"Use Somebody" is a song recorded by the American rock group Kings of Leon. It was the second single from the band's fourth studio album Only by the Night, and it entered American and British charts in early October 2008, three weeks after the album release. The single was augmented with a music video released a month later.

The single received heavy airplay in Scandinavia, the Republic of Ireland, Germany, the United Kingdom and Australia, where it was number one on the Official Airplay Chart for six consecutive weeks. It was a huge success in the U.S., where it topped multiple airplay formats and reached number four on the Hot 100 and number one on the Pop Songs chart.

The song received positive reviews and won Grammy Awards for Record of the Year, Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Rock Song. It was also nominated for Song of the Year. "Use Somebody" is written in the key of C major.

Critical reception
The song has received generally positive reviews from music critics. Mikael Wood of Entertainment Weekly called "Use Somebody" a highlight of the album, describing the song as "a too-cool hipster's cry for comfort". Nick Levine of Digital Spy said, "With its Springsteen-style 'oooah-woooah's, gathering storm of guitars and lusty, longing vocals from Caleb Followill, it's nearly as infectious as 'Sex on Fire'." Gavin Haynes of NME praised the song as "easily the best 80's power ballad of 2008", but cautioned that the band "may be in danger of mistaking bluster for brilliance".

Chart performance
In the United States, "Use Somebody" became the band's mainstream breakthrough. Peaking at number four on the Hot 100, it gave the band their first top five hit there, and spent 57 weeks on the chart. On United States radio, the song was a multi-format smash, becoming just the fourth song in history to top the Mainstream Top 40, Adult Top 40, Alternative Songs, and Triple A charts. (Preceding it were "Slide" by the Goo Goo Dolls, "Every Morning" by Sugar Ray, and "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" by Green Day.) The song first reached number one on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart (now called the "Alternative" chart), their second of three consecutive singles to top that chart. "Use Somebody" also reached number one on the Adult Top 40 chart, and later topped the Mainstream Top 40 chart as well. It reached over four million downloads in the US by July 2013.

In the United Kingdom, "Use Somebody" peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart and spent an unbroken 40 weeks on the chart, only dropping out due to the surge in sales of Michael Jackson titles immediately after his death; after an absence of just one week, it was back for another 20 weeks, peaking at number 25. It has reappeared on further occasions since, and has now spent 77 weeks on the top 75, making it the 14th longest runner of all time, six places behind "Sex on Fire" with its 90 weeks.

Music video
Directed by Sophie Muller, who also directed the video for "Sex on Fire" and would later direct "Radioactive", the video features tour footage of the band, in addition to Caleb singing while sitting on a sofa in a penthouse suite overlooking the New York City skyline at night.

Notable cover versions

The song has attracted many cover versions, with CBS affiliate Live 105 radio listing the top 10 covers and Stereogum website listing the top 15, both lists published in 2010.
 Pixie Lott performed a cover version of the song which peaked at number 41 on the UK Singles Chart, due to it being a B-side to her number one single "Mama Do (Uh Oh, Uh Oh)".
 Dutch singer Laura Jansen covered a piano ballad-version of "Use Somebody". The song debuted in the Dutch Top 40 chart. It entered the charts on the thirty-fifth spot but quickly rose towards number 14. Her cover was later remixed by Dutch DJ Armin van Buuren.
 English electronic music group Ultrabeat released their cover as a single in 2009. The song peaked at number 100 on the UK Singles Chart
 Scala & Kolacny Brothers covered the song with the all-girls choir for their album Circle. A video produced for their cover was nominated for an MTV Freshman Video Award.

Track listing
CD single
 "Use Somebody" – 3:51
 "Knocked Up" (Lykke Li vs. Rodeo Remix) – 5:34

iTunes exclusive EP
 "Use Somebody" – 3:51
 "Knocked Up" (Lykke Li vs. Rodeo Remix) – 5:34
 "Frontier City" – 3:36
 "The Bucket" (CSS Remix) – 3:43

Personnel
 Caleb Followill – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 Nathan Followill – drums, backing vocals
 Matthew Followill – lead guitar, backing vocals
 Jared Followill – bass, backing vocals

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

All-time charts

Certifications

See also
 List of best-selling singles
 List of best-selling singles in the United States
 List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number-one songs of 2009
 List of Ultratop 50 number-one singles of 2009
 List of Billboard number-one alternative singles of the 2000s

References

External links

2000s ballads
2008 singles
Kings of Leon songs
Songs written by Caleb Followill
Songs written by Nathan Followill
Songs written by Jared Followill
Songs written by Matthew Followill
Ultratop 50 Singles (Flanders) number-one singles
Grammy Award for Record of the Year
Music videos directed by Sophie Muller
Rock ballads
Grammy Award for Best Rock Song
Maggie Rose songs
2008 songs
Song recordings produced by Jacquire King
RCA Records singles
Sony Music singles


Sədiyan is a (Hamlet) village situated in the north of the municipality of Diyallı in the Ismailli Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Ismayilli District


Pachycara is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. The fishes in this genus are found in the Atlantic, Indian, Southern and Pacific Ocean.

Species
There are currently 29 recognized species in this genus:
 Pachycara alepidotum M. E. Anderson & Mincarone, 2006
 Pachycara angeloi Thiel, Kneblsberger, Kihara & Gerdes, 2021
 Pachycara andersoni Møller, 2003 (Anderson's eelpout)
 Pachycara arabica Møller, 2003 (Arabian eelpout)
 Pachycara brachycephalum  (Pappenheim, 1912)
 Pachycara bulbiceps (Garman, 1899) (Snub-nose eelpout)
 Pachycara caribbaeum M. E. Anderson, R. N. Somerville & Copley, 2016
 Pachycara cousinsi Møller & N. J. King 2007 (Brown eelpout)
 Pachycara crassiceps (Roule, 1916)
 Pachycara crossacanthum M. E. Anderson, 1989
 Pachycara dolichaulus M. E. Anderson, 2006
 Pachycara garricki M. E. Anderson, 1990
 Pachycara goni M. E. Anderson, 1991
 Pachycara gymninium M. E. Anderson & Peden, 1988 (Naked-nape eelpout)
 Pachycara karenae M. E. Anderson, 2012
 Pachycara lepinium M. E. Anderson & Peden, 1988 (Scaly-nape eelpout)
 Pachycara matallanasi Corbella & Møller, 2014
 Pachycara mesoporum M. E. Anderson, 1989
 Pachycara microcephalum (A. S. Jensen, 1902)
 Pachycara moelleri Shinohara, 2012
 Pachycara nazca M. E. Anderson & Bluhm, 1997
 Pachycara pammelas M. E. Anderson, 1989
 Pachycara priedei Møller & N. J. King, 2007
 Pachycara rimae M. E. Anderson, 1989
 Pachycara saldanhai Biscoito & A. J. T. Almeida, 2004
 Pachycara shcherbachevi M. E. Anderson, 1989
 Pachycara sulaki M. E. Anderson, 1989
 Pachycara suspectum (Garman, 1899)
 Pachycara thermophilum Geistdoerfer, 1994

References

Lycodinae

Marine fish genera
Taxa named by Erich Zugmayer


Aşağı Zərnav is a village in the municipality of Zərnava in the Ismailli Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Ismayilli District


1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane (C2Br2F4) is a haloalkane. It is also known under codenames R-114B2 and Halon 2402. It is a colorless liquid with a boiling point of 47.2 °C. R-114B2 is occasionally used in fire suppression systems.  It is highly volatile, passes through soil to air, and can be detected in the parts-per-quadrillion range.

Since July 1, 1994, the Montreal Protocol required all nations or parties that are a party to it to eliminate the production, consumption, and trade of ozone-depleting substances (ODS). Dibromotetrafluoroethane's high ozone-depleting potential (ODP) caused it to be identified as an ODS. Dibromotetrafluoroethane has been prohibited in Canada since July 1, 1994, "except for essential uses or for use as analytical standards".

On November 8, 2008, an accident aboard Russian submarine K-152 Nerpa involving the unintentional activation of a fire suppressant system loaded with R-114B2 resulted in the death of 20 people.

Notes

Fire suppression agents
Organobromides
Organofluorides


The Labor Department Act, also called the Borah Act, was sponsored by Sen. William E. Borah (R) of Idaho. It was approved on March 4, 1913 ().

This was the final bill signed by President William Howard Taft, separating the bureaus and agencies specialized in labor from the Department of Commerce and Labor. Its 1st Secretary was Rep. William B. Wilson (D) of Pennsylvania.  As a trade Unionist, Wilson resigned from Congress to accept the position which he held until 1921.

The Department of Labor included:

 1) the Bureau of Labor Statistics under Dr. Charles Patrick Neill, former Roosevelt Commissioner of Labor, Economics Professor at Catholic University, and the investigator of the meatpacking industry that prompted Upton Sinclair to write The Jungle
 2) the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization (INS) which was abolished on Mar. 1st, 2003 and replaced with the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)
 3) the United States Children's Bureau under Julia Lathrop. Lathrop’s father, William Lathrop of Illinois, had helped found the Republican Party in 1854, while she herself was a graduate of Vassar College, a friend of Jane Addams, and a social reformer who had worked at Hull House in Chicago. Appointed by President Taft at the agency’s creation in 1912, she served faithfully until 1921, directing research into child labor, infant and mother mortality, juvenile delinquency, mothers’ pensions, and illegitimacy.

Congress forgot to grant the new Department of Labor a budget or Rep. Wilson a salary.

References

1913 in American law
62nd United States Congress
United States Department of Labor
United States federal labor legislation
United States federal legislation articles without infoboxes


Johan Michael Lund (2 September 1753 – 15 May 1824) was a Norwegian lawyer from Bergen. From 1786 to 1805 he was Lawman (Faroese: Løgmaður) (prime minister) of the Faroe Islands.

Later, he moved back to Norway, and from 1807 he was burgomaster (Norwegian: Borgermester) of Bergen. From 1809 he was a judge of the Dano-Norwegian supreme court. He died on 15 May 1824, aged 70.

References

1753 births
1824 deaths
Politicians from Bergen
18th-century Norwegian lawyers
Lawmen of the Faroe Islands
19th-century Norwegian judges


Ceratosoma brevicaudatum, the short-tailed ceratosoma, is a species of colourful dorid nudibranch, a sea slug, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Chromodorididae.

Distribution
Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia, across South Australia and Victoria to Cape Byron, New South Wales, and around Tasmania.

Description
This firm-bodied species grows to a maximum recorded length of 15 centimetres. Within South Australian waters, dark coloured individuals are more common in the west and paler colours more so in the east. An orange form is considered typical in SA.

Ecology
The species feeds on Euryspongia spp. sponges.

References

Chromodorididae
Gastropods described in 1876


A resident welfare association (frequently abbreviated as RWA) is a Non-governmental organization that represents the interests of the residents of a specific urban or suburban locality, particularly in Indian cities.

Membership

Membership is voluntary, and the leadership is usually elected by fee-paying members. Members who do not pay the voluntary subscription fee in any year may not vote in the general body and other meetings of the association since they would be deemed to have opted out of membership in the voluntary association. Such associations cannot force residents to become members and pay annual or other fees, but they can suspend services to non-paying members. In some localities, such associations may bear the word "Development" in their nomenclature, such as development and welfare associations.

Registration
RWAs are not official organs of government, and even slums and illegal housing localities in India can form RWAs to represent citizen interests. RWAs are typically registered under co-operative society acts, which require groups to have a minimum of fifteen members from a given area, or under the Apartment Owners Act of the state as "association of apartment owners", or under the Societies Registration Act (central Act or state Act), which requires a minimum of ten members. These acts also set the rules for the establishment of RWA bye-laws, which include such things as membership criteria, voting rights, and the conditions under which RWA officers can initiate legal proceedings on behalf of the registered society. Despite the prevalence of RWAs in slums and unauthorized colonies, however, government programs aimed at involving RWAs in strategic governance decisions, such as Delhi's Bhagidari Scheme, include only RWAs based on planned neighborhoods. RWAs have become increasingly involved in municipal politics and decision-making since the early 2000s and continue to grow in importance.

See also
 Community-based organization
 NGO

References

Local government in India
Neighborhood associations
Types of organization
Non-governmental organizations


Jørgen Frantz Hammershaimb (6 July 1767 - 24 May 1820) was a Faroese lawyer. He was Lawman (prime minister) of the Faroe Islands from 1805 to 1816. Hammershaimb was the last Lawman before the position was abolished.

Jørgen Frantz Hammershaimb was the father of Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb, who set the rules and orthography for the modern Faroese language.

References

1767 births
1820 deaths
Lawmen of the Faroe Islands


The Grassroot Deviation is an Edmonton-based four-piece musical group that plays a mixture of roots, rock and funk. The band formed in 2002 and consists of guitarists/vocalists Brian Parker and Dan Smith, bassist/fiddler Mike Barer and drummer Vinay Jhass. The band has played more than 100 shows across Canada and released two studio albums, The Grassroot Deviation and The Circuit. All the band members have either graduated or currently attend the University of Alberta.

History
The Grassroot Deviation are influenced by Emmylou Harris, Bruce Cockburn and Neil Young. Their work includes instrumental jam sessions, such as the Celtic infused "Mr. Somebody", mid tempo folk ballads like "Steady Ground" and the funk infused "Regular People", which features 12-bar blues, call and response and funky bass and drums. Front man Brian Parker states, "I think when you combine the writing of folk songs with that dancey, groove-inspired kinda thing, you end up with what we do." The band have played on the same bill as acts such as Keller Williams, That One Guy, Wide Mouth Mason, Wasabi Collective, Slowcoaster, Captain Tractor, Hey Ocean, and Five Alarm Funk.

Defending their liking for instrumentals, Brian Parker said "[Lyrics are] definitely important...Sometimes lyrics are necessary, sometimes they’re not...If you're writing a song and you want to convey a certain emotion or idea...lyrics are one route and music provides another.".

The second album, The Circuit, is more rooted in their jam session style, which maintains the energy and enthusiasm of their live performances. Parker explains, "We went into the studio and banged it out. It was very speedy, but I'm happy with that sound. That was sort of the concept of the album - 'Let's just do what we do.' We get the most response from our shows. The shows are what we do, so why would we try to change that?" During 2007, the band toured Canada, beginning with Victoria, British Columbia and ending in Antigonish, Nova Scotia.

In November 2008, The Grassroot Deviation performed in front of 250 fans at The Digital Universe, a laser light show complemented by Canada's only full dome digital projection system in the Margaret Zeidler Star Theatre at TELUS World of Science, Edmonton. The visuals were coordinated to the band's set which was composed largely of jams.

Discography

Albums
The Grassroot Deviation - 2006
The Circuit - 2007

References

External links
The Grassroot Deviation at The Internet Archive
Official MySpace

Canadian rock music groups


The women's 100 metre backstroke was a swimming event held as part of the swimming at the 1936 Summer Olympics programme. It was the fourth appearance of the event, which was established in 1924. The competition was held from Tuesday to Thursday, 11 to 13 August 1936.

Twenty-one swimmers from 14 nations competed.

Famous swimmer Eleanor Holm was suspended by Avery Brundage over "a drinking episode" while she was traveling to Germany together with other American athletes. She had swum in the 1928 and 1932 Olympics, winning gold in 1932. Holm's Olympic teammates unsuccessfully petitioned to have her dismissal overturned. She was the top favorite for the 100-meter backstroke event, and watched from the stands as the gold medal went to Dutch swimmer Nida Senff. Decades later, Holm told Olympic sprinter Dave Sime that Brundage held a grudge from an incident in which he propositioned her, and she turned him down. Brundage was one of the most controversial figures in the US Olympic history, known for his racist and sexist remarks and actions and also for appeasing dictatorships, such as Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.

Medalists

Records
These were the standing world and Olympic records (in minutes) prior to the 1936 Summer Olympics.

Nida Senff set a new Olympic record in the first heat with 1:16.2 minutes.

Results

Heats

Thursday 11 August 1936: The fastest four in each heat advanced to the semi-finals.

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Semifinals

Wednesday 12 August 1936: The fastest three in each semi-final and the fastest fourth-placed advanced to the final.

Semifinal 1

Semifinal 2

Final

Thursday 13 August 1936:

References

External links
Olympic Report

Swimming at the 1936 Summer Olympics
1936 in women's swimming
SWim


Albert Jaegers (March 28, 1868 – July 22, 1925) was an American sculptor.

Life
Jaegers was born on March 28, 1868, in Elberfeld, Germany. He moved with his family to Cincinnati, Ohio, as a boy.  He apprenticed to his father as a wood carver, then studied at the Cincinnati Art Academy, and later in London, Paris, and Rome.

In 1890, he married Matilda Holdt and launched his career as a sculptor. He won competitions sponsored by the National Sculpture Society.

He exhibited at the Pan-American Exposition (1901) and Louisiana Purchase Exposition (1904). For the latter he was commissioned to create the statue representing Arkansas.

In 1906 he won the commission for the Steuben Monument in Washington, D.C., on the basis of the endorsement of his work at an early stage of the competition by Augustus Saint-Gaudens. His bronze sculptures included an eleven-foot-high figure of the military leader set atop a granite pedestal almost 20 feet high. Alongside the pedestal are two groups. In the one called "Commemoration," a seated female figure, unclothed above the waist, represents America instructing a small child from a scroll he holds up to her as he kneels at her feet. In the other, "Military Instruction," a seated adult soldier, naked but for an elaborate helmet, "in the prime of life," holds an empty scabbard in one hand. With his other hand, as if providing instruction, he points to his unsheathed sword, held by the naked young man at his side.

When the U.S. government selected sculptors to create figures for the U.S. Custom House in New York City, each of which was to represent an historic seafaring power, Jaegers won the commission to create the one for Germany, which he planned as "an armed female figure, leaning on an antique shield, inscribed 'Kiel.'" Following the U.S. declaration of war on Germany in 1917, Secretary of the Treasury McAdoo asked him to modify it to represent Belgium, a U.S. ally in World War I. Jaegers refused to alter it, but the sculpture was modified over his objections. He said his work could not be seriously modified with "a little camouflage with a relabel" and called the change of name "a somewhat dubious honor for plucky little Belgium."

His sculptures of German-American historical figures were sometimes targeted when the U.S. and Germany were at war. The dedication of his figure of Monsignor Anthony Stein met with protest and threats of violence. The dedication of his statue of Francis Daniel Pastorius, the founder of Germantown, Pennsylvania, was delayed until after the end of World War I, and it was later removed from view during World War II.

In 1918 he contributed a small sculpture called "The Grenade Thrower" to a show of patriotic and war-related pieces.

Jaegers was a member of the National Sculpture Society and the National Institute of Arts and Letters. He was the brother of sculptor Augustine Jaegers (1878 – 1952), whose career paralleled his.

He lived on Washington Square Park in New York City.

He died from heart disease on July 22, 1925, in Suffern, New York, and was buried at Airmont Cemetery, there.

Select Works
 1900 – "To the memory of Hamilton Fish, Jr.", bas relief and inscribed tablet, bronze, Columbia University
1903 – Henry W. Maxwell Memorial, Grand Army Plaza, Brooklyn, New York (assisted Augustus Saint-Gaudens with this work)
 1904 – "Egyptian Art", cornice – north entrance of St. Louis Art Museum, and other work for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Missouri
 1907 – "Belgium" (originally entitled "Germany"), cornice figure, Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House, New York City
 1910 – Major General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben Monument – Lafayette Park, President's Park, Washington D.C.
 1913 – Joseph G. Cannon statue – Cannon House Office Building (part of Capitol complex), Washington D.C.
 1915 – friezes at the Court of Seasons, Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, California (razed)
 1917 – Francis Daniel Pastorius Monument – Vernon Park, Philadelphia
 1923 – Monsignor Anthony Stein statue – St. Joseph's School, Paterson, New Jersey
 1925 – "German Pioneers" – Minnesota State Capitol, St. Paul, Minnesota
 1925 – Henry Tureman Allen Memorial – Fort Myer, Arlington, VA
 Theodore Timby statue – Location unknown
 Friedrich von Steuben monument – Potsdam, Germany
 Friedrich von Steuben monument – Magdeburg, Germany

References

External links

 Pastorius Monument page

1869 births
1925 deaths
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
19th-century American sculptors
American male sculptors
19th-century American male artists
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters


Willie Landry Mount (born August 25, 1949) is an American politician from Louisiana who served as a Democratic member of the Louisiana State Senate from 2000 to 2012. She represented District 27, which includes parts of her native Lake Charles and the surrounding cities of Sulphur and Westlake. From 1993 to 1999, Mount was the first woman to serve as the mayor of Lake Charles.

Mount was a candidate in the 2004 U.S. House of Representatives election for Louisiana's 7th congressional district. She was defeated by Republican Charles Boustany in a contested general election campaign that received national attention.

Personal life
In 1974, Mount obtained a Bachelor of Business Administration degree from McNeese State University in Lake Charles. She owned a small business and worked as a real estate agent and pharmaceutical representative for Lederle Laboratories. Mount resides in her hometown with her husband, attorney Benjamin Mount; they have no children.

Career
Mount had been active in community work through organizations such as the Junior League of Lake Charles, and ran for mayor of Lake Charles in 1993. She defeated Paul Savoie, a Democrat and a former mayor. During her tenure she served as president of the Louisiana Conference of Mayors and supported restoration efforts following hurricanes. To this end Mount testified before Congress in support of the Conservation and Reinvestment Act of 1999.

She co-sponsored the building of an Amtrak station, modeled after an older station that had been destroyed in a fire. In an effort to succeed retiring state senator James J. Cox, Mount announced her Senate candidacy on October 19, 1999, while addressing the Calcasieu Parish School Board, whose support she sought. Upon being elected, Mount resigned as mayor and City Council President Rodney Geyen took over the office.

In the senate, Mount served on a variety of committees, chairing the Senate Committees on Coastal Restoration and Flood Control, Revenue and Fiscal Affairs, and also serving as Vice-Chair of the Senate Committee on Education. In 2008, she became chairwoman of the Senate Committee on Health and Welfare. Mount often sponsors legislation regarding health and public service. This includes bills intended to identify sex offenders and enact term limits for various boards and commissions. She was responsible for passing these term limits as an amendment to the Louisiana Constitution, as SB 232 on November 4, 2008. Mount also sponsored legislation to merge New Orleans criminal and civil district courts, create a childhood and family learning center, couple the opening of new hospice care providers with inspections of existing ones, allow police to suspend driver's licenses of teenagers with problems at school, and create a state-run internet database providing information on the quality of health care providers. Mount was responsible for legislation that made Louisiana water fluoridation mandatory, and, in her capacity as chair of the Senate Health committee, Mount in 2008 declared major Louisiana health care reform unlikely without prior federal reform.

As senator, Mount raised funds for health care facilities (Mount had herself roasted in support of the Southwest Louisiana Center for Health Services). Mount is a member of a number of boards and charitable organisations and provides an annual compilation of "Louisiana positives" about Louisiana's standing in national ratings. Because of term limits, Mount was eligible to serve as a state senator until 2012.

2004 congressional race

Mount ran for Congress in 2004 to succeed Chris John, who instead ran for the United States Senate but lost to Republican David Vitter. She positioned herself as a Conservative Democrat who supported balanced budgets and conservative social views, emphasizing job creation, health care and her opposition to offshoring. Her major Democratic opponent in the jungle primary was African American State Senator Don Cravins Sr., the father of another lawmaker, Don Cravins Jr. of Opelousas. Her major Republican opponent was Charles Boustany, a retired heart surgeon from Lafayette, who ran on a platform of preventing tax increases and passing a new energy bill. The Louisiana Democratic Party was supporting Mount, as Cravins was believed to be a weaker contestant in a run-off. Polls taken in late October had shown Boustany, Cravins and Mount statistically tied, and the election was hotly contested.

In the first ballot on November 2, 2004, Boustany and Mount garnered the most votes; Cravins was defeated by less than two thousand votes. As both fell short of a majority, a second ballot was mandated. In the subsequent campaign, Mount criticized Boustany for favoring tax cuts for the rich and being indifferent to health care, while Boustany rejected the attacks as false and stressed his willingness to work with Democrats and Independents. Boustany in turn portrayed Mount as liberal and favoring tax increases. Mount criticized Boustany for favoring the privatization of social security, an unpopular position in Louisiana, and as distant from the interests of individual voters. She received endorsements from U.S. Senator John Breaux, who had represented the 7th district for over fourteen years, and Governor Kathleen Blanco. Boustany was helped by Vice President Dick Cheney, who campaigned on his behalf in Lake Charles. Mount, however, was not endorsed by Democratic primary opponent Don Cravins, who complained about the state Democratic Party's endorsement of Mount in a partially party funded mailer that excluded him and which he believed contributed to his narrow loss. Cravins prepared a suit in federal court claiming that the state Democratic Party violated the Voting Rights Act.

In the general election on December 4, 2004, Boustany defeated Mount, 55 percent to 45 percent in an election with low voter turnout. Democrats had hoped on a big turnout, as the district is nearly a quarter African American, a reliable Democratic constituency. Analysis of the race suggested that Mount's defeat was helped by the open primary system that had the Democratic candidates work against each other and led to Cravin's conflict with the state Democratic Party which in turn led to suppressed voter turnout. The large number of negative advertisements was also cited as a factor that contributed to low turnout. Another detriment for Mount mentioned was the strong support for George W. Bush in the presidential election against John Kerry in the district, which he carried by about 60 percent of the vote.

Following her defeat for Congress, Mount ruled out another campaign for the House seat, but she said she may later seek another statewide office. When Mount left the Senate in 2012, she was succeeded by a Democrat-turned-Republican, former State Representative Ronnie Johns of Sulphur, who ran unopposed for the open seat.

Campaign for tax assessor

In 2011, Mount announced her candidacy for tax assessor of Calcasieu Parish. She received 13,477 votes (38.3 percent) in the primary held on October 22 and promptly withdrew from the November 19 general election. Victory hence went to the acting assessor, Wendy Curphy Aguillard, an Independent who led the primary balloting with 17,208 votes (48.9 percent). A third candidate, Republican Mike Regan, was also eliminated in the primary, having received the remaining 4,538 votes (12.9 percent).

Electoral history
Mayor, City of Lake Charles, 1993

Threshold > 50%

First Ballot, April 3, 1993

Second Ballot, May 1, 1993

Mount was unopposed for a second term as mayor.

Louisiana State Senator, 27th Senatorial District, 1999

October 23, 1999

Mount was unopposed on October 4, 2003 and October 20, 2007 for her second and third term as state senator.

U.S. Representative, 7th Congressional District, 2004

Threshold > 50%

First Ballot, November 2, 2004

Second Ballot, December 4, 2004

References

External links

Willie Mount for Assessor website
Legislation, Committees

1949 births
Methodists from Louisiana
Mayors of Lake Charles, Louisiana
Women mayors of places in Louisiana
Businesspeople from Louisiana
Living people
Democratic Party Louisiana state senators
McNeese State University alumni
Politicians from Lake Charles, Louisiana
Women state legislators in Louisiana
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American women politicians
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
Candidates in the 2004 United States elections
20th-century American businesspeople
Members of the Junior League


Héverton Cardoso da Silva (born January 14, 1988 in São Paulo, Brazil), known as just Héverton, is a Brazilian footballer, who currently plays as a centre-back.

Career
Grêmio signed the defender on loan from  Pão de Açúcar in 2007. Later, the deal become permanent and Héverton signed a contract until December 2009.

After a lot of injuries and suspensions in the first team defenders, Héverton was selected from the youth team to play the last matches of the Campeonato Brasileiro 2008.

On November 9, he made his first team debut in a 0-1 away victory against Palmeiras. In the following game, on November 16, he scored his first professional goal, the second in a 2-1 home win against Coritiba. On July 7, 2009, Héverton was loaned to Serie B side América de Natal.

He signed for Brasil de Pelotas in Campeonato Brasileiro Série B in 2018.

Honours
Cuiabá
 Campeonato Mato-Grossense: 2017

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Footballers from São Paulo
Men's association football defenders
Brazilian men's footballers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players
Grêmio Osasco Audax Esporte Clube players
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
América Futebol Clube (RN) players
Guarani FC players
Fortaleza Esporte Clube players
Futebol Clube Santa Cruz players
Esporte Clube Pelotas players
Macaé Esporte Futebol Clube players
Esporte Clube Juventude players
Sampaio Corrêa Futebol Clube players
Cuiabá Esporte Clube players
Grêmio Esportivo Brasil players


Brogaig (), Norse for Burgh Bay, is a small coastal village, on the northwest coast of the Trotternish peninsula, close to Staffin and Stenscholl, in the Isle of Skye in Scotland and is in the council area of Highland. It is sometimes possible to see sea mammals in the bay.  Brogaig is well known for excellent cycling routes.

References

Populated places in the Isle of Skye


Hélder Silva Santos (born October 21, 1988, in Três Corações, Minas Gerais) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a left back for Criciúma.

Career

Hélder Santos began his career playing at Londrina youth ranks and managed to impress the Grêmio scouts after play against the club in Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior.  In 2007, he joined Grêmio youth side and was promoted to the first squad in 2008.  After the promotion he signed a long-term deal until 2011.

His first team debut occurred on May 10, 2008, in a Grêmio's 1-0 away win against São Paulo.

External links
 Profile at Globo Esporte's Futpedia

1988 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
Esporte Clube Bahia players
Sertãozinho Futebol Clube players
Figueirense FC players
Londrina Esporte Clube players
Ceará Sporting Club players
Red Bull Bragantino II players
Maringá Futebol Clube players
Associação Atlética Aparecidense players
Vila Nova Futebol Clube players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série D players
Men's association football midfielders
People from Três Corações


Hidenwood is a neighborhood in the independent city of Newport News, Virginia which is located off Warwick Boulevard just west of the campus of Christopher Newport University (CNU).

Hidenwood was developed in the 1950s in an area of Warwick County originally known as Nutmeg Quarter in the Colony of Virginia. It was named to honor Philip Wallace Hiden, a local businessman and civic leader.

See also
Newport News, Virginia

References

Hidenwood


Autism's False Prophets: Bad Science, Risky Medicine, and the Search for a Cure is a 2008 book by Paul Offit, a vaccine expert and chief of infectious diseases at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. The book focuses on the controversy surrounding the now discredited link between vaccines and autism. The scientific consensus is that no convincing scientific evidence supports these claims, and a 2011 journal article described the vaccine-autism connection as "the most damaging medical hoax of the last 100 years".

Summary
Offit describes the origins and development of claims regarding the MMR vaccine and the vaccine preservative thiomersal, as well as subsequent scientific evidence which has disproved a link with autism. The book discusses possible explanations for the persistence of these claims in the face of scientific evidence to the contrary, as well as the proliferation of potentially risky and unproven treatments for autism. The author takes a critical view of several advocates of a vaccine–autism link, including Andrew Wakefield, David Kirby, Mark Geier, and Boyd Haley, raising scientific and, in some cases, ethical and legal concerns. The book also explores divisions within the autism community on the topic of vaccines, as some parents consider the ongoing narrow focus on vaccines a distraction from more scientifically promising avenues of research. In this vein, Offit interviews Kathleen Seidel, a mother of an autistic child who has published investigations critical of those who profit from promoting vaccine–autism claims.

Offit also touches on the heated and bitter debate surrounding vaccine claims. He describes receiving death threats, hate mail, and threats against his children as a result of his advocacy for vaccination. Offit declined to do a book tour for Autism's False Prophets, citing concerns about his physical safety and comparing the intensity of hatred and threats directed at him to that experienced by abortion providers. Author's royalties from the book are being donated to the Center for Autism Research at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.

Reception
The book was the nucleus of profiles of Offit in Newsweek and The Philadelphia Inquirer. The New York Post reviewed the book positively, concluding: "Although arguably the most courageous and most knowledgeable scientist about vaccines in the United States, Offit lives in fear for his life and that of his family." The Wall Street Journal also praised the book as "an invaluable chronicle that relates some of the many ways in which the vulnerabilities of anxious parents have been exploited."

The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote that the book "names names and calls nonsense nonsense", and provides "important insight into the fatal flaws of the key arguments of vaccine alarmists." The Inquirer applauded Offit's focus on slanted and sensationalist media coverage of the vaccine–autism issue, but faulted Offit for not holding scientists themselves sufficiently accountable for their failure to communicate the facts to the public.

The Rocky Mountain News noted that the book "turned the tables" on those who see a pharmaceutical-industry conspiracy behind vaccination, by pointing out that the advocates of the autism–vaccine link receive large sums of money from lawyers and lobbyists. The News applauded the book's deconstruction of "misinformation" from Don Imus, Jenny McCarthy, Joseph Lieberman, and Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., among others, but found Offit's "sarcasm and brow-beating of those he disagrees with" to be "grating".

Salon reviewed the book as an "enlightening, highly readable, and ... timely" work which "deconstruct[s] the anti-vaccine movement as one driven by bad science, litigious greed, hype and ego." Salon faulted Offit for minimizing the work that autism advocacy groups have done to raise awareness, create support networks, and obtain research funding; the review noted that Offit focuses instead on aggressive and scientifically "slanted" groups like Defeat Autism Now! and Generation Rescue. The review concluded that the book "effectively pulls back the curtain on the anti-vaccine movement to reveal a crusade grounded less in fact and more in greed and opportunism".

Science called the book "forceful" and "an easy-to-read medical thriller about the consequences of greed, hubris, and intellectual sloppiness." The review noted that Offit did not discuss the irrationality of human decision-making in the presence of relative risk and both anecdotal and empirical evidence, and mentioned that Offit did not carefully discuss the role of regression. In conclusion, the review observed that the book has emboldened the media to apply scientific principles, and called for using the book's momentum to shift resources from the autism–vaccination debate to research into causes and treatments.

The Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders said the book "makes an important contribution to popular debates about the etiology and treatment of autism spectrum disorders. The book is arguably the most detailed and thorough history available of the current anti-vaccine movement". The review noted one possible weakness: the book gives light coverage to the public's fundamental misunderstanding of the epidemiology of autism, in that the public fears an "autism epidemic" that may not in fact be occurring. The review concluded with a call to scientists and physicians to follow Offit's lead in communicating to the public even uncomfortable truths about autism.

Four months after its release, The New York Times reported that the book had been endorsed widely by pediatricians, autism researchers, vaccine companies, and medical journalists, and was "galvanizing a backlash against the antivaccine movement in the United States." Many doctors are critical of "false equivalence" in media coverage of the vaccine issue, and now argue that reporters should treat the antivaccine lobby with the same level of indifference as AIDS denialism and other fringe theories.

Later in 2009, the New England Journal of Medicine reported that the book effectively advocated for vaccines and refuted the vaccine–autism myth. It noted that a particular strength of the book is its outline of the scientific method and the basic principles of probability and causality, and its coverage of the difficulty of explaining science to the public, such as the difference between causality and coincidence. It noted as a weakness the book's several diversions into topics such as breast implants.

Other largely favorable reviews appeared in BioScience, in Health Affairs, in the Journal of Child Neurology, and in the Journal of Clinical Investigation.

In a guest column for The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, neurologist Jon Poling panned Offit's book as "a novel of perceived good and evil". Poling, whose daughter was federally compensated for vaccine injuries, criticized Offit for attacking those with whom he disagrees: "In the story, Offit takes no prisoners, smearing characters in the vaccine-autism controversy as effortlessly as a rich cream cheese."

See also
 MMR vaccine and autism
 Thiomersal and vaccines
 Folk epidemiology of autism

References

External links
 Columbia University Press web page for Autism's False Prophets
 Excerpt from the book's prologue

2008 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Books about autism
Books by Paul Offit
Columbia University Press books
Medical books
Scientific skepticism mass media
MMR vaccine and autism


St Benedict's High School is a Catholic high school in Linwood, Renfrewshire, in the west of Scotland.

The school
St Benedict's High School was formed by the amalgamation of St Cuthbert's High School in Johnstone and St Brendan's High School in Linwood. St Benedict's High School serves the Linwood, Houston, Bridge of Weir, Johnstone, Elderslie, Kilbarchan, Howwood and Lochwinnoch areas of Renfrewshire.
The school has five associated primary schools - Our Lady of Peace, St. Anthony's, St. David's, St. Fillan's and St. Margaret's. The school roll was 712 pupils as of September 2012. The school's motto is "" which means "Pray and Work".

The building
The school building was built by Carillion (who had been commissioned to build several schools in the area) from January 2005 to July 2006, over a period of 79 weeks, for Amey, who lease the building to Renfrewshire Council. Amey also provide the janitorial and cleaning staff.

The school is laid out over two floors, with three main wings. These three wings are linked by a large, roughly rectangular social area, known as The Street, which houses the cafeteria, stage and main meeting area for pupils during breaks (Interval & Lunchtime). The Street also features underfloor heating, three vending machines, lockers, and watercoolers.

References

External links

 St Benedict's High School's page on Scottish Schools Online (2 October 2022 archive copy)
 Inspection reports – St Benedict's High School at Education Scotland
 Parent Zone – St Benedict's High School at Education Scotland
 St Benedict's High School at Renfrewshire Council website

Catholic secondary schools in Renfrewshire
Educational institutions established in 2006
2006 establishments in Scotland
Johnstone


The Bourgogne was a 74-gun ship of the line of the French Navy. She was funded by a don des vaisseaux donation from the Estates of Bourgogne.  She was commissioned in 1772, and served in the squadron of the Mediterranean, with a refit in 1775, and another in 1778.

Career
On 4 May 1779, off Gibraltar, she took part in a naval action with Victoire against the 32-gun frigates HMS Thetis and Montreal. Montreal was captured, while Thetis managed to escape.

British records largely agree, though they put the encounter on 1 May. When Thetis and Montreal saw two large ships approaching under Dutch colours, they suspected that the strange ships were French and attempted to sail away. Thetis succeeded, but at 9p.m., Bourgogne and Victoire caught up with Montreal, came alongside, and ordered Douglas to send over a boat. Captain Douglas sent over Lieutenant John Douglas, whom the French ordered to Douglas to hail Montreal and instruct her to strike. Captain Douglas attempted to escape, but after the French had fired several broadsides into Montreal he struck.

Bourgogne took part in the American Revolutionary War under Charles de Charritte,  most notably at the Battle of the Chesapeake on 5 September 1781 and at the Battle of the Saintes, where she collided with Duc de Bourgogne

On 11 September 1781 Bourgogne and Aigrette were in the Chesapeake. There they captured the frigate , which the French Navy took into service as Richemont.

Fate
She was wrecked on 4 February 1783, off Curaçao with the loss of 80 of her 840 crew. Captain Champmartin received a three-month suspension as sanction for the loss of the ship.

Citations

References

Ships of the line of the French Navy
Ships built in France
Shipwrecks in the Caribbean Sea
1766 ships
Maritime incidents in 1783
Don des vaisseaux


No Word from Gurb (original in Spanish Sin noticias de Gurb) was written by Spanish writer Eduardo Mendoza and published as a novel in 1990.  However, it originally appeared in the Spanish national newspaper El País in regular installments.

The story is about an alien who is lost in Barcelona whilst in search of his friend Gurb. Through taking on the appearances of various people, including the famous Spanish singer Marta Sánchez, he explores the city observing human life.  The book is in the style of a diary, so the reader is taken day by day along the same journey with the alien, as he discovers more and more about the human race.

Narrative

The story begins with the narrator talking about his ideas and aims of travelling to Earth and adapting to the lifestyle there.  Through writing this book, Mendoza captures an image of Barcelona as it is preparing for the Olympics in 1992.  The atmosphere at that time, along with the chaos and absurdities of modern human life, are among the subjects that are focused on in this satirical novel.  As a parody, "No Word from Gurb" depicts the day-to-day life of the city from the perspective of an alien. The author focuses in particular on portraying the urban lifestyle of humans; using Barcelona as a great example of a big city.  Parody is a feature that is present throughout the book, an example of which is when the alien describes the composition of water as "hydrogen, oxygen and poo."

Throughout his search for his friend Gurb, the alien criticises the behaviour of human beings and realises that there are many differences between his culture and that of humans.  For example, although he doesn't understand why, he notes that there are class divisions on Earth: there are rich and poor areas of Barcelona, like San Cosme and Pedralbes.  Furthermore, he criticises the chaos regarding the upcoming Olympic Games at the time.  In reality, there was a lot of public criticism due to the reported lack of organisation when planning and preparing for the international event.  Mendoza again describes the disorganisation of the city as a parody.

Translations of the novel are available in English, French, German, Italian, Danish, Romanian, Polish, Esperanto and Bulgarian.

Character Descriptions
The narrator: is shy and doesn't like to attract attention, something which causes him difficulties when he transforms into famous people in an effort to fit into society on Earth.
Gurb: is very different from his friend, the narrator. He is decisive, independent and is shown to have no concern for the narrator.
The neighbour: is a young single mother. The main character is in love with her, although for the moment, she is not interested in him.
Mr Joaquin and Mrs Mercedes: are the owners of the bar where the narrator often goes.  They are a friendly and hard-working elderly couple who are suffering from health problems.

References

External links
 The official page of Eduardo Mendoza in Spanish
Mendoza, Eduardo (1991), Sin noticias de Gurb Seix Barral, edition 1a (2002),

Spanish speculative fiction novels
1990 science fiction novels
Novels set in Barcelona


Hutt Park railway station may refer to:
 Hutt Park railway station, Gracefield, a closed railway station on the Gracefield Branch line in New Zealand
 Hutt Park railway station, Petone, a closed railway station on the Hutt Park Railway in New Zealand


The Shocker is the debut album of American rapper Silkk the Shocker, who was then known as Silkk. It was released on August 20, 1996, by No Limit Records and  Priority Records. It features production  by Beats By the Pound and guest appearances from C-Murder and Mia X among others.  The Shocker was only a mild success compared to some his future albums and made it to number 49 on the US Billboard 200 and #6 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. As with most of No Limit's albums, this featured a lot of guest appearances from members of the record label including his brothers, Master P and C-Murder and group TRU.

Background
Planning of this album dates as far back as early 1995, as advertisements for the album can be seen on the back cover of earlier copies of Master P's 1995 album 99 Ways to Die.

Controversy

Before the album was released, the initial cover for the album had Silkk holding a 9 mm caliber outside of a TV. This is why the "Parental Advisory" logo was moved to the middle of the cover.

Track listing

Personnel
Credits adapted by  Allmusic

Craig B. - Producer
Big Ed - Featured Artist, Performer, Primary Artist, Vocals
C-Murder - Featured Artist, Performer, Primary Artist, Vocals
DJ Daryl- Producer
Ken Franklin - Engineer, Mixing, Producer
KLC-  Engineer Mixing, Producer
Ken Lee -  Mastering
Master P -  Executive Producer, Featured Artist, Guest Artist, Performer, Vocals

Mia X - Featured Artist, Guest Artist, Performer, Primary Artist, Vocals
Mo B. Dick -  Engineer, Featured Artist, Mixing, Performer, Producer, Vocals
Pure Passion - Featured Artist, Performer, Primary Artist, Vocals
Silkk the Shocker - Performer, Primary Artist
Skull Duggrey  - Composer, Featured Artist, Guest Artist, Performer,  Vocals
Carlos Stephens - Engineer, Mixing
Matt Studio -  Editing
T-Bone -  Producer
TRU - Guest Artist

Charts

References

1996 debut albums
Silkk the Shocker albums
No Limit Records albums
Priority Records albums


The Rocket Forces and Artillery () of the Ukrainian Ground Forces consist of units armed with tactical missiles, howitzers, cannons, mortars, jet-propelled and anti-tank artillery. They are tasked to destroy human resources, tanks, artillery, anti-tank weapons, aircraft, air defense and other important installations operations.

History
"On the eve of the professional holiday, the 19th rocket brigade, which is stationed in |Khmelnytskyi city, conducted the main examination of the year - the final test for 2010–2011. All servicemen passed a final exams for professional, military and physical training. The history of the brigade began in 1943 at Stalingrad by establishing the 7th Artillery brigade of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. During the Great Patriotic War 27 soldiers, sergeants and officers of the division were nominated for the award "Hero of the Soviet Union". After the declaration of Ukrainian independence and choice of the non-nuclear status, servicemen swore allegiance to people of Ukraine. In November 1997, the division gained the status of a brigade and until 2004 it was subordinated to the 1st Rocket Division of the Ukrainian Ground Forces. For the last 8 years, the brigade is directly subordinated to the command of the land forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, armed with the "Tochka" missile. [It] is the only rocket military unit in the Armed Forces of Ukraine."

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, a number of Soviet Army field artillery divisions, the 26th, 55th and 81st, were given to the young Ukrainian Ground Forces, the 26th would serve the country for a further two decades until its 2004 disbandment. Joining them were the field artillery regiments under divisions and a number of divisional field artillery MRLS and TBM brigades and separate formations.

The 1st Rocket Division was active at Khmelnytskyi, formed on the basis of the disbanding headquarters of the Soviet 43rd Rocket Army. It was formed in 1998 as a UGF formation and instead of ICBMs was made up of TBM systems and MLRS. At least two brigades were part of the division, the 19th at Khmelnytskyi and the 107th at Kremenchug (107th Rocket Artillery Regiment, 6th Army Corps (Ukraine)). The division was disbanded in 2004. (Vad777)

The 11th Artillery Brigade was disbanded in December 2013. The 44th Artillery Brigade was created from scratch at Ternopil in September 2014. The 43rd Artillery Brigade was formed in February 2015 in Divychky, a village in Kyiv Oblast.

The 27th Reactive Artillery Regiment was upgraded to a brigade on 13 March 2015. The 40th Artillery Brigade was formed at Pervomaisk in August 2015.

Russia-Ukraine War

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukrainian Rocket Forces and Artillery were left over from the Cold War era. This means that most of its equipment is some 30 years old. There has been little development of new systems from 122mm or 152mm to 155 mm calibre. Of Ukrainian 155mm weapons built only the 2S22 Bohdana has been produced, with only one unit completed before the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The ammunition stockpiles that Ukraine inherited from the Soviet Union were the subject of sabotage. According to Radio Free Europe six stockpiles, a total of some 210,000 tons of ammunition, was destroyed between 2015 and 2019. Since late April 2022 the U.S. State Department has sold artillery ammunition to Ukraine. Ukrainian artillery has relied on old stockpiles in former Eastern Block countries for ammunition. Of 40 shells supplied by the Czech Republic only 3 worked. What the U.S. government calls "nonstandard ammunition" that can be fired from Ukrainian weapons such as 122mm, 152mm artillery shells, 120mm mortar rounds and other smalls weapons. Ukraine claims that it is firing 6,000 projectiles daily in fighting. This compares to Russia firing an estimated 70,000 projectiles.

Ukraine has asked for and been supplied with various NATO artillery firing 155 mm calibre ammunition, such as the Panzerhaubitze 2000 and "M777, FH70, M109, AHS Krab, and the CAESAR self-propelled howitzer." The UK and Germany have supplied M270 MLRS to Ukraine and the U.S. has supplied the HIMARS system, however, in batches of single digits. Ukrainian forces consider 155 mm weapons such as the M777 to be superior to their older systems: "They work beautifully. They have the precision of a sniper rifle while firing a 155mm shell. Their range is much greater than our own weapons and we can hit their positions, supply lines, and munitions depots farther away." Russian Ministry of Defence has made point of showing the destruction of Western-supplied weapons, mainly the M777. While acknowledging their effect: "General Konashenkov stressed that in recent days the Ukrainian armed forces have used M777 intensively, subjecting massive artillery strikes to Russian positions in the region." Ukraine spends 30,000 rounds of 155mm in two weeks, an amount fired by USA in a year.

Ukraine has also received 36 towed 105 mm calibre L119 light guns, a variant of the L118 light gun, from the UK. Some 36,000 rounds of 105mm ammunition has been promised to Ukraine by the US. The New Zealand Defence Force sent 30 soldiers to train Ukrainian forces on the L119 in the UK from May to July 2022.

In early July UK and New Zealand soldiers were training Ukrainian soldiers to use the L119 howitzer and the M270 MLRS in Wiltshire. The number of Ukrainian soldiers trained is listed as "hundreds".

Ukrainian artillery is heavily reliant on drones for observation. Russian forces rely on mass artillery strikes. Ukraine faces a shortage of shells used compared to Russia. Estimates from various sources put the Ukrainian usage of shells from as low as 2,000 to 7,000 at the highest. Russia's daily usage is between 20,000-60,000. Jens Stoltenberg, Secretary General of NATO, puts it at four Russian shells fired for every one Ukrainian shell fired. Ukraine relies on various drones linked to tablets that use NATO compatible software. This data shares locations and allows Ukrainian forces to correct fire more quickly.

The advisor to the Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, Oleksiy Arestovych said in March 2022 that it might take sixty to ninety shells to destroy a position. With drone guidance however it was reduced to just nine shells. Drones also allow one gun to be tasked to one target instead of several firing as a battery. It also allows other weapons from T-64 tanks down to AGS-17 Plamya grenade launcher to act in an indirect fire role

Lineage of the Ukrainian Field Artillery
The 26th, 55th and 81st FA Divisions of the UGF and its 1st Rocket Field Artillery Division, as well as the divisional and later brigade field artillery regiments, together with the divisional and later brigade anti-tank battalions (and sometimes regiments), constituted for years since independence the Rocket Forces and Field Artillery Corps of the UGF till the 55th Brigade was created on the basis of the 55th Division. All of these sans the anti-tank battalions under brigades kept until the 2010s Soviet orders and decorations until these were removed from unit titles and their colours. In the 2000s, the former divisional regiments became field artillery brigades and the field artillery regiments under the brigade framework.

Organization of the Ukrainian field artillery division until the 2000s
 Division HQ and HQ Battery
 Target Acquisition Battery
 3x Field Artillery Brigades/Regiments
 MLRS Field Artillery Brigade/Regiment
 Tactical Missile Field Artillery Brigade/Regiment (within 1st Rocket Field Artillery Division (TBM))
 Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment
 Reconnaissance Battalion
 Artillery Replacement Battalion
 Maintenance Battalion
 Forward Logistics Battalion
 Ordnance and Armaments Battalion
 Training Regiment/Brigade
 Signals Battalion
 Radar Company/Battalion

Organization of the Rocket Forces and Field Artillery
The RF&FA, as one of the UGF's paramount combat support branches, has been Westernized slowly following Euromaidan and in a faster pace since the Russian invasion in 2022. These brigades of the field artillery, a leftover from former Soviet practice, provide huge combat support capabilities to the men and women of formations of the Ukrainian Ground Forces in combat operations in wartime and peacetime exercises in support of its paramount missions to the nation.

Field Artillery Brigades are designed to provide heavy combat support to mechanized infantry and armored brigades during offensive and defensive operations in wartime and peacetime exercises, as well as provide reinforcement motorized infantry to operational duties in support of the principal missions of the Ground Forces. These may be armed with either towed and/or self-propelled field guns.

Multiple Rocket Launcher Field Artillery Brigades are designed to provide fires support to mechanized infantry and armored brigades and  can easily deliver saturation fire over enemy positions in offensive operations or to rear areas in the defensive. This is the same mission of the 19th Missile Brigade, but its focus is also to destroy enemy ground installations.

The Brigade Field Artillery Regiments and Anti-Tank Artillery Battalions of the mechanized, motorized, mountain and rifle infantry and armored brigades provide direct fires support to their subordinate formations and anti-tank warfare ops. The two mountain infantry brigades' regiments operate the same systems but are used as mountain artillery.

Equipment

 Tochka U, Maritime Brimstone tactical ballistic missiles
 S-200 Angara converted surface-to-surface short-to-medium range cruise missile
 M270 ATACMS MLRS, M142 HIMARS-ATACMS tactical ballistic missiles/heavy MLRS
 AGM-114 Hellfire Land-based man-portable semi-activelaser homing anti-materiel missile, can also be truck mounted
 BM 21-Grad, BM-21 Bastion-1, APR-40, BM-21 Verba, BM-27 Uragan, BM-27 Bastion-3, BM-27 Burevyi, BM-30 Smerch, BM-30 Vilkha, M270 LRU, M142 HIMARS, M142 HIMARS-GLSDB, RM-70, TRG-230, S-8 truck mounted multiple rocket launcher systems
 M270, M270 GLSDB, TOS-1 Buratino, MT-LB S-8, MLT-LB S-5, MT-LB Grad tracked multiple rocket launcher systems
 2S1 Gvozdika, 2S3 Akatsiya, 2S5 Giatsint-S, 2S7 Pion, 2S19 Msta-S, PzH 2000, M109, AHS Krab, AS-90, T-155 Fırtına, MT-LB D-44, MT-LB D-30 tracked self-propelled artillery howitzers
 2S22 Bohdana, CAESAR, Archer Artillery System, 152mm SpGH DANA, 155 mm SpGH Zuzana wheeled self-propelled artillery howitzers
 D-30, D-20, M-46,2A65 Msta-B, 2A36 Giatsint-B, M114, M777, M101, FH70, L119, M119, TRF1, OTO Melara Mod 56 towed howitzers
 9K114 Shturm, 9M113 Konkurs, 2A29/MT-12 Rapira towed anti-tank guns
 MT-LB-12 (TD) tracked tank destroyers
 Pansarvärnspjäs 1110 anti-tank towed recoilless rifles
 82 mm and 120 mm mortars (both from Western and Soviet manufacture)
 2S9 Nona, Panzermörser M113 and Bars-8MMk tracked self propelled mortars (the first also used by the Air Assault Forces)
 M120 Rak wheeled self-propelled mortars

Under development for the RF&A:

 Korshun-2 cruise missile
 Hrim-2 and Sapsan tactical ballistic missile

Future acquisitions:

 Boxer RCH-155 wheeled self-propelled artillery howitzers
 Eva wheeled self-propelled artillery howitzers (to be produced under license)

Potential acquisitions:

Retired from the RF&A:

 R-17 Elbrus tactical ballistic missile

Units 2023

Brigades

  15th Artillery Reconnaissance Brigade "Kyiv", in Drogobych (BM-30 Smerch, M142 HIMARS)
  19th Missile Brigade "Saint Barbara", in Khmelnytskyi (Tochka-U)
  26th Artillery Brigade "Roman Dashkevich", in Berdychiv (AHS Krab, PzH 2000)
  27th Rocket Artillery Brigade "Petro Kalnyshevsky", in Sumy (BM-27 Uragan, M142 HIMARS)
 38th Artillery Brigade, in Popilnia (2A36 Giatsint-B, 2A65 Msta-B, MT-12 Rapira)
  40th Artillery Brigade "Grand Knyaz Vytautas", in Pervomaisk (M777)
  43rd Artillery Brigade "Hetman Taras Triasylo", in Pyriatyn (2S7 Pion, PzH 2000)
  44th Artillery Brigade "Danylo Apostol", in Ternopil (M777, FH70)
  45th Artillery Brigade, in Yavoriv (M777)
  47th Artillery Brigade, in Kharkiv (2A36 Giatsint-B, 2A65 Msta-B, MT-12 Rapira)
  48th Artillery Brigade, in Poltava (2A36 Giatsint-B, 2A65 Msta-B, MT-12 Rapira)
  49th Artillery Brigade "Mstislav the Brave", in Chernihiv (AS-90, TRG-230)
  55th Artillery Brigade "Zaporozhian Sich", in Zaporizhzhia (CAESAR, CAESAR 8x8)
  107th Rocket Artillery Brigade, in Kremenchuk (BM-30 Smerch, Vilkha, M270A1 MLRS)

Two additional artillery brigades are part of the Ukrainian Air Assault Forces, respectively the Ukrainian Marine Corps:

  148th Artillery Brigade, in Zhytomyr (2S3 Akatsiya)
  406th Artillery Brigade "Oleksiy Almazov", in Mykolaiv (M777, 2A36 Giatsint-B)

Brigade artillery groups/regiments of the AFU

Assigned to the Armored Corps and Mechanized Infantry
  1st Tank Brigade Artillery Group
  3rd Tank Brigade Artillery Group
  4th Tank Brigade Artillery Group
  5th Tank Brigade Artillery Group
  10th Mountain Assault Brigade Artillery Group (Mountain)
 11th Motorized Brigade Artillery Group
  13th Jaeger Brigade Artillery Group
  14th Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
 15th Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  17th Tank Brigade Artillery Group
  21st Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  22nd Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  23rd Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  24th Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  28th Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  30th Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  31st Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  32nd Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  33rd Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  41st Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  42nd Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  43rd Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  44th Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  47th Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  53rd Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  54th Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  56th Motorized Brigade Artillery Group
  57th Motorized Brigade Artillery Group
  58th Motorized Brigade Artillery Group
  59th Motorized Brigade Artillery Group
  60th Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  61st Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
 62nd Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  63rd Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  65th Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  66th Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  67th Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  68th Jaeger Brigade Artillery Group
  72nd Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  88th Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  92nd Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  93rd Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  110th Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  115th Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  116th Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  117th Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  118th Mechanized Brigade Artillery Group
  128th Mountain Assault Brigade  Artillery Group (Mountain)
 141st Reserve Rifle Brigade Artillery Group
  142nd Reserve Rifle Brigade Artillery Group
  143rd Reserve Rifle Brigade Artillery Group
 144th Reserve Rifle Brigade Artillery Group

Assigned to other branches
 Brigade Artillery Groups/Regiments of the UkrAAF
 Marine Artillery Regiments of Marine Brigades under UkrMC

Other units
 6th Artillery Training Regiment, in Divychky

Outside the Armed Forces but operationally controlled in wartime
 Field Artillery Battalions of the National Guard of Ukraine

References

 Feskov – V.I. Feskov, K.A. Kalashnikov, V.I. Golikov, The Soviet Army in the Years of the Cold War 1945–91, Tomsk University Publishing House, Tomsk, 2004
 Lenskiy – А. Г. Ленский, Сухопутные силы РККА в предвоенные годы. Справочник. — Санкт-Петербург Б&К, 2000

Ground Forces of Ukraine
Artillery administrative corps


The Reverend Robert  Anderson Philp (25 February 1913 – 1 March 2008) was a Church of Scotland missionary in Kenya and acted as interpreter during the trial of Jomo Kenyatta in 1952.

Early life
Robert Anderson Philp, born on 25 February 1913, was the only child of a Scottish missionary doctor, the Rev Dr Horace Philp, founder of Tumutumu Hospital near Nyeri, Kenya in the foothills of Mount Kenya. He was raised amongst the Kikuyu people of central Kenya, and was known for his mastery of the Gikuyu language as well as for the authenticity of his accent.

Education
After his formative years, he went to George Watson's School in Edinburgh, Scotland and went to study divinity at the University of Edinburgh, after which he spent a year studying at the Budapest College of the Reformed Church in Hungary.

Ministry in Kenya
In 1937 he returned to Kenya as a missionary, where his first station was at his birthplace Tumutumu. While there, he lived and worked as a missionary and also served as a chaplain in the British Army throughout World War II. In 1946 he married Jeane Caddick whom he had met while a student at the University of Edinburgh and after returning to Kenya set up home at Tumutumu.

He was well known for his love and identification with, the Kikuyu people of Kenya. During the Mau Mau insurgency, many of the Kikuyu who refused to take the Mau Mau oath were in danger of being killed. Philp successfully acted as a mediator on behalf of some of the Kikuyu to the British authorities.

Philp taught at St. Paul's University, Limuru, where he was active in preparing and equipping Africans to become ministers. He later became the first Church of Scotland missionary at Nakuru in the Great Rift Valley, and then worked at Thogoto, a village near Nairobi. He was well regarded for his work in encouraging close partnerships with his African colleagues, and was tireless in his efforts to foster good relations between Kenyans and Europeans.

Kenyatta trial
In 1952 while serving as a missionary in Kenya he acted as interpreter during the trial of Jomo Kenyatta. Kenyatta was charged with "managing and being a member" of Mau Mau, the insurgency rebellion against British rule in Kenya. Although he knew English well, Kenyatta determined to speak only in his native language, Kikuyu. The role of court translator was initially given to the archaeologist Louis Leakey, but due to challenges to his translation, Leakey resigned and was replaced by Philp. After a guilty verdict was rendered in April 1953, Kenyatta received a sentence of seven years' hard labour and he remained in prison until 1959.

Later ministry in the United Kingdom
After 23 years as a second-generation missionary, personal circumstances caused Philp reluctantly to resign in 1960, from the Church of Scotland Mission and leave Kenya. Philp became a Church of Scotland minister at Stepps, Scotland near Glasgow. Due to his influence, several of his congregation became missionaries or ministers. Philp retired in 1981, at the age of 69. He and his wife lived in Leeds, England where they became involved with a Congregational church, and later in Bath, where they became part of an Anglican church community.

In 1988 the Presbyterian Church of East Africa celebrated the 90th anniversary of the first Scottish missionaries' arrival in Kenya, and requested Philp to attend as guest of honour. While there, he returned to his birthplace, Tumutumu, and he discovered that he had retained his fluency in Kikuyu after 28 years in Britain.

The Presbyterian Church of East Africa's service of celebration at Thogoto was attended by more than 5,000 people, including President Daniel Arap Moi, and in his speech, as Philp spoke in Kikuyu, without notes, the attendees broke into spontaneous applause.

Last days
After his wife Jeanne died in 2005, he lived for the rest of his life at Bybrook Nursing Home near Bath, but he always had a love for Kenya, and it was his Kikuyu Bible that he chose to read, rather than an English one. He and his wife had three daughters, Mary, Joan and Dorothy.

Philp died on 1 March 2008. His funeral service was held at All Saints' Church, Weston, England. On 18 March 2008 and his ashes were buried in Kenya, among the Kikuyu people, because, as he once said, "after all, that is where I am from."

References
Obituary. Daily Telegraph. 28 April 2008
Macharia, Rawson. The Truth About the Trial of Jomo Kenyatta. Nairobi, Kenya: Longman Kenya, 1991.
Wepman, Dennis. Jomo Kenyatta. London: Burke, 1988.
Friedmann, Julian. Jomo Kenyatta. London: Wayland, 1981.
Slater, Montagu. The Trial of Jomo Kenyatta. London: Heinemann, 1975.
Murray-Brown, Jeremy. Kenyatta. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.
http://www.pcusa.org/health/international/profiles/tumutumu.htm

20th-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland
Presbyterian missionaries in Kenya
Kenyan Presbyterian missionaries
1913 births
2008 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh


The French St. Étienne Mle 1907 () was a gas operated air-cooled machine gun in 8mm Lebel which was widely used in the early years of the First World War. The "St.Etienne Mle 1907" was not derived from the Hotchkiss machine gun. Instead it was an entirely different gas operated, blow-forward design borrowed from the semi-automatic Bang rifle of 1903. This Bang system was first transposed in 1905 to the French Puteaux APX Machine Gun which soon proved to be unsatisfactory. Then, two years later, the Mle 1907 "St-Étienne" machine gun followed as an improved redesign of the "Puteaux" machine gun. However the Mle 1907 "St-Étienne" was only a partial redesign: the original blow-forward gas piston, rack-and-pinion system, and bolt mechanism of the Mle 1905 "Puteaux" machine gun had all been kept only slightly modified inside the newer weapon. Eventually a total of over 39,700 "St-Étienne" Mle 1907 machine guns were manufactured between 1908 and late 1917. They were widely used by French infantry during the early part of World War I until their replacement by the more reliable Hotchkiss M1914 machine gun.

History

Around the turn of the century the French military evaluated machine guns made by the private French firm of Hotchkiss et Cie. While the tests were technically convincing, following which Hotchkiss machine-guns were purchased for French alpine and colonial troops, it was decided for political reasons that a machine gun for French line infantry had to originate from state-owned arms manufacturers. A first attempt by a French government arsenal near Paris (APX) was the Puteaux M1905 machine gun inspired by the first gas actuated blow forward Bang rifle system of 1903. It was a deliberate attempt to develop an infantry machine gun that would be mechanically different from the patented Hotchkiss Mle 1900 machine gun design. However, the M1905 Puteaux machine gun soon proved to be unsatisfactory. Consequently, the national arsenal at Saint-Étienne (MAS) thoroughly reworked and modified the Puteaux machine gun resulting in some measure of improvement but also increased complexity—64 component parts for the St-Étienne Mle 1907 vs. only 32 parts for the Hotchkiss Mle 1914. Barrel changes on the Mle 1907 St-Étienne were much easier than on the M1905 Puteaux and its firing rate could be set at any point between eight rounds per minute and about 600 rounds per minute. Either metal strips different from those used on the Hotchkiss machine gun or else fabric belts, the latter introduced in 1916, for the 8mm Lebel ammunition could be used.

George Chinn notes about the 1907 model that: "While it was gas actuated by means of a piston, the French reversed the conventional principle. Instead of the piston thrust rearward furnishing the source of energy to operate the piece, the gas propels the piston forward to unlock the bolt. The piston is attached by a spring-loaded rod to a gear rack. This in turn engages a spur gear which is fastened to an actuating lever. When the lever is in the forward horizontal position and engages a cam slot in the bolt, the gun is locked. Upon firing, the gas drives the piston forward, compressing the spring and causing the spur gear to rotate clockwise. The actuating lever turns with the gear for a half revolution, retracting the bolt and stopping at the rear horizontal position. The driving spring then forces the piston rearward, which reverses the action and returns the bolt to battery."

Nevertheless, in the muddy environment of trench warfare the mechanically complex St-Étienne Mle 1907 suffered from frequent stoppages and was difficult to maintain by front-line soldiers. A quote from a French post-war military evaluation says it all: "admirable weapon, patented clockwork, but very delicate and sparing its whims only for machine-gun virtuosos." In July 1917 the Mle 1907 St-Étienne was gradually withdrawn from front line service and replaced by the distinctly simpler and more reliable Hotchkiss M1914 machine gun. Large numbers of the M1907 St-Étienne machine gun were then transferred to military units in the rear, to the French colonies, and to the Italian Army. Many also ended up in the Greek Army during the 1920s. Altogether 39,700 Mle 1907 St-Étienne machine guns had been manufactured when the decision to close down their last assembly line was taken in November 1917. The Mle 1907-T was still in service at the beginning of World War II, for instance with second-line units.

Romania contracted 500 machine guns from France in July 1916; 268 were delivered until August when the war started on the Romanian front.

Users

: supplied during World War I. Also used during the Greco-Turkish War and the Greco-Italian War.

: used as an anti-aircraft weapon by the American Expeditionary Forces

References

Bibliography

  A 290 page technical review of all the automatic weapons known at the time.

  Includes the most complete and highly detailed technical review in existence of the Mle 1907 St-Etienne machine gun and all its accessories.

External links

  Animation showing the mechanism of St. Étienne model 1907.

8 mm machine guns
Early machine guns
Medium machine guns
World War I machine guns
French World War I small arms
Machine guns of France


Balnacoil () is a small crofting village, lying in the strath of Brora, one mile west of Loch Brora, in the east county of Sutherland, in Highland, Scotland. The River Brora, which rises in Ben Armine, runs through Balnacoil, draining into the loch.

Balnacoil is in the Scottish council area of Highland.

References

Populated places in Sutherland


The 449th Fighter Interceptor Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit.  Its last assignment was with 11th Air Division stationed at Ladd Air Force Base, Alaska, where it was inactivated on 25 August 1960.

The squadron was first activated in 1943 as the 449th Fighter Squadron and engaged in combat in China during World War II.  Following VJ Day, it returned to the United States and was inactivated.  It was reactivated in Alaska in 1947.

History

World War II
The squadron was first organized in China as the 449th Fighter Squadron and equipped with Lockheed P-38 Lightnings.  It fought in the China Burma India Theater from 1943 to 1945. Former Heisman Trophy-winner Tom Harmon was a member of the unit during their stint in the CBI.

Alaskan air defense
The 449th was reactivated at Adak Army Air Field as part of Alaskan Air Command in September 1947 and equipped with Northrop P-61 Black Widow night fighters. Its aircraft and personnel were drawn from the 415th Night Fighter Squadron, which was simultaneously inactivated. The Black Widows were used as interceptors against Soviet aircraft intruding into North American airspace.

The squadron began to re-equip with North American F-82 Twin Mustangs in 1948, but only became a Twin Mustang unit upon moving to Ladd Air Force Base in 1949. It received additional aircraft from Far East Air Forces after the model was withdrawn from the Korean War.  These aircraft were modified to the F-82H model with the addition of cold weather equipment and additional de-icers. Many of these fighters operated with Strategic Air Command where they served as escorts for the massive Convair B-36 Peacemaker bomber during long flights over the Arctic. The 449th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was the last USAF unit equipped with the F-82, retiring the model in 1953 when a lack of parts made it impossible to keep the aging airframes flying. The retirement of the F-82 marked the end of front-line use of USAF propeller driven fighter aircraft. Many were ultimately scrapped in Alaska.

The squadron replaced their Twin Mustangs with jet Lockheed F-94 Starfires armed with 20mm cannon in 1952. The Starfire was not suited to service in the Arctic. When equipped with cold weather gear, the radar operator in the rear seat was cramped and found it difficult to operate. Moreover, the aircraft proved difficult to maintain and had a high accident rate. By mid 1954, the squadron had converted to the Northrop F-89 Scorpion. It initially flew a mix of F-89Cs armed with cannon, and F-89Ds armed with Mighty Mouse rockets in wing pods. In 1957, the squadron converted to the F-89J, which was armed with the nuclear MB-1 Genie air to air missile. After August 1958, the squadron maintained air defense of northern Alaska under the command of North American Air Defense Command. It inactivated in 1960 along with turnover of Ladd to the United States Army as part of Fort Wainwright.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 449th Fighter Squadron, Two Engine on 2 August 1943
 Activated on 26 August 1943
 Inactivated on 25 December 1945
 Activated on 1 September 1947
 Redesignated: 449th Fighter Squadron, All Weather on 20 July 1948
 Redesignated: 449th Fighter-All Weather Squadron on 20 January 1950
 Redesignated: 449th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 1 June 1951
 Discontinued and inactivated on 25 August 1960

Assignments
 51st Fighter Group, 26 August 1943 – 13 December 1945 (attached to 23d Fighter Group until October 1943)
 Alaskan Air Command, 1 September 1947 (attached to 5001st Composite Group after 1 May 1949)
 5001st Composite Wing, 1 July 1949
 11th Air Division, 8 April 1953
 5001st Air Defense Group, 20 September 1954
 11th Air Division, 1 October 1955 – 25 August 1960

Stations

 Kunming, China, 26 August 1943
 Lingling Airfield, China, 26 August 1943
 Detachments operated from Hengyang and Kweilin Airfield, China, September 1943
 Suichwan Airfield, China, February 1944
 Kweilin Airfield, China, June 1944
 Chengkung Airfield, China, 16 July 1944
 Detachments operated from: Yunnani Airfield, China, c. 23 July 1944 – March 1945; Mengtsze, China, March 1945 and Posek, China, 12 April – May 1945

 Mengtsze, China, c. 13 July 1945
 India, September – November 1945
 Fort Lewis, Washington, 19 – 25 December 1945,
 Adak Army Air Field (later Davis Air Force Base), Alaska, 1 September 1947
 Ladd Air Force Base, Alaska, 28 March 1949 – 25 August 1960

Aircraft

 Lockheed P-38 Lightning, 1943–1945
 Northrop P-61 Black Widow, 1947–1949
 North American F-82 Twin Mustang, 1948–1953

 Lockheed F-94B Starfire, 1952–1954
 Northrop F-89C Scorpion, 1954–1957
 Northrop F-89D Scorpion, 1954–1957
 Northrop F-89J Scorpion, 1957–1960

See also

 F-89 Scorpion units of the United States Air Force
 F-94 Starfire units of the United States Air Force
 List of Lockheed P-38 Lightning operators

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Davis, Larry (1996). F-82 Twin Mustang (Squadron/Signal Mini in Action Series Number 8). Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications inc.

Further reading

External links

  (photograph of Squadron P-38)

Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force