Leptoxis carinata, common name the crested mudalia, is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Pleuroceridae.

Shell description
Leptoxis carinata has a strong globose shell, with highly variable sculpture.  In various creeks and rivers throughout its range, populations may be found with spiral cords, a single carina or keel, variously developed, or lacking sculpture.

Distribution
This species occurs in unpolluted large creeks and high-gradient rivers in the Atlantic drainages of the United States, from New York to North Carolina.

Ecology

Habitat
Leptoxis carinata is found in high-gradient streams, generally in the faster flowing riffles and drops, where it clings firmly to large stones and bedrock exposures.

Life cycle
Leptoxis carinata is semelparous biennial.

This species, unlike softer shelled physid snails, grows very slowly, and has the lowest intrinsic rate of increase (this means that populations grow very slowly), along with Elimia virginica, in this environment.

References

Further reading
 Stewart T. W. & Garcia J. E. (2002). "Environmental Factors Causing Local Variation in Density and Biomass of the Snail Leptoxis carinata, in Fishpond Creek, Virginia". American Midland Naturalist 148(1) 172–180. JSTOR.

Pleuroceridae
Gastropods described in 1792
Taxa named by Jean Guillaume Bruguière


Roberta Metsola (; née Tedesco Triccas; born 18 January 1979) is a Maltese politician. A member of Malta's Nationalist Party (PN) and the European People's Party (EPP), she has been serving as president of the European Parliament since January 2022.

Metsola was first elected to as a member of the European Parliament (MEP) in 2013, and became the First Vice-President of the European Parliament in November 2020. Following the death of the incumbent president David Sassoli, Metsola was elected as president of the European Parliament on 18 January 2022, becoming the youngest ever president, the first Maltese person to hold the office, and the first female president since 2002.

Biography

The Tedesco Triccas family stems from Swieqi, near St. Julian's, Malta, and she grew up with her father Geoffrey (son of Emmanuel Tedesco and Helen Triccas Dimech), her mother Rita (daughter of Carmelo Bezzina and Francesca Briffa), and her two sisters, Ann and Lisa, in Gżira. She studied at St Joseph School in Sliema, St Aloysius' College sixth form, graduated in law from the University of Malta in 2003,  and obtained a diploma in European studies from the College of Europe in Bruges in 2004.

Tedesco Triccas and her Finnish husband Ukko Metsola (National Coalition Party) met in 1999 and married in Rabat, Malta, on 1 October 2005. Together, they have four sons: Luca Matias (born 2007), Alec Emil (born 2008), Marc (born 2012), and Kristian (born 2016). As members of the European People's Party (EPP), they both ran for the 2009 European Parliament election, becoming the first married couple to run in the same European Parliament election from two different member states.

Tedesco Triccas has been active since youth within Malta's Nationalist Party (PN), serving within the party's international secretariat and volunteering with the PN's election arm ELCOM. In her student years, she formed part of the SDM (Studenti Demokristjani Maltin), KNZ (The National Youth Council), and MŻPN (Moviment Żgħażagħ Partit Nazzjonalista), before being elected as Secretary General of the European Democrat Students (EDS), the student branch of the EPP, as well as to posts within the European Youth Forum (YFJ).

In 2002, at the age of 23, Tedesco Triccas was elected as one of the two vice-presidents of the executive board of the Youth Convention on the Future of Europe. The following year, she actively campaigned with the PN for a Yes vote in the 2003 Maltese European Union membership referendum. Following her engagement in the European Union referendum campaign, the 25-year-old Tedesco Triccas was encouraged, by Malta's then prime minister Lawrence Gonzi, to run for the 2004 European Parlaiment election in Malta as a candidate for the PN. She was not elected. In October 2004, she joined the Permanent Representation of Malta to the EU in Brussels, headed by Richard Cachia Caruana, where she worked for eight years as legal and judicial cooperation attaché, also participating for Malta in the negotiations of the Lisbon Treaty and working on files like the set-up of the European Asylum Support Office in Malta.

Metsola ran again for the 2009 European Parliament election in Malta for the PN, without being elected. In 2013–2014, she briefly served as legal advisor to the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Catherine Ashton.

Member of the European Parliament

On 24 April 2013, Metsola successfully contested the casual election to fill the vacated seat of Simon Busuttil, becoming one of Malta's first female members of the European Parliament (MEPs). In the European Parliament, she sits as a member of the European People's Party Group (EPP).

Following her re-election at the 2014 European Parliament election in Malta, Metsola was elected as a vice-chair of the Committee on Petitions (PETI) in July 2014. In addition, she served as a member of a number of committees and delegations. She also joined the parliamentary intergroup on children's rights. Metsola was further re-elected at the 2019 European Parliament election in Malta; in this legislature, she closely followed the party line, voting together with the EPP delegation in over 90% of the cases.

In 2014, Metsola led the EPP representation in the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE) in the work on the non-binding EU roadmap against homophobia and discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity, whose rapporteur was European Green Party MEP Ulrike Lunacek. She was the parliament's rapporteur on the European Border and Coastguard Regulation in 2019 and was co-rapporteur on an anti-SLAPP report in 2021. Metsola also co-authored a non-binding report on the European migrant crisis in 2016, aimed at establishing a "binding and mandatory legislative approach" on resettlement and new EU-wide readmission agreements, which should take precedence over bilateral ones between EU and non-EU countries.

From 2016 until 2017, Metsola was part of the Parliament's Committee of Inquiry into Money Laundering, Tax Avoidance and Tax Evasion (PANA) that investigated the Panama Papers revelations and tax avoidance schemes more broadly. Within LIBE, where she chaired the EPP representation between January 2017 and 2020, she has been part of the Rule of Law Monitoring Group (ROLMG) since 2018.

In 2019, during the controversies following the murder of Daphne Caruana Galizia, Metsola famously refused to shake hands with Malta's then prime minister Joseph Muscat at a meeting with the MEPS from Malta. She wrote: "If he thinks he can try to brush off responsibility he is sorely mistaken. Get out now, before you do irreparable damage to the country." In 2020, Metsola considered contesting the leadership of the PN but decided against it. She stated: "Some ceilings need a few more cracks before they can be smashed through." The post was later filled by Bernard Grech.

In October 2020, in the discussion in LIBE on a parliamentary resolution on "the rule of law and fundamental rights in Bulgaria", Metsola tabled amendments, on behalf of the EPP, which were widely interpreted as shielding Bulgaria's EPP government from criticism, including by proposing to remove references to Venice Commission findings and to the misuse of EU funds and high-level corruption allegations directly involving the then prime minister Boyko Borisov. Other amendments, which she later withdrew, also alleged that a gambling boss had been financing the 2020–2021 Bulgarian protests. This caused outrage in Bulgaria, leading to Metsola's social media accounts being flooded by protest messages, including threats and misogyny. The EPP amendments were finally defeated, and the resolution was adopted as it had been originally proposed.

In November 2020, Metsola was elected as First Vice-President of the European Parliament, replacing Mairead McGuinness, who had become European Commissioner. She was the first Maltese MEP to become a vice-president.

President of the European Parliament

In November 2021, Metsola was chosen as EPP candidate to succeed David Sassoli as president of the European Parliament on the expiry of his term as president in January 2022. Sassoli had been hospitalised with pneumonia in September 2021, and in December announced that he would not seek a second term as president, making Metsola his likely successor. Following further hospitalisation, Sassoli died on 11 January 2022, one week before the end of his term. On Sassoli's death, Metsola became the acting president of the European Parliament.

On 18 January 2022, on her 43rd birthday, Metsola was elected president of the European Parliament for a two-and-a-half-year term. She was elected in the first round of voting, receiving an absolute majority of 458 votes out of the 690 cast. As the candidate of the EPP, she was also supported by the S&D and Renew Europe parliamentary groups, after the three groups reached an agreement on the election of the president and the vice-presidents and legislative priorities for the second half of the European Parliament's term. On her election, Metsola became the youngest ever president, the first Maltese person to hold the office, and the first woman president since 2002 and only third woman president ever. She made a statement days after being present as Belgian police searched the residence of Greek MEP Eva Kaili in the widening Qatar corruption scandal at the European Parliament over alleged corruption, money laundering, and other offenses in relation to possible schemes of Qatar, Morocco, NGOs, and the FIFA World Cup.

On 21 May 2023, Metsola participated in the European Moldova National Assembly together with President of Moldova Maia Sandu. This was a massive pro-European rally in the Moldovan capital Chișinău with tens of thousands of participants. Metsola gave rally participants a message during her speech:  ("Europe is Moldova! Moldova is Europe!").
Metsola has called for strengthening the powers of the European Parliament.

Anti-abortion views
Metsola had consistently voted for anti-abortion resolutions. From the beginning of her tenure, she faced questions over her opposition to abortion, which is legal in every EU member state, except Malta and Poland. In a 2015 press release, she and fellow Maltese MEPs declared that they were "categorically against abortion". On her election as president of the European Parliament, she stated that during her tenure she would represent the European Parliament's position, which recognises safe access to abortion as a human right.

Other activities
 Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies, member of the Executive Board
 Friends of Europe, member of the Board of Trustees (since 2020)

Honours

  Recipient of the First Class of the Order of Princess Olga
 United Transitional Cabinet of Belarus
Cross of Good Neighbourhood

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
People from St. Julian's, Malta
Presidents of the European Parliament
MEPs for Malta 2009–2014
MEPs for Malta 2014–2019
MEPs for Malta 2019–2024
Nationalist Party (Malta) MEPs
Women MEPs for Malta
University of Malta alumni
20th-century Maltese women politicians
20th-century Maltese politicians
21st-century Maltese lawyers
21st-century Maltese women politicians
21st-century Maltese politicians
Articles containing video clips


Magnus Birgersson, better known by his stage name Solar Fields, is a Swedish electronic music artist. As of 2014, he has released fifteen albums, and has also scored all interactive in-game music for the Electronic Arts game Mirror's Edge as well as its reboot sequel, Mirror's Edge Catalyst. His latest album, Formations, was released in November 2022.

Biography
Gothenburg-based Swedish composer, sound designer, and multi-instrumentalist Magnus Birgersson created Solar Fields in the late 1990s.

Birgersson was raised in a musical family and began playing piano and synthesizers in the 1970s. In the mid-1980s he began combining synthesizers with computers. In addition to his ambient work, he has also been a guitar player in rock bands, a pianist in jazz funk bands, and keyboard player in drum and bass bands."

He has collaborated with Vincent Villuis, a.k.a. AES Dana, on H.U.V.A. Network and T.S.R. in the company of Daniel Segerstad and Johannes Hedberg from Carbon Based Lifeforms.

Under the moniker Solar Fields he composed 15 albums and appeared on over 60 various compilations. His first solo release was an ambient album named Reflective Frequencies, released on Ultimae in 2001. This was followed two years later by Blue Moon Station, which also included downtempo and trance, and was designed as a single fluid story. In late 2005, Solar Fields composed Leaving Home and Extended.

His fifth album EarthShine, launched in 2007, featured more upbeat soundscapes blending morning trance, progressive, psychedelic, tribal and ambient music. This led to Electronic Arts and DICE commissioning Solar Fields for the in-game score for Mirror's Edge, a first-person action adventure video game released worldwide in November 2008.

The following year, Solar Fields composed Movements. The album Movements was also used as the soundtrack for the indie game Capsized from Alientrap in 2011. In 2010, he used the harmonies and melodies of Movements in a remix album titled Altered - Second Movements and started the Origin series, four albums which aim to present archives and unreleased songs. Until We Meet the Sky and Random Friday were composed in parallel.

In 2013, he released the second album in the Origin series, Origin #02. He released his demo song "Cluster" later that year. His song "Pulse", along with a remix of it by Airwave, was released in June 2014 by Joof Recordings. In July 2014, he released the compilations Red, Green and Blue (collectively known as R.G.B.), featuring remasters, remixes and alternate versions of previously released tracks. In September 2015, it was announced by DICE and Birgersson that he was creating the in-game score of Mirror's Edge: Catalyst. In March 2018, his album Ourdom was released. In June 2019, he released the third album in the Origin series, Origin#03. In November 2019, he released his first EP, Undiscovered Stories. In August 2020, he hosted a live stream in collaboration with Messed!Up Magazine called Studio Jupiter Live Session, and on September 4, 2020, he released an album under the same name. Solar Fields released the follow-up to Ourdom In November 2022, via his own label droneform records. Titled Formations.

Discography

Studio albums
 Reflective Frequencies (2001)
 Blue Moon Station (2003)
 Extended (2005)
 Leaving Home (2005)
 EarthShine (2007)
 Movements (2009)
 Altered – Second Movements (2010)
 Until We Meet the Sky (2011)
 Random Friday (2012)
 Ourdom (2018)
 Formations (2022)

Origin Series
 Origin#01 (2010)
 Origin#02 (2013)
 Origin#03 (2019)

EPs
 Undiscovered Stories (2019)
 Versions (2022)

Live Albums
  Studio Jupiter Live Session (2020)

Compilations
 Red (2014)
 Green (2014)
 Blue (2014)

Soundtracks
 2009:  Mirror's Edge
 2016:  Mirror's Edge Catalyst

Collaborations
 GTCHI97 (1996) (with Carbon Based Lifeforms as TSR)
 Fusion (1998) (with Carbon Based Lifeforms as TSR)
 Distances (2004) (with AES Dana as H.U.V.A. Network)
 Ephemeris (2009) (with AES Dana as H.U.V.A. Network)
 Live at Glastonbury Festival (2010) (with AES Dana as H.U.V.A. Network)
 Ägget (2013) (with Carbon Based Lifeforms as TSR)

References

External links

 Interview on originalsoundversion.com

Swedish musical groups
Swedish electronic musicians
Swedish composers
Video game composers
Living people
Musical groups established in 2001
Male composers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Ultimae Records artists


Barberousse is a 1917 silent French film directed by Abel Gance.

Cast
 Léon Mathot as Trively
 Émile Keppens as Gesmus
 Maud Richard as Odette Trively
 Germaine Pelisse as Pauline
 Yvonne Briey
 Henri Maillard
 Doriani
 Paul Vermoyal

References

External links

1917 films
1910s French-language films
French black-and-white films
Films directed by Abel Gance
French silent feature films
1910s French films


Harvest Moon DS: Grand Bazaar, known in Japan as , is a simulation role-playing video game released on December 18, 2008 by Marvelous Interactive in Japan, and released on August 24, 2010 by Natsume Inc. in North America. It was released in Europe on September 30, 2011 by Rising Star Games. The game is the nineteenth game in the Story of Seasons series and the fifth game in the series for the Nintendo DS.

Reception

The game received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of two sevens and two eights for a total of 30 out of 40.

References

External links

2008 video games
Story of Seasons games
Natsume Inc. games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Role-playing video games
Multiplayer online games
Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
Rising Star Games games
Multiplayer and single-player video games


The historical trends in voter turnout in the United States presidential elections have been determined by the gradual expansion of voting rights from the initial restriction to white male property owners aged 21 or older in the early years of the country's independence to all citizens aged 18 or older in the mid-20th century. Voter turnout in United States presidential elections has historically been higher than the turnout for midterm elections.

Approximately 240 million people were eligible to vote in the 2020 presidential election and roughly 66.1% of them submitted ballots, totaling about 158 million. Biden received about 81 million votes, Trump about 74 million votes, and other candidates (including Jo Jorgensen and Howie Hawkins) a combined approximately 3 million votes.

History of voter turnout

Early 19th century: Universal white male suffrage
The gradual expansion of the right to vote from only property-owning men to including all white men over 21 was an important movement in the period from 1800 to 1830. Older states with property restrictions dropped them, namely all but Rhode Island, Virginia and North Carolina by the mid-1820s. No new states had property qualifications, although three had adopted tax-paying qualificationsOhio, Louisiana and Mississippi, of which only in Louisiana were these significant and long-lasting. The process was peaceful and widely supported, except in Rhode Island. In Rhode Island, the Dorr Rebellion of the 1840s demonstrated that the demand for equal suffrage was broad and strong, although the subsequent reform included a significant property requirement for any resident born outside of the United States. However, free black men lost voting rights in several states during this period.

The fact that a man was now legally allowed to vote did not necessarily mean he routinely voted. He had to be pulled to the polls, which became the most important role of the local parties. These parties systematically sought out potential voters and brought them to the polls. Voter turnout soared during the 1830s, reaching about 80% of the adult male population in the 1840 presidential election. Tax-paying qualifications remained in only five states by 1860Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Delaware and North Carolina.

Another innovative strategy for increasing voter participation and input followed. Prior to the presidential election of 1832, the Anti-Masonic Party conducted the nation's first presidential nominating convention. Held in Baltimore, Maryland, September 26–28, 1831, it transformed the process by which political parties select their presidential and vice-presidential candidates.

1870s: African American male suffrage
The passage of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1870 gave African American men the right to vote. While this historic expansion of rights resulted in significant increases in the eligible voting population and may have contributed to the increases in the proportion of votes cast for president as a percentage of the total population during the 1870s, there does not seem to have been a significant long-term increase in the percentage of eligible voters who turn out for the poll. The disenfranchisement of most African Americans and many poor whites in the South during the years 1890–1910 likely contributed to the decline in overall voter turnout percentages during those years visible in the chart below.

Early 1920s: Women's suffrage
There was no systematic collection of voter turnout data by gender at a national level before 1964, but smaller local studies indicate a low turnout among female voters in the years following women's suffrage in the United States. For example, a 1924 study of voter turnout in Chicago found that "female Chicagoans were far less likely to have visited the polls on Election Day than were men in both the 1920 presidential election (46% vs. 75%) and the 1923 mayoral contest (35% vs. 63%)." The study compared reasons given by male and female non-voters and found that female non-voters were more likely to cite general indifference to politics and ignorance or timidity regarding elections than male non-voters, and that female voter were less likely to cite fear of loss of business or wages. Most significantly, however, 11% of female non-voters in the survey cited a "Disbelief in woman's voting" as the reason they did not vote.

The graph of voter turnout percentages shows a dramatic decline in turnout over the first two decades of the twentieth century, ending in 1920 when the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution granted women the right to vote across the United States. But in the preceding decades, several states had passed laws supporting women's suffrage. Women were granted the right to vote in Wyoming in 1869, before the territory had become a full state in the union. In 1889, when the Wyoming constitution was drafted in preparation for statehood, it included women's suffrage. Thus Wyoming was also the first full state to grant women the right to vote. In 1893, Colorado was the first state to amend an existing constitution in order to grant women the right to vote, and several other states followed, including Utah and Idaho in 1896, Washington State in 1910, California in 1911, Oregon, Kansas, and Arizona in 1912, Alaska and Illinois in 1913, Montana and Nevada in 1914, New York in 1917; Michigan, South Dakota, and Oklahoma in 1918. Each of these suffrage laws expanded the body of eligible voters, and because women were less likely to vote than men, each of these expansions created a decline in voter turnout rates, culminating with the extremely low turnouts in the 1920 and 1924 elections after the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.

This voting gender gap waned throughout the middle decades of the twentieth century.

Age, education, and income

Age, income, and educational attainment are significant factors affecting voter turnout. Educational attainment is perhaps the best predictor of voter turnout, and in the 2008 election, those holding advanced degrees were three times more likely to vote than those with less than high school education. Income correlated well with the likelihood of voting as well. The income correlation may be because of a correlation between income and educational attainment, rather than a direct effect of income.

Age
The age difference is associated with youth voter turnout.
Some argue that "age is an important factor in understanding voting blocs and differences" on various issues. Others argue that young people are typically "plagued" by political apathy and thus do not have strong political opinions. As strong political opinions may be considered one of the reasons behind voting, political apathy among young people is arguably a predictor for low voter turnout. One study found that potential young voters are more willing to commit to voting when they see pictures of younger candidates running for elections/office or voting for other candidates, surmising that young Americans are "voting at higher and similar rates to other Americans when there is a candidate under the age of 35 years running". As such, since most candidates running for office are pervasively over the age of 35 years, youth may not be actively voting in these elections because of a lack of representation or visibility in the political process.

Recent decades have seen increasing concern over the fact that youth voter turnout is consistently lower than turnout among older generations. Several programs to increase the rates of voting among young peoplesuch as MTV's "Rock the Vote" (founded in 1990) and the "Vote or Die" initiative (starting in 2004)may have marginally increased turnouts of those between the ages of 18 and 25 to vote. However, the Stanford Social Innovation Review found no evidence of a decline in youth voter turnout. In fact, they argue that "Millennials are turning out at similar rates to the previous two generations when they face their first elections."

Education

Education is another factor considered to have a major impact on voter turnout rates.
A study by Burman investigated the relationship between formal education levels and voter turnout. This study demonstrated the effect of rising enrollment in college education circa 1980s, which resulted in an increase in voter turnout. However, "this was not true for political knowledge"; a rise in education levels did not have any impact in identifying those with political knowledge (a signifier of civic engagement) until the 1980s election, when college education became a distinguishing factor in identifying civic participation. This article poses a multifaceted perspective on the effect of education levels on voter turnout. Based on this article, one may surmise that education has become a more powerful predictor of civic participation, discriminating more between voters and non-voters. However, this was not true for political knowledge; education levels were not a signifier of political knowledge. Gallego (2010) also contends that voter turnout tends to be higher in localities where voting mechanisms have been established and are easy to operate – i.e. voter turnout and participation tends to be high in instances where registration has been initiated by the state and the number of electoral parties is small.

One may contend that ease of accessand not education levelmay be an indicator of voting behavior. Presumably larger, more urban cities will have greater budgets/resources/infrastructure dedicated to elections, which is why youth may have higher turnout rates in those cities versus more rural areas. Though youth in larger (that is, urban) cities tend to be more educated than those in rural areas (Marcus & Krupnick, 2017), perhaps there is an external variable (i.e. election infrastructure) at play. Smith and Tolbert's (2005) research reiterates that the presence of ballot initiatives and portals within a state have a positive effect on voter turnout. Another correlated finding in his study (Snyder, 2011) was that education is less important as a predictor of voter turnout in states than tend to spend more on education. Moreover, Snyder's (2011) research suggests that students are more likely to vote than non-students. It may be surmised that an increase of state investment in electoral infrastructure facilitates and education policy and programs results in increase voter turnout among youth.

Income

Wealthier people tend to vote at higher rates.
Harder and Krosnick (2008) contend that some of the reasons for this may be due to "differences in motivation or ability (sometimes both)" (Harder and Krosnick, 2008), or that less wealthy people have less energy, time, or resources to allot towards voting. Another potential reason may be that wealthier people believe that they have more at stake if they don't vote than those with less resources or income.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs might also help explain this hypothesis from a psychological perspective. If those with low income are struggling to meet the basic survival needs of food, water, safety, etc., they will not be motivated enough to reach the final stages of "Esteem" or "Self-actualization" needs (Maslow, 1943) – which consist of the desire for dignity, respect, prestige and realizing personal potential, respectively.

Gender gap
Since 1980, the voting gender gap has completely reversed, with a higher proportion of women voting than men in each of the last nine presidential elections. The Center for American Women and Politics summarizes how this trend can be measured differently both in terms of proportion of voters to non-voters, and in terms of the bulk number of votes cast.
"In every presidential election since 1980, the proportion of eligible female adults who voted has exceeded the proportion of eligible male adults who voted [...]. In all presidential elections prior to 1980, the voter turnout rate for women was lower than the rate for men. The number of female voters has exceeded the number of male voters in every presidential election since 1969..." This gender gap has been a determining factor in several recent presidential elections, as women have been consistently about 15% more likely to support the candidate of the Democratic Party than the Republican candidate in each election since 1996.

Race and ethnicity

Race and ethnicity has had an effect on voter turnout in recent years, with data from recent elections such as 2008 showing much lower turnout among people identifying as Hispanic or Asian ethnicity than other voters (see chart to the right). One factor impacting voter turnout of African Americans is that, as of the 2000 election, 13% of African American males are reportedly ineligible to vote nationwide because of a prior felony conviction; in certain states – Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi – disenfranchisement rates for African American males in the 2000 election were around 30%.

Other eligibility factors

Another factor influencing statistics on voter turnout is the percentage of the country's voting-age population who are ineligible to vote due to non-citizen status or prior felony convictions. In a 2001 article in the American Political Science Review, Michael P. McDonald and Samuel Popkin argued, that at least in the United States, voter turnout since 1972 has not actually declined when calculated for those eligible to vote, what they term the voting-eligible population. In 1972, noncitizens and ineligible felons (depending on state law) constituted about 2% of the voting-age population. By 2004, ineligible voters constituted nearly 10%. Ineligible voters are not evenly distributed across the country, roughly 15% of California's voting-age population is ineligible to vote – which confounds comparisons of states.

Turnout statistics
The following table shows the available data on turnout for the voting-age population (VAP, all residents of voting age, including those not allowed to vote) and voting-eligible population (VEP, VAP minus non-citizens, felons [in some states], and mentally incapacitated citizens) since 1936.

Note: The Bipartisan Policy Center has stated that turnout for 2012 was 57.5 percent of the voting-age population (VAP), which they claim was a decline from 2008. They estimate that as a percent of eligible voters, turnout was: 2000, 54.2%; in 2004 60.4%; 2008 62.3%; and 2012 57.5%.

The BPC 2012 vote count is low because their document was written just after the 2012 election, before final counts were in. Their voting-eligible population (VEP) does not include adjustments for felons (see p.13). The United States Elections Project, by Michael McDonald calculates VEP including citizenship and adjustments for felons. The site's data on turnout as percentage of eligible voters (VEP), is slightly higher and similar to BPC: 2000 55.3%, 2004 60.7%, 2008 62.2%, 2012 58.6%. McDonald's voter turnout data for 2016 is 60.1% and 50% for 2018.

Later analysis by the University of California, Santa Barbara's American Presidency Project found that there were 235,248,000 people of voting age in the United States in the 2012 election, resulting in 2012 voting age population (VAP) turnout of 54.9%. The total increase in VAP between 2008 and 2012 (5,300,000) was the smallest increase since 1964, bucking the modern average of 8,000,000–13,000,000 per cycle.

See also
 Voter turnout
 Voter registration in the United States

References

Further reading

 Berman, D. and Johnson, R. (2000). Age, ambition, and the local charter: a study in voting behavior. The Social Science Journal, 37(1), pp. 19–26.

 Gallego, A. (2010). Understanding unequal turnout: Education and voting in comparative perspective. Electoral Studies, 29(2), pp. 239–248.
 Gershman, C. (2018). Democracy and Democracies in Crisis. Retrieved from ; also at https://isnblog.ethz.ch/politics/democracy-and-democracies-in-crisis
 Harder, J. and Krosnick, J. (2008). Why Do People Vote? A Psychological Analysis of the Causes of Voter Turnout. Journal of Social Issues, 64(3), pp. 525–549.
 Marcus, J., & Krupnick, M. (2017). The Rural Higher-Education Crisis. The Atlantic.
 Maslow, A. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), pp. 370–396.
McDonald, Michael, United States Elections Project, http://www.electproject.org/home
 Munsey, C. (2008). Why do we vote ?. American Psychological Association.

 Snyder, R. (2011). The impact of age, education, political knowledge and political context on voter turnout. UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, And Capstones.
 Struyk, R. (2017). The Democratic Party has an age problem. CNN. [Accessed June 9, 2018].
 The Economist (2014). Why young people don't vote. [Accessed June 9, 2018].

External links
 "National Turnout Rates, 1787-2018" (United States Election Project)
 "How .vote Domains Can Help Increase Voter Turnout?"

United States presidential elections statistics
Voting in the United States


Tone was a bi-monthly magazine combining coverage of technological developments in New Zealand and from around the world with reviews on the latest consumer products available in New Zealand.

History and profile
It was Parkside Media's third magazine, following NZ Classic Car and NZ Performance Car. Tone was started in 1999. Until issue 32, the magazine was bi-monthly. A change was made to monthly, but as of issue 73 (November/December 2008), it returned to bi-monthly.

Tone'''s offices were in Grey Lynn, Auckland, New Zealand. The magazine ceased publication in December 2011.

Masthead designTone's logo featured a small coloured triangle. Internally this was called 'Jerry'. Jerry changes colour each issue to match the cover design. Version 2 of the logo appeared in issue 32 when the magazine changed to monthly. Version 3 of the logo appeared in issue 44. Version 4 of the logo appeared in issue 67 and changed the tagline to Gadgets | Hi-fi | Home theatre, from Technology to change your life''.

Magazine contents
As of the November/December 2008 issue, the typical magazine contents included:
 News
 Toneworld (short product overviews)
 Reviews (detailed product tests)
 Entertainment (CD, DVD, game reviews)
 Readers' letters
 Contributor columns
 Feature stories (event reviews, technical tips and tricks, how-to articles, company overviews)

References

External links
 Parkside Media website

Bi-monthly magazines
Defunct magazines published in New Zealand
Magazines established in 1999
Magazines disestablished in 2011
Mass media in Auckland
Monthly magazines published in New Zealand
New Zealand news websites
Science and technology magazines
Technology websites
1999 establishments in New Zealand


The accession of Croatia to NATO took place in 2009. The country entered into Partnership for Peace in 2000, which began the process of accession into the alliance. It received an invitation to join at the 2008 Bucharest summit and became a full member on April 1, 2009.

History

Croatia's first relations with NATO were established in 1953. That year Yugoslavia entered into the Balkan Pact, a loose military alliance with Greece and Turkey, then both recent NATO members.

Croatia had considered holding a referendum on NATO membership. On March 23, 2007, the Croatian president Stjepan Mesić, Prime Minister Ivo Sanader and President of parliament Vladimir Šeks declared that the Croatian constitution does not require a referendum on this issue. In 2006 the Croatian government was planning to start a media campaign to promote the benefits of membership. In February 2008 a project named Bolje pakt nego rat was formed by Transparency International Croatia and iDEMO, and financed by the United States embassy in Croatia, in order to promote the NATO membership through public discussions about its benefits.

A May 2007 poll commissioned by the government showed that NATO membership was backed by 52% of the population, and 25% was against. On January 4, 2008, Croatian Prime minister Ivo Sanader reached a coalition agreement with partners from HSS and HSLS to form a new government. According to a provision of the said agreement Croatia's entry into NATO would not be decided on a referendum. Less than 20 days before entering NATO, Prime Minister Sanader stated: "I will forget that some people had requested a referendum. Had we started that adventure, we wouldn't have accomplished this."

Croatia has been a member of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan since December 12, 2002. In 2003 Croatia joined the Adriatic Charter along with other NATO aspirants. In November, 2006 the State Committee for the Membership of Croatia in NATO was established, with Croatian president Stjepan Mesić serving as committee president, and speaker Vladimir Šeks and prime minister Ivo Sanader serving as its vice-presidents. In June, 2007 the Croatian Parliament and the NATO parliamentary Assembly held a three-day conference in Dubrovnik entitled "Southeast Europe: Unfinished business", to discuss security and political issues in the region. The Noble Midas 07 NATO exercise held in Croatia in October, 2007 was the first time in the alliance's history that it held a military exercise in a non-member country. Croatia hosted an unofficial meeting of defense ministers on NATO's role in southeastern Europe in March, 2009.

On January 1, 2008 Croatia abandoned military conscription and finished its transition to a fully professional army. The Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia expects that it will join the NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR) in 2009. With Croatia's accession to the alliance, it has become more likely that the country will leave the Non-Aligned Movement. The Croatian minister of foreign affairs Gordan Jandroković was invited to the movement's 15th Conference, held in Iran in July, 2008. Instead of a high-level delegate, the Croatian ambassador to Iran, Esad Prohić, served as Croatian representative.

Negotiation progress

See also
 Foreign relations of Croatia
 2013 enlargement of the European Union
 Accession of Albania to NATO

References

External links
Croatian mission to NATO

NATO relations
Foreign relations of Croatia
Croatia and NATO
Modern history of Croatia


The Zone of Death () is a 1917 silent French lost film directed by Abel Gance.

Cast
 Andrée Brabant
 Julien Clément (as Clément)
 Anthony Gildès
 Andrée Lionel
 Léon Mathot
 Gaston Modot
 Georges Paulais
 Paul Vermoyal

References

External links

1917 films
1910s French-language films
French silent feature films
French black-and-white films
Films directed by Abel Gance
1910s French films


Zone of Death may refer to
Death zone, in mountaineering, a deadly altitude above
The Zone of Death, a lost French film from 1917
Zone of Death (Yellowstone), an anomalous legal zone in Yellowstone National Park


Knights in White Satin is a 1976 album composed, produced and performed by Giorgio Moroder.

Side A of the album is a continuous three part suite, consisting of a disco version of the Moody Blues' 1967 hit "Nights in White Satin", with a Moroder/Bellotte composition called "In the Middle of the Knight" acting as the second (middle) section. The composition is typical of the disco era in that it covers an entire LP side, but atypical as it is quite slow, only 110bpm, and not what was usually considered the standard at the time, which was 120bpm.

The primary bass line figure used in the "Knights in White Satin" track was re-used, at a faster tempo and with additional delay effects, in "Chase", recorded for Moroder's 1978 soundtrack of Alan Parker's film, Midnight Express.

Track listing

Side 1
"Knights in White Satin" (Justin Hayward) - 4:48
"In the Middle of the Knight" (Giorgio Moroder, Pete Bellotte) - 5:15
"Knights in White Satin" (Justin Hayward) - 5:06

Side 2
"Oh, l'amour"  (Giorgio Moroder, Pete Bellotte) - 5:45
"Sooner or Later"  (Giorgio Moroder, Pete Bellotte) - 5:36
"I Wanna Funk with You Tonite" (Giorgio Moroder, Pete Bellotte) - 5:24

2011 CD Bonus Tracks
"Let The Music Play" (Single Version) - 3:39
"Oh L'Amour" (Single Version) - 5:20
"I Wanna Funk With You Tonite" (Single Version) - 3:54
"Knights In White Satin" (Single Version) - 3:52

Charts

References

Giorgio Moroder albums
1976 albums
Albums produced by Giorgio Moroder


Alan Grigsby Sues (March 7, 1926 – December 1, 2011) was an American actor and comedian widely known for his roles on the 1968–1973 television series Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In.

Sues's on-screen persona was campy and outrageous. Typical of his humor was a skit that found him following a pair of whiskey-drinking cowboys to a Wild West bar and requesting a frozen daiquiri. His recurring characters on the program included "Big Al the Sportscaster", "Uncle Al the Kiddies' Pal", and "Jo Anne Worley", after Worley left the show.

Early life
Alan Grigsby Sues was born on March 7, 1926, in Ross, California, to  Alice (née Murray) and Melvyn Sues, who raised racehorses, requiring the family to move frequently. He served in the U.S. Army in Europe during World War II.

Career
Sues used his GI Bill benefits to pay for acting lessons at the Pasadena Playhouse, where he performed, later making his Broadway debut in the stage play Tea and Sympathy, directed by Elia Kazan, which had a successful run in New York City beginning in 1953. During this period, he met and married Phyllis Gehrig, a dancer and actress, subsequently starting a vaudevillian nightclub act in Manhattan — with which they toured North America before divorcing in 1958.

After touring the country with his wife, he got more work in stand-up comedy (at Reuben Bleu and Blue Angel, both clubs in Manhattan), worked with Julius Monk, and joined an improv/sketch group with The Mad Show, which led to his being cast in Laugh-In. Outside of Laugh-In, he appeared in the classic Twilight Zone episode "The Masks", in a non-comedic role. He also had supporting roles in the films Move Over, Darling (1963) and The Americanization of Emily (1964).

After Laugh-In, Sues portrayed Professor Moriarty onstage in Sherlock Holmes (opposite John Wood, and later Leonard Nimoy), which, according to Alan, was "one of my favorite roles, because it's so against type, and I loved the makeup". The makeup for Moriarty was used in several books about makeup as an example of shadowing and technique.  Sues appeared in television commercials for Peter Pan Peanut Butter during the 1970s, as a tongue-in-cheek, klutzy Peter Pan. He toured with Singin' in the Rain, playing the Elocution Instructor. He also appeared in several movies, and provided voiceovers including Oh! Heavenly Dog and Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July.

During the 1970s, Sues appeared as a celebrity guest on some popular game shows of the era, including The Movie Game, Celebrity Sweepstakes, The Cross-Wits and Liar's Club.

Later years and death
Sues appeared in the short films Lord of the Road (1999) and Artificially Speaking (2009), the latter making its premiere at the 2009 Dances With Films festival in Los Angeles.

In 2008, fifty years after their divorce, Sues and his former wife, Phyllis, conducted a lengthy interview at his home for her website.

Sues died on December 1, 2011, at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, where he was taken after suffering an apparent heart attack while watching television with his beloved dog, Doris, according to his partner and accountant, Michael Michaud.

Stage
Tea and Sympathy (1953–1955) — Ralph
Happy Birthday (1956)
The Mad Show (1966–1967) Off-Broadway
Good News (1972)  — Kenley Players (Ohio)
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1974–1976) — Professor Moriarty
The Three Musketeers (1976)
Singin' in the Rain (national tour 1995–1999) — Director/elocutionist
Two for the Show (1998–2000) — One-man stage show, multiple characters

Filmography

Films
 Move Over, Darling (1963) — Court Clerk
 The Wheeler Dealers (1963) - Whitby
 The Americanization of Emily (1964) — Officer Enright
 Raggedy Ann and Andy: A Musical Adventure (1977)  — Sir Leonard Looney (voice)
 Oh! Heavenly Dog (1980) — Freddie
 The Reluctant Dragon (1981) — The Dragon (voice)
 Snowballing (AKA Smooth Moves) (1984) — Roy
 A Bucket of Blood (1995) — Art Buyer
 Lord of the Road (1999)
 Artificially Speaking (2009) — Sparky Schlosser

Television
 The Twilight Zone (episode: "The Masks"; 1964) — Wilfred Harper, Jr.
 The Wild Wild West (1965) — Matt Dawson
 The Doris Day Show (episode: "The Relatives;" 1968) - Edgar
 Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In (1968–1972) — Regular performer
 Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July (1979) — Scratcher the jealous Reindeer (voice)
 The Brady Brides (episode: "Cool Hand Phil"; 1981) — Duke
 Punky Brewster (episode: "Tangled Web"; 1987) — Andre Sockstein
 Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (episode: "Good Will Haunting"; 1998) — Bellevuedere

Sues also appeared in two episodes of "Love, American Style".

References

External links

1926 births
2011 deaths
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male television actors
American sketch comedians
American LGBT artists
People from Ross, California
Male actors from the San Francisco Bay Area
United States Army personnel of World War II
American gay actors
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
21st-century American LGBT people


Doudou Gouirand (born April 28, 1940) is a French jazz saxophonist and composer.

Early career
Gouirand was living in Sweden when he met the great trumpeter and composer Don Cherry, who gave him the opportunity to study and work with him in Sweden and Scandinavia and eventually throughout Europe. This experience developed Gouirand's interest in and knowledge of Indian and African music, and World music in general. Cherry's interest in Ornette Coleman led Gouirand to become interested in improvised music as well.

Working with Cherry gave Gouirand the opportunity to meet J. M’Bizo Dyani, Okay Temiz, Trilok Gurtu, Djaya-Deva, Bobo Stenson, and Palle Danielsson, some of whom he worked with later in his career. This musical experience and his Latin and Mediterranean roots inspired Gouirand to meld his Mediterranean culture with contemporary jazz.

When Gouirand returned to France in the late 1970s, he worked for a period of time with Okay Temiz's "Oriental Wind" and Brazilian singer-songwriters Teca and Ricardo.

Recording and composing
Gouirand then began to compose and record regularly, first for JAM. His first album, Islands (1981), featured Chris Mc Gregor on piano. In 1982, Gouirand appeared on Dyani's album Grand Mother's Teaching, a selection of music with jazz and South African roots.

The albums Mouvements Naturels (1982) and Chanting & Dancing (1985) were recorded with his new group World Music Company, and feature Pierre Dorge, Johnny Dyani, Sangoma Everett and Cheikh Tidiane Fall. Gouirand recorded Forgotten Tales (VDS/52° rue, 1986), an album of original material which features Don Cherry. This record was re-issued in November 2000 by Great Winds/Musea.

During the following years, Gouirand explored new directions with Space (VDS/52° rue), a trio album with Mal Waldron on piano and Michel Marre on trumpet, then La Nuit de Wounded Knee (Blue Line, 1990) with Bobo Stenson, Aldo Romano
and Palle Danielsson—dedicated to native Americans, and Le Matin d'un Fauve (AA/WMD, 1994) again with Mal Waldron and Michel Marre.

With the very successful Nino Rota/Fellini album (Deux Z/Harmonia Mundi, 1995), acclaimed arrangement and composition work done around Nino Rota's film music, he explored a more European and typically Mediterranean idiom, while keeping a lot of improvisation. Between 1996 and 1998, he toured in France and Switzerland with "Third Dimension", a trio with Mal Waldron and vocalist Jeanne Lee. The group did not release any recordings. His album Passages (June 1999, distributed by Harmonia Mundi) features Rita Marcotulli, JJ Avenel, J. Allouche, plus Elise Caron (vocals) and Kevin Davy (trumpet).

Gouirand has presented a number of special projects, including one based on the compositions of Nino Rota, a project built around Lapland music with singer Inga Yuuso, and various works with African musicians.

Recent activities
Les Saisons du Paradis, an ode to Provence with original music and texts from Jean Giono, was produced in 2000-2002.

Associated improvisers Garrigues-Sahel, a stage project including traditional African musicians and French jazz improvisers in September 1999, led to the 2000 record project Les Racines du Ciel (BMG, May 2002), with the subsequent stage group "Indigo Song".

In 2006 he issued a record with the group "Aumja", an attempt to mix creative aspects from Indian and Mediterranean music which included a set of new personal compositions. The group was co-led with sitar player Brigitte Menon.

In 2007, he published Boleros, a project that was prepared a year in advance and recorded on his second trip to Santiago de Cuba, where he blends his saxophone with the traditional and modern Bolero and Nueva Trova.

Gouirand has performed extensively in concert and at festivals in France and worldwide with Don Cherry, Mal Waldron, Jeanne Lee, J. M’Bizo Dyani, Pierre Dorge, Palle Danielsson, Bobo Stenson, Aldo Romano, and also with Paul Bley, Jim Pepper, Dino Saluzzi, and Lester Bowie.

Selected discography
 Islands (1981), with Chris Mc Gregor, Michel Benita, J.C. Montredon and Lelle Kullgren
 Mouvements naturels (1982), with Johny Dyani, M. Benita, JC Montredon, Merzak Mouthana, Pierre Dorge
 Chanting & Dancing (1985), live with J. Dyani, Pierre Dorge, Sangoma Everett, Cheikh Tidiane Fall
 Space (1985) with Mal Waldron and Michel Marre (VDS/52e rue Est), CD VDS/Media 7 (1987)
 La nuit de Wounded Knee (1990), with Bobo Stenson, Palle Danielsson, Aldo Romano (Blue Line)
 Nino Rota/Fellini   (1995, Deux Z), in collaboration with Gérard Pansanel
 Le Matin d’un Fauve (1995, AA records), with Mal Waldron and Michel Marre
 Passages (1999, Deux Z), with Rita Marcotulli, Jean-Jacques Avenel, Joël Allouche, Kevin Davy and Elise Caron
 Indigo Song - Les Racines du Ciel (2002, RDC/Plume/BMG), with Cheikh Tidiane Seck, Baptiste Trotignon, G. Pansanel, Hadja Kouyate, Yakhouba Sissoko, Ali Boulo Santo, Moriba Koita, A. Wague, S. Everett, J.J. Avenel, Kevin Davy, Pinise Saul, Pibo Marques, Marcia Escoffery, Samir Toukour
 Mythologies (2006), with Brigitte Menon and Aumja (DOM Disques)
 Boleros (2007), recorded in Santiago de Cuba.

References

External links
 Aumja Homepage

Jazz alto saxophonists
Jazz soprano saxophonists
French jazz composers
Male jazz composers
French jazz saxophonists
Male saxophonists
1940 births
Living people
21st-century saxophonists
21st-century French male musicians


James Ellis (2 October 1829 – 1901)  was a British Liberal Party politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1892.

Early life
Ellis was born in Glenfield, Leicestershire, the son of Joseph Ellis and his wife Hannah Shipley, daughter of John Shipley. He was educated at the schools of the Society of Friends (Quakers). He was a merchant and owner of granite quarries. He was chairman of Leicester School Board.

Political career
By 1881 Ellis had been elected as Chairman of South Leicestershire Liberal Association He was Liberal candidate for Bosworth at the 1885 general election and was returned as Member of Parliament. On 25 June 1888 he announced he would be standing down at the next election at a meeting of the Bosworth Divisional Liberal Association in Hinckley Ellis was described as a Gladstonian Liberal by inclination. He continued held the seat until the 1892 election.

Family
Ellis married in 1855 Louisa Burgess daughter of Thomas Burgess of Wigston Grange, Leicestershire.

References

External links

1829 births
1901 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
People from Glenfield, Leicestershire


William Kerr (died 1814) was a Scottish gardener and plant hunter, the first Western professional full-time plant collector active in China. He also collected in Java and Luzon in the Philippines. Among the plants he sent back to Kew Gardens was the vigorous shrub, at first cosseted in greenhouses, named in his honour, Kerria.

Kerr sent back to Britain examples of 238 plants new to European gardeners and to science, without, it appears, stirring far from the European trading sites of Canton and Macao, or Manila.

A native of Hawick in the Scottish Borders, he was a gardener at Kew, where he was noted by Sir Joseph Banks, and, following instruction by Banks, sent to China in 1804. He remained eight years. Kerr's finds, discovered in local Chinese gardens and plant nurseries, included Euonymus japonicus, Lilium lancifolium, Pieris japonica, Nandina domestica, Begonia grandis and the white-flowered Rosa banksiae, named for his patron's wife.

Sent to Colombo, Ceylon in 1812, to be superintendent of gardens on Slave Island and at King's House, he died there in 1814, unable "to prosecute his work in consequence of some evil habits he had contracted, as unfortunate as they were new to him," as a notice in The Chinese Repository reported some time after his premature death, apparently alluding to opium addiction.

Notes

19th-century Scottish botanists
1814 deaths
Year of birth missing
Scottish expatriates in China
Place of birth missing


The Tenth Symphony () is a 1918 silent French drama film directed by Abel Gance.

Plot
Rich orphan Eve Dinant has fallen under the spell of the charming but evil Fred Rice. She becomes his mistress and he induces her to murder his sister. She rapidly understands that she cannot go on living with such a despicable man and decides to leave him. She gives him money to buy his silence.

A couple of years later, she meets the famous composer Enric Damor and they get married. Enric's daughter, Claire, meets by chance Fred and falls in love with him. With Enric's approval, Fred proposes marriage and comes frequently to visit his fiancée. Eve is determined not to let Fred marry Claire and, as he refuses to listen to her, she tells her husband that the wedding must not take place. Enric does not understand his wife's behaviour and when Fred let him find a letter sent by Claire to him, he asks her whether she is in love with Fred. Rather than confessing her past, Eve tells him that she does love him.

Enric is flabbergasted when he hears about his wife's betrayal, but he sublimates his sufferings to create a masterpiece, his Tenth Symphony, on the theme of Women's betrayal. Fred offers Eve not to marry Claire if she comes back to him. She accepts and he writes a curt breakup letter to his fiancée. Enric is devastated with his wife's absence and Claire goes to Fred's house, determined to take revenge and have Eve come back. She threatens him with a gun but Eve tries to dissuade her from killing him. While they are arguing, Fred draws his own gun and after pointing it at them, turns it against himself and shoots himself. Eve tells Claire how she had shot Fred's sister in the same room. Eve can now go back to Enric, her true love.

Cast
 Séverin-Mars as Composer Enric Damor
 Jean Toulout as Frederic 'Fred' Ryce
 Emmy Lynn as Eve Dinant
 Ariane Hugon as Dancer
 André Lefaur as Marquis de Groix St-Blaise
 Elizabeth Nizan as Claire Damor

Production
This film was produced by the production company Le Film d'Art in 1917. Because of the war, it was only released in November 1918.

References

External links

1918 films
1918 drama films
Silent French drama films
1910s French-language films
French silent feature films
French black-and-white films
Films directed by Abel Gance


Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS), is a suite of instruments built by Ball Aerospace that measure the global distribution of ozone and, less frequently, how it is distributed vertically within the stratosphere. The suite flies on the Suomi NPP and NOAA-20 (formerly JPSS-1) satellites along with several other instruments. It had been intended to also fly on the NPOESS, for which the NPP was a preparatory project, but the dissolution of that project was announced in 2010. OMPS launched on October 28, 2011.

The three components of the suite are Nadir, which looks straight down, Limb, which looks down at an angle, and the Main Electronics Box (MEB), which controls Nadir, Limb and communication. Nadir and Limb are on the Suomi NPP, while the MEB is on NOAA-20. Nadir itself has two spectrometers: a profiler and a mapper. It is included on NOAA-21 (JPSS-2), which was launched on November 10, 2022.

OMPS weighs 56 kilograms and runs on an average power of 85 Watts.

See also
 Polar Operational Environmental Satellites
 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer
 SBUV/2

References

External links
 OMPS  page on the Ball Aerospace website
 Data-stream from OMPS at NASA's EarthData

Ozone depletion
Atmospheric sounding satellite sensors


Eirini Georgatou (; born 1 February 1990) is a Greek former tennis player.

On 16 May 2011, she reached her career-high singles ranking of 176. Her highest doubles ranking of 171 she achieved on 31 January 2011. Most of her success came in tournaments in Greece, Israel, Turkey, and Uzbekistan.

In September 2010, she qualified for her first WTA Tour event, in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. She won three qualifying matches in straight sets, and then lost to second-seeded and hometown favorite Akgul Amanmuradova in the first round of the main draw. She played doubles with Russian partner Elena Bovina, and they reached the quarterfinals before falling 9–11 in the third set super tiebreaker to fourth-seeded Maria Kondratieva of Russia and Sophie Lefèvre of France.

Fed Cup
In February 2011, she represented Greece in Group One Euro/African Zone of the fed cup which took place in Eilat, Israel. In the round-robin stage on 2 February 2011, she won over Jelena Pandžić from Croatia (2–6, 6–1, 6–4), and with the Greek Eleni Daniilidou, she beat Ani Mijacika and Silvia Njiric in the doubles, 6–3, 2–6, 6–2, and completed 3–0 win of Greece over Croatia. On 3 February 2011 she lost to Patricia Mayr-Achleitner (6–4, 3–6, 3–6), and lost with Despina Papamichail to Melanie Klaffner and Sandra Klemenschits whom represented Austria. On 4 February 2011, she lost to Olga Govortsova 2–6, 3–6. In the relegation round against Denmark, on 5 February 2011, she defeated Karen Barbat 6–1, 7–6(2) in singles, and in the doubles with Eleni Daniilidou, she defeated Danish double Mai Grage and Caroline Wozniacki, 6–2, 7–5. This win made sure Greece will stay in Group 1 of the Fed cup.

ITF Circuit finals

Singles: 8 (5 titles, 3 runner-ups)

Doubles: 5 (2 titles, 3 runner-ups)

References

External links

Living people
Greek female tennis players
1990 births
Sportspeople from Athens


The Roman Bridge at Saint-Thibéry () was a Roman bridge on the Via Domitia in southern France. The partly surviving structure crossed the river Hérault in Saint-Thibéry,  east of Béziers.

Construction

The ancient bridge had nine arches with spans of 10–12 m. The roadway rested on wide piers, which were protected on both sides by arched floodways and large cutwaters. The original length of the structure is estimated as , its road width as 4 m. The missing spans are known to have been destroyed by a flood some time before 1536.

The remaining arches, with a span to rise ratio of 3.3:1 (115°) or more, show a visibly flatter profile than the semi-circular arches usually preferred by Roman engineers (180°). The rib thickness varies between one-tenth to one-twentieth of the span, corresponding to a common ratio also observed at a number of other Roman stone bridges. The structure is dated to the reign of emperor Augustus (). Immediately upstream an old water mill and its millrace is located.

See also
 List of Roman bridges
 Roman architecture
 Roman engineering

References

Sources

External links

 Traianus – Technical investigation of Roman public works

Roman bridges in France
Roman segmental arch bridges
Deck arch bridges
Stone bridges in France
Buildings and structures in Hérault
Transport in Occitania (administrative region)
Tourist attractions in Hérault


The Plot to Kill Hitler  is a 1990 television film based on the July 20 plot by German High Command to kill Adolf Hitler in 1944. Brad Davis stars as Colonel Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, who plants a bomb in the conference room of the Führer's headquarters in East Prussia.

Plot summary
Led by Army Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg, several German High Command officers plan to assassinate Adolf Hitler and take control of the German government, with the ultimate intention of surrendering their country to the Allies. Stauffenberg manages to plant a bomb, hidden in his briefcase, in Hitler's battlefield headquarters. By sheer luck, Heinz Brandt unwittingly moves the briefcase slightly, and Hitler survives the subsequent blast. In the final hours of July 20, 1944, Stauffenberg, Lieutenant Werner von Haeften, General Friedrich Olbricht, Ludwig Beck, and Colonel Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim are arrested and tried. Beck commits suicide, and the rest are taken to be executed. Stauffenberg declares "Long live the sacred Germany!" before being killed, and the others are also killed beside him within seconds.

Cast
 Brad Davis as Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg
 Madolyn Smith as Nina von Stauffenberg
 Ian Richardson as General Ludwig Beck
 Kenneth Colley as Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel
 Michael Byrne as General Friedrich Olbricht
 Helmut Lohner as General Friedrich Fromm
 Jonathan Hyde as Dr. Joseph Goebbels
 Rupert Graves as Axel von dem Bussche
 Helmut Griem as Field Marshal Erwin Rommel
 Mike Gwilym as Adolf Hitler
 Vernon Dobtcheff as General Erich Fellgiebel
 Christoph Eichhorn as General Helmuth Stieff
 Michael Fitzegerald as Major Ernst John von Freyend
 Jack Hedley as General Adolf Heusinger
 Heather Chasen as The Baroness
 Burkhard Heyl as Colonel Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim
 Timothy Watson as Major Ernst Remer

Production
The movie was filmed in the United States and Zagreb, Yugoslavia.

External links

1990 films
American World War II films
Films about the 20 July plot
Films set in Berlin
Films shot in Croatia
Films shot in Yugoslavia
Films directed by Lawrence Schiller
The Wolper Organization films
Cultural depictions of Erwin Rommel
Films scored by Laurence Rosenthal
CBS network films
1990s English-language films


Immanuel Medical Center is a hospital located in Omaha, Nebraska.  It is part of CHI Health.

History
In 1879, Erik Alfred Fogelstrom came to Nebraska to serve the Swedish population in Omaha as pastor of Immanuel Lutheran Church. On October 8, 1887, Fogelstrom and others organized the Evangelical Lutheran Immanuel Association for Works for Charity. In December 1890, the hospital was completed and the first four deaconesses began their work at the hospital.

The community's needs outpaced the first hospital, located at 36th and Meredith, and a new hospital was opened in 1910 in the same area. The original building became the Nazareth Home, which served people who were elderly and those who had severe disabilities. The need for hospital beds continued to grow and a third hospital was opened on the 36th and Meredith site in 1926. The first two buildings were remodeled and services for the elderly and those with disabilities were expanded. During the 1950s there was a period of growth and reconstruction, and a six-story hospital wing doubled the size of the hospital.

Planning for the current Immanuel Medical Center began in the early 1960s when it became apparent that, in order to meet its healthcare commitments, Immanuel would have to expand. The present  site at 72nd and Sorensen Parkway was purchased in 1966. The new Immanuel Medical Center opened on June 29, 1974. Recognizing the benefits of alliances in healthcare, Bergan Mercy Health System and Immanuel Medical Center came together to form Alegent Health (now CHI Health) in June 1996.

See also
 Hospitals in Omaha, Nebraska

References

Hospital buildings completed in 1892
Hospital buildings completed in 1910
Hospital buildings completed in 1926
Hospital buildings completed in 1974
Hospitals in Omaha, Nebraska
Swedish-American history
Hospitals established in 1890


The Pittsburgh Lyceum Club, or Pittsburgh Lyceum, was a professional ice hockey team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was a member of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League from 1907 to 1908 and played all of its games at Duquesne Garden.

History

After the WPHL was revived for the 1907–08 season, it was determined that two new teams would be needed so that the league could return to its four-team format. That season, the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Lyceum entered the league. During its brief time in the WPHL, the Lyceum team included several notable players such as Jack Marks, Tommy Smith and Garnet Sixsmith. Marks, however, only played in three games for the Lyceum before he jumped to the Ontario Professional Hockey League (OPHL), eventually playing in the Toronto Professional Hockey Club's Stanley Cup challenge. Meanwhile, Sixsmith reportedly scored eleven goals in a game in Pittsburgh, which was considered to be a record for Duquesne Garden. Lyceum player Tommy Smith was later inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. In its first year of play, the Lyceum posted an 11–5–1 record, earning second place in the standings.

Unable to rely on a stable line-up, due to the number of league players changing contracts, the Lyceum was forced to fold on December 23, 1908. The WPHL then discontinued after the 1908–09 season.

The broader Lyceum organization, which continued to exist as a multi-sport club, formed another hockey team for the winter of 1920–21 and placed it in the Pittsburgh Amateur Hockey League. The team tied for third in the six-team league with a 4–5 record.

Prominent players
Members of the Hockey Hall of Fame who played for the Lyceum:

Tommy Smith

References

Lyceum
Defunct ice hockey teams in Pennsylvania
Lyceum
Lyceum
1907 establishments in Pennsylvania
1908 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
Ice hockey clubs established in 1907
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1908


The American Future: A History is a four-part documentary series written and presented by Simon Schama which aired on BBC Two in the UK during October 2008, in the run up to the 2008 US presidential election. The first episode was broadcast on BBC Two at 9:00pm on 10 October 2008, and it was shown over four consecutive Fridays.

The series saw Schama travelling through the United States as he investigated the conflicts from its past in order to understand the country's contemporary political situation. Schama presents and discusses both presidential candidates, Democrat Barack Obama and Republican John McCain, from a historical point of view, emphasizing strongly the former. The documentary takes the viewer on an epic journey through the history of the modern United States, but it also reveals why Schama personally believed Barack Obama would be the ideal choice as the next president of the United States.

Episodes

International broadcast
In the United States and Australia, this programme aired with the re-worked title, The American Future: A History By Simon Schama:
 US viewers saw all four episodes combined into two parts on BBC America at 8pm ET/PT from 19 January until 20 January 2009.
 Australian viewers saw these episodes in their original four parts on ABC1 each Thursday at 9:30pm from 27 May until 17 June 2010.

References

External links

 The American Future at the BBC AMERICA

BBC television documentaries about history during the 18th and 19th centuries
2008 British television series debuts
2008 British television series endings
2000s British documentary television series
English-language television shows
Documentaries about historical events
Television series about the history of the United States
British travel television series
BBC television documentaries about history during the 20th Century
BBC television documentaries about history during the 21st Century


Earl Marin Foreman (March 29, 1924 – January 23, 2017) was an American lawyer and sports executive.

Foreman practiced law in the District of Columbia. He was the owner of the short-lived Washington Whips professional soccer club of the NASL and a minority owner of the Baltimore Bullets franchise in the National Basketball Association. He was owner of the Washington Caps/Virginia Squires of the American Basketball Association. At one time, he also owned an interest in the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League.

Early life
Born in Baltimore, Maryland. Foreman served in the United States Army during World War II and was a medic. He graduated from University of Maryland and University of Maryland School of Law.

Basketball
He, along with Abe Pollin and real estate investor/former NBA referee Arnold Heft purchased the then-Baltimore Bullets from Dave Trager for $1.1 million on November 23, 1964.

On August 29, 1969, Foreman, with Thomas Shaheen and Louis Diamond, purchased the Oakland Oaks professional basketball team in the American Basketball Association. The group inherited a championship-caliber nucleus led by Rick Barry, whom Foreman called "the hottest attraction in basketball." The franchise also was heavily indebted, however, a situation that would haunt the team until its demise in 1976 just prior to the ABA–NBA merger.

Foreman and his two co-owners paid $2.6 million for the team and moved it to Washington, D.C. where it became the Washington Caps for the 1969–1970 ABA season. The Caps brought on Al Bianchi as head coach and finished that season with a record of 44–40, good for third place in the Western Division. The Caps lost in the first round of the 1970 ABA Playoffs to the Denver Rockets, 4 games to 3.

For the 1970–71 season, Foreman moved the Caps to Virginia and the team became the Virginia Squires. Strapped for cash due to debts, the Squires traded Warren Armstrong to the Kentucky Colonels for a draft pick and cash, and sold Barry to the New York Nets for $250,000. The Squires finished in first place in the Eastern Division with a 55–29 record. In the 1971 ABA Playoffs, the Squires defeated the New York Nets 4 games to 2 in the first round, but lost the Eastern Division Finals to the Kentucky Colonels 4 games to 2. With the conclusion of the season, on April 6, 1971, the Squires signed future star Julius Erving to a 4-year, $500,000 contract.

The Squires finished the 1971–72 season with a record of 45–39, good for second place in the Eastern Division. The Squires defeated The Floridians 4 games to 0 in the first round of the 1972 ABA Playoffs but then lost the full seven-game Eastern Division Finals to the New York Nets 4 games to 3. In this season, Johnny Kerr joined the team as administrative vice president.

The Squires finished the 1972–73 season with a 42–42 record which put them in third place in the Eastern Division. The Squires lost in the 1973 Eastern Division Semifinals 4 games to 1 to the Kentucky Colonels despite Erving's outstanding play. At the conclusion of the season Foreman added George Gervin to the Squires' roster, putting two future Hall of Famers on the same team.

In August 1973, Foreman, again motivated by the Squires' indebtedness, traded Erving and Willie Sojourner to the New York Nets for George Carter, the rights to Kermit Washington and $1 million. Discussing his sales and trades of the Squires' best players, Foreman said, "It's not a pleasant thing to hear, but I did what I had to do out of necessity. This is not a public utility. I can't ask for a fare increase when things go bad." The Squires signed center Swen Nater but then sold Nater to the San Antonio Spurs for a draft pick and $300,000. Just after Gervin played in the 1974 ABA All-Star Game (which the Squires hosted), it was announced that Foreman had sold Gervin to the San Antonio Spurs for $225,000. Legal action ensued and Gervin ended up with the Spurs.

By this point, the constant selling off of the team's star players had a major effect on the Squires' dwindling fan base. The team finished the 1973–74 season with a record of 28–56 which was good for fourth place in the Eastern Division, but the Squires lost in the first round of the 1973 ABA Playoffs to the New York Nets, 4 games to 1.

During the ensuing off season Barry Parkhill of the Squires, angry about bouncing paychecks, filed suit against Foreman, the Squires and the ABA for $24,000 in back pay and $360,000 for anticipated breach of contract. Jack Ankerson became the Squires' General Manager. The ABA then purchased the Squires franchise. In its last two years, the debt-ridden Squires finished 15–69 both seasons, the worst records in ABA history, and failed to make the playoffs. The team came to an end on May 11, 1976 after its failure to pay a $75,000 league assessment. Because of that, the Squires were not a part of the ABA–NBA merger that took place just weeks later.

Soccer
In 1977 through 1978, Foreman was instrumental in creating the Major Indoor Soccer League. Foreman was commissioner of the MISL from 1978 to 1985, and again in 1989.

Personal

Earl Foreman died on January 23, 2017. He was survived by his wife, Phyllis (who was the older sister of Ed Snider) and their sons, Scott, Ronald, and Stuart.

References

1924 births
2017 deaths
Lawyers from Baltimore
University System of Maryland alumni
University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law alumni
Military personnel from Baltimore
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
American soccer chairmen and investors
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992)
Oakland Oaks executives
Virginia Squires executives
Washington Caps
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) executives
Washington Whips
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) commissioners
20th-century American lawyers
United States Army personnel of World War II


Richard Mansfield Bilby (May 29, 1931 – August 11, 1998) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Arizona.

Education and career

Born on May 29, 1931, in Tucson, Arizona, Bilby served in the United States Army as a Corporal from 1952 to 1954. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1955 from the University of Arizona and a Juris Doctor in 1958 from the University of Michigan Law School. He was a law clerk for Judge Richard Harvey Chambers of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit from 1958 to 1959. He was in private practice in Tucson from 1959 to 1979.

Federal judicial service

Unsuccessful Court of Appeals nomination by Ford
Bilby was nominated to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, to a seat being vacated by Judge Richard Harvey Chambers, by President Gerald Ford on August 3, 1976. However, the Senate never voted on his nomination and it expired with the end of the Congressional session.

District Court nomination by Carter
Bilby was nominated by President Jimmy Carter on June 5, 1979, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Arizona vacated by Judge William C. Frey. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 25, 1979, and received his commission on September 26, 1979. He served as Chief Judge from 1984 to 1990. He assumed senior status on May 29, 1996. His service terminated on August 11, 1998, due to his death.

Notable case
While a judge, Bilby probably was most known for having presided over the 1992 case against Charles Keating.

Death

A lifelong resident of Tucson, Bilby died on August 11, 1998, while walking his dog near his summer home in Flagstaff, Arizona.

Personal

Bilby was survived by his wife, Elizabeth Thomas Bilby, and two daughters from a previous marriage that ended in divorce. Bilby's brother, Kenneth W. Bilby, was an executive vice president at RCA for many years.

See also
 Gerald Ford judicial appointment controversies

References

Sources

1931 births
1998 deaths
Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Arizona
United States district court judges appointed by Jimmy Carter
20th-century American judges
University of Michigan Law School alumni
University of Arizona alumni
Arizona lawyers
United States Army officers


St. Mary's College was a Catholic institution established by William Byrne and George Elder in Elder's hometown of Hardin's Creek near Lebanon in Marion County, Kentucky. The community was later renamed "St. Mary" after the college. St. Mary's is now closed. It operated between 1821 and 1976. Before it closed, it was the third oldest operating Catholic college for boys in the nation.

The St. Mary's College Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Historic district

The "St. Mary's College Historic District" is a  historic district which included 12 contributing buildings.

Notable alumni
Clement S. Hill, U.S. Congressman from Kentucky
Ben Johnson, U.S. Congressman from Kentucky
Elisha Standiford, U.S. Congressman from Kentucky
William Thomas Ward, Union Army General and U.S. Congressman from Kentucky
Joseph Cardinal Bernardin, American Cardinal of the Catholic Church, served as Archbishop of Chicago from 1982 to 1996
Martin John Spalding, Bishop of Louisville (1850–1864) and Archbishop of Baltimore (1864–1872)
John Lancaster Spalding, the first bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Peoria from 1877 to 1908
Augustus Hill Garland, 11th Governor of Arkansas and Attorney General of the United States
Thomas James Churchill, Confederate major general during the American Civil War and the 13th Governor of the state of Arkansas
Stanislaus P. La Lumiere, President of Marquette University

See also
 List of Jesuit sites

References

The Catholic Encyclopedia. "William Byrne".
Lewis, Alvin Fayette.  History of Higher Education in Kentucky. G.P.O., 1899.
Lmunet.edu "St. Mary's College".
Johnson, E. Polk. A History of Kentucky and Kentuckians: The Leaders and Representative Men in Commerce, Industry, and Modern Activities, pp. 627 ff. Lewis Publishing Company, 1912. Accessed 10 November 2008.

External links
Fordham University

1821 establishments in Kentucky
1976 disestablishments in Kentucky
Catholic universities and colleges in Kentucky
Defunct Catholic universities and colleges in the United States
Defunct private universities and colleges in Kentucky
Educational institutions established in 1821
Educational institutions disestablished in 1976
Education in Marion County, Kentucky
Federal architecture in Kentucky
National Register of Historic Places in Marion County, Kentucky
Victorian architecture in Kentucky


Baazi Kiski is a game show on Zee TV channel which premiered on 2 September 2001. The game show is hosted by popular villain actor Ashutosh Rana, and involves a gender-war between men and women for a total cash prize of Rs 21,000 per contestant. The show replaced Zee TV's game show Sawaal Dus Crore Ka, which did not meet audiences expectations.

Overview
The show revolves around the concept of gender battle between 'men vs. women'. It comprised 5 rounds starting with the elimination round; hence the process of eliminating the participant (man or woman) until that participant get to face each other on a one-to-one basis. The game show contains a buzzer round and prizes being given away in cash. Besides offering the cash prize, there are other prizes that are offered in the game, such as refrigerators, cars and television sets.

Rating
Baazi Kiski was a fairly successful series, usually finishing in the top 16 shows for the weeks in which it aired. Despite not getting the desired TRPs, the show managed to cling the title of the best rated programme among the 16 programmes that were launched simultaneously by Zee TV channel in prime time. In fact, the show was at No 2 among all the game shows on all Indian networks that aired in the year 2001. The following are the list of game shows on various Indian television networks that Baazi Kiski was compared to:

††Source: TAM Peoplemeter, September 2001

References

External links
News Article on Apunkachoice.com
Baazi Kiski News Article by Sunday Tribune

2001 Indian television series debuts
Indian game shows
Zee TV original programming


The Chinese Repository was a periodical published in Canton between May 1832 and 1851 to inform Protestant missionaries working in Asia about the history and culture of China, of current events, and documents. The world's first major journal of Sinology, it was the brainchild of Elijah Coleman Bridgman, the first American Protestant missionary appointed to China. Bridgman served as its editor until he left for Shanghai in 1847, but continued to contribute articles. James Granger Bridgman succeeded him as editor, until September 1848, when Samuel Wells Williams took charge.

References

Further reading

External links
 See online editions that can be downloaded at no cost
The Chinese Repository, Bibliotheca Sinica, University of Vienna. Includes listing of the volumes available online.

Magazines published in China
Christian magazines
English-language magazines
Defunct magazines published in China
Magazines established in 1832
Magazines disestablished in 1851
Protestant missionaries in China
Sinology


The Operational Land Imager (OLI) is a remote sensing instrument aboard Landsat 8, built by Ball Aerospace & Technologies. Landsat 8 is the successor to Landsat 7 and was launched on February 11, 2013.

OLI is a push broom scanner that uses a four-mirror telescope with fixed mirrors.

Overview and mission
OLI operates alongside TIRS (Thermal Infrared Sensor) on board the LDCM. The build and design of OLI differs from previous generations of instruments, while still maintaining data continuity with archived Landsat data from the last 40 years by keeping the same spectral and spatial resolutions of previous instruments.

OLI aids the Landsat-8 mission in the imaging of Earth's surface and the collection of moderate resolution data that is used to monitor changing trends on the surface and evaluate how land usage changes over time. The images and data that OLI has helped collect have practical applications today in agriculture, mapping, and monitoring changes in snow, ice, and water.

Specifications and design
OLI is a pushbroom sensor that operates in the visible (VIS) and short wave infrared (SWIR) spectral regions. It has a swath width of , which means it can image the entire Earth over a repeating cycle of 16 days. The OLI has nine spectral bands, including a panchromatic band:

While the spectral and spatial resolution of OLI's channels were kept the same as prior instruments in order to maintain data continuity with the entire Landsat archive, two spectral bands (the first a blue visible channel and the second an infrared channel) were added. These bands were designated as band 1 and band 9, and serve as an enhancement from previous instruments, which lacked these channels. Band 1 was created to locate and determine water resources and investigate coastal areas, and band 9 serves a unique purpose of detecting cirrus clouds.

Applications
OLI has several different applications due to the many different bands. Band 1 is helpful in imaging shallow water resources and tracking aerosols. Bands 2, 3, and 4 are in the visible spectrum and are helpful in creating true color composite images. Band 5 is helpful for ecology purposes and can help determine vegetation index or NDVI. Bands 6 and 7 are useful in geology and can help in distinguishing different saturated and unsaturated rocks and soils. Band 8 is helpful in creating images with very high resolution and precision. Band 9 is used for detecting different types of clouds.

References

Further reading

External links
 Operational Land Imager at Ball.com
 Operational Land Imager at NASA.gov

Satellite imaging sensors


Allegiance Air is a charter airline based in Lanseria, South Africa.

History
The company started as a charter broker and commenced its own aircraft operations in February 2008. It is privately owned.

Fleet
The Allegiance Air fleet comprises the following aircraft (as of August 2017):

The airline fleet previously included the following aircraft (as of 4 November 2008):
 5 British Aerospace 146-200 (3 stored and 2 to Air Congo in 2008)

References

External links
Allegiance Air

Airlines of South Africa


Manche was a 40-gun  of the French Navy, originally named Département de la Manche, but the name was immediately shortened to Manche around the time of her launch in April 1806.

She took part in operations in the Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811 under Captain François-Désiré Breton.

Action during Mauritius campaign of 1809-1811

Under Captain Jean Dornal de Guy, Manche captured the 16-gun gun brig , Lieutenant William Fitzwilliam Owen commanding, on 28 September 1808 near Bengkulu.

On 26 April 1809, Manche departed Port-Napoléon  in a squadron under Captain Hamelin, along with  and . The squadron managed to re-take Foulpointe in Madagascar, captured three prizes at the action of 18 November 1809, and raided the British settlement at Tarapouly, in Sumatra.

In 1810, she took part in the Battle of Grand Port, contributing to the capture of  and the fort held by the British on Île de France.

Fate
Manche was captured during the invasion of Île de France in 1810. She was broken up as she was unfit for Royal Navy service.

Citations

References
 La Manche, frégate française : 1803-1810, Roger Lepelley, 1989
 HAMELIN Emmanuel, amiral, baron (1768-1839)
 Une mission à l'Isle de France
Winfield, Rif & Stephen S Roberts (2015) French Warships in the Age of Sail 1786 - 1861: Design Construction, Careers and Fates. (Seaforth Publishing).

Age of Sail frigates of France
Hortense-class frigates
Ships built in France
Captured ships
1806 ships


The Chattanooga Market is the region's largest producer-only arts and crafts and farmers' market. It is held every Sunday from April to December at the open-air First Horizon Pavilion in Chattanooga, Tennessee, typically from 11am until 4pm (hours can vary for special events).  The market has over 300 vendors, and attracts an audience of 6,000 visitors each weekend; admission is free.

History
The market was founded in 2001 by Nick & Elizabeth Jessen, who modeled it after the Saturday Market in Eugene, Oregon.  In 2008, the market announced it was closing due to "not reaching a point of independent operation" but was quickly sold and reopened by a new management team.

All items sold at the Chattanooga Market are required to be handmade, grown, created or otherwise the direct efforts of the person selling it, and a review panel reviews each new item against a minimum standard of quality prior to sale to the public.

The Chattanooga Market is a non-profit organization to promote local farming, community events & small business development.

Events
The Chattanooga Market features a new event theme each weekend, ranging from Bluegrass music days to Oktoberfest  celebrations, from celebrity chef cooking competitions to Holiday Market, its art-centric season finale.  A new event schedule is published each year, and does vary from year-to-year.

References

External links
 Official website
 Twitter

Culture of Chattanooga, Tennessee
Economy of Chattanooga, Tennessee
Farmers' markets in the United States
Retail markets in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in Tennessee
Organizations established in 2001
Tourist attractions in Chattanooga, Tennessee


Top Model, cycle 3 was the third cycle of Top Model. It originally aired on TV3 from September to November 2008, and was hosted by Vendela Kirsebom.

The competition began with fifteen semi-finalists, who were narrowed down to thirteen finalists in the first episode. In the third episode, Silje entered the competition after Sasha was disqualified for refusing her makeover. The winner of the competition was 17-year-old Martine Lervik from Ålesund.

Contestants
Semi-finalists

Finalists

Summaries

Call-out order

 The contestant was eliminated
 The contestant was disqualified from the competition
  The contestant was put through collectively to the next round
 The contestant was part of a non-elimination bottom four
 The contestant quit the competition
 The contestant won the competition

In episode 1, the group of fifteen semi-finalists was whittled down to thirteen.
In episode 3, Sasha was disqualified for refusing her makeover. She was replaced by Silje.
In episode 4, only Goshia, Helene, Marita and Mona Lisa were in danger of elimination due to their inappropriate behaviour earlier in the week. However, none of them were eliminated.
In episode 12, Frøydis decided to leave the competition for health reasons during the elimination ceremony. As a result, neither of the remaining girls were eliminated.

Photo Shoot Guide
Episode 1 Photoshoot: Sexy in Dirt
Episode 2 Photoshoot: Group shot on stairs
Episode 3 Photoshoot: Murderous Brides
Episode 4 Photoshoot: Homeless Fashion
Episode 5 Photoshoot: Moroccan Fashion
Episode 6 Photoshoot: Dresses in the wind
Episode 7 Photoshoot: Rendezvous with Hank von Helvetes
Episode 8 Photoshoot: Fashion Walk on the Streets
Episode 9 Photoshoot: Underwater Muses
Episode 10 Photoshoot: Fashion Glasses
Episode 11 Photoshoot: Sex and the City Glamour & Cosmopolitan Cover Shoot

Judges
Vendela Kirsebom
Jan Thomas
 Mariana Verkerk - catwalk coach

References

External links
Official site (Norwegian)
Norway's Next Top Model at the Internet Movie Database

Top Model Norge
2000s Norwegian television series
2008 Norwegian television series debuts
2008 Norwegian television seasons