Oboronia is an Afrotropical genus of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Oboronia albicosta (Gaede, 1916)
Oboronia bueronica Karsch, 1895
Oboronia guessfeldti (Dewitz, 1879)
Oboronia liberiana Stempffer, 1950
Oboronia ornata (Mabille, 1890)
Oboronia pseudopunctatus (Strand, 1912)
Oboronia punctatus (Dewitz, 1879)

References

* Seitz, A. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 74

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Ferdinand Karsch


Ocaria is a Neotropical genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Ocaria clenchi (Johnson, 1992)
Ocaria aholiba (Hewitson, 1867)
Ocaria clepsydra (Druce, 1907)
Ocaria arpoxais (Godman & Salvin, [1887])
Ocaria cinerea (Lathy, 1936)
Ocaria sadiei (Weeks, 1901)
Ocaria petelina (Hewitson, 1877)
Ocaria elvira (Johnson, 1992)
Ocaria calesia (Hewitson, 1870)
Ocaria elongata (Hewitson, 1870)
Ocaria thales (Fabricius, 1793)
Ocaria arcula (Druce, 1907)
Ocaria ocrisia (Hewitson, 1868)

References

External links
Butterflies of the Americas Images
Butterflies of the Americas Ocaria aholiba type specimens

Eumaeini
Lycaenidae of South America
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by William J. Clench


Amen! is the second album by singer and actress Della Reese. It was given credit with her group The Meditation Singers. The album was her second record for Jubilee Records, and her first of many records dedicated solely to sacred and spiritual material. The album features background vocals by the Meditation Singers, which she had been a part of in the early ’50s. The album also features vocals by the then unknown singer Laura Lee, who had incidentally replaced Reese in the group, when she left in 1953.

The album was released on Compact Disc, alongside her 1959 album What Do You Know About Love?, for the first time in 2008, by Collector’s Choice.

Track listing
 “Amen!” (Adapted by Palitz) – 3:56
 “Jesus Will Answer Your Prayer” (Barret, Lillenas) – 2:46
 “Last Mile of the Way” (Adapted by Palitz) – 4:06
 “Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen” (Adapted by Palitz) – 4:41
 “Rock-a-My Soul” (Adapted by Palitz) – 2:04
 “Hard to Get Along” (Rundles) – 5:20
 “Up Above My Head I Hear Music in the Air” (Tharpe) – 3:08
 “I Know the Lord Has Laid His Hands on Me” (Adapted by Palitz) – 3:39
 “Jesus” (Coleman) 2:21

Release history

References

1958 albums
Della Reese albums
Jubilee Records albums


WRIV (1390 AM) is a radio station licensed to Riverhead, New York and serves eastern Long Island. It broadcasts an adult standards format.

The station, which has been owned since 1987 by Crystal Coast Communications, has daytime power of 1,000 watts and 64 watts at night.

History

The station, then owned by the Suffolk Broadcasting Corporation, went on the air on June 19, 1955 as a sister station to co-owned WALK and WALK-FM radio in Patchogue, New York. Its first studio at 29 East Main Street burned within six months in what is listed by the Riverhead Fire Department as one of the worst fires in the town's history.

In 1963, WRIV, along with WALK and WALK-FM, was sold to Island Broadcasting System. Island Broadcasting was owned in part by NBC News anchorman Chet Huntley. In 1965, WRIV applied for a television license for Channel 55. WRIV-TV held a construction permit for the station until the early 1970s. The Channel 55 allocation was dormant until WLIG-TV went on the air in 1985; today Channel 55 is known as WLNY-TV and is owned by CBS.

WRIV was sold again in 1981 to East End Communications and became sister station to now defunct WGLI 1290 in Babylon, New York before being sold to its current owners.

Some former personalities on the station include: Ted Brown (following the demise of WNEW) and former WALK morning personality Bob Klein.

WRIV is the only commercial AM radio station in the five east end towns of Long Island. It maintains an Adult Standards/Information format and has local personalities. The station is an affiliate of the ABC Information Network.

References

Further reading

External links

RIV
Adult standards radio stations in the United States
Mass media in Suffolk County, New York
Radio stations established in 1955
1955 establishments in New York (state)


Oenomaus is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are found in the Neotropical realm.

Species
atena species subgroup
Oenomaus atena (Hewitson, 1867)
Oenomaus morroensis Faynel & Moser, 2008
cortica species subgroup
Oenomaus ambiguus Faynel, 2008
Oenomaus cortica (D'Abrera, 1995)
Oenomaus druceus Faynel & Moser, 2008
Oenomaus gaia Faynel, 2008
curiosa species subgroup
Oenomaus curiosa Faynel & Moser, 2008
cyanovenata species subgroup
Oenomaus cyanovenata (D'Abrera, 1995)
Oenomaus floreus (Druce, 1907)
Oenomaus isabellae Faynel, 2006
Oenomaus taua Faynel & Moser, 2008
geba species subgroup
Oenomaus brulei Faynel, 2008
Oenomaus geba (Hewitson, 1877)
Oenomaus griseus Faynel & Moser, 2008
Oenomaus jauffreti Faynel & Moser, 2008
Oenomaus magnus Faynel & Moser, 2008
Oenomaus poirieri Faynel, 2008
melleus species subgroup
Oenomaus melleus (Druce, 1907)
nigra species subgroup
Oenomaus nigra Faynel & Moser, 2008
unknown species subgroup
Oenomaus andi Busby & Faynel, 2012
Oenomaus atesa (Hewitson, 1867)
Oenomaus gwenish Robbins & Faynel, 2012
Oenomaus lea Faynel & Robbins, 2012
Oenomaus mancha Busby & Faynel, 2012
Oenomaus mentirosa Faynel & Robbins, 2012
Oenomaus moseri Robbins & Faynel, 2012
Oenomaus myrteana Busby, Robbins & Faynel, 2012
Oenomaus ortygnus (Cramer, 1779)

References
 , 2004, Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera; Checklist: 4A; Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea page 134.
 , 2006, Le genre Oenomaus Hübner, 1819, en Guyana française (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 111 (2): 137-156.
 , 2008: The genus Oenomaus Hübner, 1819, in French Guiana, Part II (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 113 (1): 15-32.
 , 2008: The neotropical genus Enomaus Hübner with description of eight new species belonging to the atena group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Lambillionea Supplément I: 1-36.

External links
"Oenomaus Hübner, [1819]" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

Eumaeini
Lycaenidae of South America
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


Ogyris is an Australasian genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Ogyris abrota Westwood, 1851
Ogyris aenone Waterhouse, 1902
Ogyris amaryllis Hewitson, 1862
Ogyris aurantiaca Rebel, 1912
Ogyris barnardi Miskin, 1890
Ogyris faciepicta Strand, 1911
Ogyris genoveva Hewitson, [1853]
Ogyris halmaturia (Tepper, 1890)
Ogyris ianthis Waterhouse, 1900
Ogyris idmo Hewitson, 1862
Ogyris iphis Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914
Ogyris meeki Rothschild, 1900
Ogyris olane Hewitson, 1862
Ogyris oroetes Hewitson, 1862
Ogyris otanes C. & R. Felder, [1865]
Ogyris subterrestris Field, 1999
Ogyris zosine Hewitson, [1853]

References

 ; ;  2011: The nomenclature of Ogyris halmaturia (Tepper, 1890) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae).  Australian Entomologist, 38(1): 29-36. PDF of whole issue
, 1988. Catalogue of Lycaenidae & Riodinidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Bridges, Urbana, Illinois.
 1973: The higher classification of the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): a tentative arrangement. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), entomology, 28: 371-505.
  2010: The taxonomy of Ogyris halmaturia (Tepper, 1890) stat. nov. (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae).  Australian Journal of Entomology, 49(2): 114-120.
, 1971. Australian Butterflies. 200pp. Nelson, Melbourne.
, 1998. The Butterflies of Papua New Guinea Academic Press,
, [1851]. In  1846-1852,  The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, 2. pp. 251-534, pls. 31-80 + suppl. pl. London.

External links
"Ogyris Angas, 1847" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

Arhopalini
Lycaenidae genera


Charles Radford (19 March 1900 – 14 July 1924) was an English footballer who played as a full-back, having been converted from centre-forward early in his career. Born in Walsall, he played for Walsall and Manchester United. He died in a motorcycle accident in 1924.

Career
Radford began his career as a schoolboy playing as a centre-forward, and was twice capped for the England Schoolboys team in 1914. He began his senior career with Walsall in the Birmingham & District League before signing for Manchester United in May 1920. However, he was unable to break into either the first team or the reserves as a forward, so he was tried out at right-back for much of the 1920–21 Central League season. With the reserves having won the Central League title that year, Radford was given his first-team debut in the final game of the 1920–21 Football League season – a 3–0 win at home to Derby County on 7 May 1921.

Radford became Manchester United's regular right-back for the 1921–22 season, playing in 26 of their 42 league matches; however, he was unable to prevent them from finishing bottom of the First Division with the worst defensive record in the division. The following season, he missed just eight league matches, and scored his first goal for Manchester United in a 2–1 home win over Blackpool on 7 April 1923. He missed a further 12 matches in 1923–24, including the last eight games of the season, which he missed due to suspension, having been sent off in a match against Nelson in March 1924. He never played for Manchester United again as he was killed in a motorcycle accident in Wolverhampton in July 1924. His last game for the club came in a 1–1 draw away to Hull City on 22 March 1924.

References
General

Specific

External links
Profile at StretfordEnd.co.uk

1900 births
Footballers from Walsall
1924 deaths
Motorcycle road incident deaths
English men's footballers
Walsall F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Road incident deaths in England
Men's association football defenders


Olynthus is a Neotropical genus of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae.

References

External links
 Images representing Olynthus at Consortium for the Barcode of Life

Eumaeini
Lycaenidae of South America
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


Oraidium is a monotypic genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Oraidium barberae (Trimen, 1868)

External links
Oraidium at funet

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by George Thomas Bethune-Baker


Orcya is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Lycaenidae
Lycaenidae genera


Oreolyce is an Indomalayan genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Subgenus Oreolyce
 Oreolyce quadriplaga (Snellen, 1892) – Naga hedge blue
 Oreolyce archena (Corbet, 1940)
 Oreolyce boulti (Chapman, 1912) Borneo
 Oreolyce dohertyi (Tytler, 1915) Naga Hills
Subgenus Arletta Hemming, 1935
 Oreolyce vardhana (Moore, [1875]) – dusky hedge blue

References

Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Lambertus Johannes Toxopeus


Ornipholidotos is a genus of butterflies, commonly called glasswings or white mimics, in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are endemic to the Afrotropical realm.

Species
 Ornipholidotos abriana Libert, 2005
 Ornipholidotos ackeryi Libert, 2000
 Ornipholidotos amieti Libert, 2005
 Ornipholidotos annae Libert, 2005
 Ornipholidotos aureliae Libert, 2005
 Ornipholidotos ayissii Libert, 2005
 Ornipholidotos bakotae Stempffer, 1962
 Ornipholidotos bitjeensis Stempffer, 1957
 Ornipholidotos boormani Libert, 2005
 Ornipholidotos carolinae Libert, 2005
 Ornipholidotos congoensis Stempffer, 1964
 Ornipholidotos dargei Libert, 2000
 Ornipholidotos dowsetti Collins & Larsen, 2000
 Ornipholidotos ducarmei Libert, 2005
 Ornipholidotos emarginata (Hawker-Smith, 1933)
 Ornipholidotos etoumbi Stempffer, 1967
 Ornipholidotos evoei Libert, 2005
 Ornipholidotos francisci Libert, 2005
 Ornipholidotos gabonensis Stempffer, 1947
 Ornipholidotos gemina Libert, 2000
 Ornipholidotos ghesquierei Libert, 2005
 Ornipholidotos ginettae Libert, 2005
 Ornipholidotos goodgerae Libert, 2000
 Ornipholidotos henrii Libert, 2000
 Ornipholidotos irwini Collins & Larsen, 1998
 Ornipholidotos issia Stempffer, 1969
 Ornipholidotos ivoiriensis Libert, 2005
 Ornipholidotos jacksoni Stempffer, 1961
 Ornipholidotos jax Collins & Larsen, 1998
 Ornipholidotos jolyana Libert, 2005
 Ornipholidotos josianae Libert, 2005
 Ornipholidotos katangae Stempffer, 1947
 Ornipholidotos kelle Stempffer, 1967
 Ornipholidotos kennedyi Libert, 2005
 Ornipholidotos kirbyi (Aurivillius, 1895)
 Ornipholidotos kivu Collins & Larsen, 2000
 Ornipholidotos latimargo (Hawker-Smith, 1933)
 Ornipholidotos likouala Stempffer, 1969
 Ornipholidotos maesseni Libert, 2005
 Ornipholidotos mathildae Libert, 2000
 Ornipholidotos michelae Libert, 2000
 Ornipholidotos muhata (Dewitz, 1886)
 Ornipholidotos nancy Collins & Larsen, 2000
 Ornipholidotos nbeti Libert, 2005
 Ornipholidotos nguru Kielland, 1987
 Ornipholidotos nigeriae Stempffer, 1964
 Ornipholidotos ntebi (Bethune-Baker, 1906)
 Ornipholidotos nympha Libert, 2000
 Ornipholidotos onitshae Stempffer, 1962
 Ornipholidotos oremansi Libert, 2005
 Ornipholidotos overlaeti Stempffer, 1947 – Overlaet's glasswing
 Ornipholidotos paradoxa (Druce, 1910)
 Ornipholidotos perfragilis (Holland, 1890)
 Ornipholidotos peucetia (Hewitson, 1866) – large glasswing, white mimic
 Ornipholidotos sylpha (Kirby, 1890)
 Ornipholidotos sylphida (Staudinger, 1892)
 Ornipholidotos sylviae Libert, 2005
 Ornipholidotos tanganyikae Kielland, 1983
 Ornipholidotos teroensis Stempffer, 1957
 Ornipholidotos tessmani Libert, 2005
 Ornipholidotos tiassale Stempffer, 1969
 Ornipholidotos tirza (Hewitson, 1873)
 Ornipholidotos ugandae Stempffer, 1947

References

 Libert, M. (2000) Le genre Ornipholidotos Bethune-Baker au Cameroun. Descriptions du genre Torbenia n. gen. et de onze nouvelles espèces (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 105 (5):433-466.
Libert, M. (2005) Révision des Ornipholidotos et Torbenia (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). A.B.R.I. & Lambillionea, Nairobi, Kenya & Tervuren, Belgium.
Seitz, A. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 61

Poritiinae
Taxa named by George Thomas Bethune-Baker
Lycaenidae genera


Orthomiella is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are found in the Indomalayan realm and Yunnan in the Palearctic realm.

Species
Orthomiella pontis
Orthomiella rantaizana Wileman, 1910 Taiwan,Thailand, Burma, Laos, Vietnam
Orthomiella sinensis (Elwes, 1887) China, Burma

External links

"Orthomiella de Nicéville in Marshall & de Nicéville, 1890" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Lionel de Nicéville


Ostrinotes is a Neotropical genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Ostrinotes purpuriticus (H. Druce, 1907) cryptic hairstreak – southeast Mexico to Colombia
Ostrinotes empusa (Hewitson, 1867) Empusa hairstreak – Panama to Argentina
Ostrinotes halciones (A. Butler & H. Druce, 1872) halciones hairstreak – Mexico to Brazil
Ostrinotes tympania (Hewitson, 1869) Brazil
Ostrinotes tarena (Hewitson, 1874) French Guiana
Ostrinotes gentiana (H. Druce, 1907) Colombia
Ostrinotes sospes (Draudt, 1920) Colombia
Ostrinotes keila (Hewitson, 1869) Keila hairstreak – Mexico to Colombia
Ostrinotes sophocles (Fabricius, 1793) "Indiis" and Brazil

References

Eumaeini
Lycaenidae of South America
Lycaenidae genera


Otnjukovia is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.
It is monotypic containing only Otnjukovia tatjana (Zhdanko, 1984) from
Kazakhstan (Zhetyzhol Mountains, Almaty ).

References
Zhdanko, A. B., 1984. A review of the genus Turanana Bethune-Baker, with descriptions of Turanana tatjana sp. n. and Otaria subgenus, from Kazakhstan. Trudy Zool. inst. Leningrad 122: 98–105.
Ugelvig, L.V., Vila, R., Pierce, N.E. & Nash, D.R., 2011. A phylogenetic revision of the Glaucopsyche section (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), with special focus on the Phengaris–Maculinea clade. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61(1): 237–243.

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae genera


Oxylides is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The members are Afrotropical. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner c. 1819

Species
Oxylides albata (Aurivillius, 1895)
Oxylides bella Aurivillius, 1899
Oxylides binza Berger, 1981
Oxylides faunus (Drury, [1773])
Oxylides feminina (Sharpe, 1904)
Oxylides gloveri Hawker-Smith, 1929
Oxylides stempfferi Berger, 1981

References

Seitz, A. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 67

Theclinae
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


Paiwarria is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are found in the Neotropical realm.

Species
Paiwarria antinous (C. & R. Felder, [1865])
Paiwarria aphaca (Hewitson, 1867)
Paiwarria chuchuvia Hall & Willmott, 2005
Paiwarria episcopalis (Fassl, 1912)
Paiwarria telemus (Cramer, [1775])
Paiwarria umbratus (Geyer, 1837)
Paiwarria venulius (Cramer, [1779])

External links

"Paiwarria Kaye, 1904" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

Eumaeini
Lycaenidae of South America
Lycaenidae genera


Palaeophilotes is a monotypic genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. Its single species, Palaeophilotes triphysina, (Staudinger, 1892) is endemic to western China.

References

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Walter Forster (entomologist)


Pamela is a monotypic butterfly genus in the family Lycaenidae containing the species Pamela dudgeonii, the Lister's hairstreak. It is a small butterfly found in India (Himalayas, Mussoorie, and Sikkim).

See also
List of butterflies of India
List of butterflies of India (Lycaenidae)

References

Theclinae
Butterflies of Asia
Monotypic butterfly genera
Lycaenidae genera


Pamiria is a Palearctic genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Listed alphabetically:

 Pamiria chitralensis (Tytler, 1926) Kashmir
 Pamiria chrysopis (Grum-Grshimailo, 1888) Hindu Kush, Pamirs
 Pamiria farazi (Pagès & Charmeux, 1997) Pakistan
 Pamiria galathea (Blanchard, [1844]) Himalaya
 Pamiria issa Zhdanko, 1995 Hindu Kush
 Pamiria margo Zhdanko, 2002
 Pamiria metallica (C. & R. Felder, [1865]) Himalaya
 Pamiria omphisa (Moore, [1875]) Himalaya, North China
 Pamiria selma (Koçak, 1996) Himalaya

References

External links

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae genera


Panthiades is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are found in the Neotropical realm.

Species
Panthiades aeolus  (Fabricius, 1775)
Panthiades bathildis  (C. & R. Felder, 1865)
Panthiades bitias  (Cramer, [1777])
Panthiades boreas  (C. & R. Felder, 1865)
Panthiades hebraeus  (Hewitson, 1867)
Panthiades ochus  (Godman & Salvin, [1887])
Panthiades paphlagon (C. & R. Felder, 1865)
Panthiades phaleros (Linnaeus, 1767)

References
, 1976: A review of the Hubnerian genera Panthiades and Cycnus (Lycaenidae: Eumaeini). Bulletin of the Allyn Museum 35: 1-13.

External links

Taxonomy, distribution and images of Panthiades bitias and Panthiades phaleros at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

Eumaeini
Lycaenidae genera
Lycaenidae of South America
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


Parachrysops is a butterfly genus in the family Lycaenidae. It is monotypic, containing only the species Parachrysops bicolor. which is endemic to New Guinea (Aroa River).

References

Luciini
Monotypic butterfly genera
Taxa named by George Thomas Bethune-Baker
Lycaenidae genera
Endemic fauna of New Guinea


Paraduba is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are found in New Guinea (Australasian realm).

Species
Paraduba metriodes Bethune-Baker, 1911
Paraduba owgarra Bethune-Baker, 1906
Paraduba siwiensis Tite, 1963

External links

"Paraduba Bethune-Baker, 1906" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae genera


Paralycaeides is a Neotropical genus of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Paralycaeides inconspicua (Draudt, 1921)  Central and South Peru (high Andes)
Paralycaeides shade Bálint, 1993  Central Peru (high Andes)
Paralycaeides vapa (Staudinger, 1894)  South Peru, Bolivia, Northeast Chile, Argentina, North Patagonia (high Andes)

References

External links
Images of Paralycaeides at Butterflies of the Americas

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae of South America
Lycaenidae genera


Parapithecops is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

References

Lycaenidae
Lycaenidae genera


Parelodina is a butterfly genus in the family Lycaenidae. It is monotypic, containing only the species Parelodina aroa. endemic to New Guinea

References

Polyommatini
Monotypic butterfly genera
Lycaenidae genera


Parrhasius is a Nearctic and Neotropical genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Parrhasius m-album (Boisduval & Le Conte, 1833)
Parrhasius moctezuma (Clench, 1971)
Parrhasius orgia (Hewitson, 1867)
Parrhasius polibetes (Stoll, [1781])
Parrhasius selika (Hewitson, 1874)
Parrhasius urraca Nicolay, 1979

References

Eumaeini
Lycaenidae of South America
Insects of the Arctic
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


Paruparo is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are found in the Indomalayan realm.

Species
Paruparo annie
Paruparo arbaimuni
Paruparo cebuensis
 Paruparo cebuensis chotaroi
Paruparo kuehni
Paruparo lumawigi
Paruparo mamertina
Paruparo mio
Paruparo rosemarie
Paruparo violacea

External links
"Paruparo Takanami, 1982" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

Lycaenidae genera


Patricius is a Palearctic genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Listed alphabetically:

 Patricius felicis (Oberthür, 1886) Tibet
 Patricius gaborronkayi (Bálint, 1997) Nepal, Tibet
 Patricius lucifera (Staudinger, 1867) Central Asia
 Patricius lucifuga (Fruhstorfer, 1915) Himalaya
 Patricius lucina (Grum-Grshimailo, 1902) China
 Patricius sagona Zhdanko, 2002 Tibet
 Patricius themis (Grum-Grshimailo, 1891) China
 Patricius younghusbandi (Elwes, 1906) Tibet

References

External links

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae genera


Penaincisalia is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. It contains the following species, all found in the Neotropical realm:

partial list
 Penaincisalia alatus Druce 1907
 Penaincisalia anosma Draudt 1921
 Penaincisalia atymna (Hewitson, 1870)
 Penaincisalia bimediana Johnson 1990
 Penaincisalia candor Druce 1907
 Penaincisalia carmela Johnson 1990
 Penaincisalia caudata Johnson 1990
 Penaincisalia culminicola Staudinger 1894
 Penaincisalia descimoni Johnson 1990
 Penaincisalia downeyi Johnson 1990
 Penaincisalia loxurina (C. & R. Felder, 1865)
 Penaincisalia oribata Weymer 1890
 Penaincisalia patagonaevaga Johnson 1990
 Penaincisalia pichincha Johnson 1990
 Penaincisalia rawlinsi Johnson 1990

References

Eumaeini
Lycaenidae of South America
Lycaenidae genera


Pentila is a genus of butterflies, commonly called pentilas or buffs, in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are endemic to the Afrotropics. For other butterflies called buffs, see genus Baliochila.

Species
Listed alphabetically:
Pentila abraxas Westwood, 1852
Pentila alba Dewitz, 1886
Pentila amenaida Hewitson, 1873
Pentila amenaidoides (Holland, 1893)
Pentila auga Karsch, 1895
Pentila bennetti Collins & Larsen, 2003
Pentila bitje Druce, 1910
Pentila camerunica Stempffer & Bennett, 1961
Pentila carcassoni Stempffer & Bennett, 1961
Pentila christina Suffert, 1904
Pentila cloetensi Aurivillius, 1898
Pentila condamini Stempffer, 1963
Pentila fallax Bethune-Baker, 1915
Pentila fidonioides Schultze, 1923
Pentila glagoessa (Holland, 1893)
Pentila hewitsoni (Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1887)
Pentila inconspicua Druce, 1910 – inconspicuous pentila
Pentila landbecki Stempffer & Bennett, 1961
Pentila maculata (Kirby, 1887)
Pentila mesia Hulstaert, 1924
Pentila nero (Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1894)
Pentila nigeriana Stempffer & Bennett, 1961
Pentila occidentalium Aurivillius, 1899
Pentila pauli Staudinger, 1888 – Paul's buff
Pentila petreia Hewitson, 1874
Pentila petreoides Bethune-Baker, 1915
Pentila phidia Hewitson, 1874
Pentila picena Hewitson, 1874
Pentila preussi Staudinger, 1888
Pentila pseudorotha Stempffer & Bennett, 1961
Pentila rogersi (Druce, 1907) – Rogers' pentila
Pentila rondo Kielland, 1990
Pentila rotha Hewitson, 1873
Pentila subfuscata Hawker-Smith, 1933
Pentila swynnertoni Stevenson, 1940
Pentila tachyroides Dewitz, 1879 – mylothrid pentila
Pentila torrida (Kirby, 1887)
Pentila tropicalis (Boisduval, 1847) – tropical pentila, spotted buff
Pentila umangiana Aurivillius, 1898
Pentila umbra Holland, 1892

References

Seitz, A. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 63 and 64

Poritiinae
Taxa named by John O. Westwood
Lycaenidae genera


Perpheres is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. It is monotypic containing only Perpheres perpheres (H. H. Druce and Bethune-Baker, 1893) endemic to New Guinea.This species was previously in Danis.

References
Druce, H.H. & Bethune-Baker, G.T. 1893. A monograph of the butterflies of the genus Thysonotis. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1893(3): 536–552, pls. 45-47
Parsons, M. 1999 The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their systematics and biology. San Diego: Academic Press.

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae genera


Petrelaea is a small genus of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. Its species are found in the Australasian and Indomalayan realms.

Species
Petrelaea dana (de Nicéville, 1884)
Petrelaea tombugensis  (Röber, 1886) New Guinea, Celebes, Thursday Island, Sulawesi, Sula, Solomon Islands, North Australia, Ogasawara Island.

External links

 Funet Taxonomy Distribution
Images representing Petrelaea  at Bold

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Lambertus Johannes Toxopeus


Phasis is an Afrotropical genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Phasis braueri Dickson, 1968
Phasis clavum Murray, 1935
Phasis pringlei Dickson, 1977
Phasis thero (Linnaeus, 1764)

External links
 "Phasis Hübner, [1819]" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


Phengaris is a genus of gossamer-winged butterflies in the subfamily Polyommatinae. Commonly, these butterflies are called large blues, which if referring to a particular species is P. arion, a species resident in Europe and some parts of Asia.

Phengaris is currently defined to include the genus Maculinea. The type species of the latter was the Alcon blue ("M." alcon). This species was found to be less closely related to most other supposed members of Maculinea than the traditional Phengaris species, and hence the two genera were merged to form a monophyletic group. Alternatively, Maculinea could be restricted to the one or two species of "Alcon" blues, and the rest of it be separated as a new genus. But this would create two very small genera, which is generally avoided by modern taxonomists. As Phengaris is the older name, it thus replaces Maculinea.

Maculinea was alternatively considered to be a subgenus of Glaucopsyche. But while Glaucopsyche and Phengaris (including Maculinea) are certainly close relatives, they are unlikely to be that close.

The most recently discovered species in the genus is P. xiushani, first reported in 2010 and found in undisturbed forested mountains, unlike all the other members which live in grasslands over their entire range of distribution.

Species
The species, listed in the presumed phylogenetic sequence from the most ancestral to the most apomorphic, are:

Basal group (Maculinea sensu stricto)
 Phengaris alcon – Alcon blue, Alcon large blue
 †Phengaris alcon arenaria – Dutch Alcon blue
 Phengaris rebeli – mountain Alcon blue (may belong in P. alcon)

Phengaris sensu stricto
 Phengaris daitozana (Wileman, 1908)
 Phengaris albida (Leech, 1893)
 Phengaris atroguttata – great spotted blue
 Phengaris xiushani Wang & Settele, 2010 – Xiushan's large blue

Other "Maculinea"
 Phengaris kurentzovi (Sibatani, Saigusa & Hirowatari, 1994)
 Phengaris kurentzovi kurentzovi northern China and Korea
 Phengaris kurentzovi daurica Dubatolov, 1999 Transbaikalia
 Phengaris nausithous – dusky large blue
 Phengaris ogumae (Matsumura, 1910) (tentatively placed here)
 Phengaris ogumae ogumae Japan
 Phengaris ogumae doii (Matsumura, 1928) Kuriles
 Phengaris teleius – scarce large blue
 Phengaris cyanecula (Eversmann, 1848)
 Phengaris cyanecula cyanecula Mongolia
 Phengaris cyanecula obscurior (Staudinger, 1901) Tian-Shan
 Phengaris cyanecula taras (Fruhstorfer, 1915) Alay Mountains
 Phengaris cyanecula ussuriensis (Sheljuzhko, 1928) Amur Oblast, Ussuri
 Phengaris arion – large blue
 Phengaris ligurica (Wagner, 1904) (may belong in P. arion)
 Phengaris takamukui
 Phengaris arionides – greater large blue

Incertae sedis
 Phengaris xiaheana (Murayama, 1919)

Footnotes

References

  (2008): Tree of Life Web Project – Phengaris. Version of 2008-JAN-06. Retrieved 2009-OCT-04.
  (2006): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms – Phengaris. Version of 2006-MAR-12. Retrieved 2009-OCT-04.
  (2008): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms – Maculinea. Version of 2008-JUL-05. Retrieved 2009-OCT-04.

External links
Images representing Phengaris  at Consortium for the Barcode of Life

Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by William Doherty


Philiolaus is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Lycaenidae
Lycaenidae genera


Philiris is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are found in the Australasian realm (New Guinea, Bismarck Islands, Molucca Islands and eastern Australia, predominantly in Queensland), mostly inhabiting tropical rainforests. Philiris was erected by Julius Röber in 1891.
It is a speciose genus. Tite decided on 56 species. Sands added 11 species and placed the taxa into 21 species groups (broadly accepted by Parsons). Most species are on New Guinea. Tite considered Philiris and Candalides Hübner, 1819 to be sisters. Eliot (1973) placed Philiris in Luciini Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914, close to Hypochrysops C. et R. Felder, 1860. Compared to other members of the tribe, Philiris have relatively uniform ventral patterns with usually silvery-white ground color.

Species
Philiris agatha
Philiris albicostalis
Philiris albihumerata
Philiris albiplaga
Philiris amethysta
Philiris angabunga
Philiris apicalis
Philiris aquamarina
Philiris argenteus
Philiris azula
Philiris baiteta
Philiris biplaga
Philiris bubalisatina
Philiris cadmica
Philiris caelestis
Philiris cyana
Philiris diana  - Large Moonbeam
Philiris dinawa
Philiris doreia
Philiris elegans
Philiris fulgens
Philiris gloriosa
Philiris harterti
Philiris helena
Philiris hemileuca
Philiris hindenburgensis
Philiris hypoxantha
Philiris ianthina
Philiris ignobilis
Philiris ilias
Philiris innotatus
Philiris intensa
Philiris kumusiensis
Philiris lavendula
Philiris lucescens
Philiris maculata
Philiris marginata
Philiris mayri
Philiris melanacra
Philiris misimensis
Philiris moira
Philiris moluccana
Philiris montigena
Philiris nitens
Philiris oreas
Philiris pagwi
Philiris papuanus
Philiris parsonsi
Philiris petriei
Philiris phengotes
Philiris philotas
Philiris philotoides
Philiris praeclara
Philiris putih
Philiris radicala
Philiris refusa
Philiris remissa
Philiris satis
Philiris scintillata
Philiris siassi
Philiris sibatanii
Philiris subovata
Philiris tapini
Philiris tombara
Philiris unipunctata
Philiris vicina
Philiris violetta
Philiris zadne
Philiris ziska

References

External links

"Philiris Röber, 1891" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

Luciini
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Julius Röber


Philotes is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. Philotes is a monotypic genus containing only Philotes sonorensis, the Sonoran blue or stonecrop blue, found in North America in California and Baja California. The habitat consists of rocky washes, outcrops and cliffs in deserts.

The wingspan is 22–25 mm. The upperside is silvery blue with red spots at the outer margin of the forewings. Females also have red spots on the hindwings. Adults are on the wing in February and March, with just one generation per year.

The larvae feed on Dudleya species, including D. cymosa, D. lanceolata and D. saxosa. They bore into the leaves of their host plant. Chrysalids hibernate under stones.

Taxonomy
Molecular phylogeny reconstructed a tree of the genus Pseudophilotes and identified a clade of Philotes sonorensis and Scolitantides orion as the closest relatives.

Subspecies
Philotes sonorensis sonorensis
†Philotes sonorensis extincta Mattoni, 1989 (upper San Gabriel river wash in southern California). This population in the San Gabriel Mountains was sampled annually for three decades leading to its disappearance in 1970. It was recognized nearly two decades later as a sub-species.

References

External links

Polyommatini
Butterflies described in 1865
Taxa named by Baron Cajetan von Felder
Taxa named by Rudolf Felder
Butterflies of North America


Philotiella is a genus of "blue" (Polyommatinae) butterflies in the family Lycaenidae found in western North America.

Species
 Philotiella speciosa (H. Edwards, 1877) – small blue
 Philotiella leona (Hammond & McCorkle, 2000) - Leona's Blue

References

External links

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae genera


Phlyaria is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. It is monotypic, consisting of only one species, Phlyaria cyara, the pied blue, which is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. The habitat consists of forests.

The larvae feed on the young shoots of Albizia gummifera.

Subspecies
Phlyaria cyara cyara (Nigeria: Cross River loop, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Mongala, Uele, Tshopo, Equateur, Sankuru, Lualaba)
Phlyaria cyara stactalla Karsch, 1895 (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, western Nigeria)
Phlyaria cyara tenuimarginata (Grünberg, 1908) (Uganda, western and central Kenya, Democratic Republic of the Congo: east to Ituri and North Kivu, western Tanzania)

References

Seitz, A. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 72

Polyommatini
Monotypic butterfly genera
Taxa named by Ferdinand Karsch
Lycaenidae genera


Phoenicurusia is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

References

Lycaeninae
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Ruggero Verity


Phothecla is a Neotropical genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Phothecla photismos (Druce, 1907) Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela
Phothecla thespia (Hewitson, 1870) Ecuador, Peru

References

External links
images of Phothecla at Butterflies of the Americas

Eumaeini
Lycaenidae of South America
Lycaenidae genera


Phytala is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae endemic to the Afrotropical realm. The single species of this genus, Phytala elais, the giant forest blue, is found in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan and Uganda. The habitat consists of forests.

Subspecies
Phytala elais elais (eastern Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria: south and the Cross River loop, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo)
Phytala elais catori Bethune-Baker, 1903 (Sierra Leone, Liberia, western Ivory Coast)
Phytala elais ugandae Jackson, 1964 (Democratic Republic of the Congo, southern Sudan, Uganda)

References

Seitz, A. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 64

Poritiinae
Monotypic butterfly genera
Taxa named by John O. Westwood
Lycaenidae genera


Pilodeudorix is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. They are found in the Afrotropical realm.

Species
Pilodeudorix anetia (Hulstaert, 1924)
Pilodeudorix angelita (Suffert, 1904)
Pilodeudorix ankoleensis (Stempffer, 1953)
Pilodeudorix aruma (Hewitson, 1873)
Pilodeudorix aucta (Karsch, 1895)
Pilodeudorix aurivilliusi (Stempffer, 1954)
Pilodeudorix azurea (Stempffer, 1964)
Pilodeudorix baginei (Collins & Larsen, 1991)
Pilodeudorix bemba (Neave, 1910)
Pilodeudorix caerulea (Druce, 1890)
Pilodeudorix camerona (Plötz, 1880)
Pilodeudorix canescens (Joicey & Talbot, 1921)
Pilodeudorix catalla (Karsch, 1895)
Pilodeudorix catori (Bethune-Baker, 1903)
Pilodeudorix congoana (Schultze & Aurivillius, 1923)
Pilodeudorix corruscans (Aurivillius, 1898)
Pilodeudorix deritas (Hewitson, 1874)
Pilodeudorix diyllus (Hewitson, 1878)
Pilodeudorix ducarmei (Collins & Larsen, 1998)
Pilodeudorix elealodes (Bethune-Baker, 1908)
Pilodeudorix fumata (Stempffer, 1954)
Pilodeudorix hamidou Libert, 2004
Pilodeudorix hugoi Libert, 2004
Pilodeudorix infuscata (Stempffer, 1964)
Pilodeudorix kafuensis (Neave, 1910)
Pilodeudorix kallipygos (Birket-Smith, 1960)
Pilodeudorix kedassa (Druce, 1910)
Pilodeudorix kiellandi (Congdon & Collins, 1998)
Pilodeudorix kohli (Aurivillius, 1921)
Pilodeudorix laticlavia (Clench, 1965)
Pilodeudorix leonina (Bethune-Baker, 1904)
Pilodeudorix mera (Hewitson, 1873)
Pilodeudorix mimeta (Karsch, 1895)
Pilodeudorix nirmo (Clench, 1965)
Pilodeudorix nyanzana (Stempffer, 1957)
Pilodeudorix obscurata (Trimen, 1891)
Pilodeudorix otraeda (Hewitson, 1863)
Pilodeudorix pasteon (Druce, 1910)
Pilodeudorix pseudoderitas (Stempffer, 1964)
Pilodeudorix rodgersi Kielland, 1985
Pilodeudorix sadeska (Clench, 1965)
Pilodeudorix tenuivittata (Stempffer, 1951)
Pilodeudorix ula (Karsch, 1895)
Pilodeudorix violetta (Aurivillius, 1898)
Pilodeudorix virgata (Druce, 1891)
Pilodeudorix zela (Hewitson, 1869)
Pilodeudorix zeloides (Butler, 1901)
Pilodeudorix zelomina (Rebel, 1914)

External links
"Pilodeudorix Druce, 1891" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

Deudorigini
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Hamilton Herbert Druce


Pistoria is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The single species of this monotypic genus, Pistoria nigropunctata, is found in New Guinea (Australasian realm).

Subspecies
P. n. nigropunctata (south-western New Guinea: Upper Waria Ranges, Papua New Guinea: Mambare)
P. n. siwiensis Tite, 1962 (West Irian: Mount Siwi)
P. n. weylandia Tite, 1962 (West Irian: Weyland Mountains)
P. n. aroa Tite, 1962 (southern Papua New Guinea: Aroa)
P. n. fracta Tite, 1962 (New Guinea: Rawlinson Mountains)
P. n. kratke Tite, 1962 (New Guinea: Kratke Mountains)

References

Polyommatini
Monotypic butterfly genera
Taxa named by Francis Hemming
Lycaenidae genera


Plautella is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. It is a monotypic genus containing Plautella cossaea found in the Indomalayan realm Malaya, Java, Sumatra and Borneo.

Subspecies
P. c. cossaea (Sumatra)
P. c. hegesias Fruhstorfer, 1910 (Nias)
P. c. pambui Eliot, 1973 (southern Burma, Thailand, Malay Peninsula)
P. c. plauta H.H.Druce, 1895 (Borneo)
P. c. sabatina Fruhstorfer, 1910 (Java, Sumatra)
P. c. sonchus H.H. Druce, 1896 (Borneo, Thailand)

Synonyms
Acytolepis cossaea cossaea
Acytolepis cossaea sabatina
Acytolepis plauta
Celastrina cossaea pambui Eliot, 1973
Celastrina cossaea sonchus
Celastrina plauta
Cyaniris cossaea distanti Fruhstorfer, 1910
Cyaniris cossaea hegesias Fruhstorfer, 1910
Cyaniris cossaea plauta
Cyaniris cossaea sabatina Fruhstorfer, 1910
Cyaniris cossaea de Nicéville, 1895
Cyaniris plauta H.H. Druce, 1895
Cyaniris sonchus H.H. Druce, 1896
Lycaena cossaea (de Nicéville) Piepers & Snellen, 1918
Lycaenopis cossaea hegesias
Lycaenopsis (Lycaenopsis) sonchus
Lycaenopsis cossaea cossaea
Lycaenopsis cossaea plauta
Lycaenopsis cossaea sabatina
Lycaenopsis plauta
Lycaenopsis sonchus

References

 , 1983. Blue butterflies of the Lycaenopsis group: 1-309, 6 pls. London.
, 1895. On new and little-known butterflies from the Indo-Malayan Region. The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 9: 259-321, 4 pls.

Polyommatini
Butterflies of Borneo
Monotypic butterfly genera
Lycaenidae genera


Plebejidea is a Palearctic genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Listed alphabetically:

 Plebejidea chamanica (Moore, 1884) Levant (deserts)
 Plebejidea loewii (Zeller, 1847)
 Plebejidea sanoga (Evans, 1925) West Himalaya
 Plebejidea afshar (Eckweiler, 1998) Iran

References

External links

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae genera


Plesiocyanophrys is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Lycaenidae
Lycaenidae genera


Podanotum is a Neotropical genus of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae.All the species except Podanotum salaeides (Draudt, 1919) are recently described.

References

Eumaeini
Lycaenidae of South America
Lycaenidae genera


Polyniphes is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Lycaenidae
Lycaenidae genera


Polytheclus is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Lycaenidae
Lycaenidae genera


Poriskina is a monotypic butterfly genus in the family Lycaenidae. Its sole species, Poriskina phakos, is known from Mindanao in the Philippines. Both the genus and the species were first described by Hamilton Herbert Druce in 1895.

References
, 1940. A revision of the Malayan species of Poritiinae (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. 90: 337-350, 1 pl., 21 figs.
, 1895. A monograph of the Bornean Lycaenidae, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1895: 556-627, 4 pls.

External links

Poritiinae
Monotypic butterfly genera
Taxa named by Hamilton Herbert Druce
Lycaenidae genera


Porthecla is a Neotropical genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Porthecla annette Faynel & R.K. Robbins, 2011
Porthecla barba (Druce, 1907)
Porthecla dinus (Hewitson, 1867)
Porthecla forasteira Faynel & A. Moser, 2011
Porthecla gemma (Druce, 1907)
Porthecla johanna Faynel & R.K. Robbins, 2011
Porthecla minyia (Hewitson, 1867)
Porthecla peruensis Faynel & A. Moser, 2011
Porthecla porthura (Druce, 1907)
Porthecla prietoi Faynel & Busby, 2011
Porthecla ravus (Druce, 1907)
Porthecla willmotti Busby, Faynel & A. Moser, 2011

Former species
Oenomaus melleus (Druce, 1907)

References

 , 2011: Species level taxonomy of the Neotropical hairstreak genus Porthecla (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae: Eumaeini). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (n.s.), 47(1-2): 241-259.

Eumaeini
Lycaenidae of South America
Lycaenidae genera


Powellana is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae, endemic to the Afrotropical realm. Powellana is monotypic, containing the single species Powellana cottoni found in Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Equateur and Sankuru) and Uganda (from the western part of the country to the Bwamba Valley).

References

Seitz, A. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 64 g

Poritiinae
Monotypic butterfly genera
Taxa named by George Thomas Bethune-Baker
Lycaenidae genera


Praephilotes is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

It contains two species:
Praephilotes anthracias (Christoph, 1877)
Praephilotes violacea Howarth & Povolný, 1976

References

Polyommatini
Taxa named by Walter Forster (entomologist)
Lycaenidae genera


Pratapa is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are found in the far eastern Palearctic realm (China) and in the Indomalayan realm.

Species
 Pratapa cameria de Nicéville Sulawesi
 Pratapa deva (Moore, 1858)
 Pratapa icetas (Hewitson, 1865)
 Pratapa icetoides (Elwes, 1893)
 Pratapa ismaeli Hayashi, Schröder & Treadaway, 1983 may be Pratapa tyotaroi ssp. ismaeli Hayashi, Schröder & Treadaway, 1983 Philippines (Mindanao)
 Pratapa tyotaroi Hayashi, 1981

External links
 "Pratapa Moore, [1881]" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

Iolaini
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Frederic Moore


Prosotas is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae erected by Hamilton Herbert Druce in 1891. The species of this genus are found on New Guinea in the Australasian realm and the Indomalayan realm. An overview is provided by Hsu and Yen.

Species in alphabetical order:
Prosotas aluta (H. Druce, 1873) – banded lineblue
Prosotas atra Tite, 1963
Prosotas bhutea (de Nicéville, [1884]) – Bhutya lineblue
Prosotas datarica (Snellen, 1892)
Prosotas dilata (Evans, 1932)
Prosotas dubiosa (Semper, [1879]) – small purple lineblue, tailess lineblue
Prosotas ella Toxopeus, 1930
Prosotas elsa (Grose-Smith, 1895)
Prosotas felderi (Murray, 1874) – Felder's line blue
Prosotas gracilis (Röber, 1886)
Prosotas lutea (Martin, 1895)
Prosotas maputi (Semper, 1889)
Prosotas nelides (de Nicéville, 1895)
Prosotas nora (Felder, 1860) – common lineblue
Prosotas noreia (Felder, 1868) – white-tipped lineblue
Prosotas norina Toxopeus, 1929
Prosotas papuana Tite, 1963
Prosotas pia Toxopeus, 1929 – margined lineblue
Prosotas talesea Tite, 1963

References

External links

 With images.

Further reading
French Wikipedia has more information about this genus at :fr:Prosotas

Lycaenidae genera


Protantigius is a monotypic butterfly genus in the family Lycaenidae.
 Its single species is Protantigius superans found in the Russian Far East (Primorye), north-eastern and central China and on the Korean Peninsula.

The habitat consists of gaps, stream bottomlands and edges of deciduous forests.

Adults are on wing from mid-July to mid-August.

The larvae possibly feed on Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Alunus hirsuta, Populus koreana and/or Salix species.

Subspecies
Protantigius superans superans
Protantigius superans ginzii (Seok, 1936) (southern Primorye, Korea)

References

 Protantigius superans (Oberthur, 1914) at Insecta.pro

Theclini
Monotypic butterfly genera
Lycaenidae genera


Protialmenus is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Lycaenidae
Lycaenidae genera


Pseudaletis, commonly known as fantasies, is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are found in the Afrotropical realm.

Species
Pseudaletis abriana Libert, 2007
Pseudaletis agrippina H. H. Druce, 1888
Pseudaletis antimachus (Staudinger, 1888)
Pseudaletis arrhon H. H. Druce, 1913
Pseudaletis batesi H. H. Druce, 1910
Pseudaletis bouyeri Collins & Libert, 2007
Pseudaletis busoga van Someren, 1939
Pseudaletis camarensis Collins & Libert, 2007
Pseudaletis catori Bethune-Baker, 1926
Pseudaletis clymenus (H. H. Druce, 1885)
Pseudaletis cornesi Collins & Libert, 2007
Pseudaletis dolieri Collins & Libert, 2007
Pseudaletis ducarmei Libert, 2007
Pseudaletis jolyana Libert, 2007
Pseudaletis leonis (Staudinger, 1888)
Pseudaletis lusambo Stempffer, 1961
Pseudaletis malangi Collins & Larsen, 1995
Pseudaletis mazanguli Neave, 1910
Pseudaletis melissae Collins & Libert, 2007
Pseudaletis michelae Libert, 2007
Pseudaletis richardi Stempffer, 1952
Pseudaletis rileyi Libert, 2007
Pseudaletis taeniata Libert, 2007
Pseudaletis zebra Holland, 1891

References

External links

Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Hamilton Herbert Druce


Pseuderesia is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are  endemic to the Afrotropics. The genus Eresiomera is sometimes treated as a synonym of Pseuderesia.

Species
Pseuderesia eleaza  (Hewitson, 1873)
Pseuderesia mapongua (Holland, 1893)
Pseuderesia vidua  Talbot, 1937

References

Poritiinae
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Arthur Gardiner Butler


Pseudiolaus is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Lycaenidae


Paul Anthony Bannon (15 November 1956 – 15 February 2016) was an Irish professional footballer who played most of his career as a centre forward, moving to centre half for his last few years in the League of Ireland. Bannon played in England, Wales, the Netherlands, Greece and Ireland, making over 200 career appearances.

Early life
Bannon was born in Dublin, the son of Tipperary senior inter-county hurler, three-time All-Ireland title winner, Séamus Bannon.

Career

Corby Town
Bannon began his career at Nottingham Forest, scoring consistently for the club's reserve side, but never made a senior appearance for the club. Despite the offer of a trial at Swansea City, in July 1977, Bannon joined Southern Football League side Corby Town, making his debut in the first leg of a cup match, a 1–1 draw with Bedford Town. However, he failed to turn up to the second leg of the match which saw him handed a two-week suspension by the club and he would later be fined a weeks wages later in the season after failing to appear at a league match against Burton Albion. Bannon scored 11 goals in 38 matches for the club but, following a row with manager John Loughlan, was released in April 1978. Loughlan later stated: "On reflection it was probably the best thing I ever did for him [...] He was susceptible to any bad influence in the town and certain so-called friends did not help. They were forever trying to lead him astray". Loughlan would later send Bannon a congratulatory telegram on his return to the Football League in 1979.

Football League
Following his release, Bannon briefly played Gaelic football but soon returned to association football with Welsh club Ammanford Town and his impressive form in the opening months of the 1978–79 season, scoring 16 times by October, saw him join Bridgend Town. He again scored consistently and, in February 1979, he joined Football League Third Division side Carlisle United for a fee of £8,500. He spent four years with the Cumbrians, making his debut in a 2–1 defeat to Bury in February 1979, and won promotion to Division Two with the club during the 1981–82 season. In his final year with Carlisle, he spent a brief period on loan with Darlington in 1983 where he made three league appearances.

In 1983, Bannon joined Bristol Rovers and scored double figures in his first season at Eastville Stadium, including a goal in the team's 1984 Gloucestershire Cup final victory over local rivals Bristol City. The following season, Bannon spent short spells on loan at Cardiff City, making four appearances, and Plymouth Argyle where he made two substitute appearances in November in matches against Wigan Athletic and Walsall without scoring.

Greece

After a period playing for NAC Breda in the Netherlands, PAOK Bannon spent the 1987–88 Alpha Ethniki season with PAOK F.C. He played 20 matches and scored nine league goals, including a hat-trick on 14 February against Levadiakos, which made him the club's joint top scorer. At the end of the season, he moved on to Greek champions Larissa. Their first foray into the European Cup was soon over. In the first round of the 1988–89 European Cup, they were drawn against Neuchâtel Xamax of Switzerland. They overcame the Swiss 2–1 in the first leg, but fell to the same scoreline away. The match went to penalties, and Larissa lost 3–0 with Bannon missing the second kick. Bannon finished the league season with three goals from 11 appearances, and then returned home to Ireland.

Ireland
He made his League of Ireland debut for Cork City on 3 September 1989, the opening day of the 1989–90 season, against Drogheda United. Signed as a centre forward, Bannon went back to centre half because of Cork's injury problems, and he was playing in that position when he scored his first league goal, against Dundalk at Oriel Park on 5 November 1989. Former Cork player and manager Dave Barry included Bannon as a defender in his all-time Cork City eleven, selected in 2004.

Bannon played in Cork's first ever European game, against Torpedo Moscow in the 1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup. Despite suffering from a virus, he played as the lone striker, and had Cork's only two chances – one header over the bar, one saved – as they lost 5–0 in Moscow. Bannon also played twice against Bayern Munich in the 1991–92 UEFA Cup. Overall, he made four appearances for Cork in Europe.

Bannon scored the only goal of the semi-final, against St Patrick's Athletic, to put Cork through to the 1992 FAI Cup Final. They lost 1–0 to Bohemians. In his last game for Cork, he scored the winning goal to win the 1992–93 League of Ireland Premier Division title at the RDS Arena.

He finished his playing career with Cobh Ramblers, and then assisted Mick Conroy with the running of a youth academy in Cork. Successful graduates include Ireland internationals Colin Healy, Damien Delaney and Liam Miller.

After spending 17 years working for the FAI, he died on 15 February 2016.

Honours
Bristol Rovers
 Gloucestershire Cup winner: 1984

Cork City
 League of Ireland Premier Division winner: 1992–93

References

Sources
Irish Football Handbook by Dave Galvin & Gerry Desmond ()

1956 births
2016 deaths
Association footballers from Dublin (city)
Republic of Ireland men's association footballers
Men's association football forwards
Men's association football defenders
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Corby Town F.C. players
Carlisle United F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
NAC Breda players
PAOK FC players
Athlitiki Enosi Larissa F.C. players
Cork City F.C. players
Cobh Ramblers F.C. players
English Football League players
Eerste Divisie players
Super League Greece players
League of Ireland players
Republic of Ireland expatriate men's association footballers
Irish expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Irish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Irish expatriate sportspeople in England
Irish expatriate sportspeople in Wales
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Ammanford A.F.C. players


Hubert Redwood (13 June 1913 – 28 October 1943) was an English professional footballer who played in the Football League for Manchester United as a right-back.

Personal life
Redwood served as a corporal in the South Lancashire Regiment during the Second World War and died of tuberculosis on 28 October 1943. He was buried in St Helens Cemetery.

Career statistics

Honours
Manchester United
Football League Second Division second-place promotion: 1937–38

References

External links
Profile at MUFCInfo.com

1913 births
1943 deaths
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Men's association football fullbacks
British Army  personnel killed in World War II
English Football League players
English men's footballers
Footballers from St Helens, Merseyside
Manchester United F.C. players
South Lancashire Regiment soldiers
Tuberculosis deaths in England
Military personnel from Merseyside


Pseudochliaria is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Lycaenidae
Lycaenidae genera


Pseudochrysops is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. This genus is monotypic, consisting of only one species, Pseudochrysops bornoi, which is found on Haiti, Puerto Rico and Cuba.

Subspecies
Pseudochrysops bornoi bornoi (Haiti)
Pseudochrysops bornoi ecobioi Schwartz, 1987 (Puerto Rico)
Pseudochrysops bornoi yateritas Smith & Hernández, 1992 (Cuba)

References

Polyommatini
Butterflies of the Caribbean
Butterflies of Cuba
Arthropods of Puerto Rico
Fauna of Haiti
Fauna of Hispaniola
Monotypic butterfly genera
Lycaenidae genera


Pseudodipsas is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae with six species, two of which are unnamed. They are found in areas of Australia and New Guinea.

Species
Pseudodipsas eone (C. & R. Felder, 1860)
Pseudodipsas cephenes Hewitson, 1874 - Cephenes blue
Pseudodipsas aurea Sands, 1976
Pseudodipsas una (D’Abrera, 1971)

References

Luciini
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Baron Cajetan von Felder
Taxa named by Rudolf Felder


Dovhyi Voinyliv (, ) is a village in Kalush Raion, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ukraine. Before World War II the village was part of Kałusz county in Stanisławów Voivodship, Second Republic of Poland. Dovhyi Voinyliv belongs to Verkhnia rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

World War II
During the wave of massacres of Poles in Volhynia between 1942 and 1945, Dołha Wojniłowska was one of hundreds of sites of mass murder of Polish civilians by OUN-UPA. On April 2, 1944 local Catholic priest, Rev. Błażej Czuba, was burned alive in his parish with 85 people. Soon after, on the first night of Easter, April 9–10, 1944, additional 64 people were massacred there during an OUN-UPA murderous raid overlooked by SS-Galizien. The attack was accompanied by the burning and razing of farmhouses, schools and churches.

References

Notes

Sources
 Grzegorz Hryciuk,  Holocaust in Eastern Galicia 1941-1944.

Villages in Kalush Raion


Alfréd "Fred" Forbát (also: Alfréd Forbat, Alfred Füchsl, in the German and Scandinavian literature mostly Fred Forbát )) (March 31, 1897 in Pécs (Hungary) – May 22, 1972 in Vällingby (Sweden)) was a Hungarian architect, urban planner, professor and painter who worked in Germany, Hungary, Greece, the Soviet Union and Sweden. He is considered an important representative of the Bauhaus modern.

Life and work
He was born to Jewish parents in Pécs, former Austria-Hungary (today part of the Republic of Hungary). He studied architecture and art history at the University of Budapest and the Technical University of Munich. From 1920–22 Forbát worked intermittently with Walter Gropius and taught at the Bauhaus in its first incarnation, in Weimar.

From 1923 to 1924 he worked as a freelance architect in Weimar and with the MA Group in Vienna. Then from 1924 to 1925 he worked for the League of Nations as the technical leader for a housing development in Thessaloniki, the capital city of Greek Macedonia.
From 1925 to 1928 he was the lead architect at Sommerfeld Co. in Berlin, and from 1928 to 1932 he worked in the architectural office of Hubert Hoffmann, developing the Berlin housing projects Siemensstadt (1930) und Haselhorst (1931).

Between 1932 and 1933 he worked in Moscow on a town planning project for the Russian state-run planning organisation Standardgorprojek, together with Ernst May.

In 1938 he briefly returned to Hungary as a freelance architect, and was responsible for a number of tenements and free-standing houses there. Later that same year he traveled to Stockholm, where he began a long-term association.  He worked for the Urban Ministry, then became a member of the city planning group "Eglers Stadsplanebyrå". He was partly responsible for master plans for Skövde (1949), Landskrona (1951), Upplands Väsby (then, Hammarby kommun, 1951), Kullabygden (1959), Linköping (1967) and Kristinehamn. In 1952 Forbát was co-organizer of the 1952 special (non-congress) meeting of CIAM in Sigtuna (Sweden), and also helped organize the 1957 Interbau project in Berlin. His papers are held by the Swedish Museum of Architecture in Stockholm.

He died in Vällingby, Sweden in 1972, aged 75, his grave is located in the memorial grove in Skogskyrkogården

References

External links

 Berkovich, Gary. Reclaiming a History. Jewish Architects in Imperial Russia and the USSR. Volume 2. Soviet Avant-garde: 1917–1933. Weimar und Rostock: Grunberg Verlag. 2021. P. 192.
 Art & Politics in the Weimar Period, by John Willett
 Forbát's papers

1897 births
1972 deaths
20th-century German architects
Hungarian urban planners
Academic staff of the Bauhaus
Housing in Sweden
Hungarian architects
Hungarian Jews
Technical University of Munich alumni
People from Pécs
Hungarian emigrants to Sweden
Hungarian expatriates in Germany
Hungarian expatriates in Greece
Hungarian expatriates in the Soviet Union


Pseudolucia is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. They are predominantly found in parts of South America, south of Brazil.  In many of the southern and western regions, stretching from Chile to Uruguay, habitat loss and pollution have led to near extinction.

Species
 Pseudolucia andina (Bartlett-Calvert, 1894) – Andean blue
 Pseudolucia annamaria Bálint & Johnson, 1993
 Pseudolucia arauco Bálint, Benyamini & Johnson, 2001
 Pseudolucia argentinina (Balletto, 1993) – Argentine blue
 Pseudolucia asafi Benyamini, Bálint & Johnson, 1995
 Pseudolucia avishai Benyamini, Bálint & Johnson, 1995
 Pseudolucia aureliana Bálint & Johnson, 1993
 Pseudolucia benyamini Bálint & Johnson, 1995 – Dubi's blue
 Pseudolucia charlotte Bálint & Johnson, 1993
 Pseudolucia chilensis (Blanchard, 1852)
 Pseudolucia clarea Bálint & Johnson, 1993
 Pseudolucia collina (Philippi, 1859)
 Pseudolucia dubi Bálint, 2001
 Pseudolucia grata (Köhler, 1934)
 Pseudolucia gornia
 Pseudolucia hazearum Bálint & Johnson, 1993
 Pseudolucia henyah Bálint, Benyamini & Johnson, 2001
 Pseudolucia humbert Bálint & Johnson, 1995
 Pseudolucia jujuyensis
 Pseudolucia kechico Bálint, Benyamini & Johnson, 2001
 Pseudolucia kinbote Bálint & Johnson, 1993 – flashing blue or Kinbote's blue
 Pseudolucia lanin Bálint & Johnson, 1993
 Pseudolucia magellana Benyamini, Bálint & Johnson, 1995
 Pseudolucia neuqueniensis Bálint & Johnson, 1995
 Pseudolucia norris
 Pseudolucia oligocyanea (Ureta, 1956) – Tumbre blue
 Pseudolucia oraria Bálint & Benyamini, 2001
 Pseudolucia parana Bálint, 1993
 Pseudolucia patago
 Pseudolucia penai Bálint & Johnson, 1993
 Pseudolucia plumbea (Butler, 1881)
 Pseudolucia scintilla (Balletto, 1993)
 Pseudolucia shapiroi Bálint & Johnson, 1995
 Pseudolucia sibyllia (Kirby, 1871) – southern blue
 Pseudolucia talia Bálint, Benyamini & Johnson, 1995
 Pseudolucia tamara Bálint & Johnson, 1995
 Pseudolucia ugartei Bálint & Benyamini, 2001
 Pseudolucia vera Bálint & Johnson, 1993
 Pseudolucia whitakeri Bálint & Johnson, 1995
 Pseudolucia zina Bálint & Johnson, 1995

References

External links
Butterflies of America
 Images representing Pseudolucia   at Consortium for the Barcode of Life

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae of South America
Lycaenidae genera


Pseudolycaena is a Neotropical genus of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae.

Species

 Pseudolycaena  cybele (Godman & Salvin, 1896)
 Pseudolycaena damo (Druce, 1875)
 Pseudolycaena dorcas (H. H. Druce, 1907)
 Pseudolycaena marsyas (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Pseudolycaena  nellyae (Lamas, 1975)

Distribution
Species of this genus occur in Central and South America from Mexico to Argentina.

References

 "Pseudolycaena Wallengren, 1858" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

Eumaeini
Lycaenidae of South America
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Hans Daniel Johan Wallengren


Pseudomyrina is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Lycaenidae
Lycaenidae genera


Pseudonacaduba is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Pseudonacaduba aethiops (Mabille, 1877)
Pseudonacaduba sichela (Wallengren, 1857)

External links
Pseudonacaduba at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae genera


Pseudoneaveia is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae, endemic to the Afrotropical realm. It consists of only one species, Pseudoneaveia jacksoni, which is found in the Republic of the Congo.

References

Endemic fauna of the Republic of the Congo
Poritiinae
Monotypic butterfly genera
Lycaenidae genera


Pseudophilotes is a Palearctic genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Pseudophilotes abencerragus (Pierret, 1837)
Pseudophilotes barbagiae De Prins & Poorten, 1982 Sardinia
Pseudophilotes baton (Bergstrasser, [1779])
Pseudophilotes bavius (Eversmann, 1832)
Pseudophilotes jordanicus (Benyamini, 2000) Jordan
Pseudophilotes panope (Eversmann, 1851) Kazakhstan
Pseudophilotes panoptes (Hübner, [1813])
Pseudophilotes sinaicus Nakamura, 1975
Pseudophilotes vicrama (Moore, 1865)

References

Valentina Todisco, Andrea Grill, Konrad Fiedler, Brigitte Gottsberger, Vlad Dincă, Raluca Vodă,
Vladimir Lukhtanov and Harald Letsch (2018). Molecular phylogeny of the Palaearctic
butterfly genus Pseudophilotes
(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) with focus on
the Sardinian endemic P. barbagiae. BMC Zoology 3:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40850-018-0032-7

External links
Pseudophilotes at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms
images representing Pseudophilotes  at Consortium for the Barcode of Life

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae genera


Pseudotajuria is a butterfly genus in the family Lycaenidae. It is monotypic, containing only the species Pseudotajuria donatana. It is found in the Indomalayan realm (Burma - Singapore, Borneo, Sumatra, Banguey, Nias)

References

Eliot, J.N. 1973: The higher classification of the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): a tentative arrangement. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), entomology, 28: 371-505

External links

Remelanini
Monotypic butterfly genera
Taxa named by John Nevill Eliot
Lycaenidae genera


Pseudozizeeria is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. This genus is monotypic, consisting of only one species, Pseudozizeeria maha, which is found in the Indomalayan and Palearctic realms.

External links
Funet Taxonomy Distribution Images

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae genera


Psychonotis is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are found in the Australasian realm.

Species
Psychonotis brownii (Druce & Bethune-Baker, 1893)
Psychonotis caelius (C. & R. Felder, 1860)
Psychonotis eleanor Tennent, 1999
Psychonotis eudocia (H. H. Druce and Bethune-Baker, 1893)
Psychonotis finisterre C.J. Müller, 2003
Psychonotis hebes (Druce, 1904)
Psychonotis hymetus (C. Felder, 1860)
Psychonotis julie Tennent, 1999
Psychonotis kruera (Druce, 1891)
Psychonotis marginalis C.J. Müller, 2003
Psychonotis melane (Joicey & Talbot, 1916)
Psychonotis parsonsi C.J. Müller, 2003
Psychonotis piepersii (Snellen, 1878)
Psychonotis purpurea (Druce, [1903])
Psychonotis slithyi Tennent, 1999
Psychonotis waihuru Tennent, 1999

References
 , 1860 [1859]. Lepidopterologische Fragmenta. Parts 4 and 5. Wien ents. Monats. 4: 225-251, 2 pls., 394-402, 2 pls.
 , 1992. A generic classification of the tribe Polyommatini of the Oriental and Australian regions (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Polyommatinae). Bulletin of the University of Osaka Prefecture, Ser B, Vol. 44, Suppl.
 , 2003: Three new species of Psychonotis Toxopeus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from Papua New Guinea. Australian Entomologist 30 (4): 159-165.
 , 1999: The genus Psychonotis Toxopeus in the Solomon Islands, with descriptions of five new taxa (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Australian Entomologist 26 (4): 115-123.
 , 1930. De soorte als functie van Plaats en Tijd, 198 pp., 4 pls. Amsterdam.

External links

"Psychonotis Toxopeus, 1930" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Lambertus Johannes Toxopeus


Ptelina is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The genus is endemic to the Afrotropics.

Species
Ptelina carnuta (Hewitson, 1873)
Ptelina subhyalina (Joicey & Talbot, 1921)

References

 Seitz, A. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 61

Poritiinae
Lycaenidae genera


Ptox is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Ptox catreus (de Nicéville, 1895)
Ptox corythus (de Nicéville, 1895)

References

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Lambertus Johannes Toxopeus


Qinorapala is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The single species Qinorapala qinlingana Chou & Wang, 1995 is endemic to China.

Deudorigini
Lycaenidae genera


Radissima is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Lycaenidae
Lycaenidae genera


Rapala is a genus of butterflies in the tribe Deudorigini of the subfamily Theclinae of the family Lycaenidae. They are found throughout South Asia and Southeast Asia, with a few species extending to Australia and into the eastern Palaearctic region.

Males of Rapala are differentiated from other genera in the Deudorigini by their genitalia, with the conjoined valvae tapering evenly to rounded apices. The male secondary sexual characters also differ. In every species there is a brand above the origin of vein seven and lying wholly within space seven, clothed with very small scent scales, and nearly always there is an associated erectile hair tuft on the forewing dorsum beneath.

Almost all species exhibit sexual dimorphism in the colour of the upperside; normally the male is red, reddish brown or deep blue, while the female is dark brown or pale purple blue.

Selected species
 Rapala arata (Bremer, 1861)
 Rapala cassidyi
 Rapala christopheri (Lane & Müller, 2006)
 Rapala dioetas
 Rapala diopites
 Rapala iarbus
 Rapala lankana
 Rapala melampus
 Rapala manea (Hewitson, [1863])
 Rapala melida
 Rapala nemorensis Oberthür, 1914
 Rapala repercussa Leech, 1890
 Rapala rhoecus
 Rapala schistacea
 Rapala scintilla
 Rapala selira
 Rapala sphinx
 Rapala suffusa
 Rapala tomokoae H. Hayashi, Schrőder & Treadaway, [1978]
 Rapala varuna

References

External links
Images representing Rapala at Consortium for the Barcode of Life
"Rapala Moore, [1881]" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Frederic Moore


Rathinda is a butterfly genus in the family Lycaenidae. It consists of a single species, Rathinda amor, the monkey puzzle, found in Sri Lanka and India.

Description

Habitat
The species is endemic to South Asia, specifically India's Western Ghats, the southern Indian plains, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. It thrives in jungles of moderate to heavy rainfall and scrub forests below . It prefers the undergrowth but can be seen along forest paths and clearings. It can also be seen in gardens with one or more of its host plants.

Life cycle

Larva
The caterpillars are pale green and possess fleshy, red protrusions along the back.

Pupa
The chrysalis is green and turns brown as it nears maturity. The pupa is attached to foliage by a single stalk at the tail end.

Imago
The monkey puzzle is a weak flier. It keeps low to the ground and generally does not stay airborne for long. When it lands, it tends to turn around, sidestep, and waggle its tail filaments. This may serve to confuse predators as to which end is the butterfly's head.

Food plants
The butterfly feeds on soapberries, myrtles, and mangos as well as plants from the families Rubiaceae (Notably Ixora coccinea), Dipterocarpeae, Euphorbiaceae, and Loranthaceae,.

See also
List of butterflies of India (Lycaenidae)

References

 Shihan, T.R. (2016) A Photographic Guide to the Butterflies of Bangladesh. Butterfly Reintroduction Farm, Chuadanga, Bangladesh.

Butterflies of Asia
Monotypic butterfly genera
Horagini
Taxa named by Frederic Moore
Lycaenidae genera


Ravenna is a butterfly genus in the family Lycaenidae. It is monotypic, containing only the species Ravenna nivea found in Sichuan and Taiwan

References

Theclini
Monotypic butterfly genera
Lycaenidae genera


Rekoa is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are found in the Neotropical realm.

Species
 Rekoa bourkei (Kaye, 1925) - Jamaican hairstreak
 Rekoa malina (Hewitson, 1867)
 Rekoa marius (Lucas, 1857) - Marius hairstreak
 Rekoa meton (Cramer, [1779]) - Meton hairstreak
 Rekoa palegon (Cramer, [1780]) - gold-bordered hairstreak
 Rekoa stagira (Hewitson, 1867) - smudged hairstreak
 Rekoa zebina (Hewitson, 1869) - Zebina hairstreak

External links
"Rekoa Kaye, 1904" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

Eumaeini
Lycaenidae of South America
Lycaenidae genera


Remelana is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are found in the Indomalayan realm. Remelana was erected by Frederic Moore in 1884.

Species
Remelana davisi Jumalon, 1975
Remelana jangala (Horsfield, [1829]) - chocolate royal

References

External links

Remelanini
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Frederic Moore


Rhamma is a Neotropical genus of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
partial
Rhamma adunca (Draudt, 1921)
Rhamma amethystina (Hayward, 1950)
Rhamma arria (Hewitson, 1870)
Rhamma aurugo (Draudt, 1921)
Rhamma bilix (Draudt, 1921)
Rhamma commodus (Felder & Felder, 1865)
Rhamma confusa (Lathy, 1936)
Rhamma hybla (Druce, 1907)
Rhamma mishma (Hewitson, 1878)
Rhamma oxida (Hewitson, 1870)
Rhamma tyrrius (Druce, 1907)

References

Eumaeini
Lycaenidae of South America
Lycaenidae genera


Rhinelephas is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Rhinelephas arrhina Toxopeus, 1928
Rhinelephas cyanicornis (Snellen, 1892)

References

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Lambertus Johannes Toxopeus


Mohanyal is a former village development committee that is now a rural municipality in Kailali District in Sudurpashchim Province of western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3917 living in 614 individual households.

Demographics
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Mohanyal Rural Municipality had a population of 22,053. Of these, 74.5% spoke Nepali, 14.8% Magar, 4.8% Achhami, 1.9% Doteli, 1.6% Kham, 1.1% Dailekhi, 0.5% Raji, 0.3% Jumli, 0.2% Maithili, 0.1% Tharu and 0.1% other languages as their first language.

In terms of ethnicity/caste, 28.8% were Magar, 24.9% Chhetri, 16.7% Kami, 12.9% Hill Brahmin, 4.6% Thakuri, 4.1% Damai/Dholi, 2.5% Sarki, 1.3% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 1.2% other Dalit, 0.6% Raji, 0.5% Tharu, 0.4% Badi, 0.4% Newar, 0.3% Lohar, 0.2% Gurung, 0.2% Majhi, 0.1% Dom, 0.1% Kumal, 0.1% Tamang, 0.1% Teli and 0.2% others.

In terms of religion, 80.0% were Hindu, 17.3% Buddhist, 1.3% Christian, 0.9% Prakriti and 0.4% others.

In terms of literacy, 58.8% could read and write, 3.0% could only read and 38.1% could neither read nor write.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Kailali District

Populated places in Kailali District
Rural municipalities in Kailali District
Rural municipalities of Nepal established in 2017


Rindgea is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae described by Alexander Douglas Campbell Ferguson in 2008.

Species
The maricopa species group
Rindgea subterminata (Barnes & McDunnough, 1913) Texas
Rindgea nigricomma (Warren, 1904) Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona
Rindgea adjacens (Dognin) Mexico
Rindgea heliothidata (Guenée, 1857) Hispania, Venezuela?
Rindgea piccoloi (Rindge, 1976) Baja California, Arizona
Rindgea parcata (Grossbeck, 1908) Arizona, New Mexico, Mexico (Baja California, Sonora)
Rindgea disparcata Ferguson, 2008 Texas
Rindgea stipularia (Barnes & McDunnough, 1913) Texas
Rindgea prolificata Ferguson, 2008 Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southern California
Rindgea maricopa (Hulst, 1898) California, Arizona, Nevada, Texas, Mexico (Sonora, Baja California)
Rindgea flaviterminata (Barnes & McDunnough, 1913) Texas
The s-signata species group
Rindgea indeterminata (Warren, 1906) Mexico
Rindgea s-signata (Packard, 1873) southern Texas, northern Mexico, New Mexico
Rindgea cyda (Druce, 1893) Louisiana, Missouri, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Kansas, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Mexico
Rindgea ballandrata (Wright, 1923) Arizona, Mexico (Baja California, Sonora)
Rindgea hypaethrata (Grote, 1881) Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, northern Mexico, Baja California

References

Geometridae
Geometridae genera


Sahulana is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae erected by Toshiya Hirowatari in 1992. It is monotypic, containing only the species Sahulana scintillata, which was first described by Thomas Pennington Lucas in 1889. It is found on Torres Strait Island and in the Australian state of New South Wales. Larval food plants include Acacia , Alectryon and Cupaniopsis (flower buds).

References

External links
 With images.

Polyommatini
Monotypic butterfly genera
Lycaenidae genera


Saigusaozephyrus is a butterfly genus in the family Lycaenidae. It is monotypic, containing only the species Saigusaozephyrus atabyrius..S. atabyrius is  endemic to West China.

References

Theclini
Monotypic butterfly genera
Lycaenidae genera


Munuwa is a village development committee in Kailali District in the Seti Zone of western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 9276 living in 1173 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Kailali District

Populated places in Kailali District


Salazaria is a gossamer-winged butterfly genus of tribe Eumaeini in the subfamily Theclinae. As far as is known, these butterflies occur in the northern Andean region around Ecuador.

It is generally agreed that they represents a distinct lineage worthy of recognition as a full genus. However, there is some dispute about whether the name was validly established, or is a nomen nudum. The matter has been submitted to the ICZN for discussion.

Two named species are placed here. Several additional species assumed to belong here have also been discovered, but not yet described:
 Salazaria elizabetha (Salazar, Vélez & Johnson, 1997) Colombia
 Salazaria sala (Hewitson, 1867) Colombia
 ?Salazaria sp. 'Ecuador 1'
 ?Salazaria sp. 'Ecuador 2'
 ?Salazaria sp. 'Ecuador 3'
 ?Salazaria sp. 'Ecuador 4'
 ?Salazaria sp. 'Peru'

References

  (2010): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms – Salazaria'. Version of 2010-AUG-02. Retrieved 2011-MAY-30.

External links
Images representing Salazaria at Consortium for the Barcode of Life

Eumaeini
Lycaenidae of South America
Lycaenidae genera


Sancterila is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

It contains three subgenera: Sancterila, Celarchus, and Armentulus. Celarchus was originally described as a distinct genus, of which Armentulus was a subgenus.

The nominotypical subgenus Sancterila contains four species endemic to Sulawesi and one species endemic to Buru and Ambon.

Species
Subgenus Sancterila Eliot & Kawazoé, 1983
Sancterila deliciosa (Pagenstecher, 1896)
Sancterila prattorum Eliot & Kawazoé, 1983
Sancterila drakei Cassidy, 1995
Sancterila russelli Eliot & Kawazoé, 1983
Subgenus Celarchus Eliot & Kawazoé, 1983
Sancterila archagathos (Fruhstorfer, 1910)
Sancterila hermarchus (Fruhstorfer, 1910)
Subgenus Armentulus Eliot & Kawazoé, 1983
Sancterila shelfordii (de Nicéville, 1902)

References

External links

"Sancterila Eliot & Kawazoé, 1983" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

Polyommatini


Narayanpur, Kailali is a village development committee in Kailali District in Sudurpashchim Province of western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 9091 living in 1346 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Kailali District

Populated places in Kailali District


Scolitantides is a Palearctic genus of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species Scolitantides orion (Pallas, 1771).

References

Polyommatini
Monotypic butterfly genera
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


Nigali is a village development committee in Kailali District in the Seti Zone of western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4480 living in 669 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Kailali District

Populated places in Kailali District


Semanga is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The genus was erected by William Lucas Distant in 1884.

Species
Listed alphabetically:
 Semenga helena (Röber, 1887) – Helena rededge - found in Banggai and ?Sulawesi
 Semanga superba (Druce, 1873) - found in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaya, Singapore, Langkawi, Burma, Mergui, Thailand, Pulau Tioman, Sumatra, Thailand and Vietnam

References

Arhopalini
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by William Lucas Distant


Semonina is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are found in the Neotropical realm.

Species
Semonina ares (Godman & Salvin, [1887])
Semonina semones (Godman & Salvin, [1887])

External links

Eumaeini
Lycaenidae of South America
Lycaenidae genera


Shaanxiana is a butterfly genus in the family Lycaenidae. It is monotypic, containing only the species Shaanxiana takashimai which is found in Shaanxi, China. Shaanxiana takashimai contains the subspecies S. t. pauper Sugiyama, 1994 from Mount Siguniang, Sichuan

References

Theclini
Monotypic butterfly genera
Lycaenidae genera


In astronomy, the Hills cloud (also called the inner Oort cloud and inner cloud) is a vast theoretical circumstellar disc, interior to the Oort cloud, whose outer border would be located at around 20,000 to 30,000 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun, and whose inner border, less well defined, is hypothetically located at , well beyond planetary and Kuiper Belt object orbits—but distances might be much greater. If it exists, the Hills cloud contains roughly 5 times as many comets as the Oort cloud.

Overview
The need for the Hills cloud hypothesis is intimately connected with the dynamics of the Oort cloud: Oort cloud comets are continually perturbed in their environment. A non-negligible fraction leave the Solar System, or tumble into the inner system where they evaporate, or fall into the Sun or gas giants. Hence, the Oort cloud should have been depleted long ago, but it is still well supplied with comets.

The Hills cloud hypothesis addresses the persistence of the Oort cloud by postulating a densely populated, inner-Oort region—the "Hills cloud". Objects ejected from the Hills cloud are likely to end up in the classical Oort cloud region, maintaining the Oort cloud. It is likely that the Hills cloud has the largest concentration of comets in the whole Solar System.

The existence of the Hills cloud is plausible, since many bodies have been found there already. It should be denser than the Oort cloud. Gravitational interaction with the closest stars and tidal effects from the galaxy have given circular orbits to the comets in the Oort cloud, which may not be the case for the comets in the Hills cloud. The Hills cloud's total mass is unknown; some scientists think it would be many times more massive than the outer Oort cloud.

History

Original Oort cloud model

Between 1932 and 1981, astronomers believed that the Oort cloud proposed by Ernst Öpik and Jan Oort, and the Kuiper belt were the only reserves of comets in the Solar System.

In 1932, Estonian astronomer Ernst Öpik hypothesized that comets were rooted in a cloud orbiting the outer boundary of the Solar System. In 1950, this idea was revived independently by Dutch astronomer Jan Oort to explain an apparent contradiction: Comets are destroyed after several passes through the inner Solar System, so if any had existed for several billion years (since the beginning of the Solar System), no more could be observed now.

Oort selected 46 comets for his study that were best observed between 1850 and 1952. The distribution of the reciprocal of the semi-major axes showed a maximum frequency which suggested the existence of a reservoir of comets between  away. This reservoir, located at the limits of the Sun's sphere of influence (astrodynamics), would be subject to stellar disturbances, likely to expel cloud comets outwards or impel them inwards.

New model

In the 1980s, astronomers realized that the main cloud could have an internal section that would start at about 3,000 AU from the Sun and continue up to the classic cloud at 20,000 AU. Most estimates place the population of the Hills cloud at about 20 trillion (about five to ten times that of the outer cloud), although the number could be ten times greater than that.

The main model of an "inner cloud" was proposed in 1981 by the astronomer Jack G. Hills, from the Los Alamos Laboratory, who gave the region its name. He calculated that the passage of a star near the Solar System could have caused extinctions on Earth, triggering a "comet rain".

His research suggested that the orbits of most cloud comets have a semi-major axis of 10,000 AU, much closer to the Sun than the proposed distance of the Oort cloud. Moreover, the influence of the surrounding stars and that of the galactic tide should have sent the Oort cloud comets either closer to the Sun or outside of the Solar System. To account for these issues, Hills proposed the presence of an inner cloud, which would have tens or hundreds of times as many comet nuclei as the outer halo. Thus, it would be a possible source of new comets to resupply the tenuous outer cloud.

In the following years other astronomers searched for the Hills cloud and studied long-period comets. This was the case with Sidney van den Bergh and Mark E. Bailey, who each suggested the Hills cloud's structure in 1982 and 1983, respectively. In 1986, Bailey stated that the majority of comets in the Solar System were located not in the Oort cloud area, but closer and in an internal cloud, with an orbit with a semi-major axis of 5,000 AU. The research was further expanded upon by studies of Victor Clube and Bill Napier (1987), and by R. B. Stothers (1988).

However, the Hills cloud gained major interest in 1991, when scientists resumed Hills' theory.

Characteristics

Structure and composition

Oort cloud comets are constantly disturbed by their surroundings and distant objects. A significant number either leave the Solar System or go much closer to the Sun. The Oort cloud should therefore have broken apart long ago, but it still remains intact. The Hills cloud proposal could provide an explanation; J. G. Hills and other scientists suggest that it could replenish the comets in the outer Oort cloud.

It is also likely that the Hills cloud is the largest concentration of comets across the Solar System. The Hills cloud should be much denser than the outer Oort cloud: If it exists, it is somewhere between 5,000 and 20,000 AU in size. In contrast, the Oort cloud is between  in size.

The mass of the Hills cloud is not known. Some scientists believe it could be five times more massive than the Oort cloud. Mark E. Bailey estimates the mass of the Hills cloud to be 13.8 Earth masses, if the majority of the bodies are located at 10,000 AU.

If the analyses of comets are representative of the whole, the vast majority of Hills cloud objects consists of various ices, such as water, methane, ethane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. However, the discovery of the object 1996 PW, an asteroid on a typical orbit of a long-period comet, suggests that the cloud may also contain rocky objects.

The carbon analysis and isotopic ratios of nitrogen firstly in the comets of the families of the Oort cloud and the other in the body of the Jupiter area shows little difference between the two, despite their distinctly remote areas. This suggests that both come from a protoplanetary disk, a conclusion also supported by studies of comet cloud sizes and the recent impact study of comet Tempel 1.

Formation
Many scientists think that the Hills cloud formed from a close (800 AU) encounter between the Sun and another star within the first 800 million years of the Solar System, which could explain the eccentric orbit of 90377 Sedna, which should not be where it is, being neither influenced by Jupiter nor Neptune, nor tidal effects. It is then possible that the Hills cloud would be "younger" than the Oort cloud. However, only Sedna and two other sednoids ( and 541132 Leleākūhonua) bear those irregularities; for  and  this theory is not necessary, because both orbit close to the Solar System's gas giants.

Possible Hills cloud objects

Bodies in the Hills cloud are made mostly of water ice, methane and ammonia. Astronomers suspect many long-period comets originate from the Hills cloud, such as Comet Hyakutake.

In their article announcing the discovery of Sedna, Mike Brown and his colleagues asserted that they observed the first Oort cloud object. They observed that, unlike scattered disc objects like Eris, Sedna's perihelion (76 AU) was too remote for the gravitational influence of Neptune to have played a role in its evolution. The authors regarded Sedna as an "inner Oort cloud object", located along the Ecliptic and placed between the Kuiper belt and the more spherical part of the Oort cloud. However, Sedna is much closer to the Sun than expected for objects in the Hills cloud and its inclination is close to that of the planets and the Kuiper belt.

Considerable mystery surrounds , with its retrograde orbit that could make it originate from the Hills cloud or perhaps the Oort cloud. The same goes for damocloids, whose origins are doubtful, such as the namesake for this category, 5335 Damocles.

Comets

Astronomers suspect that several comets come from the same region as the Hills cloud; in particular, they focus on those with aphelia greater than 1,000 AU (which are thus from a farther region than the Kuiper belt), but less than 10,000 AU (or they would otherwise be too close to the outer Oort cloud).

Some famous comets reach great distances and are candidates for Hills cloud objects. For example, Comet Lovejoy, discovered on 15 March 2007 by Australian astronomer Terry Lovejoy, had an inbound aphelion distance of around 1,800 AU. Comet Hyakutake, discovered in 1996 by amateur astronomer Yuji Hyakutake, has an outbound aphelion of 3,500 AU. Comet McNaught, discovered on 7 August 2006 in Australia by Robert H. McNaught, became one of the brightest comets of recent decades, with an aphelion of 4,100 AU. Comet Machholz, discovered on 27 August 2004 by amateur astronomer Donald Machholz, came from about 5,000 AU.

Sedna, the first candidate

Sedna is a minor planet discovered by Michael E. Brown, Chad Trujillo and David L. Rabinowitz on 14 November 2003. Spectroscopic measures show that its surface composition is similar to that of other trans-Neptunian objects: It is mainly composed of a mixture of water ices, methane, and nitrogen with tholins. Its surface is one of the reddest in the Solar System.

This may be the first detection of a Hills cloud object, depending on the definition used. The area of the Hills cloud is defined as any objects with orbits measuring between 1,500 and 10,000 AU.

Sedna is, however, much closer than the supposed distance of the Hills cloud. The planetoid discovered at a distance of about  from the Sun, travels in an elliptical orbit of 11,400 years with a perihelion point of only 76 AU from the Sun during its closest approach (the next to occur in 2076), and travels out to 936 AU at its farthest point.

However, Sedna is not considered a Kuiper belt object, because its orbit does not bring it into the region of the Kuiper belt at 50 AU. Sedna is a "detached object", and thus is not in a resonance with Neptune.

Trans-Neptunian object  was announced on 26 March 2014 and has a similar orbit to Sedna with a perihelion point significantly detached from Neptune. Its orbit lies between 80 and 400 AU from the Sun.

Footnotes

References

Further reading

External links

Hypothetical trans-Neptunian objects
Minor planets
Trans-Neptunian region

Astronomical hypotheses
Comets
Circumstellar disks


Shijimia is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. It is monotypic, containing only the species Shijimia moorei.

References

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by Shōnen Matsumura
Monotypic butterfly genera


Shirozua is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Shirozua jonasi (Janson, 1877) Amur Oblast, Ussuri, northeastern China, Korea, Japan
Shirozua melpomene (Leech, 1890) western China

References

External links
Images representing Shirozua at Consortium for the Barcode of Life

Theclini
Lycaenidae genera


Sibataniozephyrus is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Sibataniozephyrus fujisanus (Matsumura, 1910) Japan
Sibataniozephyrus kuafui Hsu & Lin, 1994 Taiwan
Sibataniozephyrus lijinae Hsu, 1995 China, Guizhou Prov., Tongren Prefecture, Mt. Fanjing, 1000-1350 m.

References

Theclini
Lycaenidae genera


Siderus is a Neotropical genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Siderus leucophaeus (Hübner, 1818)
Siderus parvinotus Kaye, 1904
Siderus guapila (Schaus, 1913)
Siderus eliatha (Hewitson, 1867)
Siderus bouvieri (Lathy, 1936)
Siderus athymbra (Hewitson, 1867)
Siderus philinna (Hewitson, 1868)
Siderus giapor (Schaus, 1902)

References

Eumaeini
Lycaenidae of South America
Lycaenidae genera


Sidima is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
Sidima idamis (Fruhstorfer, 1917) Sumatra
Sidima murayamai Eliot & Kawazoé, 1983 Philippines
Sidima sulawesiana Eliot & Kawazoé, 1983 Celebes
Sidima amarylde Eliot & Kawazoé, 1983 New Guinea

References

Polyommatini
Lycaenidae genera


Pahalmanpur is a village development committee in Kailali District in the Seti Zone of western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 7155 living in 818 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Kailali District

Populated places in Kailali District


The Stonehill Skyhawks are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent Stonehill College, located in Easton, Massachusetts, in NCAA sporting competitions. All current Skyhawk athletic teams compete at the Division I level, with most being members of the Northeast Conference (NEC). Stonehill has been a member of the NEC since 2022.

On April 5, 2022, Stonehill announced it was accepting an invitation to join the NEC at the NCAA Division I level, effective in the fall of 2022. Prior to 2022, Stonehill was a founding member of the Northeast-10 Conference in NCAA Division II.

History

Skyhawks nickname
In late 2002, The Strategic Planning Committee determined that the previous Stonehill College mascot, the chieftain, was disrespectful to Native Americans and decided that it would be changed. The committee ruled that a new mascot be named as the institution's athletic identity. Therefore, in the following year the college held open forums in which students, alumni, and faculty were asked to submit ideas for the new identity, vote on suggestions, and gauge popularity. Among popular choices were: "Summit"; "Skyhawks"; "Saints"; "Wolfpack"; "Crusaders"; "Mission"; "Shovelmakers"; and "Blizzard".

During the fall semester of the 2005 academic year Stonehill College officially changed the name of its athletic teams to the "Stonehill Skyhawks", with a brand new mascot known as 'Ace', an anthropomorphic purple hawk wearing a scarf, goggles, bomber jacket, and an aviator cap. The actual name 'Skyhawks' is not a reference to either a bird or animal. After the school's property was bought by the Congregation of Holy Cross, the airfield was leased to the Navy during World War II and private companies before and after the war until it was closed in 1955 due to increasing student enrollment. The Navy used the field for training exercises and would employ the Skyhawk aircraft between 1954–1995.

Varsity teams
Stonehill currently sponsors 23 varsity sports. Most recently, the school has added women's swimming and diving and women's ice hockey as varsity sports. Swimming and diving began in 2020–21 and women's ice hockey will begin in 2022–23. The women's ice hockey team will play in the New England Women's Hockey Alliance.

List of teams

National championships

Team

Facilities
The Sally Blair Ames Sports Complex is home to the College staff that sponsors eight intercollegiate club teams featuring Ultimate, Rugby, Lacrosse and Golf as well as an extensive intramural sports program offering Basketball, Soccer, Floor Hockey and Flag Football.

W.B. Mason Stadium is a 2,400-seat, multipurpose sports stadium. Opened in 2005 at a cost of $4 million, it is the home of Skyhawk football, lacrosse, field hockey, and track & field.  W.B. Mason, an office-supplies dealer based in nearby Brockton, Massachusetts, and its alumni employees contributed $1.5 million toward the project.

The stadium was dedicated on September 10, 2005.  The playing field is named Timothy J. Coughlin Memorial Field, in honor of a 1980 Stonehill alumnus and football captain who was killed when the North Tower of the World Trade Center was destroyed on September 11, 2001.

Most of the seating is bleacher-style; the two midfield sections have stadium seating with seat-backs.

After the stadium's formal dedication on September 10, 2005, Stonehill defeated Pace University 17–13 in the first football game played in the new stadium.

Individual sports

Football
On Saturday, September 8, 2012, the Skyhawks defeated Southern Connecticut State University for the first time in 15 years, by a score of 13–0. In addition to breaking the losing streak, Stonehill also became the first team to shut out the Owls in 12 years.

On Thursday, October 18, 2012, Stonehill hosted the University of New Haven Chargers in Stonehill's first ever nationally televised football game, broadcast as part of CBS Sports Network's Thursday night Division II game of the week. The game drew an overcapacity crowd that saw heavily favored New Haven win 45–41 on a last-second touchdown pass.

References

External links


Altogether is a greatest hits album released by pop group, The Nolans in 1982. It featured their seven consecutive top 20 hits and followed four top 20 albums by the group.

The album was released at the beginning of the group's decline in the UK, and the lead single, "Dragonfly" failed to chart. This song was a departure for the group, with it not being produced by either of their regular producers, Ben Findon or Nicky Graham, but by Tim Friese-Greene, who was responsible for the recent success of Tight Fit. The album itself also fared less well than expected when it peaked at No.52. It was also at this time that the group were back to being a five-piece, with the return of former member, Anne Nolan.

This was the last Nolans album released by Epic Records, and their final single with them came the following year.

Track listing

References

External links

The Nolans albums
1982 compilation albums
Epic Records compilation albums


Pandaun is a village development committee in Kailali District in the Seti Zone of western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3070 living in 536 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Kailali District

Populated places in Kailali District


Simiskina is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The genus was erected by William Lucas Distant in 1886. The species of this genus are found in the Indomalayan realm.

Species
Simiskina pasira (Moulton, 1911)
Simiskina pavonica de Nicéville, 1895
Simiskina pediada (Hewitson, 1877)
Simiskina phalena (Hewitson, 1874)
Simiskina phalia (Hewitson, 1874)
Simiskina pharyge (Hewitson, 1874)
Simiskina pheretia (Hewitson, 1874)
Simiskina philura (H. H. Druce, 1895)
Simiskina proxima de Nicéville, 1895
Simiskina sibatika Eliot, 1969

References
, 1940. A revision of the Malayan species of Poritiinae (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. 90: 337–350, 1 pl., 21 figs.
, 1886. Descriptions of new species and a new genus of Rhopalocera from the Malay Peninsula. Entomologist 19:11-12.
, 1969. More revisional notes on oriental butterflies. Entomologist 102: 269–278, 8 figs., 1 pl.
, 1992. In Corbet & Pendlebury, The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula. 4th Edn. Kuala Lumpur.

, 1991. Butterflies of Borneo Vol. 2, No. 1. Lycaenidae. Tobishima Corporation, Tokyo.

, 1995. Checklist of the butterflies of the Philippine Islands (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo Suppl. 14: 7–118.

External links

Poritiinae
Lycaenidae genera
Taxa named by William Lucas Distant