrast with the Jäger troops of Old Austria that were organized into independent Feldjäger battalions (k.u.k. Feldjäger), this new regiment was the only (Imperial and Royal) Jäger regiment of the Empire of Austria until 1895 (when the "Great Regiment of Tyrolean Emperor Rifles", or Großen Regiments der Tiroler Kaiserjäger, was split up.

The soldiers of this regiment, whose strength was 5,000 men, were recruited by state conscription (Konscription) - until the introduction of general conscription (Wehrpflicht) in 1868, their posts were determined by lot - and by the absorption of 1,400 men from the former Fennerjägerkorps and of 600 Tyrolean soldiers who returned to their homeland after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Initially conscription service was for 12 years; later, this was reduced to 8 years and then 6 years, the pay of the soldiers being commensurate with length of service.

Organisational changes
For 33 years the organization of the regiment remained unchanged until, in 1849, it was restructured into six battalions of four companies and one battalion of six companies. In 1859 an additional 8th battalion was established. In 1863, another reorganization followed; from now on the regiment had six battalions, each of six companies, and a depot battalion, from which a seventh battalion was supposed to be created in time of mobilization.

After the introduction of general conscription (Wehrpflicht) in 1868 the regiment comprised seven battalions, seven reserve companies and a battalion recruiting cadre. In 1880 the regiment was brought up to a strength of ten battalions by the allocation of disbanded Feldjäger battalions.

By 1 May 1895, the strength had been further raised to 16 battalions by the allocation of soldiers from the Feldjäger corps and the Regiment had been divided into four Jäger regiments, each of four battalions. The newly formed regiments were given the designation "1st (2nd, 3rd or 4th) Imperial and Royal Tyrolean Rifles (Kaiserjäger)" or Kaiserliches und königliches 1., 2., 3., und 4. Tiroler-Jäger-Regiment "Kaiserjäger".

The Emperor himself was the Regimental Colonel (or Inhaber); his second-in-command (Zweitinhaber) and the commanding officers were personally appointed by him.

 Structure

On 1 May 1895 the 16 battalions of the Tyrolean Jäger Regiment (Emperor Franz Joseph) (Tiroler Jägerregiment Kaiser Franz Joseph) were directed to form into 4 regiments that were set up as follows:

 1st Rifles with its HQ, II, III and IV Battalions in Innsbruck, I Battalion in Bregenz
 2nd Rifles with its HQ, I, II and IV Battalions in Vienna, III Battalion in Brixen
 3rd Rifles with its HQ, III and IV Battalions in Trient, I Battalion in Reiff am Gartsee, II Battalion in Rofreit
 4th Rifles with its HQ, II, III and IV Battalions in Lienz, I Battalion in Hall in Tirol

As a result of the usually frequent moves of the garrisons in Austria-Hungary, the units (official abbreviation TJR for Tyrolean Jäger Regiment) were based in the following towns and cities of the three Tyrolean regions (North, South and Welsch Tyrol) in August 1914:

 1st Rifles
HQ, I, II and IV Battalions in Trient
III Battalion and Recruit Battalion Cadre in Innsbruck (Klosterkaserne)
 Commanding Officer: Colonel Guido Novak von Arienti
Field officers: Lieutenant Colonel Paul Gschliesser – Major August Preindlsberger – Major Guido Blaas – Major Emanuel Leuprecht – Major Maximilian Ritter Barth von Barthenau – Major Friedrich Fössl

2nd Rifles
HQ, I and II Battalions in Bozen
III Battalion in Meran
IV Battalion and Recruit Battalion Cadre in Brixen
 Commanding Officer: Colonel Alexander Brosch von Aarenau
Field officers: Lieutenant Colonel Friedrich Kreschel Edler von Wittigheim – Lieutenant Colonel Viktor Freiherr von Schleinitz – Lieutenant Colonel Gerhard Scherrer – Lieutenant Colonel Theodor Ritter von Zeynik – Major Erbst Devarda – Major Johann Ritter von Bezard – Major Friedrich Graf Meraviglia-Crivelli
Feldkurat: Karl Drexel

3 Rifles
HQ, II, III and IV Battalions in Rofreit (Jägerkaserne)
I Battalion and Recruit Battalion Cadre in Trient (Kaiserjägerkaserne)
One company in Ala
 Commanding Officer: Colonel Heinrich Vonbank
Field officers: Lieutenant Colonel Johann Lercher – Lieutenant Colonel Josef Poletilović – Major Ignaz Fürmkranz – Major August Planiseig – Major Franz Bauer – Major Karl Köbe

4th Rifles
HQ, II, III and IV Battalions in Riva
I Battalion and Recruit Battalion Cadre in Hall in Tirol
 Commanding Officer: Colonel Ernst Dietrich
Field officers: Colonel Ludwig Abendorf – Lieutenant Colonel: Lorenz Covin – Lieutenant Colonel Rudolf Ritter von Kriegshaber – Lieutenant Colonel August Fischer vom See – Major Karl Kreiner – Major Varius Graf Levaulx Freiherr von Vrécourt

 Operational service

The Kaiserjäger saw operational service at the storming of Casina Fersada on 23 Feb 1849, the attack on the village of Pregasina on 16 Jun 1848, the night battle at Volta on 26 June 1848, capture of a French cannon on 4 Jun 1859 during the Battle of Magenta, the storming of Oliosi on 24 Jun 1866, and the storming of the insurgents' position in Kremenac on 21 Oct 1878 during the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In addition to military combat operations, the Kaiserjäger were also involved in the expansion of military as well as civil infrastructure. They are reputed to have laid the Kaiserjägersteig road from Levico Terme (Löweneck) in the Sugana Valley in  the 1870s and 1880s. that runs across the plateau of Lusern and the Seven Communities and ends at Malga Monterovere (1,255 m).
During the First World War, the four regiments fought with heavy losses, first in Galicia and the Carpathians against Russia, until they were deployed on the plateau of the Seven Communities Trient and at Isonzo after the start of fighting on the Italian front.

The orders shown in the illustration and  handwritten notes of a Kaiserjäger sergeant (Zugsführer) bear witness to the operations of the unit during the First World War:

This Kaiserjäger (later Alpine Company or, Hochgebirgs-Kompanie, No. 30) fought:
 in Galicia
 in the Carpathians
 at Col di Lana
 at Monte Piano
 on the plateau of the Seven Communities (Lafraun/Lavarone)
 at Monte Pasubio
 in the Sexten Dolomites
 at Ortler
 on the Hoher Schneid (Ortler Massif)
 at the Tonale Pass (Adamello – Presanella Massif)
 at the Cima Presena (Adamello – Presanella Massif)
 and at the Busazza (Adamello – Presanella Massif)

For that he was awarded the following honours:
 the Silver Medal for Bravery, 1st class
 the Silver Medal for Bravery, 2nd class
 the Bronze Medal for Bravery
 the Karl Troop Cross
 the Wound Medal for being wounded once (on 20 September 1918 at Zigolon – Adamello-Presanella)
 the Medal of Honour of the County of Tyrol to its defenders

The Kaiserjäger were not mountain troops, but regular infantry. These well-trained peacetime soldiers were regularly sacrificed during the campaign in Galicia and could not be replaced to the same extent. In the Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive the 2nd Rifles lost almost 80% killed, wounded and missing - on 2 and 3 May 1915 alone they lost 26 officers and about 600 NCOs and men. The 4th Rifles lost 1,300 men over these two days.

In the autumn of 1915, the Kaiserjäger and Landesschützen were transferred to the Italian Front in order to support the despairing Standschützen militia and small numbers of regular forces defending Italian attacks and to assist in stabilizing the front.

A higher percentage (about 40%) of the Kaiserjäger were soldiers from Trient (i.e. they were Welsch Tyrolese). The rest were made up of the Tyrolese and inhabitants from the rest of the monarchy. Despite the many Italian-speaking Jäger, there were hardly any desertions in the fighting against the Kingdom of Italy, although it had been assumed in Italy that their "brothers from the unconquered territories (irredenta) strive joyfully in the womb of their Mother Italia" (Gabriele D'Annunzio). All the greater was the disappointment when the men of Trentino showed no inclination to change sides. On the contrary, the following saying circulated among the Fanti (infantry) and Alpini in 1916: "Dio ci liberi degli irredenti!" ("God deliver us from the unsaved").

Because of the possibility of unrest the 2nd TJR was moved in 1916 with its garrison (and the recruit battalion cadre) to Beneschau in Bohemia.

 Dress

The uniforms of the Jäger units were the same, except in minor details. A hat made of matte black, waterproof felt served as the parade headdress. It consisted of a crown and brim adorned with a circular, green cord, the Jäger emblem and a plume of black rooster feathers. The hat cord was made of sheep's wool, and had a button and an acorn covered with a green wool. The two acorns were attached to the rear part of the crown. The cord for officers was made of black and gold thread.

The crown was in the shape of an oval cone, with a moderately sized dent in the top. The brim was flat in front and behind, but turned up at both sides. The edge of the brim was edged with black, lacquered calfskin.

On the left hand side of the crown was a rearward sloping pocket made of hat felt for attaching the feathers. The hat emblem - of gold coloured metal - consisted of the hunter's horn. In the centre of the coil, the Kaiserjäger troops had the Tyrolean eagle made of nickel-silver. This emblem was fastened above the hat feather pocket, such that the eagle was at the same angle as the plume. The plume was tied up in the form of a rooster tail on a 1.5 mm thick piece of iron wire. The length of the plume was 29 cm. The plume was inserted into the pocket on the hat, so that the feathers hung towards the rear in an arch.

On the march the Kaiserjäger wore the infantry field cap.

The frock coat (Waffenrock) of the Jäger was – for officers and men – cut in the same style as the infantry. The other ranks' coat was made of pike gray cloth and had grass-green epaulettes, shoulder trim, collar and cuffs. The buttons for all regiments were yellow and marked with the battalion number.

The shirts worn by the Rifles were of the same colour as the jacket with grass-green gorget patches to indicate their arm of service. Their remaining items of dress were no different from those of the line infantry.

Trousers were of pike grey cloth and cut long in accordance with the regulations for German regiments. The trousers of the officers had grass-green lampasses; NCOs and other ranks had grass-green piping along the side seam.

The Kaiserjäger were often confused with the Tyrolean Kaiserschützen, who belonged to the k.k. Landwehr, and were part of the regular armed forces of Austria-Hungary. The confusion arose from the decree of April 1917, in which Emperor Charles I granted the title Kaiserschützen to the Tyrolean state rifles. (The state rifles, known as Landesschützen or Kaiserschützen, were mountain troops and wore a different uniform.)

 Ranks
One curiosity of the rifle troops was that the private soldier was called a Jäger (rifleman, literally "hunter") whereas the lowest NCO's rank was that of Unterjäger (unter normally meaning "under" or "below").

 Monuments
Monuments to the fallen Kaiserjägers were erected in Bregenz and in the Innsbruck district of Amras during the First World War and in the interwar period. The Kaiserjäger monument in Bolzano, which was created by Karl Ernstberger in 1917/18 but not completed, was demolished by the Italian fascist regime in 1926/27 to make room for the Bolzano Victory Monument. The sculptures of the former Bolzano monument, which were designed by Franz Ehrenhöfer, can now be found at the Bergisel in Innsbruck.

 Tradition
In order to maintain the tradition of the Jäger, in 2000 the annual officer cadet intake at the Theresian Military Academy in Vienna's Neustadt was given the title Kaiserjäger. In 2004, the 82 graduates of the course joined the Austrian Armed Forces as professional officers.

 Footnotes

 Literature
 Anton Graf Bossi-Fedrigotti: Kaiserjäger – Ruhm und Ende. Leopold Stocker Verlag, Graz, 1977
 E. Wißhaupt: Die Tiroler Kaiserjäger im Weltkrieg 1914–1918 (2 vols., 1935 and 1936)
 Generalmajor Kasimir Freiherr von Lütgendorf: Die historische Entwicklung des Landesverteidigungswesens, der Kaiserjäger und Landesschützen, Vienna, 1914
 Bernhard Wurzer: Tirols Heldenzeit'', Innsbruck, 1959
 k.u.k. Kriegsministerium: „Dislokation und Einteilung des k.u.k Heeres, der k.u.k. Kriegsmarine, der k.k. Landwehr und der k.u. Landwehr“ in: Seidels kleines Armeeschema – pub.: Seidel & Sohn, Vienna, 1914
 Haager, Christian et al.: Tiroler Kaiserjägerbund: Tiroler Kaiserjäger seit 1816 – die Geschichte der Tiroler Eliteregimenter; Gründung – Einsätze – Ausrüstung / herausgegeben von Tiroler Kaiserjägerbund und Alt-Kaiserjägerclub Innsbruck; Innsbruck, 1991 and Cremona, 1996²
 Huter, Franz: Ein Kaiserjägerbuch 1 – Die Kaiserjäger und ihre Waffentaten. Innsbruck: self pub. by the Bergisel Museum, 1980
 Huter, Franz: Ein Kaiserjägerbuch 2 – Kurzgeschichte des Bergiselmuseums – Innsbruck: self pub. by the Bergisel Museum, 1985
 Jakoncig, Guido: Tiroler Kaiserjäger im Weltkrieg. – Innsbruck: Wagner, 1935
 Potschka, Ludwig: Geschichte des Tiroler Jäger-Regiments Kaiser Franz Joseph – Innsbruck: Wagner, 1885 (4 vols.)
 Raschin Edler von Raschinfels, Karl: Die Einser-Kaiserjäger im Feldzug gegen Rußland: 1914–1915; Extract from the diary of the regimental adjutants – edited by Karl Raschin Edler von Raschinfels; Bregenz: Teutsch, 1935.
 Schemfil, Viktor: Das k.u.k. 3. Regiment der Tiroler Kaiserjäger im Weltkriege 1914–1918 – edited by Viktor Schemfil based on the wartime documents of the regiments; Bregenz: Teutsch, 1926.

External links
 Die Tiroler Kaiserjäger ("The Tyrolean Kaiserjäger")
 Österreich-Ungarns bewaffnete Macht 1900-1914 ("Austria-Hungary's Armed Power 1900–1914")
 The Kaiserjäger Museum

Kaiserjager
Infantry units and formations


Xelîlê Çaçan Mûradov (1924–1981), was a Yazidi Kurdish writer and journalist in the Soviet Union. He was head of Kurdish section of Radio Yerevan for almost 24 years, where more than 1400 folkloric Kurdish songs were recorded under his supervision. He has also authored several books on Kurdish folklore. He was the father of Yazidi writer and journalist Têmûrê Xelîl.

See also

Yazidis in Armenia

Books
Kilamên Cimaeta Kurdan, 1963.
Du Poêm (Folk stories of Memê û Eyşê and Zembîlfiroş in poetry),  1965.
Qisên Cimaetê (Collection of Folklore), 1969.
Morîyê Nenê, Novel, 1972.

External links
A Short History of Kurdish novel, by Firat Cewerî (in Kurdish).
Xelîlê Çaçan, by Wezîrê Eşo (in Kurdish).

1924 births
1981 deaths
Kurdish writers
Soviet writers


Huddersfield Town's 1934–35 campaign was a season of despair for Town. After the previous season's 2nd-place finish, some fans were even thinking that Town could deny Arsenal their chance to emulate their own successes in the mid-1920s of winning 3 titles in a row. Instead, a dreadful season saw Town finish in 16th place, only 5 points off the relegation zone.

Squad at the start of the season

Review
After the impressive 2nd-place finish the previous season, some fans were even thinking that Town were in a possible title fight with Arsenal, who were on course for a 3rd successive title, matching Town's achievement 8 years earlier. However, their first 8 games resulted in only 1 win, which at the time was Town's worst ever start to a season. Later in the season big drubbings including an 8-0 win over Liverpool and a 6-0 win over Blackburn Rovers, which included Alf Lythgoe scoring 5 of the goals, although a 5-0 loss to Portsmouth and a 5-1 home loss to Grimsby Town did not help Town's goal average. They finished in 16th place, only 5 points clear of Leicester City, who were relegated with Tottenham Hotspur.

Squad at the end of the season

Results

Division One

FA Cup

Appearances and goals

Huddersfield Town A.F.C. seasons
Huddersfield Town F.C.


St. Mary's Abbey () was a former Cistercian abbey located near the junction of Abbey Street and Capel Street in Dublin, Ireland. Its territory stretched from the district known as Oxmanstown down along the River Liffey until it met the sea. It also owned large estates in other parts of Ireland. It was one of several liberties that existed in Dublin since the arrival of the Anglo-Normans in the 12th century, which gave it jurisdiction over its lands.

History

The abbey was founded by the Irish king Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid (died 862) in 846, according to the Annals of the Four Masters. It was originally Benedictine, but in 1139 was given by Malachy O'Morga, the legate of the Pope, to monks belonging to the Congregation of Savigny, which in 1147 joined the Cistercian order.

In 1303, a great part of the abbey and church was destroyed by fire but was reconstructed. However, many of the city records and Court pleadings in the chancery stored in the abbey were destroyed. The abbey was one of the largest and richest in Ireland at that time. A series of charters and statutes of the Parliament of Ireland increased its liberties, including the right to claim goods salvaged from shipwrecks on the coast of County Dublin, and the right to deal with their lands in territories controlled by the "hostile Irish" without incurring the usual penalties.

In 1316, Robert de Nottingham, then Mayor of Dublin, attacked the abbey where the Earl of Ulster, Richard Óg de Burgh, was visiting. De Burgh was suspected of having brought Edward Bruce, who was then marching on Dublin, to Ireland. Several of de Burgh's men were killed before he was captured, and as the monks were suspected of supporting Bruce, the abbey was laid waste.

In the fifteenth century Walter Champfleur became Abbot of St  Mary's in 1467, and held office for more than thirty years. He was a political figure of some importance, due partly to his close association with Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond, to whom he acted as a political and financial adviser. He was briefly Keeper of the Great Seal of Ireland in 1482-3. He died around 1498, much mourned by his Order as an "aged, prudent and learned man".

At a meeting of the Privy Council in the Chapter House, Silken Thomas started his rebellion of 1534 here, by throwing down his Sword of State.

Burials in the abbey
James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond

Abbey became an arsenal
After the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539 the property was given over to John Travers and the church became an arsenal and part of a quarry. The spacious lands which had been owned by the monks came in time to be let to persons who desired to build residences or places of business thereon.

Abbey became a private residence
In 1619, Sir Gerald Moore of Mellifont, Drogheda, received from King James I of England a grant of the abbey, together with its tithes and lands. He later became Viscount Moore of Mellifont. The family of Moore made the Abbey their Dublin residence up to the close of the 17th century, and it was Henry Moore, 1st Earl of Drogheda, who built himself a mansion on what is now O'Connell Street and developed Henry, Moore and Earl streets.

In 1676, stone from the ruins of the Abbey were used in the building of Essex Bridge (now Grattan Bridge, leading to Parliament Street).

Non-Conformist Chapels
There were two non-conformist chapels on the St. Mary's Abbey site. Meeting House Lane, gets its name from the non-conformist chapel. One known as Burghers (Capel Street) and the other Seceders or Non-Burghers. The Capel Street Congregation, which became the Abbey Presbyterian Church now on Parnell Square, and the Union Chapel which moved in 1836 to Lower Abbey Street. The Capel Street Congregation Chapel was incorporated into Bolands Bakery, following its move to Rutland (Parnell) Square.

Mary’s Abbey Synagogue
Following the closure of Stafford Street Synagogue, in 1836, the congregation under Rabbi Issac Davidson, purchased the former non-conformist chapel (used by the Union Chapel before the moved to Lower Abbey Street, the sale caused a major conflict within the church) on part of the old abbey (at 12 Mary's Abbey). Davidson was succeeded as Rabbi by Julius Sandheim. The synagogue operated until 1892, when it moved to Adelaide Road.

Abbey lands became Glasnevin Cemetery

Dr.Charles Lindsay, Dean of Christ Church Cathedral (1804-46) and afterwards Bishop of Kildare, acquired the old monastic lands of Glasnevin, which had once belonged to the abbey. These were purchased around 1832 to form what is now Glasnevin Cemetery.

Re-discovery
The abbey was only rediscovered, 7 feet (2 m) underground and underneath a bakery, in the 1880s, by an amateur archaeologist. His findings were publicized by John Thomas Gilbert. Parts of the old adjoining walls can still be seen. The building is now in the care of Heritage Ireland. The Chapter House is ordinarily open to visitors, by descending a stone staircase.  the site is closed until further notice.

Recent developments
In 2023, as part of the excavation of the area for the construction of a hotel, the remains of over 100 skeletons dating back to the early 11th century were found on the site.

In 2014, Trinity College Dublin paid almost €250,000 for a manuscript produced at the abbey dated from 1304.

See also
 List of abbeys and priories in Ireland (County Dublin)

References

Sources
Primary
  (2 volumes; Volume 2 on Internet Archive)

Secondary

Citations

External links
Heritage Ireland web page about the abbey
History Ireland webpage about the abbey, from a 2011 issue of the magazine

Religious buildings and structures completed in 862
Buildings and structures in Dublin (city)
Benedictine monasteries in the Republic of Ireland
Cistercian monasteries in the Republic of Ireland
Former churches in Dublin (city)
National Monuments in County Dublin
9th-century establishments in Ireland
Abbey Street
Demolished buildings and structures in Dublin


Nicias () of Nicaea, was a biographer and historian of ancient Greek philosophers. Nothing is known about his life, he may have lived in the 1st century BC or AD. He is repeatedly referred to by Athenaeus. His principal work seems to have been a Successions (), a history of the various schools of philosophy. Athenaeus also mentions a work On the Philosophers (), A third work, a History of Arcadia () is also referred to, but whether it is by this Nicias is unclear.

Notes

1st-century BC Greek philosophers
1st-century Greek people
1st-century BC historians
1st-century historians
Ancient Greek biographers
Greek-language historians from the Roman Empire
People from Bithynia
Historians from Roman Anatolia


David Edwin Dexter Jr. (November 25, 1915 – April 19, 1990) was an American music journalist, record company executive, and producer known primarily for his long association with Capitol Records. He worked with many important figures in jazz and traditional popular music, including Count Basie, Peggy Lee, Duke Ellington, and Frank Sinatra. Dexter is also known for his role in Capitol's turning down the early singles by the Beatles as well as his subsequent decisions regarding their packaging, and his sometimes altering their recordings for the American market.

Jazz and pop career

Dexter was born and raised in Kansas City, Missouri. His career in music began in journalism, as he wrote about music for the Kansas City Journal-Post and then for Down Beat magazine in the late 1930s and early 1940s. During this time, he produced an album entitled Kansas City Jazz which documented his hometown's jazz scene, showcasing such talents as Count Basie, Lester Young, and Big Joe Turner.

In 1943, Dexter joined Capitol Records, established the previous year, initially writing press releases and doing other publicity work, but eventually rising to the position of A&R representative. Over the next three decades, he signed some of the biggest names in music to the label, including Frank Sinatra, Stan Kenton, Peggy Lee, Nat King Cole, Duke Ellington, Woody Herman, Kay Starr, and Julia Lee. He produced the first Dixieland recordings to reach the music charts, and was responsible for the landmark 1944 collection The History of Jazz. He also compiled a series of world music albums, Capitol of the World, which showcased music from around the world, which included over 400 titles from 1956 into the early 1970s. Capitol of the World LPs included German Beer Drinking Songs, A Visit to Finland, Kasongo! Music from the Belgian Congo, and other titles. He also served as editor of the company's own publication, Capitol News. His productions included the Duke Ellington classic "Satin Doll".

Dexter wanted the label to focus more on jazz than on rock and roll and hit singles. In a 1956 memo, he complained that the music business was being driven by the tastes of children, and derided current hits by such artists as Elvis Presley and Guy Mitchell as "juvenile and maddeningly repetitive."

The Beatles
After 97% of Capitol stock was acquired by the British company EMI in 1955, Dexter was placed in charge of screening that company's releases to determine if they were suitable for American release. He rejected most, and Capitol gave little promotional support to those records from EMI that were released. When the Beatles were initially signed to EMI's Parlophone label and began to enjoy considerable success in Britain, Dexter turned down their initial four single releases, believing the group was not suitable for American audiences. He was finally ordered to release "I Want To Hold Your Hand", their fifth UK single, in late 1963.

In addition, Dexter rejected the following British EMI artists on behalf of Capitol in 1963 and 1964: Parlophone's the Hollies and Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas, HMV's the Swinging Blue Jeans and Manfred Mann, and Columbia's Gerry and the Pacemakers, the Animals, the Yardbirds, Herman's Hermits and the Dave Clark Five, all of whom had some U.S. success on other labels beginning in 1964. In a memo dated Feb. 20, 1964 to Capitol Records head Alan W. Livingston, Dexter viewed most of these artists as unsuccessful, praising only Freddie and the Dreamers, whom he signed to Capitol.

Dexter oversaw the Beatles' American releases in 1964 and 1965, compiling the albums according to his belief in the different needs of the American market, where albums tended to contain fewer songs than their UK counterparts, and where hit singles were routinely included on albums rather than being considered separate as was then common in the UK. Dexter also remastered the recordings, sometimes adding reverb and altering the stereo picture. The resulting albums achieved great success, but have often been criticized over the years; critic Dave Marsh, for example, referred to Dexter's treatment of the recordings as "genuine stupidity". Beatles producer George Martin and the Beatles themselves were also very critical of Dexter's alterations to their material, and for all territories, including America, the Beatles reissues of the 1980s forward almost exclusively used only the original UK packaging and mixes.  The Dexter-altered versions of the Beatles canon were eventually released on CD in the form of the box sets The Capitol Albums, Volume 1 (2004) and The Capitol Albums, Volume 2 (2006).

Later career

Dexter's blunders regarding the potential success of British popular music in the U.S. led to problems between Capitol and EMI beginning in late 1964, which were exacerbated by his refusal to accede to the Beatles' requests for identical releases in the U.S. and U.K.  Eventually, these factors led to his demotion in 1966 to, as he called it, "a job with no title", and he ultimately left Capitol in 1974. He subsequently wrote for Billboard magazine; in the December 20, 1980, issue, which featured tributes to John Lennon following his 1980 murder, Dexter infamously wrote an article highly critical of Lennon. His piece, "Nobody's Perfect", resulted in threats of sponsor boycotts, prompting the magazine to publish an apology and a repudiation of sorts of the claims in Dexter's editorial in the following week's issue.
He also produced a radio show entitled Here's to Veterans for the Veterans Administration. While with Billboard, he published an autobiography, entitled Playback, his previous books included Jazz Cavalcade (1946) and The Jazz Story, From the '90s to the '60s (1964). He was a tireless supporter of younger musicians and wrote the liner notes for the Fullerton College Jazz Band's 1983 Down Beat award winning LP Time Tripping released on the Discovery/Trend Records AM-PM label by his longtime friend Albert Marx.

Tributes

Count Basie recorded "Diggin' For Dex" in Dexter's honor, while Jay McShann did likewise with "Dexter's Blues".

Death

Dexter died in his sleep in his home in Sherman Oaks, California on April 19, 1990, at age 74. He had suffered a stroke a few years earlier.

References

External links
The Dave E. Dexter Jr. Collection at the University of Missouri–Kansas City.

1915 births
1990 deaths
A&R people
American music journalists
People from Kansas City, Missouri
University of Missouri alumni
20th-century American non-fiction writers
Capitol Records


Vincenzo Zitello (born 13 December 1956, Modena) is an Italian composer and harpist who specializes in original music for Celtic Harp Clarsach.

Career

He began studying music at a very young age playing transverse flute, viola and violin and cello. He was part of the Magnetic Loom in 1975, an experimental group led by Franco Battiato with Yuri Camisasca, Roberto Mazza, lino Capra, Terra di Benedetto, and Mino De Martino. In 1977 he dedicated himself to studying and attending workshops in Breton culture and music held at the "Ti Kendalc'h" with the Breton harpists, Dominig Bouchaud and Mariannig Larc'hantec and at the same time studying classical harp with the classical artist Lisetta Paleari is also the first player and popularizer of the Celtic Cláirseach harp (metal strings) in Italy. In 1980 he studied with Alan Stivell bardic harp (Clasach) and British and Gaelic chant. In 1985 he was part of Franco Battiato's tour with Saro Cosentino, who subsequently produced, under the pseudonym of Kilim, a single by the duo published by EMI under the name 'A Sciara, with a reworking of a traditional Irish piece sung in Gaelic led to winning in 1985 the "Gondola D'Argento" International Exhibition of Light Music 1986, From a self-production, in public audio cassette "Fragments of aura amorosa", later in 1987 it will become his first solo album re-titled Et vice versa becoming the first CD and Vinyl of Celtic harp recorded and published in Italy (published by Stile Libero / Virgin) entirely composed of original pieces by Vincenzo Zitello for Cláirseach harp.

In 1988 he released his second album Kerygma (Epic CBS Sony Music), presented at the Tenco Award. The album was also released in the US by the Narada (Sona Gaia) label with the title Euphonia. In 1994 he released his third album La Via published by D.D.D./BMG Ariola, then released in Europe in 1996 with the title Serenade. In 1995 wrote the music for the show The Beat Generation readings and literary reworkings by Massimo Arrigoni on the Beat Generation, with the musicians Daniele Caldarini, Federico Sanesi, Tobia Winter, Stephen James and Amelia Cuni. making a CD, presented on the occasion of the tribute to Fernanda Pivano in Conegliano Veneto where he also accompanied Allen Ginsberg in a reading and re-proposed in 2007 on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the poet's death.

1995 he composes an Ave Maria in Latin for the Pauline Editions, which he presents live, together with the singer Rossana Casale Franco Parravicini and Federico Sanesi, in Loreto, in the presence of the Pope and 400,000 young people from all over Europe, the Ave Maria is published in a compilation of sacred music Laudate Domini published by CGD. 1997 to 2015 and artistic director from 1996 Isolabona HARPAE Festival in alternating phases until 2014, 1998 publishes his fourth album entitled Aforismi dell'Arpa, published by RTIMUSIC , Sony S4. 2000 Famiglia Cristiana publishes Easter 2000 CD Musica Caeli concert for the Jubilee, whose pieces were performed in St. Peter's Square in Rome in the presence of the Pope. 2001 publishes the CD Vincenzo Zitello Trio composed by Franco Parravicini and Federico Sanesi for the Felmay label the album Concerto recorded live at Bloom di Mezzago. 2004 the Fairyland label releases his sixth album Solo entirely played on Celtic and Baric harps (Clasach). 2006 founder of the school and of the rebirth of the Viggianese harp and director of the Viggiano harp festival, 2007 he publishes his seventh album Atlas, where he plays not only Celtic harps but also wind and string instruments.

2011 publishes his eighth album Talismano entirely dedicated to the Bardic harp (Clasach) with 12 original compositions. 2012 collaborates with Emanuela Maccarani's National Rhythmic Gymnastics. 2014 publishes his ninth album Infinito on the four seasons and elements, original pieces for strings oboe flutes Celtic harp. 2017 releases his tenth album Metamorphose XII, a double disc with 12 original songs played both with harp alone and with a twenty-one-piece orchestra. 2019 releases the eleventh album Anima Mundi, 22 songs that interpret the Major Arcana of the tarot. 2021 publishes his twelfth album Mostri e Prodigi, 8 songs inspired by the medieval bestiary.2022 releases her thirteenth album "Le voci della rosa", 10 songs inspired by Elisabetta Motta's critical contribution on nine contemporary poets. He held Master Class, at the Conservatory of Parma and Pesaro, was part of the jury of the Prix du Trophée de Harpes Camac at the Interceltique de Lorient 2010 festival and of the International Harp Sound Festival in Salsomaggiore from 2010 to 2014 and at the high school Saluzzo (Cn) in 2015 and 2016.

Discography

 1987 - Et vice versa (Virgin Dischi, SLLP 006; collana Stile Libero)
 1988 - Kerygma (Epic, 465181 1)
 1994 - La Via (DDD - La Drogueria di Drugolo, 74321 18905 2; distribuzione: BMG Ariola)
 1998 - Aforismi d'arpa (RTI S4/Sony Music, 8012842130427)
 2001 - Concerto (Live) (Felmay, FY 21750 8035 2; pubblicato come Vincenzo Zitello Trio)
 2005 - Solo (Telenn)
 2007 - Atlas (Telenn)
 2011 - Talismano (Telenn)
 2014 - Infinito (Telenn)
 2017 - Metamorphose XII (Telenn)
 2019 - Anima Mundi (Telenn)
 2021 - Mostri e Prodigi (Telenn)
 2023 - Le voci della rosa (Telenn)

Collaborations in recordings

1979 - Francesco Magni - Il Paese dei Bugiardi
1984 - Nicola Frangione – Italic Environments Nembo Verso Nord
1986 - Alice - Park Hotel Nuvole Rosse
1987 - Ivano Fossati - La pianta del tè
1988 - Underground Life - Gloria Mundi
1990 - Quiet Force – The Maior and Miror Things
1990 - Ivano Fossati - Discanto
1991 - Mario Castelnuovo - Come sarà mio figlio
1992 - Ivano Fossati - Lindbergh
1993 - Teresa De Sio - La mappa del nuovo mondo
1993 - Ivano Fossati - Buontempo & Carte da decifrare Live Teatro Ponchielli Cremona
1993 - The Gang - Storie d’Italia
1993 - Cardinale/Parravicini - Canto D’amore
1993 - Bouchaud/Colas - Heol Dour
1994 - Dagda Morrigan - Tir na nog
1994 - Claudio Rocchi - Claudio Rocchi
1995 - Massimo Arrigoni - The Beat Generation
1995 - Casale/Zitello - Laudate Dominum
1995 - Mara - Mara
1995 - Tosca - Incontri e Passaggi
1996 - Pooh - Amici per sempre
1997 - Quartetto Borciani - Razmatazz
1998 - Gai Saber - Espirit de Frontiera
1998 - Alice - Exit
1999 - Arcari/Corsi/Salis/Dalla Porta - Il viandante immaginario
2000 - Musica Caeli - Concerto per il Giubileo
2001 - Gaspare Bernardi - L’arco Terrestre
2002 - I Luf - Ocio ai Luf
2003 - La Lionetta - Arzan
2003 - Dodi Battaglia - Assolo
2003 - Greenoch - Greenoch
2003 - Vibrarpa - Scianti
2003 - Tilion - Insolitariamente
2004 - Dino Betti Van Der Noot - Ithaca
2004 - La Sedon Salvadie - Il cielo d’Irlanda
2004 - Lou Dalfin - L’oste del Diau
2004 - Francesco Magni - Scigula
2004 - Tao Alchemic Simphony - Tao
2004 - Carmelo Salemi - A sud dell’anima
2005 - Maurizio Camardi - Impronte
2007 - Luf - So nahit’h val Camonega
2007 - Roberto Tardito - Controvento
2007 - Dino Betti Van Der Noot - The Humming cloud
2008 - Piazza/Brahms - Ashbrah
2008 - Colossus Project - The Empire & the Rebellion
2008 - Piazza/Brahms - Tiakuraka
2008 - Ivano Fossati - Musica moderna
2008 - Francesco Magni - Balada del Balabiott
2008 - Fabio Caucino - Passeggero dell’anima
2009 - Beppe Barra - N’attimo
2009 - Dino Betti Van Der Noot - God Save the Earth
2009 - Daal - Disorganicorigami
2010 - Lepricorns - La Figlia del vento
2010 - Duo MilleMiglia - A musical Journey
2010 - Girotondo D’arpe - Wandering Harps
2011 - Yo Yo Mundi - Munfra
2011 - Maura Susanna - Terra Mia
2011 - Stefano Melone e Vincenzo Zitello - Cosmos Orchestra
2012 - Dino Betti Van Der Noot - September’s New Moon
2012 - Emanuela Degli Esposti - Valse, arabesque, ballade, berceuse
2012 - Ar Nevez - Canntaireachd
2012 - Daal - Dodecahedro
2012 - Zu Gruve - Summer Vibes
2012 - Girotondo d’arpe - For Christmas
2013 - ILuf - Mat e Famat
2013 - Dino Betti Van Der Noot - Dreams Are Made On
2013 - Nichelodeon - Bath Salts
2014 - Alberto Patrucco /Andrea Mirò - Segni (e) Particolari
2015 - Girotondo D’arpe - Girotond & Friends
2015 - Leggend and Prophecy - Crohm
2015 - Partenze - Massimo Donno
2015 - Van DerNoot - Notes are but wind
2016 - Uaragniaun - Primitivo
2016 - Flo Gaggiano - Il mese del rosario
2016 - Fufluns - Spaventapasseri
2017 - Prowler - Navigli Riflessi
2017 - Massimo Priviero - All'Italia
2017 - Dino Betti Van Der Noot - Où Sont Les Notes D'Antan ?
2018 - Maurizio Geri Perle D'Appennino
2018 - Alessandro Parente - Storia di un antico Suonatore
2018 - The Magic Door
2019 - Alan Stivell Uman-Kelt
2019 - Dino Betti Van Der Noot -Two ships in the night
2020 - ZDL -Nudo
2021 - Alfio Costa Frammenti
2021 - Paola Tagliaferro Sings Greg Lake
2021 - Arthuan Rebis -Sacred Woods
2021 - Dino Betti Van Der Noot - The silence of the broken lute
2021 - Nikelodeon - Incidenti
2021 - Max Manfredi - Il grido della fata
2021 - Osanna - Il Diedro del mediterraneo
2022 - Zorama - Conteremo i fiori di un giardino
2022 - L'arcaico raggio - L'arcaico raggio
2022 - Enten Hitti - La via lattea
2023 - L'arcaico Raggio-Il signore della ruota. Ode ai quattro elementi.

External links
 Official website (in Italian)

1956 births
Living people
Italian harpists


Yeni Yaşma is a village and municipality in the Khizi Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,675.

References

Populated places in Khizi District


Məşədi Həsən is a village and municipality in the Khizi Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 313.

References

Populated places in Khizi District


George Edward Yankowski (November 19, 1922 – February 25, 2020) was an American professional baseball player. He was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and attended Watertown High School in Watertown, MA. Yankowski played parts of two seasons in Major League Baseball, appearing in six games for the Philadelphia Athletics during the 1942 season and twelve games for the Chicago White Sox in 1946, primarily as a catcher.

Yankowski served in the United States Army as a sniper during World War II, including fighting in the Battle of the Bulge and became a recipient of the Bronze Star Medal and the Combat Infantryman Badge. He died on February 25, 2020, at the age of 97.

References

External links

1922 births
2020 deaths
Baseball players from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Military personnel from Massachusetts
Major League Baseball catchers
Philadelphia Athletics players
Chicago White Sox players
Fall River Indians players
Muskegon Clippers players
Memphis Chickasaws players
Northeastern University alumni
United States Army personnel of World War II
Snipers


Təzəkənd is a village in the municipality of Tıxlı in the Khizi Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Khizi District


Türkoba is a village in the municipality of Şuraabad in the Khizi Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Khizi District


Sult is a village and a former municipality in the Elbasan County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform, it became a subdivision of the municipality Gramsh. The population at the 2011 census was 631. The municipal unit consists of the villages Mazrek, Dushk, Kukucov, Kuterqar, Sult, Zgjup Koder, Zgjup Fushë, Dufshan, and Grekan.

References

Former municipalities in Elbasan County
Administrative units of Gramsh, Elbasan
Villages in Elbasan County


Jack Johnson is a 1970 American documentary film directed by Jimmy Jacobs about the American boxer Jack Johnson (1878–1946).

Production
Johnson had been the subject of the 1967 play The Great White Hope written by Howard Sackler which was later adapted into a 1970 film. Jacobs and Clayton had previously collaborated on boxing documentaries Legendary Champions (1968) and A.k.a. Cassius Clay (1970).

Cayton asked jazz artist Miles Davis to record music for the documentary, which resulted in Davis' 1971 album of the same name.

Accolades
It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

See also
 List of American films of 1970
 Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson

References

External links

1970 films
1970 documentary films
1970s English-language films
American sports documentary films
American black-and-white films
Documentary films about boxing
Documentary films about sportspeople
Films directed by Jimmy Jacobs (handballer)
Films scored by Miles Davis
1970s American films


In this list of birds by common name, a total of 10,976 extant and recently extinct (since 1500) bird species are recognised. Species marked with a "†" are extinct.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q
Quailfinch
Quailfinch indigobird
Quail-plover
Quebracho crested tinamou

R

S

T

U

V

W

X
Xantus's hummingbird
Xavier's greenbul
Xingu scale-backed antbird

Y

Z

See also
List of birds
Lists of birds by region

References

Birds by common name
Lists of birds
Birds


Monali Thakur (born 3 November 1985) is an Indian singer and actress. She is the recipient of several awards including a National Film Award for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage" from the film Dum Laga Ke Haisha (2015) and a Filmfare Award for the song "Sawaar Loon" from the Film "Lootera" (2013). She was a judge of Zee TV's singing reality show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014. She was also an "expert" on Colors TV's Rising Star for two consecutive seasons.

Life and career
Thakur was born on 3 November 1985 in a Bengali Brahmin musical family in Calcutta (now Kolkata). Her father Shakti Thakur was a professional singer and actor in Bengali film industry and her sister Mehuli Thakur is a playback singer in Bengal. She has learnt hip-hop and Bharatanatyam and is also a trained salsa dancer.

An alumnus of The Future Foundation School and St. Xavier's College, Kolkata, Thakur started singing in school and college competitions and performing at local functions, In 1999, she sang the first song of her career in the film Chena Chena under the musical direction of Anupam Dutta and penned by legendary lyricist Pulak Bandyopadhyay. It was a Bengali children song titled "Choi Choi Choi Tipi Tipi". The same year, she recorded the title track of Bengali serial Shri Ramkrishna. She received the Best Playback Singer Award at Anandalok Awards for it when she was 14. She rose to popularity after placing ninth in Indian Idol 2.

She had to struggle even after Indian Idol to get a strong foothold in the music industry. She got an offer from music director Pritam Chakraborty to sing two songs for the Bollywood film Race in 2008 – "Khwab Dekhe" (Sexy Lady) and "Zara Zara Touch Me". She was originally scheduled to sing only one song, but her first recording impressed the film's directors Abbas–Mustan enough for them to book her a second. "Zara Zara Touch Me" was enormously successful, becoming the fourth-most-played song on Indian radio during the first half of 2008. She also got nominated for an IIFA Award for Best Female Playback and an Apsara Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song "Zara Zara Touch Me". Monali's first large format live concert was at Powai Sarvajanin Durgotsav in 2011.

She was a judge in the Bengali music reality show Bengali Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs for two years. She also appeared in the Bengali show Key Hobe Biggest Fan and was part of Coke Studio.

In 2014, Thakur won the Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song "Sawaar Loon" from the film Lootera. In March 2016, she received the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage" from the film Dum Laga Ke Haisha and earned a nomination at the Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the same. In 2018, Thakur appeared in the Zee5 show Lockdown along with Mickey Singh which was produced by Badshah (rapper)'s production house Afterhours. They recreated two tracks, "Jiya Jale" and "Gur Nalon Ishq Meetha". Apart from these Monali has also sung several super-hits like "Cham Cham" song from 2016 film Baaghi which has garnered more than 1 Billion views on YouTube as of January 2022 and The Title Track of 2018 film "Badrinath Ki Dulhania" which she sung along with Neha Kakkar, Dev Negi and Ikka Singh, has been watched more than 800 Million times on Youtube as of January 2022. Thakur has also released her singles, "Tamanna" (2018), "Shy Mora Saiyaan" (2018), "O Re Naseeba" (2019), "Pani Pani Re" (2019), "Dugga Elo" (2019) and her latest Single is "Dil Ka Fitoor" (2020). In 2020 Thakur has sung 2 more singles: "Aaina" along with Ranajoy Bhattacharjee and "Elo Maa Dugga Thakur" along with Sonu Nigam.

Personal life
Thakur married Maik Richter, a restaurateur based in Switzerland, in 2017. She met Richter during a backpacking trip to Switzerland – he was her Airbnb host. Thakur made the marriage public only in June 2020 after releasing her single "Dil Ka Fitoor" which features her along with Maik.

Acting
As a child, she appeared in a Bengali television show, Aalokito ek Indu, in which she played the lead role Indubala. It was followed by two telefilms, including Sudeshna Roy's Phagune Agun, in which she was seen as Ruman. She made her acting debut in Raja Sen's Bengali film Krishnakanter Will, in which she played Bhromor. In 2014, she made her Bollywood debut in Nagesh Kukunoor's Lakshmi. The film is about human trafficking and child prostitution and Thakur plays a 15-year-old girl who gets trapped in it. She was seen in a guest appearance as a Kashmiri Girl in 2014 film PK. Thakur has also a played a cameo role in film Secret Superstar released in 2017. She will be seen in Abbas Tyrewala's multistarrer Mango. She also acted in a short film titled Jangle Bells along with Namit Das. The film came out on Christmas of 2015.

Discography

Early years (2000-2012)

Monali started her career in 2000 with the song 'Sundar Kato Sundar' from the Bengali movie Sajoni Aamar Sohag, sung along with Kavita Krishnamurti, Goutam Ghose and Pratik Choudhary. But this didn't gave her recognition. She become known after participating in second season of Singing Reality show Indian Idol in 2005, She was eliminated very early and stood at 9th position. About her experience with Indian Idol, which ran for up to six months, Thakur said that she was mostly nervous the entire time. "I would get severe anxiety attacks while singing on stage and I wish I had more fun at the time". However, she opened up about the impact of participating in and winning these shows: "You win good money and it gives you face value but you can only capitalise it for no more than a couple of months. The real war starts afterwards once you start working bit by bit".

After this, She got her Bollywood Debut song 'Kubool Kar le' in the 2006 film Jaan-E-Mann, though this was first song as a playback singer, composed by Indian Idol judge Anu Malik in 2006, but she considers her real breakthrough to be the superhit Zara Zara Touch Me, by music director Pritam in the 2008 film Race. she sang two songs, 'Khwab Dekhe-Sexy Lady' and 'Zara Zara Touch Me', which was enormously successful. She was originally scheduled to sing only 'Zara Zara Touch Me', but later sung both. According to her: "Ramesh ji and Kumar ji [the producers of Race] had signed me up for an album for Tips at a time independent albums had become extinct, but they liked my voice, and Pritam got me to sing for a scratch recording. Abbas-Mustan [the directors] liked it, and that is how I got the other song, Khwab Dekhe, too". Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama picked it along with 'pehli Nazar Mein' as the biggest hits of the album and praised the song calling it fresh, naughty and seductive. Zara Zara Touch Me became one of the year's biggest chartbusters That year, She also sung the song 'Meow' with Suzanne D'Mello composed by again Pritam. Also, she performed the title track of Bengali Series Ekhane Aakash Neel which is an Official Remake of StarPlus Sanjivani (2002 TV series). In 2009, her first song was 'Khudaya khair' from Billu which she co-sung with Soham Chakrabarty. The song received mixed reviews from critics but Monali was praised for her sweet vocals. Her other songs that year included 'Do Dil Hai Janwa', 'Hai Junoon' and some Bengali tracks like 2 songs, 'Prithibi Onek Boro' and 'Kalke Jilam Jajaber' in Love (2008 Bengali film) and 3 songs in Dujone.

In 2010, she sang the song 'Dilrubaon ke Jalwe' in the film Dulha Mil Gaya with Amit Kumar.  Shot on Shah Rukh Khan and Sushmita Sen, the song met with positive reviews where Bollywood Hungama praised her completely changed vocals compared to her previous songs. Next, she sang a solo track 'Ishq Mein' in Prince (2010 film). The song was praised where critics called it upbeat and her vocals seductive. That year, she also sang 'Anjaana Anjaani ki Kahani' from Anjaana Anjaani. The refreshing song composed by Vishal–Shekhar along with the whole album received huge critical acclaim. After a series of Bengali songs, like 'It's Only Pyaar', 'O Yaara Ve', 'Bol Na Aar' from Dui Prithibi (2010 film), 3 Tracks in Kellafate, and many more os such, in 2011, she sang songs like 'Naina', 'Ayo Manaye Jashn', 'Tik Tuk' from Rascals, 'Give it up' from United Six, 'Haal-e-dil' from Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap composed by Vishal–Shekhar, co-sung with Amitabh Bachchan. She also lend her voice to 3 songs, 'Ke Se', 'O Shona Eshona' and 'Mon Banjara' to 2011 Bengali film Fighter. This was followed by some more Bengali tracks.

In 2012, she sang 'Tu Mohabbat Hai' from Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya with Atif Aslam, composed by Sachin–Jigar, the song received critical acclaim. Apart from other songs that year, she sang 'Aga Bai' along with Shalmali Kholgade from the movie Aiyyaa. The song composed by Amit Trivedi was a hit and had favourable reviews where Filmfare called it a 'Fast-paced Disco Number'. About the song she said: "I was feeling incomplete at the time as I had so much to offer, So, I would complain to Amit [Trivedi], saying what was the point of doing riyaaz [practice] for 10-12 hours if I cannot use it. Then, he asked me to sing a thumri in Aga Bai, parts of which had already been sung by Shalmali Kholgade". Among others, She also Sang a Bengali Track 'Shadow Tales' in the film Aparajita Tumi. Composed by Shantanu Moitra, the song was appreciated by critics.

'Sawaar Loon' and Bollywood film debut as an actress (2013-2014)

In 2013, Thakur sang 'Sawaar Loon', a melodious track composed by Amit Trivedi from the film Lootera. The song met with highly positive reviews, Filmfare wrote, "Monali Thakur instills sugar in our ears, the '50s orchestration, coupled with the perfect pitch of the singer manages to take you back to a bygone era", while Mohar Basu of Koimoi wrote, "A romantic ballad out of the 50s, the song sung by Monali Thakur is astonishingly wonderful. Thakur's heart melting voice is gripping and Amit Trivedi's tunes and Amitabh Bhattacharya's heart wrenching lyrics skillfully weaves a wonderful tapestry of music that we can call sheer finesse. The playful drift of Thakur's voice, is abundant in naivety making the song soulfully innocent". The song won her first Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer. Her next releases that year were 'Hip Hop Pammi' from Ramaiya Vastavaiya sung with Mika Singh, 'Muh Meetha Kara De' from Rabba Main Kya Karoon, 'Laila' from Nasha. Also, she sang the title track of I Don't Luv U along with Neuman Pinto, the singer's voice was praised, though the song was not. 'Raghupati Raghav' from Krrish 3 was her next release, co-sung with Neeraj Shridhar and composed by Rajesh Roshan, the song received praise where singers were applauded for energetic vocals. Her Next releases that year were 2 tracks from the movie I, Me Aur Main, 'Darbadar' in which she collaborated again with Sachin–Jigar and 'Meri Jaaniye' performed alongside Shaan. while the former, a classical touch song, the latter is a Romantic Number with a Western Touch. Both of them were well appreciated by critics where, Suparna Thombare of 'Bollywood Life' stated about 'Darbadar' that "The ektara, clap sounds and Monali Thakur's silken voice lead you into this Sufi number that slowly zooms into a high energy song. Monali gets the chance to sing a semi-classical number for the first time and she truly shines, Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama stated about 'Meri Jaaniye' "It is good to see Monali wear a different hat for this one and step into a Western avtar". She performed a female solo 'Laila' in Nasha, composed by musical duo Sangeet-Siddharth, the song was well received and called a sweet one. That year also, she sang some Bengali tracks.

In 2014, Thakur made her film debut with Lakshmi dealing with the harsh realities of human trafficking and child prostitution, which continues behind closed curtains in rural areas of India. Directed by Nagesh Kukunoor, the film did not perform well and received mixed reviews by critics but Thakur's performance was praised. She won Best Actress Award at the South-Asian International Film Festival in Washington DC, making her the first Bollywood singer to have won. That year, She also Collaborated with Bappi Lahiri for the Bangla version of the song 'Tune Mari Entriyan' from the film Gunday. The song was a chartbuster in both Hindi and Bangla. Mitesh Saraf of 'Plannet Bollywood' appreciated the song "Bappi Lahiri and Monali Thakur takes centre stage and both does really well in maintaining the entertainment quotient" while, Rediff.com stated "Monali Thakur goes all out to make the best use of the platform provided to her. A chartbuster all the way". She provided English Vocals in the song 'Love Me Thoda Aur' sung by Arijit Singh for the film Yaariyan (2014 film). During the year, She voiced for some other songs, 'Sweety' from Bobby Jasoos performed alongside Aishwarya Nigam and composed by Shantanu Moitra, the song received mixed reviews, the Title Track of Karle Pyaar Karle co-sung with Benny Dayal, the reviews for the songs were fair.

'Moh Moh Ke Dhaage' and further hits (2015-2017)
She began the new year with a song 'Turram Khan' in Hawaizaada, co-sung by Papon and Ayushmann Khurrana. 'Karthik' of Milliblog stated, "superbly led by Papon, till Ayushmann Khurrana and Monali Thakur interject later in the song with a lively melodic distraction". After it, She sung 3 Bengali songs of which 2, 'Ure Geche' and 'Tumi Aashe Paashe' composed by Indraadip Dasgupta from the film Parbona Ami Chartey Tokey, 1 song 'Kono Ek Nilchee Pari' from Black.

This year turned out to be again very successful for her when she sung a semi-classical melody 'Moh Moh Ke Dhaage' from the film Dum Laga Ke Haisha starring Ayushmann Khurrana, Bhumi Pednekar and Composed by Anu Malik. A separate male version of the song is sung by Papon. According to her, "It doesn’t happen often that in the world of EDMs and Hiphop Bollywood numbers one gets a chance to sing evergreen rich Indian melody, hence I can’t thank Anu Ji enough to trust me as a singer with this beautiful song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage" , thus keeping a promise he made years back to me in a reality show where I was just a contestant". The Song became a Chartbuster and was Highly appreciated by Audience as well as Critics. Prateek Sur of 'Bollywood Life' commented, "Monali impresses with her melodic vocals". The song won her several awards including National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer at the 63rd National Film Awards, IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer at 17th IIFA Awards. Also, she was nominated for Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the same. The composer Anu Malik as well as lyricist of the song Varun Grover won several awards. Varun won National Film Award for Best Lyrics for it. As of 2021, the lyrical video of the song has garnered more than 130 Million views on YouTube. On winning prestigious National Award, Thakur says, "This gives a lot of happiness when you know that you have won an award or for that matter that you have been nominated for your work. I realised the actual gravity of this award when I saw the reactions of family and friends".

This is the list of songs recorded by an Indian female playback singer Monali Thakur.

Film songs

Non-film songs

Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Filmi singers
Bollywood playback singers
Indian women playback singers
Indian Idol participants
Indian film actresses
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Singers from Kolkata
Actresses from Kolkata
21st-century Indian singers
21st-century Indian actresses
21st-century Indian women singers
Women musicians from West Bengal
Filmfare Awards winners
Screen Awards winners
Best Female Playback Singer National Film Award winners
International Indian Film Academy Awards winners


Tunjë is a village and a former municipality in the Elbasan County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Gramsh. The population at the 2011 census was 1,393. The municipal unit consists of the villages Tunjë, Tunjë e Re, Duzhe, Jance Qënder, Jance Mal, Prrenjas, Irmenj, Plepas, Katerlis, Oban, Sarasel and Lubinje.

References

Former municipalities in Elbasan County
Administrative units of Gramsh, Elbasan
Villages in Elbasan County


Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa, also known as rhododendron psilocybe and blue-haired psilocybe,  is a psilocybin mushroom of the family Hymenogastraceae having psilocybin and psilocin as main active compounds. First documented in 1980 in the Pacific Northwest, it is relatively uncommon and can be distinguished from other closely related species by its smaller spores and forking cheilocystidia.
Psilocybe cyanescens also has forking cheilocystidia, but less often than Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa. Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa is also distinguished from Psilocybe cyanescens by an absence of pleurocystidia.
The name of this species refers to the fibrils on the Stipe (mycology) that turn bluish in age, or when handled.

This species is closely related to Psilocybe subfimetaria.

Description
Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa has a farinaceous smell and taste.

Pileus
The Pileus is 1.4–3.5 cm in diameter and conic to convex to broadly convex then becoming flat in age. It is not usually umbonate. The pileus is deep chestnut brown and hygrophanous, fading to yellowish brown or grayish white when dry. The surface is viscid when moist from the separable gelatinous pellicle.

Gills
The gills are  adnate to adnexed to slightly subdecurrent in age. It is light grayish, becoming purplish brown with age while the edges remain whitish.

Spores
Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa spores are purplish brown in deposit, subellipsoid in shape, and (9)9.5–11(12) x (5.5)6–6.6(7) μm.

Stipe
The stipe is 3–8 cm long and 0.5 cm thick. It has an equal structure only enlarging near the base. The stipe is striate, pallid to yellow brown with fine fibrils that stain blue when handled. The stipe has a cortina that sometimes leaves a fragile annular zone. White rhizomorphs are at the base. The flesh is brownish and bruises bluish to indigo-black.

Microscopic features
Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa basidia each produce four spores, and rarely only two spores. The cheilocystidia are fusiform to lanceolate and 22–33 x 5.5–7 μm, with an elongated, forking neck and are 1–1.5 μm thick at its apex. Pleurocystidia are absent in Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa.

Habitat and formation
Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa is found growing scattered to gregarious, from September to December from Northern California to British Columbia, Canada. It is found in soils enriched with deciduous wood debris, among bush lupines, in Alder and Willow wood chips and bark mulch, Fir sawdust, in coastal regions, in rhododendron gardens and nurseries, and in flood plains in river estuaries.

Chemistry
Both psilocybin and psilocin (0.05 mg per gram dry weight and 1.4 mg per gram psilocin) were detected by Beug and Bigwood.

References
 Stamets PE, Beug MW, Bigwood JE, Guzmán G. (1980). A new species and new variety of Psilocybe from North America. Mycotaxon 11(2): 476-484.

Entheogens
Psychoactive fungi
cyanofibrillosa
Psychedelic tryptamine carriers
Fungi of North America
Taxa named by Gastón Guzmán


Raymond Austin Aloysius Yochim (July 19, 1922 – January 26, 2002) was an American professional baseball pitcher who appeared in four games over parts of two seasons in Major League Baseball for the St. Louis Cardinals—one game in 1948 and three during 1949. A native and lifelong resident of New Orleans, he threw and batted right-handed, stood  tall and weighed .

Yochim had an extensive career in minor league baseball. He began in 1941 with the Springfield Cardinals, and moved his way up in the St. Louis organization over that year and 1942. He then missed three seasons, 1943 to 1945, while serving in the United States Marine Corps in the Pacific Theater of World War II. On April 19, 1945, The Sporting News erroneously reported that Yochim had died aboard a sunken transport ship during the Battle of Iwo Jima; however, Yochim was alive and stationed in Hawaii. The newspaper quickly printed a retraction when it learned that Yochim had disembarked from the ship earlier when he reported to his base in Hawaii before the vessel was deployed to the battle zone.

Yochim returned to baseball with the Triple-A Rochester Red Wings in –. His major-league trials occurred during the month of May in both  and . Used exclusively in relief by Cardinals' manager Eddie Dyer, he did not earn a decision or a save, posting a 10.80 earned run average. He allowed three hits, four earned runs and seven bases on balls in 3 innings pitched, and was credited with four strikeouts and four games finished.

After his brief major league career, he continued to play in the minor leagues until , when he served as player-manager of the New Orleans Pelicans.

He was the older brother of former MLB pitcher and longtime scout Lenny Yochim (1928–2013).

References

External links

1922 births
2002 deaths
American military personnel of World War II
Baseball players from New Orleans
Birmingham Barons players
Columbus Red Birds players
Fort Lauderdale Braves players
Fresno Cardinals players
Leesburg Lakers players
Little Rock Travelers players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Minor league baseball managers
New Iberia Cardinals players
New Orleans Pelicans (baseball) players
Panama City Fliers players
Rochester Red Wings players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Shreveport Sports players
Springfield Cardinals players
Texarkana Bears players
United States Marines


Batteries Not Included is a British comedy programme showcasing the world's strangest gadgets. It was broadcast on Dave who commissioned the show. It was made by independent production company Liberty Bell. John Cleese hosted with Phill Jupitus narrating.  The programme featured a rotating panel of contributing celebrities (mainly comedians) who tested out the gadgets and brought on their own favourite gadgets to discuss.

References

External links
Batteries Not Included at UKTV.co.uk

Dave (TV channel) original programming
2000s British comedy television series
2008 British television series debuts
2008 British television series endings


The United States had an offensive biological weapons program from 1943 until 1969. Today, the nation is a member of the Biological Weapons Convention and has renounced biological warfare.

Agencies and organizations

Military and government agencies and schools
United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories (USBWL)
United States Army Chemical Corps
War Bureau of Consultants
War Research Service

Biological weapons program locations
United States biological weapons program
Dugway Proving Ground
Granite Peak Range
Edgewood Arsenal
Fort Detrick and the U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories
Building 470
One-Million-Liter Test Sphere
Fort Douglas, Utah
Deseret Test Center
Fort Terry/Plum Island Animal Disease Center
Building 101
Building 257
Horn Island Testing Station
Pine Bluff Arsenal
Rocky Mountain Arsenal
Vigo Ordnance Plant

Treaties, laws and policies
Biological Weapons Convention
Geneva Protocol
Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs

Weapons

Canceled weapons
E77 balloon bomb
E99 bomblet
Flettner rotor, an experimental biological cluster bomb sub-munition
Project St. Jo
SPD Mk I, 4 lb. World War II-era biological bomb

Other weapons
20 mm particulate projectile
E120 bomblet
[50 lb. cluster bomb, held 544 bomblets
E14 munition, sub-munition for E86 cluster bomb
E23 munition, sub-munition for E77 cluster bomb
E48 particulate bomb (E48R2), sub-munition for E96 cluster
E61 bomb (E61R4)
E86 cluster bomb
E95 bomblet
E96 cluster bomb
M114 bomb, 4 lb. biological anti-personnel bomb, sub-munition for the M33 cluster bomb
M115 bomb, a 500 lb. anti-crop bomb
M143 bomblet
M33 cluster bomb
SUU-24/A dispenser

Weaponized biological agents
anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis
Ames strain
tularemia, caused by Francisella tularensis
brucellosis, caused by Brucella suis
Q-fever, caused by Coxiella burnetii
botulism
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB), toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus, used as an incapacitating agent
Stem rust, both wheat and rye stem rust, fungal anticrop agent
Rice blast, fungal anticrop agent

Researched biological agents
Argentinian hemorrhagic fever (AHF)
Bird flu
Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF)
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)
Dengue fever
Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE)
Hantavirus
Lassa fever
Late blight of potato
glanders
melioidosis
Newcastle disease
Plague
Psittacosis
Smallpox
Ricin (technically a chemical weapon)
Rift Valley fever (RVF)
Rinderpest
Typhus
Western equine encephalitis (WEE)
Yellow fever

Operations and exercises
Edgewood Arsenal experiments
Operation Big Buzz
Operation Big Itch
Operation Blue Skies
Operation Dark Winter
Operation Dew
Operation Drop Kick
Operation LAC
Operation Magic Sword
Operation May Day
Operation Polka Dot
Operation Top Off
Operation Whitecoat
Project 112
Project Bacchus
Project Clear Vision
Project Jefferson

Biological attacks
1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack
1989 California medfly attack
2001 anthrax attacks
2003 ricin letters

See also
List of U.S. chemical weapons topics
United States and weapons of mass destruction

References
"Chemical and Biological Weapons: Possession and Programs Past and Present", James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Middlebury College, April 9, 2002, accessed November 12, 2008.
"Biological Weapons", Federation of American Scientists, updated October 19, 1998, accessed November 12, 2008.
Croddy, Eric C. and Hart, C. Perez-Armendariz J., Chemical and Biological Warfare, (Google Books), Springer, 2002, pp. 30–31, ().
Kirby, Reid. "The CB Battlefield Legacy: Understanding the Potential Problem of Clustered CB Weapons", Army Chemical Review, pp. 25–29, July–December 2006, accessed November 12, 2008.
Kirby, Reid. "The Evolving Role of Biological Weapons", Army Chemical Review, pp. 22–26, July–December 2007, accessed November 12, 2008.

United States military
Biological warfare


A pork pie is a type of meat pie.

Pork pie may also refer to:

 Pork Pie (film), a 2017 remake of New Zealand film Goodbye Pork Pie
 Porkpie (TV series), a British sitcom
 pork pie hat
 Pork Pie Percussion, a drum company started in 1987 by Bill Detamore

People
 Jonny Porkpie (born 1974), New York City-based writer and director


William Holden Maxwell (professionally known as Max Holden; August 20, 1884 – July 3, 1949) was a Scottish-born American vaudeville performance artist and magician.

Early life
The son of a cabinetmaker, William Holden Maxwell was born on the twentieth of August, 1884 at Glasgow, Scotland.  Maxwell had an early interest in magic and while still in his teens placed a classified ad as Max Holden in the publication Magic: The Magicians Monthly Magazine, asking for information on magic tricks and juggling. Around this time Maxwell was learning his craft as an apprentice to British magician David Devant before striking out on his own as a magician and juggler touring the Moss Empires circuit in Great Britain.

In 1905 Maxwell chose to immigrate to America where he took up residence in Boston, Massachusetts. The following year he was joined by his parents, Samuel and Mary along with his brother John May Maxwell (1889–1967).  In America Samuel Maxwell was able to apply his trade as a cabinetmaker at a furniture factory in nearby Revere while John eventually became a patternmaker for Hunt-Spiller manufacturing in Boston. In 1915 William Maxwell became a naturalized citizen of the United States of America.

Career
In time Maxwell (as Max Holden) became successful performing his magic act in America on the Keith-Albee-Orpheum and Marcus Loew circuits. He was known for his Shadowgraphy shows that he improved in 1914 with an invention of his own that added an array of colors onto the shadowgraph screen. Maxwell would go on to spend a number of years touring abroad and was said to have crossed the Atlantic some eighty-six times over his near quarter century career.

In 1929 Maxwell retired from the stage and with the help of fellow magician, Lewis Davenport, opened a magic shop in Manhattan with later branches in Philadelphia and Boston. The Max Holden's Magic Shop on 42nd Street soon became a Mecca for professional and amateur magicians interested in honing their art and exchanging new ideas.

The magic community was outraged when in 1933 Camel Cigarettes ran a series of magazine advertisements with the tag line "It's Fun to be Fooled, But It's More Fun to Know", that revealed to the public how magicians performed certain illusions. Maxwell's involvement in the ad campaign did not become known until sometime after his death in 1949.

Marriage
Maxwell wed Clotilda (Cora) Amaral in 1913 in Rutland, Vermont. They had a daughter, Madeline (Mary). Clotilda died of childbirth complications in 1913. Before her death she had worked as his assistant. Maxwell later married Elizabeth Morrison on May 3, 1921, at Waterbury, Connecticut, and the following year they had a son, William Jr., who was born in Melbourne during their tour of Australia. Over the early years of their marriage Elizabeth (nicknamed "Tess") performed onstage with Maxwell as half of the team of Holden and Graham.

Death
William Holden Maxwell died on July 3, 1949, after a long illness at South Nassau Communities Hospital in Oceanside, New York. He was survived by his wife and son. William Holden Maxwell Jr. died in Massachusetts on January 9, 2011.

Published works
Card Tricks That Anyone Can Do (1934)
Modern Hand Shadows (1935)
 Programmes of Famous Magicians (1937)
 Manual of Juggling (1947)

See also
 List of magicians
 Jugglers

References

External links

 Max Holden Quote
 Max Holden Magic catalog photo

1884 births
1949 deaths
American magicians
Jugglers
Scottish magicians
Scottish expatriates in the United States
Vaudeville performers


Baldersby railway station was a railway station serving the village of Baldersby in North Yorkshire, England. It was located on a line from Melmerby, north of Ripon, to Thirsk on the East Coast Main Line.

History
Opened by the Leeds and Thirsk Railway, it became part of the London and North Eastern Railway during the Grouping of 1923. The line then passed on to the Eastern Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948. It was then closed by the British Transport Commission

The site today

The old trackbed peters out in a field and nothing remains of the station.

References

 Station on navigable O.S. map

External links
 Railscot on the Leeds and Thirsk Railway

Disused railway stations in North Yorkshire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1959
Former North Eastern Railway (UK) stations


Crepidotus is a genus of fungi in the family Crepidotaceae. Species of Crepidotus all have small, convex to fan-shaped sessile caps and grow on wood or plant debris. The genus has been studied extensively, and monographs of the North American, European and Neotropical species have been published.

Crepidotus means cracked ear.

Description
Members of this genus are small, convex to fan-shaped, and sessile. Species have cheilocystidia Spore prints are yellow-brown to brown. All species of Crepidotus are known to be secondary decomposers of plant matter; most are saprobic on wood. Little is known about the edibility of various species; the usually small and insubstantial specimens discourage mycophagy.

Taxonomy

Elias Magnus Fries first circumscribed Crepidotus in 1821 as a tribe in the genus Agaricus, although he later (1836–1838) revised his concept. In 1857, Staude elevated Tribus Crepidotus to a genus, with Agaricus mollis (Schaeff) as the type species. Early descriptions of the genus contained between six and forty-six species, depending on the author.

In 1947, Rolf Singer wrote a monograph about the genus, and unlike prior treatments, used microscopic characters to help delineate infrageneric (i.e., below genus-level classification) relationships. Based on his revisions, the genus included 30 species. Soon after, Pilát (1950) extended Singer's monograph, including additional species to bring the total species to 75. However, many of his Crepidotus taxa would later be transferred to other genera. Currently, approximately 150 species are widely accepted, although many more have been described.

Phylogeny
Modern phylogenetic analysis using sequencing data from the 28S rRNA gene region shows that Crepidotus is monophyletic, and that Singer's original concept for the genus may be too narrowly defined. This research showed that a natural evolutionary lineage results if some Pleurotellus species and several taxa formerly aligned with Melanomphalia are included in the generic description.

Distribution
Crepidotus species are cosmopolitan in distribution, and are well-documented from the Northern temperate and South American regions.

Species list
Historically, many species of Crepidotus have been described due to differences in single morphological character traits. Phylogenetic analysis is showing that these morphological differences are often due to phenotypic plasticity — species may adapt to different environments by assuming variations in growth forms. Recent taxonomic revisions have shown that several species formerly considered unique are conspecific. Further study is required to more accurately delineate infrageneric relationships in this taxa.

 List of species from Index Fungorum (synonyms omitted)

Gallery

References

External links

Crepidotus at Index Fungorum

Crepidotaceae
Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries


Pishaj is a village and a former municipality in the Elbasan County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Gramsh. The population at the 2011 census was 4,906.

References

Cerunje

Former municipalities in Elbasan County
Administrative units of Gramsh, Elbasan
Villages in Elbasan County


Mehfil Magazine was a Canadian-based South Asian lifestyle magazine, launched in 1993 by brothers Rana and Minto Vig. It was the first full colour South Asian glossy magazine of its kind in Canada. Their idea was simply to produce a periodical that would not only showcase the community to its own, but also provide a tool and a bridge to foster better cross-cultural harmony and understanding. The word "Mehfil" means "a gathering".
During its run, Mehfil Magazine featured the South Asian community's leading business men and women, writers, artists, social workers, law enforcement, politicians and students. It also tackled some of the South Asian community's toughest social and political issues, including the Air India bombing, sexual abuse, arranged marriages, health concerns such as diabetes, the plight of seniors, as well as the cultural challenges of a new generation trying to integrate. The magazine ceased publication in 2010.

Notable contributors
Rick Hansen, Guest columnist Mehfil Magazine April/May 1998
Peter C. Newman, Guest columnist Mehfil Magazine Aug/Sept 1997
John Peter Bell, Guest columnist Mehfil Magazine July 1997
Ray Perrault, Guest columnist Mehfil Magazine June 1997
Greg Douglas, The Vancouver Sun, Guest columnist Mehfil Magazine Dec 1997

Notable covers

Specialty publications

Mehfil Youth Magazine
In April 1997, on Mehfil Magazine's fourth anniversary, Rana Vig and his brother Minto Vig launched MY Magazine (Mehfil Youth). The quarterly
magazine was released at The Grand Taj Banquet Hall in Surrey, BC where 700 'who's who' of the South Asian community had gathered
to celebrate the new publication. Then NDP Premier Glen Clark was on hand to perform a special unveiling ceremony to the sounds of Dal Dil Vog's rendition of
the popular song, The Greatest Love of All. The event raised $50,000 for Surrey Memorial Hospital's Here for Kids campaign.

Vaisakhi Magazine
In April 1996, Mehfil Magazine published its first edition of a special Vaisakhi Magazine and distributed it free of charge to attendees at the annual Vaisakhi parade held in Vancouver BC, and subsequently also in Surrey, BC.

RBC Mehfil Magazine Awards of Excellence
In 2009 Mehfil Magazine held a black tie gala dinner event at Vancouver's Waterfront Fairmont Hotel. CBC's Peter Mansbridge was the keynote speaker.

In 2010 Mehfil Magazine held its second gala dinner event where Montreal based comedian Sugar Sammy was the evenings emcee.

100 Year Journey
In 2014 Rana Vig launched The 100 Year Journey - a community project committed to preserving the stories of the South Asian pioneers that helped to build Canada. A 150-page book of the same name was released on 29 November 2014 at a sold out black tie gala where 500 ‘movers & shakers’ of the community gathered to be part of an historic evening. Among the attendees were British Columbia Premier Christy Clark and Federal senior cabinet Minister Jason Kenney who applauded the efforts of this unique inaugural publication and event.

Community cruiser
In 1995 Mehfil Magazine launched a community cruiser designed to attend both mainstream and South Asian community events to interact with people and to educate them about the South Asian culture. A special magazine that highlighted the South Asian community's history was produced and distributed to all attendees at events that the cruiser and its street team attended.

Community work
In 2009 Rana Vig and his brother Minto established the Mehfil Magazine Endowed Journalism Award at Kwantlen Polytechnic University.  Committed to inspiring future journalists to reach their potential, the Mehfil Magazine Endowment was created to encourage discussion about what role or significance, if any, ethnicity and cultural background should have in contemporary journalism. The endowment, which started at $40,000,9 has grown to $100,000 through various contributions made by the magazine and by Rana Vig.

References

External links

 Mehfil Magazine
 100YearJourney.com

1993 establishments in Canada
2010 disestablishments in Canada
Lifestyle magazines published in Canada
Defunct magazines published in Canada
Magazines established in 1993
Magazines disestablished in 2010
Indian diaspora mass media
Indo-Canadian culture


William Clyde Yohe (September 2, 1878 – December 24, 1938) was a professional baseball player. He played one season in Major League Baseball for the Washington Senators for 21 games during the 1909 Washington Senators season, primarily as a third baseman.

External links

http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=yohebi01

Major League Baseball third basemen
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
Iola Grays players
Cherryvale Boosters players
Temple Boll Weevils players
Waco Navigators players
Shreveport Pirates (baseball) players
Galveston Sand Crabs players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Montgomery Climbers players
Oklahoma City Indians players
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players
Victoria Bees players
Tacoma Tigers players
Spokane Indians players
Moose Jaw Robin Hoods players
Seattle Giants players
Minor league baseball managers
Baseball players from Illinois
1878 births
1938 deaths


Kushovë is a village and a former municipality in the Elbasan County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Gramsh. The population at the 2011 census was 659. The municipal unit consists of the villages Kushovë, Bregas, Gjeraqine, Dumberas, Brasnik, Ulove, Sotire and Kerpice.

References

Former municipalities in Elbasan County
Administrative units of Gramsh, Elbasan
Villages in Elbasan County


The coup d'état of 8 November 1947 (Thai: รัฐประหาร 8 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2490) was a military coup d'état that took place in Thailand on the evening of 8 November 1947, ending in the early morning hours of 9 November. The coup ousted the government of Pridi Banomyong front man, Luang Thamrong, who was replaced by Khuang Aphaiwong, royalist supporter, as Prime Minister of Thailand. The coup was led by military supreme leader, Phibun, and Phin Choonhavan and Kat Katsongkhram, allied with the royalists to regain their political power and Crown Property back from the reforms of the Siamese revolution of 1932. The influence of the People Party ended as Pridi left the country on exile.

Background

United States influence
The United States established the Bretton Woods system for commercial and financial relations, to promote a capitalism after the end of the Second World War. To prevent communism, Harry S. Truman cabinet established an embassy in Bangkok by sending ambassadors Charles Yost and Kenneth Landon to Bangkok in 1945. Several ambassadors had worked for the Office of Strategic Services, the US anti-communism agency, in which they had worked with the Free Thai Movement, led by Pridi Banomyong and Thai royal family.

Pridi and royalists taking control

On 1 August 1944, as the Allies, sided by underground resistance the Free Thai Movement, were winning the Second World War, the pro-Japanese strongman Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram was forced by parliament to resign his premiership. He was replaced by, Khuang Aphaiwong, a civilian who had the backing of Pridi Phanomyong, regent for the absent King Ananda Mahidol and head of the Free Thai Movement. Pridi group and royalists were helping each other during the war, but after they gained control of the government, they split because of different goal settings. Royalists were trying to spring back from a lost by the 1932 revolution, reportedly wanting to bring absolute monarchy system back. Pridi group regained control back from Phibun.

Disruption of Pridi group
Khuang Aphaiwong resigned in August 1945. Pridi invited, the US-supported, a royalist, and Free Thai Movement member, Seni Pramot to become prime minister. In January 1946, Seni resigned and asked for the dissolution of parliament to pave the way for elections. Khuang and his new royalist allies were elected to power. But because Pridi chose to support Direk Chaiyanam as his personal candidate, Khuang included none of the former regent's allies in his cabinet, but placed many of his opponents, including Seni. Pridi's followers immediately sought revenge, continually harassing the government, further intensifying the bitterness between themselves and the conservatives. Within six weeks Khuang abruptly resigned, forcing Pridi to reluctantly step in and risk his personal prestige. Up until the resignation of his wartime ally, Pridi had enjoyed the prestige of his position as a senior statesman without having to involve himself in everyday politics. Pridi's failure to control inflation tarnished his reputation for competence, while official corruption bedeviled his governments.

Ananda death crisis
On 9 June 1946, the 20 year-old King Ananda Mahidol, who had restored popularity to the monarchy, was found dead in his bedroom of a gunshot wound to the head, resulted in a serious political crisis. Khuang, Seni, and the royalists who dominated their newly formed Democrat Party were quick to blame Pridi, spreading the rumour that the prime minister and his supporters had assassinated the monarch for their own political purposes and possibly to establish a republic. Conservative newspapers criticised the government for failing to protect the monarch, provoking Pridi to use repressive measures: he declared a state of emergency, censored newspapers, and arrested two editors and two opposition MPs. In an attempt to preserve his political influence, Pridi resigned on 21 August 1946. He was replaced five days later by Luang Thamrong, who would serve as Pridi's front man. Twenty airforce officers were arrested in November on charge of plotting to seize the government.

Prelude

Phibun and royalists allied
In 1947, Phibun was still widely popular as he planned to comeback to Thai politics. Democrat Party leader, Khuang Aphaiwong supported Phibun to be next prime minister. Phin Choonhavan and Kard Kardsonggram, retired army officers, had tried to contact Phibun with a help from Democrat Party to inform the coup plot.

Phibun allied and royalist allied tried to overthrow Pridi regime. The army, led by Phibun, wanted to regain their power, and the death of Ananda were the root of royalist goal. Royalists attacked Pridi regime with gossips on a newspaper, as one of gossips was that Phibun were planning a coup with Seni Pramoj becoming a prime minister.

Luang Thamrong unstable government

Luang Thamrong's government was faced with charges of corruption, stemming from a government program to hand out free shovels and spades to rural farmers. The farming equipment brought and handed out was sub-standard, leading to charges of corruption and embezzlement by the public. The scandal became known as "devouring the hoes and spades" (Thai:กินจอบกินเสียม). This, and other scandals, led to a debate, called for by the Democrats, and a vote of no confidence, which Thamrong survived.

Luang Thamrong privately confided to US Ambassador Edwin F. Stanton that the evidence gathered during investigations of the regicide implicated King Bhumibol in the late king's death. Those next in the line of succession to the throne, Prince Chumbhotbongs Paribatra and Prince Bhanubandhu Yugala, were both unpopular and he thought they would probably not be able to ascend to the throne. Luang Thamrong doubted whether the murder would ever be cleared up inasmuch as he felt Thailand could not dispense with the monarchy.

When asked by a journalist the prime minister joked that he was, "already sleeping for a coup" [Google translate: "Already lying in wait for the revolution."] (Thai: "ก็นอนรอการปฏิวัติอยู่แล้ว"), confident at the time that he had the backing of the military, especially the army.

Coup

Army seizes country

On 9 November 1947 at 2:00 am, the armed forces, led by Phibun, began the coup by sending a squadron of tanks to Amphorn Gardens near the government centre. They immediately arrested Prime Minister Thamrong and held him hostage after Thamrong was fleeing from a gay bar. Another tank squadron went to search for Pridi. After arriving at his residence, they found that he had escaped, since he was told of the plot beforehand by an informant. Pridi's house was sprayed with machine gun fire. Leaving only his wife and children who were arrested. Unbeknownst to them, Pridi was hiding under the protection of Admiral Luang Sinthusongkramchai, commander of the Royal Thai Navy at his base.

The junta called themselves the "National Military Council" included Lieutenant General Phin Choonhavan and Colonel Kard Kardsonggram. Other members of the group were: Police General Phao Sriyanond, Colonel Sarit Dhanarajata, Colonel Thanom Kittikachorn, and Lieutenant Colonel Praphas Charusathien, Captain Chatichai Choonhavan.

On the morning of 9 November, General Choonhavan, the spokesman for the junta, read a declaration to the press and broadcast by radio outlining the cause of the coup. He claimed the government's incompetence caused the people to suffer from high prices and the general lack of food and goods. Thus, they reckoned that the government was unable to solve the problem and must be removed by force. During the speech, Choonhavan cried profusely, and was dubbed sarcastically by the press as the "hero of tears" (Thai: วีรบุรุษเจ้าน้ำตา), or the "crying patriot" (Thai: บุรุษผู้รักชาติจนน้ำตาไหล).

Royalists regain power

Royalist allied were led by Khuang Aphaiwong and Seni Pramoj, celebrated the junta on the same day. The National Soldier's Committee then called for Khuang, the Leader of the Opposition to take over as prime minister. At Khuang house, there were full of the Democrat Party members and royal family members. Bhanubandhu Yugala, one of Chakri dynasty members, was reportedly delighted by the coup.  Khuang assumed the position on 12 November, becoming prime minister for the third time. The committee set up their own legislative assembly called the "Council of Ministers of the Assembly" (Thai: คณะรัฐมนตรีสภา), making a deal with Khaung that, if he stayed out of their business, they would stay out of his.

On 25 November 1947, Prince Rangsit of Chainat, the Regent of Thailand, signed a provisional charter or the Constitution of 1947, drafted by the royalists such as Seni Pramoj and his brother Kukrit Pramoj, which giving more power to the Monarchy of Thailand.  It allowed the king to appoint 100 members of parliament and revived the Privy Council back. Khuang cabinet included more royalists since the 1932. Chaiching, an academic, noted that a quick approval of the coup and the charter by Rangsit was the key of coup success. King Bhumibol, who was studying in Lausanne, Switzerland returned the letter to the junta with a satisfaction.

A democracy development and the People Party started to deteriorate after the coup, which was the turning point of the royalists to regain the power back from the Siamese revolution of 1932.

Aftermath

In 1948, the royalist government made a law that increase the power to control the Crown Property by the monarch as the restoration of their political power and assets, which was taken to the state property by the People Party from the Siamese revolution of 1932. Additionally, former Queen Rambhai Barni was returned the 6 million baht that the People Party seized.

On 29 January 1948, elections were held in which Khuang and his party won the majority of the votes and seats in the new assembly. Later, Khuang was confirmed as prime minister. But on 6 April, the committee, under the leadership of Kardsonggram, forced Khuang to resign his post. They instead invited Field Marshal Phibun to return to the post. He became prime minister for the second time on 8 April 1948.

The coup inadvertently led to the draft and signing of the 1947 Constitution and 1949 Constitution. The most Royalist constitutions to date, it gave the monarchy back almost all of the powers that were taken away from it by the 1932 Revolution. They were similar to the constitution draft by King Prajadhipok before the 1932.

The reinstatement of Phibun and his dictatorship. The coup also increased the role of the Royal Thai Army, and gave it a model of how to carry out coups in the future. Henceforth, under the pretext of saving the nation, the military would topple any democratic government it pleased. The coup elicited little response from the populace. The Democrat Party remained in opposition until 1975. Phibun would resume his dictatorship and rule until 1957.

On 20 November 1948, Pridi was spirited out of the country by British and American agents, never to return to Thailand again. He died in Paris in 1983, aged 83.

See also
 1948 Thai coup d'état
 National Military Council
 Military of Thailand
 Politics of Thailand
 History of Thailand (1932–1973)

References

Bibliography

1947
Conflicts in 1947
1947 in Thailand
1940s coups d'état and coup attempts
1947
1940s in Thailand
Battles and conflicts without fatalities
November 1947 events in Asia


Skënderbegas is a village and a former municipality in the Elbasan County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Gramsh. The population at the 2011 census was 1,239. The municipal unit consists of the villages Skënderbegas, Shemberdhenj, Zenelas, Narte, Harunas, Bletez, Fushez, Kullollas, Vidhan, Ermenj, Kotke, Lemnush and Siman. The name of the village comes from the Albanian national hero Skenderbeg.

References

Former municipalities in Elbasan County
Administrative units of Gramsh, Elbasan
Villages in Elbasan County


St. Julien's, also known as Grandois and Grandois-St. Julien's, is a small fishing community on the eastern shores of the Great Northern Peninsula on the island of Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The community is accessible via an unpaved road, Route 438, which branches off of Route 432 near the community of Main Brook.

Near the community is an abandoned copper mine which has been recently re-discovered with potential new mining quantities.

During King George's War, the village was attacked in the Newfoundland Campaign (1744).

St. Julien Island appears on the earliest maps of Newfoundland. The French fished in the area as early as the 1500s. Along with the nearby harbours of Grandois and St. Julien, this was a popular destination for French vessels because of its close proximity to the administrative headquarters at Croque. Grandois, pronounced GRAND-swah, comes from the French Les Grandes Oyes, meaning Great Geese. Bricks from French bread ovens, gravesites and engravings have been found throughout the area.

In 1822, the French hired George McGrath as the guardian of their fishing premises during the winter months. By 1857 other settlers had appeared, and after 1874, the French had moved most of their fishing operations farther north.

The permanent population of Grandois and St. Julien's never surpassed 135 people and by the 1980s the smaller harbours had been vacated, with some of the people moving to Grandois. The fish plant by the government wharf operated until 1992 when the provincial fishing moratorium ended the 400-year tradition of inshore fishing in the region. Today's community calls itself Grandois or St. Julien's interchangeably.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador Route 432
Newfoundland and Labrador Route 438

References

Populated coastal places in Canada
Populated places in Newfoundland and Labrador


Kodovjat is a village and a former municipality in the Elbasan County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Gramsh. The population at the 2011 census was 2,355. The municipal unit consists of the villages Kodovjat, Bratilë, Bulcar, Kishte, Kokel, Posnovisht, Shelcan, Bersnik i Poshtëm, Bersnik i Sipërm, Mashan and Broshtan.

References

Former municipalities in Elbasan County
Administrative units of Gramsh, Elbasan
Villages in Elbasan County


Say Goodbye is a 1971 American documentary film about the relationship between humans and nature, directed by David H. Vowell. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

It was narrated by poet Rod McKuen, and sponsored by the Ralston Purina pet foods corporation for its initial broadcast. The theme song, "Say Goodbye," was composed and performed by Dory Previn.

The show depicted the plight of various animal species at the hands of man and his influence. Some segments included the clubbing of seals on the Pribilof Islands, the effect of DDT on brown pelican populations in Texas, and the plight of severely endangered animals.

In one segment, various species were shown, with the narration reciting how many animals were left in the world. Included were black footed ferrets, prairie chickens, and many more. One was the Japanese Crested Ibis. A small flock of the bright white birds was seen from overhead against the backdrop of a beautiful, verdant forest. The narrator said, "there are 11 left in the world; you are seeing eight of them." In the decades since, a Chinese effort to preserve the species has resulted in about a fifteen-fold increase in their population.

References

External links

1971 films
1971 documentary films
American documentary films
The Wolper Organization films
Ralston Purina
1970s English-language films
1970s American films
English-language documentary films