Mageiras () is a mountain village in the municipal unit of Sympoliteia, Achaea, Greece. It is located in the eastern foothills of the Panachaiko, 2 km south of Arravonitsa, 8 km southwest of Rododafni and 10 km west of Aigio. In 2011, it had a population of 55.

Population

History

Mageiras was founded between 1750 and 1770 by residents of the large village Tsetsevos which suffered from landslides at the time. Landslides also hit Mageiras in the 1930s. Mageiras was part of the municipality of Erineos from 1845 until 1912, of the community of Myrovrysi until 1919 and of the community of Aragozena until 1924. Mageiras was an independent community until 1977, when it became a part of the newly formed municipality of Sympoliteia.

See also
List of settlements in Achaea

External links
Mageira at the GTP Travel Pages

References

Aigialeia
Populated places in Achaea


Makalom is a small uninhabited island in the Reef Islands, in the Solomon Islands province of Temotu. The island is 350 m long and 60 m wide, and is located on the south-west side of an oval-shaped atoll 2.5 km long and 1.5 km wide, some 4.8 km WNW of Pileni Island.

See also

 Desert island
 List of islands

References

External links
 Makalom on Solomonislands.com.sb

Uninhabited islands of the Solomon Islands


Werner J.A. Dahm (born 1957) is an ASU Foundation Professor of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering at Arizona State University. Dahm is the director of the Security & Defense Systems Initiative at ASU.

Dahm is Emeritus Professor of Aerospace Engineering at University of Michigan. He is a member of the United States Air Force Scientific Advisory Board.

Life
Dahm graduated from University of Alabama in Huntsville and the California Institute of Technology.

References

External links
 Media

Living people
People from Huntsville, Alabama
Fellows of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
1957 births
Chief Scientists of the United States Air Force
University of Michigan faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society


Krzysztof Zaleski (September 3, 1948 – October 20, 2008) was a Polish theater director and cinema actor.

Zaleski was born in Świętochłowice, Poland, on September 3, 1948. He graduated from Warsaw University's Department of Polish Studies in 1971. He further completed his studies at the State Higher Theatre School in Warsaw in 1986.

He received numerous awards throughout his career for his work within the Warsaw theater community. In 2007, Zaleski was awarded the Feliks’ Award for his adaptation of series of short stories originally written by Marek Nowakowski.

Zaleski worked as the Director of Polish Radio Drama. Additionally, he served as the director of Director of Polish Radio 2 for the last 18 months of his life.

Krzysztof Zaleski died on October 20, 2008, in Warsaw at the age of 59 after a long illness. He was survived by his wife, Polish actress Maria Pakulnis, and their son.

Filmography
 1976: Niedzielne dzieci
 1977: Indeks. Życie i twórczość Józefa M.
 1978: Zaległy urlop
 1978: Próba ognia i wody
 1978: Bez znieczulenia
 1979: Szansa
 1980: Gorączka
 1981: Kobieta samotna
 1981: Przypadek
 1981: Dziecinne pytania
 1981: Człowiek z żelaza
 1982: Głosy
 1985: Idol
 1985: Jezioro Bodeńskie
 1985: Kochankowie mojej mamy
 1985: Zabawa w chowanego
 1986: Zmiennicy - serial telewizyjny
 1987: O rany, nic się nie stało!!!
 1987: Zabij mnie glino
 1987: The Mother of Kings
 1988: Męskie sprawy
 1988: Obywatel Piszczyk
 1989: Konsul
 1991:
 1992: Czarne słońca
 1992: Warszawa. Rok 5703
 1992: Tragarz puchu
 1993: Tylko strach
 1993: Samowolka
 1994: Miasto prywatne
 1995: Gracze
 1996: Ekstradycja 2
 1997: Sztos
 1999: O dwóch takich, co nic nie ukradli
 2000: Bajland
 2004: Cudownie ocalony
 2005: Dziki 2: Pojedynek
 2006: Letnia miłość
 2008: Drugi sztos

References

External links

1948 births
2008 deaths
People from Świętochłowice
Male actors from Warsaw
Polish male film actors
Polish theatre directors
University of Warsaw alumni
Polish male stage actors
Academic staff of the University of Warsaw
Aleksander Zelwerowicz National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw alumni
Burials at Powązki Military Cemetery


The September 11 attacks of 2001 caused the deaths of 2,996 people, including 2,977 victims and 19 hijackers who committed murder–suicide. Thousands more were injured, and long-term health effects have arisen as a consequence of the attacks. New York City took the brunt of the death toll when the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan were attacked, with an estimated 1,600 victims from the North Tower and around a thousand from the South Tower. Two hundred miles southwest in Arlington County, Virginia, another 125 were killed in the Pentagon. The remaining 265 fatalities included the ninety-two passengers and crew of American Airlines Flight 11, the sixty-five aboard United Airlines Flight 175, the sixty-four on American Airlines Flight 77 and the forty-four who boarded United Airlines Flight 93. The attack on the World Trade Center's North Tower single-handedly made 9/11 the deadliest act of terrorism in human history.

Most of those who perished were civilians except for 343 members of the New York City Fire Department and 71 law enforcement officers who died in the World Trade Center and on the ground in New York City; a United States Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Law Enforcement officer who died when United Airlines Flight 93 crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania; 55 military personnel who died at the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia; and the 19 terrorists who died on board the four aircraft. At least 102 countries lost citizens in the attacks.

Initially, a total of 2,603 victims were confirmed to have been killed at the World Trade Center site. In 2007, the New York City medical examiner's office began to add people who died of illnesses caused by exposure to dust from the site to the official death toll. The first such victim was a woman, a civil rights lawyer, who had died from a chronic lung condition in February 2002. In September 2009, the office added a man who died in October 2008, and in 2011, a male accountant who had died in December 2010. This is what raises the number of victims from the World Trade Center site to 2,606, and the overall 9/11 death toll to 2,996.

, medical authorities concluded that 1,140 people who worked, lived, or studied in Lower Manhattan at the time of the attacks have been diagnosed with cancer as a result of "exposure to toxins at Ground Zero". In September 2014, it was reported that over 1,400 rescue workers who responded to the scene in the days and months after the attacks had since died. At least 10 pregnancies were lost as a result of 9/11. Neither the FBI nor New York City officially recorded the casualties of the 9/11 attacks in their crime statistics for 2001, with the FBI stating in a disclaimer that "the number of deaths is so great that combining it with the traditional crime statistics will have an outlier effect that falsely skews all types of measurements in the program's analyses."

Evacuation

Most tall buildings in the United States at the time were not designed for complete evacuation during a crisis, even after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. It was also procedural for announcements in the case of high-rise fire safety for individuals to remain in their offices unless they were near the burning floor. However, after it took ten hours to completely evacuate the towers in the 1993 attack, multiple additions were made to the buildings and evacuation plans. Radio repeaters were installed in the towers to improve communication, battery powered emergency lights were installed, and fire drills held. Individuals who evacuated for both the 1993 and 2001 attacks reportedly stated they were better prepared for the 2001 evacuations. At least two individuals who had evacuated in both 1993 and 2001 later reported that they had prepared for a potential evacuation after 1993, by bringing either an item such as a flashlight or an emergency preparedness bag with them.

Both 110-story towers housed three stairwells in the central cores of each. On maintenance floors containing lift and ventilation machinery (such as some of the floors where Flight 175 struck the South Tower), the northern and southern stairwells entered corridors extending north and south to stairwells that bypassed the heavy equipment. The three stairwells―labeled A, B, and C―were as tall as the buildings, with two built to  in width and the third being  wide. In the North Tower the stairs were approximately 70 ft apart, compared to the distance of 200 ft between the stairwells in the South Tower.

In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, media reports suggested that tens of thousands might have been killed. Estimates of the number of people present in the Twin Towers that morning range between 14,000 and 19,000. The National Institute of Standards and Technology determined that approximately 17,400 civilians were in the World Trade Center complex at the time of the attacks. Turnstile counts from the Port Authority indicate that the number of people typically in the Twin Towers by 10:30 am was 14,154.

Almost all of the deaths in the Twin Towers occurred on floors trapped by the plane impacts, but it is unknown how many people were in those floors when the towers were struck. The available data suggests that between 1,344 and 1,426 people occupied floors 92–110 of the North Tower when American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the skyscraper at 08:46, none of whom survived. Somewhere in the region of 599 to 690 people were present on floors 77–110 of the South Tower when it was hit by United Airlines Flight 175 at 09:03, with only 18 survivors.

In interviews with 271 survivors, researchers in 2008 found that only about 8.6% had fled as soon as the alarm was raised while about 91.4% stayed behind to wait for more information or carrying out at least one additional task (collecting belongings/calling a family member). The interviews also showed that 82% of those who were evacuating stopped at least once during their way down, due to congestion on the stairs, to take a rest, or due to environmental conditions (smoke/debris/fire/water). Another hindrance to the evacuation of the World Trade Center was that as the planes struck, the force of the impact caused the buildings to shift enough to jam doors in their frames and stairwells to become blocked by broken wall boards, trapping dozens of people throughout the buildings, mostly on the floors closer to the impact zones. Communication breakdowns also hampered the evacuation of workers as one survivor recounted calling 911 multiple times from the South Tower only to be put on hold twice, as 911 operators had a lack of awareness about what was happening and were overwhelmed with the amount of calls, at times repeating incorrect information. Communication issues were also seen as first responders were utilizing different radio channels to communicate, their frequencies were overwhelmed or they had been off duty and responded without their radios.

North Tower
Within moments of Flight 11's impact, the Port Authority issued a complete evacuation of the North Tower, an order that only those beneath the 92nd floor were capable of heeding. Nonetheless, the roughly 8,000 people who could descend were left facing a harrowing scenario. Neither tower had been designed to facilitate a mass evacuation, and each of the twins only had three stairwells descending to the ground level. For anyone higher than the 91st floor, escape was impossible, with one victim relaying to 911 after the first plane hit that the stairs were inaccessible for the 106th floor. A computer modeling study done after the attacks, projected that it would take about 1 hour and 27 minutes ± 2 minutes for 8,239 people to evacuate the tower. The modeling also suggested that if Stairwell B had remained intact through the entire building all 1,049 projected survivors could have evacuated with an additional 2 minutes to the total time. At least 77 people were freed on the 88th through 90th floors by a team of Port Authority officers: construction manager Frank De Martini, building inspector Pablo Ortiz, engineer Mak Hanna, environmental coordinator Pete Negron and Assistant General Manager Carlos S. da Costa. Just minutes after the plane crash, emergency responders arrived at the World Trade Center and began organizing teams to assist in the evacuation of the North Tower.

Many people began to evacuate via the stairs on their own, while others chose to wait for instructions from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Others who chose to evacuate were also pushed into action by loved ones who had been able to contact them. As evacuees descended the staircases in the North Tower, they were directed to descend to the concourse level beneath the World Trade Center complex, where the mall was located. Others who managed to escape credit the "Survivors Staircase," an outdoor staircase that survived the disaster, and World Trade Center workers who knew escape routes. One survivor stated, "Between the 11th floor and the 9th floor, we wound through this maze. When we got to the plaza level we were walking through and there was one emergency light on. There was water up to our calves. All of a sudden there was a voice. We saw someone in a miner hat. He opened the door and said 'Just keep going.'"

South Tower

Meanwhile, in the South Tower, almost all of its roughly 8,600 occupants knew immediately that something serious just happened in the building next door. The sound of the crashing airliner was heard by well over 4,000 people. Some who had glimpsed Flight 11 just before it impacted the North Tower thought it was lined up to strike their building, and the fireballs from the crash immediately thereafter were witnessed by countless employees on sides facing the North Tower. Workers were forced to duck and cover as its northern and western façades were battered by debris, and a limited number of windows were broken by the explosion. As the top of the South Tower became enveloped by the thick smoke pouring southeast, many people witnessed desperate office workers jumping from the tower burning opposite. The disaster in the North Tower was even physically perceived by a number of people in the South Tower. Survivors from the South Tower reported feeling their building shake as the first plane crashed into its twin, and smoke from the North Tower began seeping into the South Tower through ventilation ducts. Those at the same altitude as the fires burning in the North Tower could feel the extreme heat radiating into their floors. Media coverage, phone calls, and word of mouth quickly alerted anyone else to the seriousness of what was happening. Half personally believed their lives were in danger.

Because of what happened to the North Tower, many people in the South Tower chose to evacuate as a precaution. However, the major hindrance to this process was that for the 17 minutes between the impacts of Flight 11 and Flight 175, it had not yet been determined that a terrorist attack was unfolding. The initial assumption by most was that the first crash had merely been an accident, and even those who suspected it was a deliberate attack based on its flying were uncertain. For this reason, the Port Authority in the South Tower did not initiate a full evacuation of the building, instead deciding to spread the word via the South Tower's intercom system and security guards for workers to stay put and remain in their offices. A deliveryman for the South Tower told reporters he decided to leave following the first crash, and on his way out he heard a voice over the intercom declaring that: "The building is secure. The safest place is inside; stay calm and do not leave." Others who ignored the message were met with officials at the lobby who told them to return to their respective floors. In a radio conversation recorded within three minutes of the first impact, the director of the South Tower told his counterpart in the North Tower that he was not going to order an evacuation until given the all-clear by "the boss from the fire department or somebody." This was done in order to avoid overcrowding on the plaza and concourse levels, which was feared would slow the evacuation and rescue operations in the North Tower.

Despite the announcements, thousands continued to evacuate the South Tower. More than 3,500 people were present on-site between the 77th and 110th floors, including at least 1,100 employees of AON Insurance (floors 92 and 98–105) and over 700 people working for Fiduciary Trust (floors 90 and 94–97). Both companies had offices directly across from the North Tower's impact zone, and executives working for the two firms did not hesitate to order an evacuation of their offices immediately following the first impact, allowing more than 80% of the employees from each company to get to safety before the South Tower was struck. Lower down, the offices of Fuji Bank (floors 79–82), Euro Brokers (floor 84) and CSC (floor 87) were also evacuated, the latter of which avoided suffering any casualties in the South Tower. Executives such as Eric Eisenberg, who personally made the decision to evacuate AON's offices, instructed their employees to take the stairs down to the 78th floor Skylobby, where they could take an express elevator to the ground level and exit the building safely. Within a window of 17 minutes, between 8:46a.m. and 9:03a.m., an estimated 2,900 people had gotten below the 77th floor of the South Tower, while between 599 and 690 did not.

By 8:57 a.m., officials working for the FDNY and NYPD opined that the ongoing disaster in the North Tower had made the entire WTC complex unsafe and requested that the South Tower be evacuated, advice that took an additional six minutes to be implemented. By 9:02 a.m., an announcement was made gently giving workers in the South Tower the option to leave. Sean Rooney, a victim who worked for AON Risk Management on the 98th floor, was speaking on the phone to his wife seconds before impact, allowing some of the announcement to be heard in the background: "May I have your attention, please. Repeating this message: the situation occurred in Building 1. If conditions warrant on your floor, you may wish to start an orderly evacuation."

Pentagon

As the Pentagon was struck after the World Trade Center, many who worked there did not think the attack would extend past New York City. A media relations specialist who was working in the building at the time recounted years later that she told a coworker, "This is the safest place to be in the world right now." Another was on the phone with his wife and her sixth-grade class when the plane struck, stating the whole building felt like it had been completely lifted off the foundations. He hung up after stating, “We've been bombed, I have to go" before immediately starting to evacuate. Uncertainty about the type of attack led to many being cautious in evacuating with at least one security guard warning of potential shooters laying in wait, to gun down evacuees.

World Trade Center Hotel

World Trade Center 3 was also known as the World Trade Center Hotel, the Vista Hotel, and the Marriott Hotel. During evacuations of the two larger towers, this 22-story hotel was used as an evacuation runway for about 1,000 people who were evacuated from the area. The guests and others who were evacuated through the hotel were guided by hotel staff through the hotel's bar and outside onto Liberty Street. A policeman was stationed holding the door between the Marriott and Liberty Street, and would periodically hold up the line due to concerns about falling debris or bodies. A paramedic helping in the evacuation process remembered the air being so hot and thick that he had trouble breathing and difficulty seeing, but could hear the alarms of firefighters that had collapsed and needed assistance.

A majority of the registered 940 guests at the hotel began to evacuate after alarms were raised due to a piece of one of the plane's landing gear landing on the top floor of the pool. Some did not immediately do so, with at least one guest recounting that he woke up to the first plane hitting the North Tower and went back to bed only to be awoken by the impact of the plane hitting the South Tower. He then watched the news and took a shower, got dressed, and gathered his belongings before evacuating after watching the South Tower collapse. The delay was in part to many guests being unable to see the damage done to the North Tower from any vantage point on the grounds of the Marriott.

Surrounding area

Once both towers had been struck, the order to evacuate the North Tower quickly spread to encompass not only the entire World Trade Center complex, but most high rise buildings in Lower Manhattan and surrounding areas as well. The evacuation of employees from the North and South towers continued past the plaza and through the concourse. Evacuees from the North Tower were directed through the underground shopping mall, from where they exited the complex onto Church Street. Evacuees from the South Tower were directed elsewhere to prevent congestion; they were sent across the covered footbridge over West Street to the World Financial Center or to 4 World Trade Center and out onto Liberty Street. Not all evacuees were connected to World Trade Centers, with students from Stuyvesant High School, the Borough of Manhattan Community College, tourists, residents of the area with their pets and others, also involved in the evacuation process.

To relieve congestion within the city and clear the evacuees and civilians, boats and ferries were used to further evacuate Lower Manhattan. Some of the boats were a part of the Coast Guard, others were civilian, company or state-owned, that acted independently or after seeking the permission of the Coast Guard, who initially instructed vessels to stand by and then issued a request for all available boats to participate. One participating vessels crew later recounted the call from Lt. Michael Day of the Coast Guard stating; "All available boats....This is the United States Coast Guard…. Anyone wanting to help with the evacuation of Lower Manhattan report to Governors Island." In total the water evacuation of lower Manhattan moved about 500,000 during the day.

Disabled individuals
On the day of the attacks there were a number of disabled individuals in the World Trade Center, and there was a revised evacuation plan in place after the 1993 attack as many had been told to wait for rescuers and some waited up to nine hours. Some like John Abruzzo, a quadriplegic, and Tina Hansen were able to evacuate, as Abruzzo was carried by coworkers from the 69th floor down in an evacuation chair and indicated that it took them about ninety minutes to reach ground level. The chairs were some of the about 125 that were purchased after the 1993 bombing, however there was varying levels of training and communication about them. Others such as Michael Hingson, who was born blind, were able to evacuate from the 78th floor of the North Tower due with the help of his guide dog Roselle.

Survivors

No one survived in, above, or immediately below the North Tower's impact zone. The highest survivors came from Floor 91. Some 15 people below floor 22 survived the collapse of WTC 1, later escaping or being rescued from the rubble.

Only 14 people escaped from the impact zone of the South Tower (floors 77 to 85) after it was struck by United Airlines Flight 175 at 9:03 am, while a further four escaped from the floors above it. Individuals escaped from the South Tower impact zone using stairwell A in the northwest corner, the only stairwell left intact after the impact. Investigators believe that stairwell A remained passable until the South Tower collapsed at 9:59 am. Because of communication difficulties between 911 operators and FDNY and NYPD responders, most of them were unaware that stairwell A was passable and instructed survivors above the impact zone to wait for assistance by rescue personnel. Despite the relatively few survivors from the impact zone and above, the 9/11 Commission did bring up the possibility of others who may have descended from the point of impact but were unable to make it all the way down before the tower collapsed and killed everybody still within.

After collapses
After the towers collapsed, only 20 individuals in or below the towers escaped from the debris, including 12 firefighters and three Port Authority police officers. Only 16 individuals who were inside the collapsing North Tower survived and were rescued, and they were all trying to evacuate via stairwell B, located in the center of the building. Four people who were in the concourse area between the Twin Towers survived and either saved themselves or were rescued. Nobody who was in the South Tower at the time of its collapse survived. The last survivor removed from the WTC collapse debris was found in the ruins of the North Tower 27 hours after its collapse.

An unknown number of other people survived the initial collapse, but were buried in air pockets deep beneath the rubble and could not be rescued in time. Some were able to rescue themselves and others from the rubble by climbing through the rubble or digging and listening for sounds of life in order to safely remove the victims from the rubble.

Survivor advocacy

As of September 28, 2008, a total of over 33,000 police officers, firefighters, responders, and community members have been treated for injuries and sickness related to the 9/11 attacks in New York City, including respiratory conditions, mental health problems like PTSD and depression, gastrointestinal conditions, and at least 4,166 cases of cancer; according to one advocacy group "more cops have died of illness linked to the attack than had perished in it".

Former Daily Show host Jon Stewart and others succeeded in pushing for a law passed by Congress in 2015 that permanently extends health care benefits for the responders and adds five years to the victims' compensation program. Stewart's advocacy on the issue continued into 2019. In June of that year, he testified in front of Congress on behalf of 9/11 first responders who did not have proper health care benefits from the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund. During the testimony he was critical that "Sick and dying, they [first responders] brought themselves down here to speak to no one" and that it was "Shameful" and "...an embarrassment to the country and it is a stain on this institution."

Fatalities

World Trade Center

2,606 people who were in the World Trade Center and on the ground perished as a result of the attacks and the subsequent collapse of the towers. This figure consisted of 2,192 civilians (including eight EMTs and paramedics from private hospital units); 343 members of the New York City Fire Department (FDNY); and 71 law enforcement officers including 23 members of the New York City Police Department (NYPD), 37 members of the Port Authority Police Department (PAPD), four members of the New York State Office of Tax Enforcement (OTE), three officers of the New York State Office of Court Administration (OCA), one fire marshal of the New York City Fire Department (FDNY) who had sworn law enforcement powers (and was also among the 343 FDNY members killed), one member of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), one member of the New York Fire Patrol (FPNY), and one member of the United States Secret Service (USSS). This included a bomb-sniffing dog named Sirius.

The average age of the dead in New York City was 40. The youngest victims were David Brandhorst of Los Angeles, and Christine Hanson of Groton, Massachusetts, both of whom were three years old and were passengers on Flight 175. The oldest was Robert Norton, an 85-year-old retiree from Lubec, Maine. Ten pregnant women and their unborn children were killed in the attacks as well.

Other victims included Bill Biggart, a photojournalist; Keith A. Glascoe, an actor; Nezam Hafiz, who played for the Guyana national cricket team; Eamon McEneaney, a Hall of Fame lacrosse player; and Dan Trant, an NBA basketball player.

North Tower
The exact number of civilians and emergency workers killed in the North Tower is not conclusively known, but an estimated total of 1,600 is the consensus. Between 1,344 and 1,426 of these individuals were above the 91st floor when Flight 11 crashed between floors 93 and 99 at 8:46 a.m. Hundreds in the path of the impact or the ensuing flash fire were killed instantly. Some were fatally scorched hundreds of feet below as the elevator shafts channeled burning jet fuel down as far as the lobby, where it exploded without warning. More than 800 people survived the crash, but quickly realized they were trapped; the centralized impact into the tower immediately severed all elevator shafts in the central core from the 50th floor upward, while all three stairwells in the impact zone were destroyed by the plane. Sixty-nine people on the first floor below the crash line also found themselves trapped. The stairs that would have enabled those on Floor 92 to escape had not been destroyed, but were sealed off by a cave-in of debris from Flight 11's impacted floors immediately above that. Those on the wrong side of the crash were either incinerated in the fires or the extreme heat, suffocated by smoke inhalation, or killed in the North Tower's eventual collapse. Scores of people were witnessed falling to their deaths from the upper floors of the North Tower, the vast majority of whom were driven to suicide by jumping. Although a few people would subsequently be found alive in the rubble following the collapse of the towers, none of these individuals were from the trapped floors.  Twenty-four people were still officially listed as missing in 2006 and as of September 2021, the remains of 1,106 victims of the attacks have yet to be identified.

John P. O'Neill was a former assistant director of the FBI who assisted in the capture of 1993 World Trade Center bomber Ramzi Yousef and was the head of security at the World Trade Center when he was killed trying to rescue people from the North Tower. Neil David Levin was the executive director of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which was the governmental entity that built and owned the World Trade Center complex. He was eating breakfast in the Windows on the World restaurant at the time of the attack on the North Tower. Cantor Fitzgerald L.P., an investment bank on the 101st–105th floors of One World Trade Center, lost 658 employees, considerably more than any other employer, and also lost 46 contractors and visitors. Marsh Inc., located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93–100 (the location of Flight 11's impact), lost 295 employees and 63 consultants. Risk Waters, a business organization, was holding a conference in Windows on the World at the time, with 81 people in attendance.

South Tower
The precise total of people killed in the South Tower has also never been verified, but it is believed that around a thousand civilians and emergency personnel lost their lives in the building that day. The National Institute of Standards and Technology report estimated that between 630 and 701 of these people were WTC employees, all but 11 from floors trapped by the impact. Had the South Tower been struck first, Flight 175's hijacking would have been the deadliest suicide attack of the day, as more than 3,500 people were present in Floor 77 or higher at 08:46. The 17 minute gap between the two impacts meant this figure had reduced substantially by 09:03. More than 300 people were killed instantly by the crash, two-thirds of whom came from the 78th floor sky lobby. Those who remained were not completely trapped, but almost all still perished. The causes of death in the South Tower were identical to those in the North Tower, but in much lower numbers. The actions taken by trapped workers suggest that conditions were comparably more tenable in the South Tower than its twin; hundreds of people fell or jumped to their deaths from the North Tower, but almost no one did from the South. A total of 18 people from the impact zone escaped the South Tower using Stairwell A, the one stairway left mostly intact and negotiable from top to bottom when the tower was struck. There may have been others from the trapped floors who found Stairwell A but were caught in the collapse before they could escape. The relatively few employees killed below the 77th floor is something the 9/11 Commission noted as being a strong indication that evacuation below the impact zones was a success, allowing most to safely evacuate before the collapse of the World Trade Center.

Morgan Stanley's director of security Rick Rescorla was killed in the collapse of the South Tower when he ventured back in to rescue others still inside the building. In the wake of the 1993 bombing, Rescorla anticipated suicide attacks on the World Trade Center using hijacked planes as missiles. He strongly suspected the crash of Flight 11 was deliberate and ordered an evacuation of Morgan Stanley's offices in the South Tower as a precaution. Morgan Stanley lost very few employees that morning, though this was due in large part to their offices being located on floors below the plane impacts rather than any preemptive measures taken by the company. Welles Crowther, a volunteer firefighter and equities trader for Sandler O'Neill and Partners on the 104th floor, similarly lost his own life while voluntarily assisting in the evacuation, whereby he rescued as many as 18 people. In spite of the decision being made to empty the floors occupied by Aon immediately following Flight 11's impact, the company still lost 175 employees in the South Tower, the third highest death toll of any firm in the complex. The executive who initiated the evacuation of Aon's offices, Eric Eisenberg, was still above the 76th floor when the South Tower was hit, and was among those killed.

World Trade Center Hotel

There is no precise number of deaths that occurred within the hotel as many who sheltered in the hotel during and after the collapse of the South Tower were protected by the reinforced beams that had been installed by the Port Authority after the 1993 bombing. However, the pieces of the South Tower did cause catastrophic damage to the hotel, with many claiming the hotel was cut in half by the falling debris, with survivors stating the pressure picked everyone up and carried them through the air. Hotel employees that were protected by the beams were ordered to evacuate while firefighters remained to attempt to dig out those covered by debris. After the collapse of the North Tower additional debris caused those stuck under the debris to be crushed and killed including two hotel employees; Joseph John Keller and Abdu Ali Malahi. Additionally at least 41 firefighters who had been attempting to clear the hotel and 11 of the 940 registered guests were killed.

Deaths involving elevators
A USA Today report estimated that approximately 200 people died inside the elevators, while only 21 escaped the elevators. However, it was later found that 16% of those who evacuated the South Tower used an elevator and simulations of the evacuation without elevators claim to show that the use of elevators saved about 3,000 individuals in the South Tower. Many elevators did not plunge when the planes crashed through, but were left stranded in the shafts, leaving their occupants to be burned alive in the fires or trapped and unable to escape before the towers collapsed. With the exception of one case, a locking mechanism prevented people from escaping from opening the doors on stranded elevators. One survivor recounted having to pry open a narrow gap between the doors of the elevator to escape by utilizing the stairs. Similarly, a group of six found themselves trapped inside a North Tower elevator from the moment of impact until 9:30 a.m., when they managed to escape by prying open the doors and tunnelling their way through the sheetrock wall of the elevator shaft behind, still leaving them with nearly an hour to spare until the building gave way.

Deaths by jumping or falling

As the fires raged inside the towers, numerous people plummeted from both skyscrapers at speeds of , sufficient to cause instantaneous death upon impact, but not enough to lose consciousness during the drop. Some 100–200 people fell or jumped from the North Tower with as few as three spotted from the South. In spite of the extremely limited number of falling deaths from the South Tower, a fatal accident took place when a victim from the tower landed on firefighter Danny Suhr as he prepared to enter the premises at around 09:30, crushing his skull and killing him.

Most of the people who fell from the World Trade Center deliberately jumped to their deaths to escape the extreme heat, thick smoke, chemical exposure and fire, although a much smaller percentage had not intended to kill themselves, but lost their grip or balance when being near windows. Several victims from the North Tower as well as two from the South Tower tried to climb down in the hopes of re-entering through an opening below the fires, with or without the aid of a makeshift rope. A number of accidents were caused by panicked crowds pushing people out, or victims in free fall striking those who were otherwise reluctant to take the plunge. There were others who tried to use fabric such as their clothing in futile attempts to slow their descent. Some eyewitnesses believe they saw people jumping in pairs or in groups, and one survivor claimed to have seen as many as six individuals all holding hands as they fell. Victims trapped in each tower made their way toward the rooftops in hope of helicopter rescue, only to find the access doors locked. Security Control employees on the North Tower's 22nd floor attempted to activate a lock release command that would have freed all areas in the World Trade Center influenced by the electronic control systems, including doors leading to the roofs. However, damage done to the electronics by the airplanes precluded any possibility of this order being executed; in any case, thick smoke and intense heat would have prevented rescue helicopters from landing.

None of the people who were filmed or photographed falling from the towers have ever been officially identified, including the person whose picture became known as The Falling Man. The collapse of the towers before their remains could be removed from the scene made it impossible to identify them through DNA analysis, and a spokeswoman for the New York Medical Examiner's Office pointed out that their bodies were in far too similar a state to those who were crushed in the collapse to distinguish them. In seeking to determine where conditions were most dire and in particular which floors the fires were at their most intense, NIST analyzed video footage and photographs of people jumping or falling. Although they recorded 104 victims between each tower, they noted in their report that this figure likely understates the true number of those who died in this manner. The sight and sound of these individuals falling from the towers, then "smashing like eggs on the ground" horrified and traumatized many witnesses. The death certificates of those who fell state the cause of death was "blunt trauma" due to homicide.

The discrepancy in the number of falling victims per tower is partly attributable to the differences in each impact as well as Flight 11's impact leaving considerably more victims trapped on a far fewer number of floors. Flight 11 crashed directly midway into the North Tower's central core between floors 93 and 99, destroying all three stairwells (A, B and C) in the impact zone while rendering every single elevator from the 50th floor upward unusable, either by the shafts being severed or the power being cut. Workers on the 92nd floor, though technically beneath the crash line, were also ensnared by debris from the impact zone that had collapsed into the stairs on their floor, and eight of them jumped one after the other less than 12 minutes after the plane impacted immediately above. In addition to the blaze being densely concentrated within a much smaller number of floors, the centralized impact dispersed burning jet fuel across all four sides of the tower, ensuring there was little to no leeway for those trapped. Windows were broken by trapped occupants seconds after the plane flew into the tower, and the first jumper was spotted less than two minutes following the impact. There were over 800 people confined to a much smaller space than the roughly 300 people in the South Tower, creating a bottleneck effect as the situation became dangerously overcrowded, demonstrated in the Impending Death photograph where dozens of people are depicted hanging from windows along the outside walls of the North Tower, something that was never seen in its twin.

It is highly likely that more people would have been seen falling from the South Tower if it had been the first building to be hit by a hijacked airliner; over 3,500 people occupied the 77th–110th floors at 08:46, around three quarters of whom had escaped from this zone before 09:03. The airplane struck the South Tower's southern facade around 25 feet east of the center, causing much more of the jet fuel to spray out into the open rather than spilling into the building. The fires were primarily confined to the east, with some spread towards the north and south sides. No impact damage or fire was observed on the west side or on floors above the aircraft's point of entry. While windows were broken by occupants trapped in both towers, in the South, the locations were far more scarce. The three people recorded falling came from a single window towards the southern portion of the 79th floor's east side, where the worst of the damage had been inflicted and fires were at their most intense, suggesting conditions were more tolerable elsewhere. With a much lower impact zone of floors 77 and 85, as well as an entire side with no visible fires, those who survived Flight 175's crash were left with far more room to move away from the smoke and flames than those in the North Tower. A major difference between the two crashes is that while Flight 11 eliminated all opportunities for escape above the North Tower's 91st floor, Flight 175's offset approach left the northwesternmost stairwell (Stairway A) physically intact when the plane impacted the eastern part of the south wall near the southeast corner, implying that those in the South Tower may not have been completely trapped. While only 18 people from the trapped floors exited the South Tower safely, one NYPD unit crossed paths with a large group of civilians making their way down an unidentified set of stairs shortly before 09:58, suggesting that other victims could have also been in the process of descending from the impact zone just prior to the collapse.

Conspiracy theories

Contrary to some conspiracy theories about Jewish people being warned not to go to work that day, the number of Jewish people who died in the attacks is variously estimated at between 270 and 400, based on the last names of the dead.

List of the dead
The following list details the number of deaths reported by companies in business premises at the World Trade Center. The list includes WTC tenants (all buildings), vendors, visitors, independent emergency responders, as well as some hijacked passenger-related firms.

Pentagon

At least 125 people working at the Pentagon were killed, most of whom worked for the United States Army or the United States Navy. Of those 125 deaths, 70 were civilians – 47 Army employees, six Army contractors, six Navy employees, three Navy contractors, seven Defense Intelligence Agency employees, and one Office of the Secretary of Defense contractor – and 55 were members of the United States Armed Forces – 33 Navy sailors and 22 Army soldiers. Lieutenant General Timothy Maude, an Army Deputy Chief of Staff, was the highest-ranking military official killed at the Pentagon.

Aboard the four planes
The 265 fatalities aboard the four planes included:
 87 civilians (including 11 crew members) and the five hijackers aboard American Airlines Flight 11
 60 civilians (including 9 crew members) and the five hijackers aboard United Airlines Flight 175
 59 civilians (including 6 crew members) and the five hijackers aboard American Airlines Flight 77
 39 civilians (including 7 crew members), a United States Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Law Enforcement officer, and the four hijackers aboard United Airlines Flight 93.

The dead included eight children: five on American Airlines Flight 77, aged 3 to 11, and three on United Airlines Flight 175, aged 2, 3, and 4. The youngest victim was a two-and-a-half-year-old child on Flight 175 and the oldest was an 85-year-old passenger on Flight 11.
Among those notable passengers were killed on Flight 11 including television producer David Angell, who co-created the sitcom Frasier, Wings, actress Berry Berenson, widow of Anthony Perkins. Filmmaker Carolyn Beug, who produced the music video Right Now by Van Halen, entrepreneur Daniel Lewin who co-founded internet company Akamai Technologies.  and astronaut Charles Edward Jones.  was another passenger on Flight 11. Ice hockey players Garnet Bailey and Mark Bavis were travelling on Flight 175 when it was hijacked. physicist William E. Caswell Barbara Olson, television political commentator and the wife of then-U.S. Solicitor General Theodore Olson, Retired U.S. Navy Rear admiral Wilson Flagg, and women's gymnastics coach Mari-Rae Sopper were aboard Flight 77.

Deaths by stabbing or slashing
While almost all of the passengers and crew who perished on the flights were killed instantly in the ensuing plane crashes, some were murdered with knives or boxcutters during the hijackings. It is believed this occurred at least once on Flight 11 and twice on flights 175 and 93. There were no reports of hijackers being violent in any way on Flight 77, although it was noted that they were carrying knives regardless and threatened their hostages with them. It is suspected that on Flight 11, passenger Daniel Lewin had his throat slit after attempting to prevent the hijacking in some way or simply as a result of the terrorist trying to instill the other victims with fear, while Mark Rothenberg on Flight 93 may have been killed for the same reasons. One passenger aboard Flight 93 said a flight attendant who had been killed without identifying who she was specifically, while a process of elimination determined that Rothenberg was also murdered in the early stages of the hijacking. On Flight 11, crew members Betty Ong and Amy Sweeney separately reported that several people had been attacked with knives, including a man (Lewin) who had his throat slashed. Shortly after Flight 175 was commandeered by the terrorists, flight attendant Robert Fangman specifically mentioned that both pilots had been killed, adding that other crew members were non-fatally injured.

At the time of the September 11 attacks, items such as firearms and pepper spray were categorized as hazardous and could not be taken on-board without the airline's permission. On the other hand, pocket utility knives with a blade less than four inches in length were not prohibited, a fact the hijackers clearly took advantage of to carry out their plan.

Foreign deaths

Excluding the 19 perpetrators (15 of whom came from Saudi Arabia, two from the UAE, and one each from Egypt and Lebanon), at least 372 people from 102 countries besides the United States died. The following is a list of the nationalities of the foreign victims:

After the attacks

During the attacks and afterwards, there was a large amount of toxic dust, debris and ash that was centralized around Ground Zero and created long-term health problems. Toxic materials such as asbestos, lead, and mercury were in the air and the debris, and many victims and first responders did not wear respirators.

It was reported in 2018 that at least 15 FBI agents had died from cancer due to their roles in the aftermath and investigation of the attack. Further, a medical director of the World Trade Center Health Program at Mount Sinai Hospital reported in 2018 that out of the approximately 10,000 first responders and others who were at Ground Zero and have developed cancer as a result, more than 2,000 have died due to 9/11 related illnesses. The Uniformed Firefighters Association of Greater New York also reported over 170 deaths of firefighters due to 9/11-related illnesses, and that roughly 1 in 8 firefighters who were at Ground Zero have developed cancer. At least 221 policemen have died in the years since 2001 from illnesses related to the attacks in New York City.

In 2020, the NYPD confirmed that 247 NYPD police officers had died due to 9/11-related illnesses. In September 2022, the FDNY confirmed that the total number of firefighters that died due to 9/11-related illnesses was 299. Both agencies believe that the death toll will rise dramatically in the coming years. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Police Department (PAPD), which is the law enforcement agency which has jurisdiction over the World Trade Center due to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey owning the site, has confirmed that four of its police officers have died of 9/11-related illnesses. The chief of the PAPD at the time, Joseph Morris, made sure that industrial-grade respirators were provided to all PAPD police officers within 48 hours and decided that the same 30 to 40 police officers would be stationed at the World Trade Center pile, drastically lowering the number of total PAPD personnel who would be exposed to the air. The FDNY and NYPD had rotated hundreds, if not thousands, of different personnel from all over New York City to the pile which exposed so many of them to dust that would give them cancer or other diseases years or decades later. Also, they were not given adequate respirators and breathing equipment that could have prevented future diseases.

On September 25, 2023, the FDNY reported that with the death of EMT Hilda Vannata and retired firefighter Robert Fulco, marking the 342nd and 343rd deaths from 9/11-related illnesses, the department had now lost the same number of firefighters, EMTs, and civilian members to 9/11-related illnesses as it did on the day of the attacks.

Forensic identification
Identifications through DNA can be made by comparing the DNA profile of reference samples with those found in the human remains, through obtaining samples from personal items (toothbrush/hairbrush), banked biological samples, relatives, or other identified remains. The extreme heat, pressures and contamination from the collapse of the buildings has caused some of the DNA to become degraded and unusable. Samples were also degraded because some body fragments remained in the rubble for 8 to 10 months. In response to this, the medical examiner's office and other scientific groups created new techniques to process the bone fragments. The Associated Press reported that the medical examiner's office possesses "about 10,000 unidentified bone and tissue fragments that cannot be matched to the list of the dead". Bone fragments were still being found in 2006 as workers prepared the damaged Deutsche Bank Building for demolition.

In order to extract the DNA, medical examiners pulverize the fragments, and compare the extracted DNA to the collection of genetic material from victims and/or their relatives, with scientists revisiting bone fragments multiple times in an attempt to identify the victims.

Identification

2010s
, a total of 2,753 death certificates had been filed relating to the attacks. Of these, 1,588 (58%) were forensically identified from recovered physical remains.

On April 17, 2013, five possible remains were recovered after being sifted at Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island. The medical examiner said evidence of a possible victim of the attacks was recovered as well two days later. On June 21, 2013, the medical examiner's office matched its 1,637th victim, a 43-year-old woman, to its list of victims as a result of DNA testing of debris collected from the site. By family request, her name was not released. On July 5, 2013, the medical examiner's office identified the remains of FDNY firefighter Lt. Jeffrey P. Walz, 37, after they were retested. His remains were recovered months after the attack and was the 1,638th victim forensically identified.

On August 7, 2017, the medical examiner's office matched its 1,641st victim. The victim was identified through retesting of DNA from remains recovered in 2001. In 2017 it was reported that only 1,641 victims, or just under 60%, had identified remains. On July 25, 2018, the medical examiner's office matched its 1,642nd victim. The victim, 26-year-old Scott Michael Johnson, was identified through the retesting of DNA from remains recovered in 2001. , three additional victims were successfully identified over the course of the year, bringing the total number of identified victims to 1,645. 1,108 remaining victims, representing 40% of those who perished in the World Trade Center attacks were still yet to be identified.

2020s
In 2021, four days before the 20th anniversary of the attacks, the New York City Medical Examiner's Office announced that the identification of the 1,646th and 1,647th persons: Dorothy Morgan of Hempstead, Long Island, and an unnamed man whose identity was withheld at the request of his family.

On September 8, 2023, the New York City Medical Examiner's Office announced that it had identified two more people using new DNA technology. The identities of these two people, the 1,648th and 1,649th people to be identified forensically, were withheld from release at the request of the victims' families. As of September 11th, 2023, 1,104 victims have yet to be identified.

See also
 List of victims of the September 11 attacks
 Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks
 Alicia Esteve Head, self-proclaimed survivor of the attacks who was later revealed to be a fraud
 Killing of Henryk Siwiak  aside from the terrorist attacks, the only homicide recorded in New York City for September 11, 2001
 September 11th Families for Peaceful Tomorrows
 World Trade Center Health Program

Notes

References

Further reading

  The story of Carol O'Neill, wife of a founder of Sandler O'Neill, which lost 67 of 180 employees.

External links

September 11 attacks


USS Orestes (AGP-10) was a motor torpedo boat tender that served in the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946.

Orestes was laid down as landing ship tank USS LST–135 at Chicago Bridge and Iron Company, Seneca, Illinois, on 8 July 1943, and launched on 16 November 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Bernard Sharp. Prior to completion, she was converted into a motor torpedo boat tender at Maryland Drydock Company, Baltimore, Maryland. Redesignated AGP-10, she was commissioned as USS Orestes (AGP–10) on 25 April 1944.

Successfully concluding her shakedown out of Hampton Roads, Virginia, on 23 May 1944, Orestes prepared for World War II duty in the Pacific. Departing Chesapeake Bay on 5 June 1944, she transited the Panama Canal and, after a stop-over at Bora Bora, sailed on to New Guinea. She began motor torpedo boat tending operations at Aitape on 23 August 1944, transferred to Mios Woendi a month later, and on 12 November 1944 joined General Douglas MacArthur’s Philippines invasion forces at Leyte. In the Leyte area control of the air was still disputed and Japanese air attacks were numerous. On 24 November 1944 Orestes’ gunners got their first confirmed kills, two Mitsubishi A6M “Zeke” (Zero) fighters.

Late on January 4, 1945, while Orestes was in a Mindoro-bound convoy designated "Uncle plus 15" with 30 patrol torpedo boats (PT boats) and 50 other vessels, Japanese planes made life tenuous. On 30 December 1944, an Aichi D3A “Val” dive bomber came in low on the starboard side and crashed into Orestes amidships, causing heavy damage and killing 45 members of her crew. In a series of sweeps by boat PT-350, commanded by Lieutenant Thomas A. Dent (USNR), about 70 men were rescued from the burning Orestes. Fifteen more were plucked from the sea.  Lieutenant Dent was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for heroism in the saving of the lives of American Naval personnel in action. Accompanying landing craft infantry (LCIs) finally brought the resulting fires under control and Orestes was beached. Landing ship tank USS LST-708 later towed Orestes back to Leyte on 27 January 1945, and after temporary repairs Orestes departed Leyte on 24 February 1945 on a slow voyage back to the United States, arriving at Terminal Island, California, on 13 May 1945. There shipyard personnel went to work and 202,500 man-hours of labor later they had completely rejuvenated Orestes.

Orestes departed the United States on a second trip to the Pacific war zone on 8 August 1945, but the war with Japan ended on 15 August 1945 and the Japanese surrender had been formalized (on 2 September 1945) by the time she reached Guinan Harbor, Samar, in the Philippines. Orestes served under the Commander Motor Torpedo Boats, Philippine Sea Frontier, until 17 December 1945, when she sailed eastward with naval passengers for Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and the United States, arriving at San Pedro, California, on 3 February 1946.

Orestes made a month-long round trip to the Panama Canal Zone, then was deactivated. She decommissioned on 29 April 1946 at Oakland, California, and was struck from the Navy List on 23 April 1947. She was transferred to the Maritime Commission on 15 March 1948 and then was sold to the Walter W. Johnson Company of San Francisco for scrapping.

Orestes received two battle stars for her World War II service.

References

External links
 Photo gallery at navsource.org

Portunus-class motor torpedo boat tenders
Portunus-class motor torpedo boat tenders converted from LST-1-class ships
Ships built in Seneca, Illinois
Ships built in Baltimore
1943 ships
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Maritime incidents in December 1944


Illinois Vietnam Veterans Memorial honors the 2,970 Illinois residents who are listed as killed or listed as missing in action during the Vietnam War.  Dedicated in 1988, the Memorial includes the names of the dead or missing carved in black granite walls that radiate from the central eternal flame.  Supporting the flame are five vertical gray granite walls, each representing a branch of the armed services.  A vigil and memorial service is held each year on the first full weekend in May and on Memorial Day, as well as the first Saturday in December.

The Memorial is maintained by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency as a state historic site, and is located at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois.

References

External links
 Illinois Vietnam Veterans Memorial

Eternal flames
Illinois State Historic Sites
Monuments and memorials in Illinois
Tourist attractions in Springfield, Illinois
Buildings and structures in Springfield, Illinois
1988 sculptures
1988 establishments in Illinois
Granite sculptures in Illinois
Outdoor sculptures in Illinois


Funaafou or Funa'afou is an artificial island built on the reef in the Lau Lagoon off the northeast coast of Malaita Island. Administratively, it is in the Malaita Province of the Solomon Islands. Funa'afou island, which is near the edge of the Makwanu Passage, has about 200 inhabitants. It is the first artificial Island built in the Lau lagoon. According to history, the people of Baleo tribe are the first descendants of Funafou Islands

References

External links
 Funaafou on Solomonislands.com.sb

Islands of the Solomon Islands


The 308th Bombardment Wing is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with Far East Air Forces at Nagoya, Japan, where it was inactivated on 30 June 1948.

The wing served in combat with Fifth Air Force from February 1944 to August 1945, operating as a task force with various groups and squadrons that were attached for brief periods. It earned a Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation for its actions on Leyte and Luzon.  The 308th became part of the occupation force from 1945 to 1947 when it was stripped of all personnel, remaining a paper unit until it was inactivated.

History

Background
General George C. Kenney, commander of Far East Air Forces (FEAF), developed the concept in late 1942 for an "Air Task Force“ to be located at an advanced base.  The Air Task Force was to be a streamlined operational organization free from administrative duties so that it could concentrate on a given operation.  Once the operation was complete, components of the force could be returned to their parent organizations.   To implement this concept, the Buna Task Force (later renamed the 1st Air Task Force) was formed at Dobodura as a provisional organization, with its personnel drawn from the Fifth Air Force Advanced Echelon (ADVON), already located there.  The task force defended installations at Dobodura from enemy air and sea attack, attacked Japanese forces at Rabaul and dropped supplies to advanced forces fighting at Lae and Saidor.

New Guinea
On 1 Feb 44 the provisional Air Task Force was transformed into the 308th Bombardment Wing. The wing began to establish air bases at Saidor, Cape Gloucester and Finschhafen.  The wing's ADVON moved to Finschhafen and almost at once began to support the landings on Momote by the 1st Cavalry Division with fighter cover, air resupply and limited air strikes.

The ADVON moved to Wakde one day after the infantry landed to establish a base to extend the range of Allied airpower in New Guinea.  The island seemed secure, so the infantry units were withdrawn from the island on 20 May.  However Japanese forces infiltrated the 308th's camp the following morning.  The camp was successfully defended by members of the wing's 303d Airdrome Squadron.  As the Wakde airstrip was being established, Japanese attacks continued and caused casualties among units attached to the wing.

The wing proceeded to Biak to establish airfields for the forthcoming Morotai offensive. but strong resistance delayed the offensive on the island beyond the date when the airfields were planned to become operational, so nearby Owi Island was reconnoitered and proved to be a better base.  The last resistance on Owi ended when wing Consolidated B-24 Liberators attacked on 22 July, destroying the last enemy stronghold.  A Japanese attempt to reinforce the island was beaten back by wing North American B-25 Mitchells, which sank three ships, damaged two, and turned the reinforcements back.

Wing fighters covered the Noemfoor landings.  Extensive strikes by the wing were able to keep enemy airfields in the region non-operational.  During this period wing Mitchell bombers became the first American planes to strike the Philippines since the defeat there in May 1942.  During operations from Owi and Biak wing fighters scored 28 victories over enemy aircraft and 55 more were destroyed on ground.  In addition, shipping strikes resulted in 30 freighters plus 91 smaller craft sunk while over 200 more were damaged.

Philippine Islands

The wing did not resume operations until September when it began attacks from Hollandia. On 22 Oct 1944 it landed at Tacloban in the Philippines Only two days later as preparation of the airfield had barely begun, Tacloban was used as an emergency strip by Navy planes engaged in the Battle of Leyte Gulf because their carriers were under attack. The incomplete strip handled a landing every 2 minutes, some crashing because of the soft uneven nature of the strip.  Japanese strafers arrived during the recovery operation, but two hours later, 59 Navy planes had been prepared to enter combat again On the 27th the field was ready for the Lockheed P-38 Lightnings of the 49th Fighter Group.  These fighters initially concentrated on defending the Leyte beachhead, but as fighter strength increased, Japanese air attacks were limited to night raids. During operations on Leyte, in addition to merchant shipping, wing aircraft destroyed one cruiser, eight destroyers, and two destroyer escort.  375 enemy aircraft were destroyed as the 308th achieved air superiority before handing over Leyte at the end of December.

In Jan 45 the wing assumed responsibility for Lingayen with its headquarters at Binmaley. It supported I Corps and guerrilla forces most of which were concentrated on northern Luzon.  Wing aircraft flew hundreds of close air support missions near Baguio.  Japanese air opposition in the Philippines had been reduced to the extent that wing fighters were diverted from providing air cover to close air support missions. The 308th began attacks on Formosa, concentrating on chemical factories providing materiel for aviation fuel and explosives.  It attacked Hong Kong and Canton to isolate Japanese forces there.

The wing arrived in Okinawa in late June where it served as the ADVON for both Fifth Air Force and Far East Air Forces, assuming Operational Control of all land based aircraft on the island including Navy and Marine aircraft until Seventh Air Force headquarters arrived the following month.

Occupation Duty
The wing moved to Korea late in 1945 and became part of the occupation force. It transferred without personnel and equipment to Japan in 1947 and was not remanned. The unit inactivated on 30 June 1948.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 308th Bombardment Wing, Heavy on 20 January 1944
 Activated on 1 February 1944
 Redesignated 308th Bombardment Wing, Light in March 1946
 Inactivated on 30 June 1948

Assignments
 Fifth Air Force, 1 February 1944 – 31 August 1945
 Far East Air Forces, 1 September 1945 – 30 June 1948

Stations

 Oro Bay (Cape Sudest) Airfield, New Guinea, 1 February 1944
 Owi Airfield, Schouten Islands, Netherlands East Indies, 2 July 1944
 Hollandia, Netherlands East Indies, 10 August 1944
 Tacloban Airfield, Leyte, Philippines, 22 October 1944
 San Marcelino Airfield, Luzon, Philippines, 11 January 1945

 Motobu Airfield, Okinawa, Japan, 16 June 1945
 Seoul, Korea, 22 September 1945
 Kimpo, Korea, 7 January 1946
 Nagoya, Japan, March 1947 – 30 June 1948

Components
Groups
 3d Air Commando Group: (attached, 26 January 1945 – 18 May 1945)
 49th Fighter Group: 5 June 1944 – 11 July 1944; 26 September – 8 December 1944
 475th Fighter Group: 1 February 1946 – 22 March 1947 (attached 1 February 1944 –  24 March 1944; ca. 23 September 1945 – ca. 31 January 1946)
 Groups attached for brief periods between 1 February 1944 and 1 September 1945

 3d Bombardment Group
 8th Fighter Group
 18th Fighter Group
 22d Bombardment Group
 35th Fighter Group

 38th Bombardment Group
 43d Bombardment Group
 58th Fighter Group
 90th Bombardment Group
 312th Bombardment Group

 345th Bombardment Group
 348th Fighter Group
 375th Troop Carrier Group
 417th Bombardment Group
 494th Bombardment Group

Operational Squadrons
 4th Reconnaissance Squadron: (attached 22 October 1945 – 14 April 1946)
 26th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron: 21 November 1945 – 20 February 1946 (attached 22 October 1945 – 21 November 1945)
 160th Liaison Squadron: 25 March 1946 – 20 May 1946 (attached ca. 22 September 1945 – 25 March 1946)
 418th Night Fighter Squadron: (attached 1 February 1944 – ca 15 May 1944, 9 July 1945 – ca. 30 July 1945)
 547th Night Fighter Squadron: (attached 16 January 1945 – February 1945)

Navy and Marine units attached in Okinawa

 MAG 24
 MAG 32
 VMF-115
 VMF-211

 VMF-218
 VMF-313
 VMF(N)-541
 VB-117

Awards and Campaigns

References

Notes

Bibliography

Military units and formations established in 1944
Military units and formations disestablished in 1948
Bombardment wings of the United States Army Air Forces


Street Corner is a 1953 British drama film. It was written by Muriel and Sydney Box and directed by Muriel. It was marketed as Both Sides of the Law in the United States. While it is not quite a documentary, the film depicts the daily routine of women in the police force from three different angles. It was conceived as a female version of the 1950 film The Blue Lamp.

It was shot at Pinewood Studios and on location around London. The film's sets were designed by the art director Cedric Dawe.

Plot
The three plotlines concern a female army deserter guilty of bigamy; a toddler neglected and beaten by its stepmother; and an 18-year-old married mother who is caught shoplifting and gets involved with a jewel thief. The film climaxes in a police dog's attack on a criminal.

Cast
 Peggy Cummins as Bridget Foster
 Terence Morgan as Ray
 Anne Crawford as Susan
 Rosamund John as Sergeant Pauline Ramsey
 Barbara Murray as WPC Lucy
 Sarah Lawson as Joyce
 Ronald Howard as David Evans
 Eleanor Summerfield as Edna Hurran
 Michael Medwin as Chick Farrar
 Charles Victor as Muller
 Anthony Oliver as Stanley Foster
 Harold Lang as Len
 Dora Bryan as Prostitute
 Eunice Gayson as Janet
 Michael Hordern as Detective Inspector Heron
 Maurice Denham as Mr Dawson
 Yvonne Marsh as Elsa
 Isabel George as Helen
 Nelly Arno as woman customer
Dandy Nichols as Mrs Furness - Neighbour (uncredited)

Critical reception
The Movie Review Warehouse wrote of Muriel Box's direction that "she doesn’t do anything terribly innovative with the camera, but she does know how to tell a story effectively, which is often a rarer skill in the film world".

References

Bibliography
 Harper, Sue and Porter, Vincent. British Cinema of the 1950s: The Decline of Deference. Oxford University Press, 2007.

External links

1953 films
British black-and-white films
British crime drama films
Films directed by Muriel Box
1953 crime drama films
Films set in London
Films shot in London
British crime thriller films
Films produced by Sydney Box
Films with screenplays by Sydney Box
Films with screenplays by Muriel Box
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
1950s crime thriller films
Films shot at Station Road Studios, Elstree
1950s English-language films
1950s British films
English-language crime drama films
English-language crime thriller films


The Atlanta Braves are a Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise based in Atlanta. They play in the National League East division. They were based in Milwaukee and Boston before moving to Atlanta for the 1966 season. The first game of the new baseball season for a team is played on Opening Day, and being named the Opening Day starter is an honor, which is often given to the player who is expected to lead the pitching staff that season, though there are various strategic reasons why a team's best pitcher might not start on Opening Day. The Atlanta Braves have used 22 different Opening Day starting pitchers in their 57 seasons in Atlanta. The 22 starters have a combined Opening Day record of 15 wins, 23 losses and 19 no decisions. No decisions are only awarded to the starting pitcher if the game is won or lost after the starting pitcher has left the game.

Hall of Famer Phil Niekro holds the Atlanta Braves' record for most Opening Day starts, with eight. Greg Maddux had seven for the team and Julio Teherán was featured six consecutive times from 2014 to 2019. Rick Mahler had five while Tom Glavine and John Smoltz have each made four Opening Day starts for the Braves.  Maddux has the record for most wins in Atlanta Braves Opening Day starts, with five.  Mahler has the highest winning percentage in Opening Day starts (1.000), with four wins and no losses with one no decision.  All of Mahler's four victories were shutouts, including three in consecutive years (1985 to 1987) by identical scores of 6–0.  Niekro has the record for most losses in Atlanta Braves Opening Day starts, with six.

From 1972 through 1980, the Braves lost nine consecutive Opening Day games. In those games, their starting pitchers had a record of no wins, six losses and three no decisions.  Niekro had five of the losses during this streak, and Carl Morton had the other.  Morton, Gary Gentry and Andy Messersmith had no decisions during the streak.  One of the most famous Opening Day games in baseball history occurred during this stretch. That was the game on April 4, 1974, against the Cincinnati Reds at Riverfront Stadium, when Hank Aaron hit his 714th career home run to tie Babe Ruth's all-time record.  Carl Morton was Atlanta's starting pitcher for that game, and received a no decision.

Overall, Atlanta Braves Opening Day starting pitchers have a record of 4–5 with four no decisions at Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium, their original home ball park in Atlanta. They have a 3–3 record with three no decisions at their second home park in Atlanta, Turner Field. At their current home park of Truist Park, originally named SunTrust Park, they have a 0–1 record with one no decision. This gives the Atlanta Braves' Opening Day starting pitchers a combined home record 7–9 with eight no decisions.  Their away record is 8–14 with eleven no decisions.  The Braves went on to play in the World Series in 1991, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1999 and 2021, winning the 1995 and 2021 iterations.  John Smoltz was the Opening Day starting pitcher in 1991, Tom Glavine in 1992 and 1999, Greg Maddux in 1995 and 1996, and Max Fried in 2021.  They have a combined Opening Day record of 3–2 in years that the Atlanta Braves played in the World Series.

Key

Pitchers

Footnotes
  Tony Cloninger had one Opening Day start for the Atlanta Braves in 1966.  He also had one Opening Day start for the Milwaukee Braves in 1965, giving him a total of two Opening Day starts for the Braves' franchise.

References
General

Specific

Opening day starters
Lists of Major League Baseball Opening Day starting pitchers


"Takin' Back My Love" is a song by Spanish singer and songwriter Enrique Iglesias featuring American singer Ciara. It is the second single from his English greatest hits album Greatest Hits. The song was produced by RedOne who was a co-writer of the song alongside Iglesias and Frankie Storm.

The original version of the song features R&B singer Ciara and was released internationally. A second version which features pop singer Sarah Connor in place of Ciara was released in Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria, Poland and other parts of central Europe. In France, the song was re-recorded with the French R&B singer Tyssem singing her portion of the song in French and re-titled "Takin' Back My Love (Sans l'ombre d'un remord)".

Release and promotion
Iglesias first performed the song in on the French TV show Star Academy as a duet with one of the contestants, Gaultier. The performance was enthusiastically received by the show's audience and the judges who gave the pair a standing ovation. This performance propelled the Ciara version of the song debut at #3 in France.

Iglesias and Ciara both performed the single for the first time at the 2009 Pro Bowl Half-time Show in Hawaii.

Due to studio commitments Ciara had to pull out of promotion for the single and Australian singer Gabriella Cilmi was asked to lend her vocals to most of the European promo. So far they have performed the song on the Dutch TV show Life & Cooking, The Paul O'Grady Show, Loose Women and The Alan Titchmarsh Show in the United Kingdom as well as the Meteor Music Awards in Ireland.

Iglesias has performed the song with Sarah Connor on the German show "Nur die Liebe zählt".

Ciara performed the single alone in London, as a part of her set during the European leg of Britney Spears' worldwide tour The Circus Starring Britney Spears.

Iglesias and Ciara both performed the single for the second time together in London, at the 2009 Capital FM Summertime Ball.

Critical reception
Digital Spy said that "Takin' Back My Love" finds Iglesias acting out a break-up with 'Goodies' singer Ciara. 'Go ahead just leave, can't hold you, you're free', he wails with typical passion. Not too keen on her impending single status, Ciara replies: 'What did I do but give love to you? I'm just confused as I stand here and look at you.' With its Europoppy beat and suitably dramatic chorus, this manages to pack an emotional punch while also remaining appealingly cheesy".

Billboard gave the song a positive review: "Thanks to a global fan base, Enrique Iglesias' dance duet "Takin' Back My Love" is already a hit on the European Hot 100 and a top 10 in Germany and France. RedOne, best known for his framework on Kat DeLuna's 'Whine Up' and Lady GaGa's two recent No. 1s, lends his party song production talents. Pop star Sarah Connor recorded a version with Iglesias, which has been popular in Europe, but Ciara is better paired with the Latin pop star, with their soft and sensual vocal styles. The synth sounds pinball off one another as Iglesias belts through the choruses and Ciara's panting rounds out the single, which is also riding the Hot Dance Club Play chart".

Music video
The video was shot in Los Angeles on 13 January 2009 and directed by the Norwegian director Ray Kay, who helmed Christina Milian's "Us Against the World" clip, amongst many other videos for R&B music artists. The video was released in February 2009.

The entire music video is shot under blue-screen to give off a radiant but monotone color set. The music video opens up viewing portraits of Iglesias and Ciara, then an ironic switch showing the two arguing and pushing back and forth outside of the house. The two part ways, and the song begins with Iglesias's first verse. He sings as the video randomly shoots back to a scene where Ciara is up against a wall. The chorus enters as Iglesias is shown throwing things off a counter and out of drawers.

The next verse enters Ciara walking in the room apparently angry at Iglesias. As she sings her verse, she proceeds to pick up a jacket that reads "From C, with Love" and heads to the pool and throws the jacket in the water. What ensues shortly after is a back and forth argument involving the two destroying the house, from Iglesias throwing dishes and glasses out of the refrigerator, to Ciara burning songbooks and pouring paint on top of his car. Then, the
two briefly meet in the dining room of the house, where they obviously still have feelings for one another. They then kiss and perform sexual dance-like moves against each other. Then, as Ciara comes back to reality and snatches his hand from her, the two immediately go right back to arguing and destroying what is left of the house. As the video closes, the two are seen in a destroyed dining room with lights flickering on and off, approaching each other once again. Iglesias then grabs Ciara, and the video ends with the two kissing and smiling.

A music video for the version featuring Sarah Connor was released in March 2009, it is intercut with scenes from the music video that was made for the version featuring Ciara.

The Connor version shows the same story (including Ciara) but instead of the scenes where Ciara sings in front of a wall, Connor is shown singing and dancing in a room that seems to be in the same house that Iglesias and Ciara are destroying. The video also randomly shoots to a scene where Iglesias confesses his actions to Connor, implying that Connor sings the emotions and thoughts of Ciara. Pictures of Ciara can be seen in the video with Connor.

The Ciara version music video has been viewed over 236 million times on YouTube.

Formats and track listings
UK digital single (Released: 23 March 2009)
"Takin' Back My Love" (feat. Ciara) - 3:51
"Takin' Back My Love" (feat. Ciara) (Moto Blanco Radio Mix) - 3:51
"Takin' Back My Love" (Video) - 3:57

France CD single (Released: 9 March 2009)
"Takin' Back My Love" (feat. Tyssem) (Sans L'Ombre D'Un Remord) - 3:51
"Takin' Back My Love" (feat. Ciara) (Main Version) - 3:51
"Takin' Back My Love" (feat. Ciara) (Junior Caldera Club Remix) - 5:20
"Takin' Back My Love" (feat. Ciara) (Glam As You Club Mix) - 7:59

German CD single (Released: 23 March 2009)
"Takin' Back My Love" (feat. Sarah Connor) (Radio Mix) – 3:50
"Takin' Back My Love" (feat. Sarah Connor) (Alternate Mix) – 3:50
"Takin' Back My Love" (feat. Sarah Connor) (Video) - 3:57

Chart performance
"Takin' Back My Love" became an international hit debuting at #3 on French Singles Chart on 17 January 2009, with 3,137 copies sold, being ex aequo with the number two. The single debuted at #14 on the Eurochart Hot 100 chart after its first week of release where it peaked for two weeks and then jumped 10 spots to #4.

In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at #88. It peaked at #12. In Ireland, the song managed a peak of #7. The single went gold in Russia with 100,000 copies sold.

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications and sales

See also
 List of Romanian Top 100 number ones of the 2000s

References

2009 singles
Ciara songs
Sarah Connor (singer) songs
Enrique Iglesias songs
Song recordings produced by RedOne
Male–female vocal duets
Music videos directed by Ray Kay
Number-one singles in Romania
Songs written by Enrique Iglesias
Songs written by RedOne
2008 songs
Electropop ballads
Interscope Records singles
2000s ballads


"Sister Fate" is a song by Sheila E. from the album Romance 1600. It was released as the first single from the album in 1985. The album version of the song features an organ and percussion intro and has a running time of 3:50; the single version omits the intro and has a running time of 3:39.

Music video
The video introduced a new image for Sheila E., dressed in a brocaded "cloud jacket" that harkened back to Prince's "cloud suit" from his contemporaneously (1985) released video "Raspberry Beret". At the timestamp of 3:06 within the video, an image of Prince from "Raspberry Beret" is superimposed for one second over a newspaper graphic with the headline "WHO IS SHEILA E.'S MYSTERY LOVE?"

Chart performance
The song stalled on the charts and went no higher than number 36 on the R&B charts, and did not chart on the Hot 100. It peaked at number 8 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart. Because of the under performance of "Sister Fate", the second single, "A Love Bizarre" (which featured Prince) was rush released.

Formats and track listings
US 7"
 "Sister Fate" (edit) – 3:39
 "Sister Fate" (instrumental) – 3:39

US 12"
 "Sister Fate" (extended) – 5:45
 "Save the People" – 8:28

Personnel
Credits from Duane Tudahl and Benoît Clerc

Sheila E. – lead and backing vocals, drums, Simmons SDS-V, congas, cowbells, timbales, shaker, cymbal
Prince – Yamaha DX7, Hammond organ, piano, bass guitar, Linn LM-1, handclaps
Ken Grey – Yamaha DX7 (album intro)
Steph Birnbaum – electric guitars
Benny Rietveld – bass guitar (album intro)
Eddie M. – saxophone

Charts

References

1985 singles
1985 songs
Sheila E. songs
Songs written by Prince (musician)
Paisley Park Records singles
Song recordings produced by Prince (musician)


A list of the English-language Earthdawn books with their SKU numbers. Earthdawn has also had German, French, Japanese  and Polish editions.

Earthdawn was created and published by FASA Corporation from 1993 to 1999. This is known as the First Edition. The license was subsequently picked up by three companies, the first two being Living Room Games, who published the Second Edition from 2001 to 2006, and RedBrick, who published a revised First Edition termed Earthdawn Classic from 2005 to 2008 and a Third Edition from 2009 until 2012. FASA Games Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of FASA Corporation, announced a Fourth Edition via Kickstarter in 2013, released in 2014. The third company to utilize the Earthdawn IP under license from FASA was Vagrant Workshop, who published the Age of Legend edition in 2016.

FASA Releases - First Edition
 Earthdawn Game System. 6000 (hardcover) / 6001 (softcover)
 Earthdawn Gamemaster Pack. 6002
 Barsaive (boxed set). 6100
 Denizens of Earthdawn, Volume 1. 6101
 Denizens of Earthdawn, Volume 2. 6102
 Legends of Earthdawn, Volume 1. 6103
 Parlainth: The Forgotten City (boxed set). 6104
 Creatures of Barsaive. 6105
 The Adept's Way. 6106
 Horrors. 6107
 Sky Point & Vivane (boxed set). 6108
 Serpent River. 6109
 The Book of Exploration. Legends of Earthdawn, Volume 2. 6110
 Throal: The Dwarf Kingdom. 6111
 Earthdawn Survival Guide. 6112
 The Blood Wood. 6113
 The Theran Empire. 6114
 Secret Societies of Barsaive. 6115
 Crystal Raiders of Barsaive. 6116
 Ork Nation of Cara Fahd. 6117
 Earthdawn Companion. 6200.
 Magic: A Manual of Mystic Secrets. 6201.
 Arcane Mysteries of Barsaive. 6202.
 Mists of Betrayal. 6301
 Terror in the Skies. 6302
 Infected. 6303
 Parlainth Adventures. 6304
 Shattered Pattern. 6305
 Sky Point Adventures. 6306
 Blades. 6307
 Throal Adventures. 6308
 Prelude to War. 6401
 Earthdawn novels (see below).
  3 Promo-Flyers

Living Room Games Releases - First Edition
 Path of Deception. LRG-100.
 Barsaive at War. LRG-101.

Living Room Games Releases - Second Edition
 Earthdawn Rulebook, Second Edition. LRG-200.
 Earthdawn Companion. LRG-201.
 Barsaive in Chaos. LRG-202.
 The Gamemaster's Screen. LRG-203.
 Scourge Unending. LRG ED-204. .
 Way of War: Makers of Legend Vol 1. LRG-205.
 The Book of Dragons. LRG-206.
 The Wanderer’s Way: Makers of Legend Vol. 2. LRG-207.
 Dangerous Goods. LRG-208. Unpublished
 Way of Will: Makers of Legend Vol. 3. LRG-209. Unpublished
 Corrupted Lands. LRG-210. Unpublished
 Cities of Barsaive. LRG-211. Unpublished

RedBrick Releases - Classic Edition
 Earthdawn Player's Compendium. RBL-100.
 Earthdawn Gamemaster's Compendium. RBL-101.
 Earthdawn Character Folio. RBL-102.
 Earthdawn Adventure Log. RBL-103.
 Earthdawn Name-giver's Compendium. RBL-200.
 Nations of Barsaive: Volume One. RBL-201
 Kratas: City of Thieves. RBL-202
 Ardanyan's Revenge. RBL-300.
 Earthdawn Adventure Compendium. RBL-301.
 Burning Desires. RBL-302.
 Shards Collection: Volume One. RBL-303.
 Kaer Tardim. RBL-500.
 Character Record Sheets. RBL-501.
 Spell Library. RBL-502.
 Spell Design. RBL-503.
 Discipline Design. RBL-504.
 Barsaive Map. RBL-505.
 Rites of Protection and Passage. RBL-506.
 Kratas Character Codex. RBL-507.
 Journey to Lang: An Earthdawn Shard. RBL-700.
 Runvir's Tomb: An Earthdawn Shard. RBL-701.
 Kept in the Dark: An Earthdawn Shard. RBL-702.
 Pale River: An Earthdawn Shard. RBL-703.
 Tournament Troubles: An Earthdawn Shard. RBL-704.
 Blackout: An Earthdawn Shard. RBL-705.
 Betrayal's Sting: An Earthdawn Shard. RBL-706.
 Westhrall's Passage: An Earthdawn Shard. RBL-707
 A Tear for Jaspree: An Earthdawn Shard. RBL-708
 FASA eBooks.
 Earthdawn novels (see below).

RedBrick also published Savage Worlds editions of some Earthdawn books:
 Earthdawn Player's Guide (Savage Worlds Edition) [RB12001], 2012.
 Earthdawn Game Master's Guide (Savage Worlds Edition) [RB12002], 2012.

RedBrick Releases - Third Edition

Corebooks
 Earthdawn Player's Guide. MGP6141
 Earthdawn Gamemaster's Guide. MGP6142
 Earthdawn Player's Companion. MGP6147
 Earthdawn Gamemaster's Companion. MGP6148
 Misguided Ambitions - An Introduction to Earthdawn.

Sourcebooks
 Kratas: City of Thieves. MGP6150
 Namegivers of Barsaive. MGP6151
 Nations of Barsaive 1: Throal. MGP6158
 Nations of Barsaive 2: Serpent River. MGP6159
 Nations of Barsaive 3: Cara Fahd. MGP6189
 Nations of Barsaive 4: Crystal Raiders. MGP6198
 Cathay: The Five Kingdoms Player's Guide. MGP 6175
 Cathay: The Five Kingdoms Gamemaster's Guide MGP 6176

Adventures
 Ardanyan's Revenge. MGP6153
 Shards Collection Volume One. MGP6154
 Shards Collection Volume Two. MGP6166
 Kratas Adventures. MGP6170
 Burning Desires. MGP6191

(RedBrick Third Edition releases were published under the Flaming Cobra Imprint of Mongoose Publishing)

RedBrick/FASA Games Releases - Revised Third Edition

Corebooks
 Earthdawn Player's Guide. FAS11001P

Sourcebooks
 Mists of Betrayal. FAS11101P

FASA Games Releases - Fourth Edition

Corebooks
 Earthdawn Quick Start, FAS14100
 Earthdawn Player's Guide, FAS14101
 Earthdawn Gamemaster's Guide, FAS14102
 Earthdawn Player's Companion, FAS14103
 Earthdawn Game Master's Screen, FAS14104
 Earthdawn Character Journal, FAS14105
 Earthdawn PDF Fillable Form Character Journal, FAS14106

Sourcebooks
 Travar: The Merchant City, FAS14201
 Elven Nations, FAS14202
 Questors, FAS14203
 The Adept's Journey: Mystic Paths, FAS14204
Iopos: Lair of Deceit, FAS14205
Empty Thrones, FAS14206
Vasgothia, FAS14207
Grand Bazaar, FAS14208

Adventures
 Legends of Barsaive 00A: Characters, FAS14401
 Legends of Barsaive 00: Haven, FAS14402
 Legends of Barsaive 01: Toys in the Attic, FAS14403
 Legends of Barsaive 02: Lip Service, FAS14404
 Legends of Barsaive 03: Separation Anxiety, FAS14405
 Legends of Barsaive 04: That Which Was Lost, FAS14406
 Legends of Barsaive 05: Games of the Hungry, FAS14407
 Legends of Barsaive 06: Glass Houses, FAS14408
 Legends of Barsaive 07: Heavy Metal Queen, FAS14409
Legends of Barsaive 08: Brain Scratch, FAS14410
Legends of Barsaive: Haven Volume 1, FAS14601

Vagrant Workshop Releases - The Age of Legend Edition

Corebook
 Earthdawn: The Age of Legend, v20160428

Sourcebook & Adventures
 Darranis: Details the town of Darranis, and provides three adventures in Darranis and its surrounding environs.

Novels
 Christopher Kubasik
 The Longing Ring, 1993,
 Mother Speaks, 1994,
 Poisoned Memories, 1994,
 Sam Lewis (editor), Talisman: A Short Story Anthology, 1994,
 Carl Sargent & Marc Gascoigne, Shroud of Madness, 1995,
 Greg Gorden, Prophecy, 1994,
 Nigel D. Findley, Lost Kaer, 1998
Jak Koke, Liferock: A Lost Novel of Earthdawn, 2003, Liferock: An Earthdawn Novel, 2010, RedBrick
 Caroline Spector, Immortals trilogy:Since the original Earthdawn novel series was canceled as the books were being written, the first two were first published as French and German translations in the 1990s.
Scars: A Lost Novel of Earthdawn, 2005, Scars: An Earthdawn Novel, 2010, RedBrick
 Little Treasures
 Worlds Without End, 1995,  & 2003, , as the 18th Shadowrun novel.
 Tim Jones, Anarya's Secret, 2007, RedBrick
 Hank Woon, Cathay:
 Dark Shadows of Yesterday, 2008, RedBrick
 Immortal Twilight, 2009, RedBrick
 Donovan Winch, Defiler's Curse, 2011, RedBrick

References

Earthdawn
Earthdawn
Earthdawn


The Ponta dos Rosais Lighthouse () is a beacon/lighthouse located along the 200 m cliffs of Ponta dos Rosais near Rosais in the extreme northwest of the island of São Jorge, in the Archipelago of the Azores, Portugal. It includes the main tower and several living quarters and auxiliary buildings constructed for the maintenance and operation of the lighthouse, currently abandoned and in ruins.  This includes structures such as a motor-pool, a communal hearth and a series of concrete lavoirs for washing, as well as the larger block devoted to administration and private residences.

History

There was already a notion, by 1890, that a beacon was necessary on the western coast of São Jorge, and a lighthouse was planned for the region.

In 1956, the project was continued by the Comissão Administrativa das Novas Instalações (Administrative Commission for New Installations), an arm of the Portuguese Navy (with a completion predicted for 1957). Yet, by that time the project continued to be audited by the Administrative Commission of the Navy.

At the conclusion of the building project (in 1958), the installation of the equipment began on 1 May, which included mounting of the dual-optical cathode beacon which permitted a 500-metre focal distance. Power was provided by groups of groups of engines that provided power to its 3000 watt/110 volt acetylene lamp. It was finally completed and inaugurated in 1964.  At the time of its construction, it was the most advanced lighthouse in the Portuguese network. It was also a self-sufficient complex, with residences for several families, an independent water supply and a power-source to operate independently from the rest of the parish.

Shortly after the lighthouse was completed, it was abandoned during the 1964 Rosais earthquake, when seismic events and an underwater eruption hit the Ponta dos Rosais, causing damage to 900 homes and 400 buildings in the parish of Rosais.  The earthquake caused enough panic to warrant the evacuation of its residents to the neighbouring island of Terceira, which included the temporary evacuation of the lighthouse families. Over time these fears were mitigated and life resumed at the complex.

There was a substitution of the main lamp for dioptic model with 150 mm focal distance, and with 50 watt/12 volt capacity and supported by batteries charged by photovoltaic solar panels. The change, although more efficient, allowed the beacon to be seen for .

Then, on 1 January 1980, a series of seismic events, in the order of 7 on the Richter magnitude scale caused destruction to homes on Terceira, Graciosa, Faial and São Jorge islands. These events caused significant damage to the structure of the lighthouse and buildings, necessitating a complete abandonment of the complex.

The lighthouse was automated and reopened on 5 July 1982.

References
Notes

Sources

Lighthouses completed in 1964
Ponta Rosais
Buildings and structures in Velas
Rosais


The Kyffhäuserbund () is an umbrella organization for war veterans' and reservists' associations in Germany based in Rüdesheim am Rhein. It owes its name to the Kyffhäuser Monument (), a memorial built on the summit of the 473 m high Kyffhäuser mountain near Bad Frankenhausen in the state of Thuringia in central Germany.

History
The Kyffhäuserbund's origins lie in a section of the Deutscher Kriegerbund () that established a league in 1900 that would unite the formerly scattered German war veterans' associations. Some of these organizations had already been administering the maintenance of the memorial together. The league was initially named Kyffhäuser League of the German Countries' Warriors Associations (), a name that became later abbreviated to Kyffhäuserbund. By 1913, this umbrella organization had already 2.8 million war veterans as its members and it had become one of the largest societies in Germany. During the time of the German Empire, the Kyffhäuserbund was instrumentalized against the growing social democratic movement in Germany.

The difficult circumstances of World War I's postwar years led to a significant shrinking of the veterans' associations and their role. During the Weimar Republic in 1921, this organization shed its federal structure and centralized itself under a common leadership. Following this step, it changed its name to German Warriors Association Kyffhäuser (). In the name of Gleichschaltung, the Kyffhäuserbund was nazified after the Nazi takeover of power in 1933. Five years later, its name was altered to Nationalsocialist Reich Warriors Association Kyffhäuser (), becoming the sole and exclusive organization representing the veterans' interests in the Third Reich.

The Kyffhäuserbund was swiftly and unceremoniously disbanded during World War II in March 1943 by Adolf Hitler himself. Apparently, the reason was the German defeat in the Battle of Stalingrad. Its assets in the whole Reich were transferred to the Nazi Party. All its surviving local associations, which in the last phase of the war effort became the breeding ground for Volkssturm units, were also placed under the direct orders of the Nazi Party. After Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II, the Allied military governments issued a special law, Kontrollratsgesetz Nr. 2, for the disbandment and liquidation of the Nazi organizations (Auflösung und Liquidierung der Naziorganisationen) on 10 October 1945. This denazification decree outlawed the Nazi Party and all of its branches, effectively disbanding the Kyffhäuserbund's avatar that had been established during the Third Reich.

The disbandment of the Kyffhäuserbund meant that it had to be established anew during the postwar reconstruction of both West and East Germany.

The reestablishment of the Kyffhäuser organization with federal state branches began in 1952 in West Germany. The present-day Kyffhäuserbund emphasizes its role as a shooting sports association.

Uniforms and Insignia

Like many other Nazi paramilitary organizations, they also had ranks and uniforms.

Notable Kyffhäuserverband members
 Ludwig Bergsträsser
 F. K. Otto Dibelius
 Martin Dibelius
 Johannes Dieckmann
 Hermann Ehlers
 Ferdinand Friedensburg
 Hans Fritzsche
 Heinrich George
 Hellmut von Gerlach
 Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg
 Helmut Hasse
 Richard Heinze
 Rudolf Heinze
 Otto Hoetzsch
 Hubertus, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg
 Gerhard Kittel
 Werner Kollath
 Wilhelm Kube
 Hanfried Lenz
 Max Maurenbrecher
 Joachim Mrugowsky
Ludwig Müller
 Friedrich Naumann
 Karl Ernst Osthaus
 Otto Peltzer
 Kurt Scharf
 Gustav Adolf Scheel
 Percy Ernst Schramm
 Rudi Stephan
 Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
 Ernst Wahle
 Kuno von Westarp

See also
 List of veterans organizations
 National Socialist War Victim's Care
 Der Stahlhelm

Notes and references

 Kyffhäuserbund e.V.
 Kyffhäuser-Bund der Deutschen Landeskriegerverbände e.V. (Historisches Lexikon Bayerns).
 Dieter Fricke et al.: Kyffhäuser-Bund der Deutschen Landeskriegerverbände (KB) 1900-1943. In: Dieter Fricke (Hrsg.): Die bürgerlichen Parteien in Deutschland. Berlin 1968, S.296–312.
 Karl Saul: Der "Deutsche Kriegerbund". Zur innenpolitischen Funktion eines nationalen Verbandes im kaiserlichen Deutschland. In: Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen (MGM). 2/1969. S.95–159.
 Karl Führer: Der "Deutsche Reichskriegerbund Kyffhäuser" 1930-1934. Politik, Ideologie und Funktion eines "unpolitischen" Verbandes. In: Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen (MGM). 2/1984. S.57–76.
 Heinz Kleene Das Kriegervereinswesen im Emsland zur Zeit des Kaiserreiches In: Jahrbuch des Emsländ. Heimatbundes Sögel 2005. S.137–159.

German veterans' organisations
Kyffhäuser
Non-profit organisations based in Hesse
Shooting sports organizations


Bouvrage is a soft drink produced by Ella Drinks Limited near Brechin, Angus, Scotland. The original Bouvrage is made with raspberry juice (as well as lightly carbonated water, sugar, citric acid and flavourings).
The company has since introduced two other drinks, one made with blaeberries and the other with strawberries.

The drink is generally sampled at food fairs in Scotland and is sold at delicatessens and independent food stores.

References

Scottish drinks
Angus, Scotland