A patellar dislocation is a knee injury in which the patella (kneecap) slips out of its normal position. Often the knee is partly bent, painful and swollen. The patella is also often felt and seen out of place. Complications may include a patella fracture or arthritis.

A patellar dislocation typically occurs when the knee is straight and the lower leg is bent outwards when twisting. Occasionally, it occurs when the knee is bent and the patella is struck directly. Commonly associated sports include soccer, gymnastics, and ice hockey. Dislocations nearly always occur away from the midline. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and supported by X-rays.

Reduction is generally done by pushing the patella towards the midline while straightening the knee. After reduction, the leg is generally splinted in a straight position for a few weeks. This is then followed by physical therapy. Surgery after a first dislocation is generally of unclear benefit. Surgery may be indicated in those cases where a fracture occurs within the joint or where the patella has repeatedly dislocated.

Patellar dislocations occur in about 6 per 100,000 people per year. They make up about 2% of knee injuries. It is most common in those 10 to 17 years old. Rates in males and females are similar. Recurrence after an initial dislocation occurs in about 30% of people.

Signs and symptoms
People often describe pain as severe and being "inside the knee cap". The leg tends to flex even when relaxed. In some cases, the injured ligaments involved in patellar dislocation do not allow the leg to flex.

Risk factors
A predisposing factor is tightness in the tensor fasciae latae muscle and iliotibial tract in combination with a quadriceps imbalance between the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles can play a large role, found, mainly, in women involved in sports. Moreover, women with patellofemoral pain may show increased Q-angle compared with women without patellofemoral pain.

Another cause of patellar symptoms is lateral patellar compression syndrome, which can be caused from lack of balance or inflammation in the joints. The pathophysiology of the kneecap is complex, and deals with the osseous soft tissue or abnormalities within the patellofemoral groove. The patellar symptoms cause knee extensor dysplasia, and sensitive small variations affect the muscular mechanism that controls the joint movements.

24% of people whose patellas have dislocated have relatives who have experienced patellar dislocations.

Athletic population
Patellar dislocation occurs mainly in youths (under age 20) engaged in sports that may involve accidental rotation of the knee while in flexion, a movement clinically called valgus, which is the cause of some 93% of patellar dislocation cases. It is more common in females than males and in young in-training military personnel who have a high incidence of patellar dislocation in relation to young athletes and the general population. Direct trauma to the knee displacing the patella is rare.

Displacement of the patella laterally out of its groove strains the medial stabilizing connective tissues, particularly the medial patellofemoral ligament (supporting 50–80% of the knee mechanisms in lateral patellar glide), which is torn usually at its femoral attachment. Traumatic patellar dislocation may cause bleeding into the joint space, ligament and muscle attachment tearing, and fracture of the medial wing of the patella. Fracture of the weight-bearing portion of the lateral femoral condyle occurs in 25% of traumatic patellar dislocations. Surgical repair of the patellar stabilizing structures  the medial patellofemoral ligament and vastus medialis muscle  may be needed for athletes.

Anatomical factors
People who have larger Q angles tend to be more prone to having knee injuries such as dislocations, due to the central line of pull found in the quadriceps muscles that run from the anterior superior iliac spine to the center of the patella. The range of a normal Q angle for men ranges from <15 degrees and for females <20 degrees, putting females at a higher risk for this injury. An angle greater than 25 degrees between the patellar tendon and quadriceps muscle can predispose a person to patellar dislocation.

In patella alta, the patella sits higher on the knee than normal. Normal function of the VMO muscle (VMO) stabilizes the patella. Decreased VMO function results in instability of the patella.

Forces
When there is too much tension on the patella, the ligaments will be susceptible to tearing due to shear force or torsion force, which then displaces the patella from its groove. Patellar dislocation may also occur when the trochlear groove is shallow, a condition defined as trochlear dysplasia.

Mechanism of injury

Patellar dislocations occur by:
 A direct impact that knocks the patella out of joint
 A twisting motion of the knee, or ankle
 A sudden lateral cut

Anatomy of the knee
The patella is a triangular sesamoid bone that is embedded in tendon. It rests in the patellofemoral groove, an articular cartilage-lined hollow at the end of the thigh bone (femur) where the thigh bone meets the shin bone (tibia). Several ligaments and tendons hold the patella in place and allow it to move up and down the patellofemoral groove when the leg bends. The top of the patella attaches to the quadriceps muscle via the quadriceps tendon, the middle to the vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis muscles, and the bottom to the head of the tibia (tibial tuberosity) via the patellar tendon, which is a continuation of the quadriceps femoris tendon. The medial patellofemoral ligament attaches horizontally in the inner knee to the adductor magnus tendon and is the structure most often damaged during a patellar dislocation. Finally, the lateral collateral ligament and the medial collateral ligament stabilize the patella on either side. Any of these structures can sustain damage during a patellar dislocation.

Diagnosis

To assess the knee, a clinician can perform the Patellar Aprehension Test by moving the patella back and forth while the people flexes the knee at approximately 30 degrees.

The people can do the patella tracking assessment by making a single leg squat and standing, or by lying on his or her back with knee extended from flexed position. A patella that slips laterally on early flexion is called the , and indicates imbalance between the VMO and lateral structures.

On X-ray, with skyline projections, dislocations are readily diagnosed. In borderline cases of subluxation, the following measurements can be helpful:
 The lateral patellofemoral angle, formed by:
A line connecting the most anterior points of the medial and lateral facets of the trochlea.
A tangent to the lateral facet of the patella.
With the knee in 20° flexed, this angle should normally open laterally.
 The patellofemoral index is the ratio between the thickness of the medial joint space and the lateral joint space (L). With the knee 20° flexed, it should measure 1.6 or less.

Prevention
The patella is a floating sesamoid bone held in place by the quadriceps muscle tendon and patellar tendon ligament. Exercises should strengthen quadriceps muscles such as rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, and vastus lateralis. However, tight and strong lateral quadriceps can be an underlying cause of patellar dislocation. If this is the case, it is advisable to strengthen the medial quadriceps, vastus medialis (VMO), and stretch the lateral muscles. Exercises to strengthen quadriceps muscles include, but are not limited to, squats and lunges. Adding extra external support around the knee by using devices such as knee [orthotics] or athletic tape can help to prevent patellar dislocation and other knee-related injuries. External supports, such as knee braces and athletic tape, work by providing movement in only the desired planes and help hinder movements that can cause abnormal movement and injuries.  Women who wear high heels tend to develop short calf muscles and tendons. Exercises to stretch and strengthen calf muscles are recommended on a daily basis.

Treatment

Two types of treatment options are typically available:
 Surgery
 Conservative treatment (rehabilitation and physical therapy)

Surgery may impede normal growth of structures in the knee, so doctors generally do not recommend knee operations for young people who are still growing.  There are also risks of complications, such as an adverse reaction to anesthesia or an infection.

When designing a rehabilitation program, clinicians consider associated injuries such as chipped bones or soft tissue tears. Clinicians take into account the person's age, activity level, and time needed to return to work and/or athletics. Doctors generally only recommend surgery when other structures in the knee have sustained severe damage, or specifically when there is:
 Concurrent osteochondral injury
 Continued gross instability
 Palpable disruption of the medial patellofemoral ligament and the vastus medialis obliquus
 High-level athletic demands coupled with mechanical risk factors and an initial injury mechanism not related to contact

Supplements like glucosamine and NSAIDs can be used to minimize bothersome symptoms.

Rehabilitation
An effective rehabilitation program reduces the chances of re-injury and of other knee-related problems such as patellofemoral pain syndrome and osteoarthritis.  Most patella dislocations are initially immobilized for the first 2–3 weeks to allow the stretched structures to heal. Rehabilitation focuses on maintaining strength and range of motion to reduce pain and maintain the health of the muscles and tissues around the knee joint. The objective of any good rehabilitation program is to reduce pain, swelling and stiffness as well as increase range of motion. A common rehabilitation plan is to strengthen both the hip abductors, hip external rotators and the quadricep muscles. Commonly used exercises include isometric quadricep sets, side lying clamshells, leg dips with internal tibial rotation, etc. The idea is that because the medial side is most often stretched by the more common lateral dislocation, medial strengthening will add more stabilizing support. With progression more intense range of motion exercises are incorporated.

Epidemiology
Rate in the United States are estimated 2.3 per 100,000 per year. Rates for ages 10–17 were found to be about 29 per 100,000 persons per year, while the adult population average for this type of injury ranged between 5.8 and 7.0 per 100,000 persons per year. The highest rates of patellar dislocation were found in the youngest age groups, while the rates declined with increasing ages. Females are more susceptible to patellar dislocation. Race is a significant factor for this injury, where Hispanics, African-Americans and Caucasians had slightly higher rates of patellar dislocation due to the types of athletic activity involved in: basketball (18.2%), soccer (6.9%), and football (6.9%), according to Brian Waterman.

Lateral Patellar dislocation is common among the child population. Some studies suggest that the annual patellar dislocation rate in children is 43/100,000. The treatment of the skeletally immature is controversial due to the fact that they are so young and are still growing. Surgery is recommended by some experts in order to repair the medial structures early, while others recommend treating it non operatively with physical therapy. If re-dislocation occurs then reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is the recommended surgical option.

In animals, patellar luxation is a common condition in dogs, particularly small and miniature breeds.

References

External links

Sports medicine
Dislocations, sprains and strains
Patella
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate


The Fourth Federal Electoral District of the Federal District (IV Distrito Electoral Federal del Distrito Federal) is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of 27 such districts in the Federal District ("DF" or Mexico City).

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period, by means of the first past the post system.

District territory
Under the 2005 districting scheme, the DF's Fourth District covers part of the centre and south of the borough (delegación) of Iztapalapa.

Previous districting schemes

1996–2005 district
Between 1996 and 2005, the Fourth  District covered the central portion of the borough of Gustavo A. Madero.

Deputies returned to Congress from this district

XL Legislature
 1946–1949: Alfonso Martínez Domínguez (PRI)
L Legislature
 1976–1979: Enrique Ramírez y Ramírez (PRI)
LI Legislature
 1979–1982: Rodolfo Siller Rodríguez (PRI)
LII Legislature
 1982–1985: Domingo Alapizco Jiménez (PRI)
LIII Legislature
 1985–1988:
LIV Legislature
 1988–1991: Jesús Anlen López (PRI)
LV Legislature
 1991–1994:
LVI Legislature
 1994–1997: Juan José Osorio Palacios (PRI)
LVII Legislature
 1997–2000: José de Jesús Martín del Campo (PRD)
LVIII Legislature
 2000–2003: José María Rivera Cabello (PAN)
LIX Legislature
 2003–2006: Rocío Sánchez Pérez (PRD)
LX Legislature
 2006–2009: Lourdes Alonso Flores (PRD)

References and notes

Federal electoral districts of Mexico
Mexico City


The Herald Times Reporter is a daily newspaper based in Manitowoc, Wisconsin and owned by Gannett as part of its USA Today Network Wisconsin division. The newspaper is distributed primarily throughout Manitowoc County, as Green Bay and Sheboygan have their own Gannett newspapers (and often the HTR itself duplicates the front page of the Press on certain days). The newspaper is associated with the Lakeshore Chronicle, a free newspaper circulated on Wednesdays and Sundays which contains "best-of" content from the HTR and circulars.

History
The first newspaper in Manitowoc began in November 1850 when a newspaper press was brought on a schooner from Milwaukee. A weekly newspaper called the Weekly Press was printed; it was renamed the Weekly Herald in 1955. In 1898, the Weekly Herald became a daily newspaper; the Herald-Press Publishing Company was formed and it printed the Daily Herald and Weekly Press. The Weekly Press was absorbed into the Daily Herald in 1953 and the newspaper became known as the Herald Times. It purchased the Two Rivers Reporter based in nearby Two Rivers in 1970 and the newspaper took its current name Herald Times Reporter in 1973.

References

External links

The Manitowoc Herald Times Reporter

Newspapers published in Wisconsin
Manitowoc, Wisconsin
Gannett publications

Newspapers established in 1850
1850 establishments in Wisconsin


The Fifth Federal Electoral District of the Federal District (V Distrito Electoral Federal del Distrito Federal) is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of 27 such districts in the Federal District ("DF" or Mexico City).

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period, by means of the first past the post system.

District territory
Under the 2008 districting scheme, the DF's Fifth District covers the  northern portion of the borough (delegación) of Tlalpan (i.e., most of the urban sector of the borough.

Previous districting schemes

1996–2005 district
Between 1996 and 2005, the Fifth  District covered the northern  portion of the borough of Miguel Hidalgo.

Deputies returned to Congress from this district

LI Legislature
 1976–1979: Miguel Molina Herrera (PRI)
LI Legislature
 1979–1982: Juan Araiza Cabrales (PRI)
LII Legislature
 1982–1985: Miguel Angel Morado Garrido (PRI)
LIII Legislature
 1985–1988:
LIV Legislature
 1988–1991: Ramón Choreño Sánchez (PRI)
LV Legislature
 1991–1994:
LVI Legislature
 1994–1997: Francisco Martínez Rivera (PRI)
LVII Legislature
 1997–2000: Ignacio Arrieta Aragón (PRI)
LVIII Legislature
 2000–2003: Jesús López Sandoval (PAN)
LIX Legislature
 2003–2006: Francisco Javier Carrillo (PRD)
LX Legislature
 2006–2009: Maricela Contreras Julián (PRD)

References and notes

Federal electoral districts of Mexico
Mexico City


is a 1928 black and white Japanese silent film directed by Masahiro Makino. It is an ambitious film in which Makino deals with the difficult issue of the agony of a person who killed for revenge.

External links

1928 films
Japanese black-and-white films
Japanese silent films


The Sixth Federal Electoral District of the Federal District (VI Distrito Electoral Federal del Distrito Federal) is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of 27 such districts in the Federal District ("DF" or Mexico City).

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period, by means of the first past the post system.

District territory
Under the 2005 districting scheme, the DF's Sixth District covers a roughly rectangular area in the north-east of the borough (delegación) of Gustavo A. Madero.

Previous districting schemes

1996–2005 district
Between 1996 and 2005, the Sixth District roughly the same area of Gustavo A. Madero.

Deputies returned to Congress from this district

L Legislature
 1976–1979: Alfonso Rodríguez Rivera (PRI)
LI Legislature
 1979–1982: Daniel Mejía Colín (PRI)
LII Legislature
 1982–1985: Venustiano Reyes López (PRI)
LIII Legislature
 1985–1988:
LIV Legislature
 1988–1991: Sara Villalpando (PRI)
LV Legislature
 1991–1994:
LVI Legislature
 1994–1997: Claudia Esqueda Llanes (PRI)
LVII Legislature
 1997–2000:
LVIII Legislature
 2000–2003: Nelly Campos Quiróz (PAN)
LIX Legislature
 2003–2006: Edgar Torres Baltazar (PRD)
LX Legislature
 2006–2009: María Elena Torres Baltazar (PRD)

References and notes

Federal electoral districts of Mexico
Mexico City


Lioness is the self-titled EP and first release from Canadian indie rock band Lioness. It was released on October 21, 2008 in Canada by New Romantic Music.

Track listing

Personnel
Vanessa Fischer – vocals
Ronnie Morris – bass
Jeff Scheven – drums, electronica

2008 EPs
Lioness (band) albums


Characterization or characterisation is the representation of characters (persons, creatures, or other beings) in narrative and dramatic works. The term character development is sometimes used as a synonym. This representation may include direct methods like the attribution of qualities in description or commentary, and indirect (or "dramatic") methods inviting readers to infer qualities from characters' actions, dialogue, or appearance.  Such a personage is called a character.  Character is a literary element.

History
The term characterization was introduced in the 19th century. Aristotle promoted the primacy of plot over characters, that is, a plot-driven narrative, arguing in his Poetics that tragedy "is a representation, not of men, but of action and life." This view was reversed in the 19th century, when the primacy of the character, that is, a character-driven narrative, was affirmed first with the realist novel, and increasingly later with the influential development of psychology.

Direct vs. indirect
There are two ways  an author can convey information about a character:
Direct or explicit characterization The author literally tells the audience what a character is like. This may be done via the narrator, another character or by the character themselves.
Indirect or implicit characterization The audience must infer for themselves what the character is like through the character's thoughts, actions, speech (choice of words, manner of speaking), physical appearance, mannerisms and interaction with other characters, including other characters' reactions to that particular person.

In drama
Characters in theater, television, and film differ from those in novels in that an actor may interpret the writer's description and dialogue in their own unique way to add new layers and depth to a character. This can be seen when critics compare, for example, the 'Lady Macbeths' or 'Heathcliffs' of different actors.  Another major difference in drama is that it is not possible to 'go inside the character's head' in the way possible in a novel, meaning this method of character exposition is unavailable.  Still another is that in drama, a character usually can be seen and heard and need not be described.

In mythology
Mythological characters have been depicted to be formulaic and are a part of a classification that consists of several differing, limited archetypes, which is type of component. Multiple components, such as archetypes and other elements of a story, together form a type of configuration that results in fully realized myth. These configurations can be mixed and matched together to form new types of configurations, and humans have never tired of using these configurations for their mythologies. This is an idea that uses the kaleidoscopic model on narrating for mythology. Another perspective holds that humans when reading or hearing a mythology do not dissect it into various parts, that when physically together humans do not tell stories by using limited components in a configuration, and that people and their cultures do change and thus this leads to new developments in stories, including characters.

Mythological characters have influence that extends to recent works of literature. The poet Platon Oyunsky draws heavily from the native mythology of his homeland, the Yakut region in Russia and the Sahka people. In several of his stories, he depicts a main character that follows historic examples of heroism, but fashions the main character using Soviet examples of heroism, even using real life figures, such as Stalin, Lenin, etc. in a new type of mythology. These figures often play the lead in tragic stories full of sacrifice. An example of this includes his character Tygyn, who on his quest for peace determines that the only way for peace to exist is to use military strength to enforce. The use of mythology is used in Shakespeare's Hamlet as a device to parallel the characters and to reflect back on them  their role in the story, such as the use of the Niobe myth and the twin sister of Gertrude.

Character archetypes
The psychologist Carl Jung identified twelve primary 'original patterns' of the human psyche. He believed that these reside in the collective subconscious of people across cultural and political boundaries. These twelve archetypes are often cited in fictional characters. 'Flat' characters may be considered so because they stick to a single archetype without deviating, whereas 'complex' or 'realistic' characters will combine several archetypes, with some being more dominant than others – as people are in real life.
Jung's twelve archetypes are: the Innocent, the Orphan, the Hero, the Caregiver, the Explorer, the Rebel, the Lover, the Creator, the Jester, the Sage, the Magician, and the Ruler. However, Jung's notions of character archetypes have been considered problematic in a variety of ways. First, the use of these archetypes is often reductive and unhelpful for many writers since it simplifies character complexity into clichéd tropes.

Character's voice

A character's voice is their manner of speech.  Different characters use different vocabularies and rhythms of speech.  For example, some characters are talkative, others taciturn.  The way a character speaks can be a powerful way of revealing the character's personality.  In theory, a reader should be able to identify which character is speaking simply from the way they talk.  When a character voice has been created that is rich and distinctive, the writer can get away with omitting many speech attributions (tag lines).

The manner of a character's speech is to literature what an actor's appearance and costume are to cinema.  In fiction, what a character says, as well as how they say it, makes a strong impression on the reader.  Each character should have their distinctive voice.  To differentiate characters in fiction, the writer must show them doing and saying things, but a character must be defined by more than one single topic of conversation or by the character's accent.  The character will have other interests or personality quirks as well.  Although individual temperament is the largest determinant of what a character says, it is not the only one.  The writer can make the characters' dialogue more realistic and interesting by considering several factors affecting how people speak:  personality psychology, age, culture, family background, region, gender, education, and circumstances.  Words characterize by their diction, cadence, complexity, attitude and fluency.  Mannerisms and catch-phrases can help too.  Considering the degree of formality in spoken language is also useful.  Introverts tend to use more formal language compared to extroverts, who typically speak in a more casual and colloquial manner. Characters who spend a lot of their lives in a more formal setting often use a more formal language all the time, while others never do.  Tone of voice, volume, rate of delivery, vocabulary, inflection, emphasis, pitch, topics of conversation, idioms, colloquialisms, and figures of speech:  all of these are expressions of who the character is on the inside.  A character's manner of speech must grow from the inside out.  The speaking is how their essential personality leaks out for the world to see; it is not the sum total of their personality.

See also
Character creation
Character traits

Notes

References
Aston, Elaine, and George Savona (1991), Theatre as Sign-System: A Semiotics of Text and Performance. London and New York: Routledge. .

Harrison, Martin (1998), The Language of Theatre. London: Routledge. .

 Pelican, Kira-Anne (2020), The Science of Writing Characters: Using psychology to create compelling fictional characters. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 1501357255

External links
 by Dr. Marilyn H. Stauffer of the University of South Florida
Lecture about Fiction by Professor Waters of the Western Kentucky University, especially the accompanying PowerPoint presentation
Character and characterisation in The UVic Writer's Guide (from the University of Victoria)
Drama Theory
15 Days to Stronger Characters
How to Create Compelling Characters

Narratology
Fiction
Literary terminology


Folie or Folies may refer to:

Places
 Condé-Folie, commune in the Picardie region of France
 Fains-la-Folie, commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in north-central France
 Folies, commune in the Somme département in the Picardie region of France
 Forêt-la-Folie, commune in the Haute-Normandie region of northern France
 Hubert-Folie, commune in the Basse-Normandie region of northern France.
 La Folie, commune in the Basse-Normandie region of northern France

Film and television
 À la folie, 1994 film by Diane Kurys
 "Folie a Deux" (The X-Files), 19th episode of season 5 of television series The X-Files
 La Folie du Docteur Tube, 1915 short silent experimental film directed by Abel Gance
 La folie du doute, 1920 French silent film directed by René Leprince

Music
 "À la folie ou pas du tout", Belgian entry in the 1972 Eurovision Song Contest
 Absinthe: La Folie Verte, 2001 concept album by Blood Axis and Les Joyaux De La Princesse
 Folie à Deux (album), 2008 album by Fall Out Boy
 Folkfuck Folie, 2007 album by French black metal band Peste Noire
 La Folie (album), 1981 album by The Stranglers
 "Nuit de folie", 1988 popular song by French pop duet Début de Soirée

Others
 A Bar at the Folies-Bergère, the last major work by French painter Édouard Manet
 Folie à deux, rare psychiatric syndrome
 Folie a deux winery, winery in the Napa Valley, California, USA
 Folies Bergère, Parisian music hall, France

See also
 Foly, a surname
 Folly (disambiguation)
 Follies (disambiguation)
 Foley (disambiguation)


The Seventh Federal Electoral District of the Federal District (VII Distrito Electoral Federal del Distrito Federal) is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of 27 such districts in the Federal District ("DF" or Mexico City).

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period, by means of the first past the post system.

District territory
Under the 2005 districting scheme, the DF's Seventh  District covers the south-east portion of the borough (delegación) of Gustavo A. Madero.

Previous districting schemes

1996–2005 district
Between 1996 and 2005, the Seventh District's territory  was identical to its present conformation.

Deputies returned to Congress from this district

XL Legislature
1946–1949: Juan Gutiérrez Lascurain (PAN)
L Legislature
1976–1979: María Elena Márquez de Torruco (PRI)
LI Legislature
1979–1982: David Reynoso (PRI)
LII Legislature
1982–1985: José de Jesús Fernández Alatorre (PRI)
LIII Legislature
1985–1988:
LIV Legislature
1988–1991: Jaime Fernández Sánchez (PAN)
LV Legislature
1991–1994:
LVI Legislature
1994–1997: Jorge Efraín Moreno Collado (PRI)
LVII Legislature
1997–2000:
LVIII Legislature
2000–2003: Mario Reyes Oviedo (PAN)
LIX Legislature
2003–2006: Iván García Solís (PRD)
LX Legislature
2006–2009: Juan Nicasio Guerra (PRD)

References and notes

Federal electoral districts of Mexico
Mexico City


Gilbert Ondongo (born 1960) is a Congolese politician who has served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of State for the Economy, Industry and Public Finances since 2017. Previously he was Minister of Labour from 2005 to 2009, and Minister of Finance from 2009 to 2016.

Political career
Born at Owando, Ondongo belongs to the Kouyou ethnic group. He began working at the Marien Ngouabi University in Brazzaville in the 1980s. After Denis Sassou Nguesso returned to power in the June–October 1997 civil war, he appointed Ondongo as Adviser to the President on the Economy, Finance, and the Budget; Ondongo served in that post from 1997 to 2002. He was then appointed to the government on 18 August 2002 as Secretary of State for Budgetary Reform and Financial Administration, working under the Minister of the Economy, Finance, and the Budget. He was promoted to the position of Minister of Labour, Employment, and Social Security on 7 January 2005.

Ondongo was Congo's candidate for the Presidency of the 96th Session of the International Labour Conference, but Congo withdrew his candidacy on 1 June 2007, allowing the unopposed election of Albania's Kastriot Sulka.

During the campaign for the July 2009 presidential election, Ondongo worked on President Sassou Nguesso's re-election campaign, heading the campaign's finance and budgetary control department. After Sassou Nguesso won re-election, he moved Ondongo to the post of Minister of Finance on 15 September 2009.

On 28 January 2010, Ondongo announced that Congo-Brazzaville had reached its "completion point" in the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries program, a debt relief initiative, thereby qualifying for a large reduction in the size of its external debt.

At the PCT's Sixth Extraordinary Congress, held in July 2011, Ondongo was elected to the PCT's 51-member Political Bureau. In the July–August 2012 parliamentary election, Ondongo stood as the PCT candidate in the first constituency of Owando. He won the seat in the first round with 75.19% of the vote. In the government appointed after the election, on 25 September 2012, Ondongo retained the finance portfolio and was additionally assigned responsibility for planning; he was also promoted to the rank of Minister of State.

In October 2013, Ondongo presented the draft of the national budget for 2014 to the National Assembly; the budget was increased slightly, from 4.12 billion CFA francs in 2013 to 4.13 billion for 2014.

After Sassou Nguesso's victory in the March 2016 presidential election, Ondongo was appointed as Minister of State for the Economy, Industrial Development and Promotion of the Private Sector on 30 April 2016; Calixte Ganongo replaced him as Minister of Finance. Ondongo took office at his new ministry on 4 May 2016, succeeding Isidore Mvouba. In the July 2017 parliamentary election, Ondongo stood unopposed as a candidate in the second constituency of Owando, with no other candidates standing in the constituency.

References

1960 births
Living people
Finance ministers of the Republic of the Congo
Government ministers of the Republic of the Congo
People from Cuvette Department
Congolese Party of Labour politicians
Members of the National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)


The Eighth Federal Electoral District of the Federal District (VIII Distrito Electoral Federal del Distrito Federal) is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of 27 such districts in the Federal District ("DF" or Mexico City).

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period, by means of the first past the post system.

District territory
Under the 2005 districting scheme, the DF's Eighth District covers:
The borough (delegación) of Cuauhtémoc to the north and west of  Paseo de la Reforma and Calzada de Guadalupe, and
The eastern section of the borough of Azcapotzalco.

Previous districting schemes

1996–2005 district
Between 1996 and 2005, the Eighth District covered the northern portion of Cuauhtémoc only.

Deputies returned to Congress from this district

LI Legislature
1979–1982: Julio César Mena Brito (PRI)
LII Legislature
1982–1985: Lidia Camarena Adame (PRI)
LIII Legislature
1985–1988:
LIV Legislature
1988–1991: Ignacio López Tarso (PRI)
LV Legislature
1991–1994:
LVI Legislature
1994–1997: Jesús Rodríguez y Rodríguez (PRI)
LVII Legislature
1997–2000: Dolores Padierna (PRD)
LVIII Legislature
2000–2003: Mario Huerta Díaz (PVEM)
LIX Legislature
2003–2006: Dolores Padierna (PRD)
LX Legislature
2006–2009: Armando Barreiro Pérez (PRD)

References and notes

Federal electoral districts of Mexico
Mexico City


Protein phosphatase 2 (PP2), also known as PP2A,  is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2CA gene. The PP2A heterotrimeric protein phosphatase is ubiquitously expressed, accounting for a large fraction of phosphatase activity in eukaryotic cells. Its serine/threonine phosphatase activity has a broad substrate specificity and diverse cellular functions. Among the targets of PP2A are proteins of oncogenic signaling cascades, such as Raf, MEK, and AKT, where PP2A may act as a tumor suppressor.

Structure and function
PP2A consists of a dimeric core enzyme composed of the structural A and catalytic C subunits, and a regulatory B subunit. When the PP2A catalytic C subunit associates with the A and B subunits several species of holoenzymes are produced with distinct functions and characteristics.  The A subunit, a founding member of the HEAT repeat protein family (huntingtin, EF3, PP2A, TOR1), is the scaffold required for the formation of the heterotrimeric complex.  When the A subunit binds it alters the enzymatic activity of the catalytic subunit, even if the B subunit is absent.  While C and A subunit sequences show remarkable sequence conservation throughout eukaryotes, regulatory B subunits are more heterogeneous and are believed to play key roles in controlling the localization and specific activity of different holoenzymes. Multicellular eukaryotes express four classes of variable regulatory subunits: B (PR55), B′ (B56 or PR61), B″ (PR72), and B‴ (PR93/PR110), with at least 16 members in these subfamilies. In addition, accessory proteins and post-translational modifications (such as methylation) control PP2A subunit associations and activities.

The two catalytic metal ions located in PP2A's active site are manganese.

Drug discovery
PP2 has been identified as a potential biological target to discover drugs to treat Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, however as of 2014 it was unclear which isoforms would be most beneficial to target, and also whether activation or inhibition would be most therapeutic.

PP2 has also been identified as a tumor suppressor for blood cancers, and as of 2015 programs were underway to identify compounds that could either directly activate it, or that could inhibit other proteins that suppress its activity.

References

Further reading

External links

Rubratoxin

Human proteins
EC 3.1.3


Functional contextualism is a modern philosophy of science rooted in philosophical pragmatism and contextualism. It is most actively developed in behavioral science in general and the field of behavior analysis and contextual behavioral science in particular (see the entry for the Association for Contextual Behavioral Science). Functional contextualism serves as the basis of a theory of language known as relational frame theory and its most prominent application, acceptance and commitment therapy. It is an extension and contextualistic interpretation of B.F. Skinner's radical behaviorism first delineated by Steven C. Hayes which emphasizes the importance of predicting and influencing psychological events (including thoughts, feelings, and behaviors) with precision, scope, and depth, by focusing on manipulable variables in their context.

Contextualism
The form of contextualism from which functional contextualism emerged is the one described by the philosopher Stephen C. Pepper in his book World Hypotheses: A Study in Evidence. In this work, Pepper noted that philosophical systems tend to cluster around a few distinct "world hypotheses" or "world views". Each world view is characterized by a distinctive underlying root metaphor and truth criterion. Root metaphors are based on seemingly well-understood, common-sense, everyday objects or ideas, and serve as the basic analogy by which an analyst attempts to understand the world. A world view's root metaphor roughly corresponds to its ontological assumptions, or views about the nature of being or existence (e.g., whether the universe is deterministic or not). Truth criteria are inextricably linked to their root metaphors, and provide the basis for evaluating the validity of analyses. A world view's truth criterion roughly corresponds to its epistemological assumptions, or views about the nature of knowledge and truth (e.g., whether it is discovered or constructed).

The root metaphor of contextualism is the "act in context", whereby any event is interpreted as an ongoing act inseparable from its current and historical context. The truth criterion of contextualism is often dubbed "successful working", whereby the truth and meaning of an idea lies in its function or utility, not in how well it is said to mirror reality. In contextualism, an analysis is said to be true or valid insofar it as it leads to effective action, or achievement of some goal. Contextualism is Pepper's term for the philosophical pragmatism developed by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, John Dewey, and others.

Varieties of contextualism
Analytic goals are vitally important to the contextualistic world view. This is because the analytic tools of contextualism—its root metaphor and truth criterion—both hinge on the purpose of the analysis, and neither can be mounted effectively without a clearly specified analytic goal. The pragmatic truth criterion of "successful working" is rendered meaningless in an analysis without an explicit goal because "success" can only be measured in relation to the achievement of some objective.

Likewise, the root metaphor of the "act-in-context" is rendered meaningless in an analysis without an explicit goal because there would be no basis on which to restrict the analysis to a subset of the infinite expanse of the act's historical and environmental context. Without a clear analytic goal, the contextualist could analyze the endless context of an act in perpetuity, without ever knowing when the analysis was complete or good enough to be deemed "true" or "useful". It is very difficult for a contextualist without an explicit goal to construct or share knowledge.

Contextualists can, and do, adopt different analytic goals, and the many different varieties of contextualism can be distinguished by their goals. Based on their overarching analytic goals, contextualistic theories can be divided into two general categories: "descriptive contextualism" and "functional contextualism".

Descriptive contextualism
Descriptive contextualists seek to understand the complexity and richness of a whole event through a personal and aesthetic appreciation of its participants and features. This approach reveals a strong adherence to the root metaphor of contextualism and can be likened to the enterprise of history, in which stories of the past are constructed in an attempt to understand whole events. The knowledge constructed by the descriptive contextualist is personal, ephemeral, specific, and spatiotemporally restricted. Like a historical narrative, it is knowledge that reflects an in-depth personal understanding of a particular event that occurred (or is occurring) at a particular time and place. Most forms of contextualism, including social constructionism, dramaturgy, hermeneutics, and narrative approaches, are instances of descriptive contextualism.

Functional contextualism
Functional contextualists, on the other hand, seek to predict and influence events using empirically based concepts and rules. This approach reveals a strong adherence to contextualism's extremely practical truth criterion and can be likened to the enterprise of science or engineering, in which general rules and principles are used to predict and control events. Rules or theories that do not contribute to the achievement of one's practical goals are ignored or rejected. Knowledge constructed by the functional contextualist is general, abstract, and spatiotemporally unrestricted. Like a scientific principle, it is knowledge that is likely to be applicable to all (or many) similar such events, regardless of time or place.

References

Behavioural sciences
Epistemological theories
Philosophy of science
Pragmatism
Behaviorism


Jashore University of Science and Technology (), commonly known and abbreviated as JUST (), is a government-financed public university in Bangladesh. JUST is located at Sadhinata Sarak in Jessore Sadar Upazila. Its postal code is Jashore-7408.

It is the fourth public university in Khulna Division, and the first public university in Jashore. It was established in 2007 and started four-year undergraduate courses from the 2009–2010 session. It was previously known as Jessore Science and Technology University.

History
Jashore University of Science and Technology (JUST) opened in 2008, during the 2008-2009 session. The first batch of JUST started on 10 June 2009. The first four departments were Computer Science & Engineering (CSE), Environmental Science & Technology (EST), Microbiology (MB), and Fisheries and Marine Bioscience (FMB).

In 2009, JUST added Nutrition & Food Technology (NFT), Industrial & Production Engineering (IPE), Chemical Engineering (ChE), Petroleum & Mining Engineering (PME), and Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (GEBT). In 2010, the Pharmacy department was created. In 2012 Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) and Physical Education and Sports Science (PESS) were added.

2013 brought four new departments: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics & Statistics, and English. Accounting and Information Systems and Agro Product Processing Technology were introduced in the academic year 2015–16. In the academic year 2016–2017, the Biomedical Engineering (BME) program began.

Three new departments were established in the 2017–18 academic year: Finance &  Banking, Management and Textile Engineering (TE). The Marketing and Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation departments opened in the academic year 2018–19.

List of vice-chancellors

 Prof. Anwar Hossain ( present )

Academics

Academic calendar
The academic year and session is generally divided into two semesters. One semester is composed of 18 and a half weeks and each week consists of 5 working days. The session usually starts after completion of the second semester. A full-time undergraduate course consists of four sessions or eight semesters. A regular examination is held at the end of each semester besides class tests for continuous assessment of progress

Faculties and departments
The university's 26 departments are organised into 7 faculties.

A total 42 additional seats are reserved for the students under the categories of son/daughter of Freedom Fighter (30 seats), Indigenous (6 seats) and Disabled (6 seats). For these seats, a student needs to provide proof by using their related certificate to authority. Once the certificate is received in the mentioned period, after verification, the student will be considered for the reserved seats.

MS programs

 M.Sc.Engg. / M.Engg. in electrical & electronic engineering (EEE)
 MSc Engg. / M.Engg. in computer science & engineering (CSE)
 M.Sc. Engg. / M.Engg. in industrial & production engineering (IPE)
 MSc.Engg. / M.Engg. in chemical engineering (Ch.E)
 M.Sc. Engg. / M.Engg. in biomedical engineering (BME)
 M.Sc. Engg. / M.Engg. in petroleum and mining engineering (PME)
 MS in agro product processing technology (APPT)
 MS in environmental science & technology (EST)
 MS in microbiology (MB)
 MS in fisheries & marine bio-science (FMB)
 MS in genetic engineering and biotechnology (GEBT)
 MS in physics (PHY)
 MS in mathematics (Math)
 MS in chemistry (Chem)
 Master of Pharmacy (M.Pharm.)
 MA in English

Facilities

Residence halls

Shaheed Moshiur Rahman Hall
This is a five-story building with a capacity for five hundred students. Like at other public universities in Bangladesh, there are many facilities available for the residential students, such as a TV room, a reading room, a gymnasium and a canteen.

Sheikh Hasina Student Hall

This is also a five-story, female-only building with a capacity for five hundred students. This residence hall has the same facilities available to students as Shaheed Moshiur Rahman Hall. Additionally, it has photocopying, printing, and laundry facilities for residents. The students and the organizing committee put together different game competitions from time to time.

Two additional students halls, Munshi Meherullah Hall for boys and Taramon Bibi Hall for girls, are under construction. Soon,those halls will be ready and opened for students.

Central Library
Jashore University of Science and Technology has a six-story library. Currently, there are approximately 30,000 books and 100 journals available for students and faculty members. New books are added to the collection every month. Students or faculty members can study and borrow books from the library. It is open from 9 am to 8 pm Saturday through Wednesday. An E-library service is also available.

TSC and cafeteria
This is a two-story building, located at the west-eastern corner of the campus. The cafeteria is on the ground floor and TSC is on the first floor. The food supplies come from a charity organization, the Jagannath Foundation.

Dormitory and tower
The JUST dormitory is located at south-eastern corner of the campus. This five-storied dormitory is available for the faculty members and administrative staff of JUST. There is also a ten-story Madhumati tower for the faculty members and administrative staff of the university.

Central mosque
The central mosque, located on the west side of the campus, serves as a place of prayer for Muslim students and employees.

References

External links
 Official website

2007 establishments in Bangladesh
Educational institutions established in 2007
Jashore District
Public universities of Bangladesh
Universities of science and technology in Bangladesh
Organisations based in Khulna


Daniel Sabey "Dan" Weld is the Thomas J. Cable/WRF Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Washington, where he does research in automated planning and scheduling, software agents, and Internet information extraction. He is a venture partner at Madrona Venture Group, a Seattle-based venture capital firm.

Weld was born in 1960 in Boston. He attended high school at Phillips Academy, earned bachelor's degrees in Computer Science and Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry (1982) from Yale University, and a master's degree (1984) and PhD (1988) in Computer Science from MIT.  He is a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery and Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence.

Weld co-founded Netbot Incorporated (1996), which was acquired by Excite; AdRelevance (1998), which was acquired by Media Metrix and then by Nielsen NetRatings; and Nimble Technology (1999), which was acquired by Actuate.

References

External links
 Daniel Weld's Home Page
 UW page describing "The Intelligence in Wikipedia Project"

Living people
University of Washington faculty
MIT School of Engineering alumni
American computer scientists
Yale University alumni
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Phillips Academy alumni
1960 births


The Games: Winter Challenge  is a sports video game developed by  Canadian developer Mindspan and published by Accolade for MS-DOS compatible operating systems in 1991 and as Winter Challenge for the Sega Genesis in Europe in 1991 and the United States in 1992. The game portrays eight winter sports events that are competed in during the Winter Olympics. The game is unlicensed and not endorsed by the International Olympic Committee or similar organisations. Upon release, Winter Challenge received praise from several publications, with attention directed to the game's variety of events and visual presentation, with some criticism towards the inconsistency and difficulty of events. A sequel to the game based on the Summer Olympics, The Games: Summer Challenge, was released by Accolade in 1992.

Gameplay

Winter Challenge features two modes. In Tournament mode, the player can create a competitor and participate with up to ten players, with selectable names, countries and user pictures. Once the players are selected, the game shows an opening ceremony for the tournament and then takes the player to a tournament screen where they can see their icons for the events, as well as four buttons that shows their current standings, starts a new tournament, allows the entering of a password to return to an existing tournament, or return to the main menu. In this mode, computer-generated opponents have a skill level, from 'Amateur' to 'Professional' and 'World Class', affecting their speed and stamina in events.
In Training mode, the player can participate in a single event as one player. Several events are simplified for the training mode to allow error, such as being able to miss flags in the giant slalom. Once completed, the player can play again, return to the main menu, or watch an instant replay of their performance.

Events

Winter Challenge features eight events. Most events use the directional pad for steering, and buttons for performing certain functions like shooting, running, braking, or pushing off. Button mashing is necessary for some events, with others focused on timing and accuracy. The ski jump is scored by distance, the biathlon by time and shooting accuracy, and all other events are scored by time. A list of the events are provided below:

Reception

Winter Challenge received positive reviews from gaming publications, with many critics praising the variety and appeal of the game's different activities. Describing the title as a "multi-venued game" that imitated a "full-scale Olympic competition", Computer Gaming World praised the game as "more exciting" than its predecessors and highlighted the balance of "fast-paced" and "leisurely" game modes. However, some critics noted that the game was inconsistent in its execution. Computer Game Review observed that "the cross country events are too long and rather dull", and "competing against other than amateur competition is extremely tough." Similarly, whilst Mean Machines found the game "varied and engrossing", the game had an "inconsistent quality, finding some events "easy to finish", and remarking that "the multi-player mode is where the game is best appreciated."

Several reviewers praised the game's graphics and use of perspective to convey the action in the game. Sega Pro noted the rear view perspective "works successfully and gives a real impression of movement and perspective." Similarly, ACE praised the perspective for providing a "good view of the action as well as an excellent first-person impression of speed." Game Zone highlighted the "realistic" reflections and shadows, and noted the graphics were animated "well". GamePro praised the developers for "doing an excellent job of combining first-person perspective play with realistically-scaling background graphics." However, Sega Force critiqued the "limited field of vision" for some events, including the slalom, remarking that "degrees of white are difficult to distinguish."

References

1991 video games
Accolade (company) games
Piko Interactive games
DOS games
Winter Olympic video games
Sega Genesis games
Skiing video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States


"I Will Stand" is a song written by Mark Germino and Casey Beathard and recorded by American country music artist Kenny Chesney. It was released in August 1998 as the fourth and final single and title track from Chesney’s 1997 album of the same name.

Chart positions

References

1998 singles
1997 songs
Kenny Chesney songs
Songs written by Casey Beathard
Song recordings produced by Buddy Cannon
Song recordings produced by Norro Wilson
BNA Records singles


Melissa Ji-Yun Lee (; born 1966) is a New Zealand politician. She was elected to the House of Representatives as a list MP for the National Party in the 2008 election. , she is the National Party's spokesperson for broadcasting, communications, digital media, and ethnic affairs.

Early life and career
Lee was born in South Korea and grew up in Malaysia before moving to Australia and then to New Zealand in 1988 with her family. She has a MA Hons (First Class) in Communication Studies. Based in Auckland, she spent twenty three years in journalism, including a five-year stint at the Sunday News and writing for numerous publications including The New Zealand Herald and The Listener.
She was also the producer of the TV magazine series, Asia Downunder.

Member of Parliament

In November 2008, Lee became a List MP in the New Zealand Parliament. Her maiden speech included sections in English, Māori, and Korean. In English, she mentioned crime, education, and anti-Asian racism issues in New Zealand. In the Māori section, she mentioned the history of Māori first coming to New Zealand by canoe from Hawaiki and compared it to her own migration to New Zealand by aeroplane. Near the end of her speech, she thanked, in Korean, all the people that had given her support "simply by virtue of [their] shared heritage".

Lee became the second Korean, and first Korean woman, to win the election to a non-Korean national legislature. (The first Korean elected to a foreign national-level office, Jay Kim, became a member of the United States House of Representatives in 1992.)

A poll conducted between 10 December 2008 and 19 April 2009 by the Spanish newspaper, 20 minutos (20 minutes) ranked Lee as the world's 51st most beautiful female politician.

First term and Mt Albert by-election, 2008–2011
During the first months of entering Parliament two Conscience votes were taken, Melissa Lee voted against the Misuse of Drugs (Medicinal Cannabis) Amendment Bill and the Liquor Advertising (Television and Radio) Bill.

On 16 April 2009, Lee announced her candidacy for the National Party nomination in the 2009 Mount Albert by-election. She defeated the previous local National candidate, Ravi Musuku, to win selection for the National Party on 4 May 2009.

On 13 May 2009, Lee told a candidates' meeting that the SH20 Waterview Connection could divert criminals from South Auckland away from the electorate. Lee apologised the next day, saying "if South Auckland people (find) my comments offensive, I apologise. It wasn't about them. It was about criminals." Prime Minister John Key later said the remark was a "stupid statement to make". Later that day she apologised again saying, "I apologise unreservedly for the comments I made regarding South Auckland... I sincerely regret my remarks." In the by-election, Lee attracted only 3,542 votes, coming a distant second to Labour's David Shearer's 13,260 votes.

During the by-election, allegations were made in May 2009 that Lee's production company Asia Vision had spent New Zealand on Air money making a promotional video for the National Party ahead of the 2008 election. Lee called the allegations "ridiculous", saying that all work on the video was done by volunteers. The Green Party referred the video to  the Electoral Commission, saying that it should have been declared as an election expense. An investigation conducted by New Zealand on Air later cleared Lee of the charge of misuse of funding.

Later in 2009, Lee used NZ$100,000 of contingency funding to increase the markup for Asia Downunder in violation of her contract with New Zealand on Air, which she described as "an innocent error".

In April 2011, Lee courted controversy when, after she had made a speech supporting the controversially rushed-through copyright law 92A, it emerged that hours earlier she had tweeted "Ok. Shower... Reading ... And then bed! listening to a compilation a friend did for me of K Pop. Fab. Thanks Jay" which appeared to contradict her stance on law 92A.

Second term, 2011–2014
During the 2011 general election, Melissa Lee increased her electoral vote in the Mt Albert electorate but failed to unseat David Shearer, who retained the seat by a margin of 10,021 votes.

On 20 December 2011, John Key announced that Lee and John Hayes would become Parliamentary Private Secretaries, a role not in use for several years. Key appointed her to the portfolio of Ethnic Affairs, given the heavy workload of Judith Collins as the newly appointed Minister of Justice. In January 2014, Lee was appointed Chairperson of the Social Services Select Committee.

There were several conscience votes during the 50th Parliament surrounding issues of the legal alcohol purchase age and Same-Sex Marriage. In these votes, Lee voted against the Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Act 2013 and voted in favour of retaining the Alcohol Purchase age at 18 in the Alcohol Reform Bill.

Third term, 2014–2017
During the 2014 general election, Melissa Lee failed to win the Mt Albert electorate. Her Labour opponent David Shearer retained the seat by 10,656 votes, a moderate decrease on the previous election but substantially increased the party vote, winning the party vote by 3,536.

After the 2014 election, Lee was appointed to Chair the Commerce Select Committee while also retaining her position as  Parliamentary Private Secretary for Ethnic Communities, the position being renamed to reflect the change in name of the eponymous Ministry and Minister, Lee has been joined by Jacqui Dean as a Parliamentary Private Secretary since the retirement of  John Hayes at the 2014 Election. Lee also has one Private Members Bill waiting to be drawn from the ballot: the Accident Compensation (Recent Migrants and Returning New Zealanders) Amendment Bill.

In 2015, New Zealand First Ron Mark told Lee to Go Back to Korea in parliament.

Fourth term, 2017–2020
During the 2017 general election in mid-September 2017, Melissa Lee was re-elected on the National Party List. Lee stood against Labour Party leader Jacinda Ardern in the Mt Albert electorate but was defeated by a margin of 15,264 votes. Following the formation of a Labour-led coalition government on 19 October 2017, the National Party became the main opposition party in Parliament. Lee is currently the National Party's spokesperson for broadcasting, communications, and digital media, and ethnic communities. She is also a member of the Economic Development, Science and Innovation select committee.

In March 2018, Lee challenged the Broadcasting Minister Clare Curran about her undisclosed meeting with Carol Hirschfield, the head of content at Radio New Zealand. Curran initially claimed the meeting had been coincidental but later admitted that it had been prearranged. Lee accused Curran of engaging in a cover-up.

In mid-September 2019, Lee raised the issue in Parliament about Asian children being denied measles vaccinations at their local clinic on the pretext that Māori and Pasifika children were being given priority. In response, the Waikato District Health Board acknowledged that it was prioritizing Maori and Pacific children due to their lower vaccination rate and poorer health outcomes.

During the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand in mid-July 2020, Lee raised the plight of Dowook Kang, a six-year-old Korean child who was unable to attend school since his father, a temporary visa holder, was unable to return to New Zealand due to lock down travel restrictions. Under New Zealand law, international students under the age of ten are unable to attend schools without the presence of a parent or guardian. Education Minister Chris Hipkins declined to intervene, citing policy issues.

Fifth term, 2020–2023
During the 2020 New Zealand general election, Lee contested Mount Albert and came second place behind Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, who retained the seat by a final margin of 21,246 votes. However, Lee was able to return to Parliament via the National Party list.

Lee was one of only eight MPs to vote against the Conversion Practices Prohibition Legislation Act 2022.

In November 2022, Lee introduced the Fair Trading (Gift Card Expiry) Amendment Bill which requires gift cards to have a minimum validity period of three years, aiming to mitigate approximately $10M in annual consumer losses from expired gift cards.

Sixth term, 2023–present
Lee contested Mount Albert in the 2023 New Zealand general election and came second place behind Helen White by just 106 votes.

References

External links

Melissa Lee – MP Profiles – NZ National Party
 New Zealand Parliament – Lee, Melissa

Living people
New Zealand National Party MPs
Women members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand politicians of Korean descent
1966 births
Naturalised citizens of New Zealand
New Zealand list MPs
South Korean emigrants to New Zealand
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
21st-century New Zealand politicians
21st-century New Zealand women politicians
Candidates in the 2017 New Zealand general election
Candidates in the 2020 New Zealand general election
Candidates in the 2023 New Zealand general election
Foreign-born New Zealand politicians


The Ninth Federal Electoral District of the Federal District (IX Distrito Electoral Federal del Distrito Federal) is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of 27 such districts in the Federal District ("DF" or Mexico City).

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period, by means of the first past the post system.

District territory
Under the 2005 districting scheme, the DF's Ninth District covers the western portion of the borough (delegación) of Venustiano Carranza.

Previous districting schemes

1996–2005 district
Between 1996 and 2005, the Ninth District covered the same basic area, with a slight reduction in its size.

Deputies returned to Congress from this district

XLIII Legislature
1955–1958: Manuel Sierra Macedo (PAN)
XLVII Legislature
1967–1970: Javier Blanco Sanchez (PAN)
XLVIII Legislature
1970–1973:
XLIX Legislature
1973–1976:
L Legislature
1976–1979: Venustiano Reyes López (PRI)
LI Legislature
1979–1982: Gonzalo Castellot Madrazo (PRI)
LII Legislature
1982–1985: Arturo Contreras Cuevas (PRI)
LIII Legislature
1985–1988:
LIV Legislature
1988–1991: Magdaleno Gutiérrez Herrera (PAN)
LV Legislature
1991–1994:
LVI Legislature
1994–1997: Irma Eugenia Cedillo y Amador (PRI)
LVII Legislature
1997–2000: Victorio Montalvo Rojas (PRD)
LVIII Legislature
2000–2003: Daniel Ramírez del Valle (PAN)
LIX Legislature
2003–2006: María Guadalupe Morales Rubio (PRD)
LX Legislature
2006–2009: Victorio Montalvo Rojas (PRD)

References and notes

Federal electoral districts of Mexico
Mexico City


Ekkehard II (died 23 April 990), called Palatinus ("the Courtier"), was a monk of the Abbey of Saint Gall who became known for his sequence poetry.

Life
Ekkehard was probably born in the Saint Gall area; he and his cousin Ekkehard III were nephews of Ekkehard I (Ekkehardus Decanus; 910–973), dean at the abbey and presumed author of the Waltharius poem. Ekkehard II was educated by his uncle and the monk Geraldus, who educated also his other nephews, Notker Physicus and Burkard, later abbot of the monastery. Ekkehard II likewise became a teacher at the monastery school. A number of his pupils joined the order; others became bishops.

About 973 Dowager Duchess Hadwig of Swabia, the widow of Duke Burchard III called Ekkehard II to her seat at Hohentwiel Castle. Hadwig, a member of the Imperial Ottonian dynasty, was wont occasionally to visit St. Gall, and eventually asked for and obtained the services of Ekkehard as her tutor in the reading of the Latin classics. Nevertheless, he continued to render great services to his monastery, especially on the occasion of the differences between Saint Gall and the nearby Reichenau Monastery under Abbott Ruodmann; in many other ways also Ekkehard proved himself useful to the monks by the influence he had obtained as tutor of the duchess.

Ekkehard, erudite and eloquent, also socialised at the court of Emperor Otto I. Later he became provost of Mainz Cathedral, where he died in 990. He was buried in the church of St. Alban, outside the city gates. Ekkehard was the author of various ecclesiastical hymns, known as sequences, all of which are lost, except one (Summis conatibus nunc) in honour of Saint Desiderius. The attribution of several other works is uncertain.

Reception
Ekkehard's life was perpetuated by the Saint Gall monk Ekkehard IV, when he continued the  chronicles begun by Ratpert of St. Gallen. His records were the basis for the 1855 historic novel Ekkehard by Joseph Victor von Scheffel, which became hugely successful. Johann Joseph Abert's 1878 opera Ekkehard is based on Scheffel's book. A German TV miniseries on Ekkehard's life was produced in 1989–90.

Sources

10th-century births
990 deaths
Monks at Saint Gall


The Maryland–Virginia football rivalry is an American college football rivalry between the Maryland Terrapins and Virginia Cavaliers. The Terrapins and Cavaliers first met in 1919 and the series was played annually from 1957 through 2013, before Maryland left the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) for the Big Ten Conference in 2014.

Maryland leads the series 45–32–2, although Virginia is 15–8 since 1991. Maryland possesses the longest winning streak of the series, sixteen games between 1972 and 1987, while Virginia has the second longest streak with nine consecutive wins ending in 2000.

The schools jointly announced a home-home series in 2017 that would be played during the 2023 and 2024 seasons.

Background

Contributing factors

Several factors contribute to the intensity of the rivalry. The two states, and their eponymous flagship universities based in Charlottesville, Virginia and College Park, Maryland, respectively, share close historical and cultural ties. The schools are located in relatively close geographic proximity, separated by about . Due in large part to this proximity, the schools aggressively compete for recruits in the Mid-Atlantic region. Former Maryland coach Ralph Friedgen expressed the importance of the rivalry by stating, "It's a potential rivalry in every sport we play. They're border states. We compete for students, not just athletes."

The two are both long-time members of the Atlantic Coast Conference, with Maryland becoming a founding member in 1953 and Virginia joining later in that same year. When the conference reorganized in 2005, Maryland and Virginia were placed in separate divisions, but designated as cross-divisional rivals that continue to meet annually. The intensity of the rivalry is increased by a long history in the series of comebacks, shutouts, and spoilers that prevented one team from securing a conference championship or bowl game appearance. From the 1920s until 1945, the teams competed for the Tydings Trophy, named for former politician and Maryland alum Millard Tydings who had several friends amongst the professors at Virginia. In 2003, the schools discussed reviving the trophy tradition, but it was ultimately rejected by Virginia, due to concerns over the reorganization of the ACC.

Before and after their meeting in 2010, players from both schools attributed the importance of the game to the negative feelings the programs have for each other. Virginia center Anthony Mihota said "I guess it's because we don't like them very much. Something about them that gets under our skin".  After Maryland's victory, Terp linebacker Adrian Moten commented, "This was a big win in the rivalry. They hate us. We hate them."

The high academic standing of the University of Virginia in a national publication has added to the competitiveness between the two. In 2003, University of Maryland president C.D. Mote asserted that, in academic terms, Virginia was "highly overrated these days ... U.S. News & World Report places them at the top of the pile with Berkeley, which is ridiculous." Mote further stated that students from the state of Maryland paying a higher tuition cost to attend the University of Virginia "don’t know any better." While the University of Virginia president, John Casteen, said such remarks can be taken out of context, Virginia board of visitors member, William H. Goodwin, responded in The Cavalier Daily, "I certainly think a college president should have more class, but you have to expect that from Maryland."

Relative importance
Former Virginia head coach Al Groh stopped short of calling the game with Maryland a 'rivalry', but said that "it is a very important game to our team and it is our annual game. So that certainly designates it as being different from the other games." Maryland head coach Ralph Friedgen conceded that "[Virginia has] Virginia Tech as an in-state rivalry, but I think we're their out-of-state rivalry."

Maryland–Virginia is the second most played out-of-state rivalry for Virginia, after the longest standing rivalry in the ACC, the South's Oldest Rivalry between Virginia and North Carolina. It is the fourth most played for the Cavaliers overall, after North Carolina, Virginia Tech (Commonwealth Cup), and Virginia Military Institute. In contrast, Maryland–Virginia is the most-played historical series for Maryland.

Noteworthy games

1945
Maryland 19, Virginia 13

In 1945, the two teams met for a neutral site match-up at Griffith Stadium in Washington, D.C. Head coach Frank Murray, a future Hall of Fame inductee, had led 13th-ranked Virginia to a perfect 7–0 record. The Cavaliers also held an undefeated streak of fourteen games. Bear Bryant was in his only year as Maryland's head coach. Maryland's Sam Behr broke away for a 90-yard touchdown run, but Virginia held the lead in the fourth quarter. In the final seconds of play, Terrapin freshman tailback Bill "Red" Poling completed a forward pass to end Don Gleasner for a 50-yard score. With the win, Maryland tied the all-time series record. The 19–13 loss to Maryland ended Virginia's perfect season and they fell to 20th place in the AP Poll. After this game, the series went on hiatus for 11 years, and it was the last year the Tydings Trophy was awarded.

1961
Virginia 28, Maryland 16

Tom Nugent's Terps entered their last season game boasting a 7–2 record that included a win over seventh-ranked Syracuse with Heisman Trophy-winner Ernie Davis and the only victory over Penn State until 2014. They faced a Virginia team that started off their season by breaking a three-year, 28-game losing streak against William & Mary. The Cavaliers had lost the last three meetings against Maryland by an average of 38 points. With a win against Virginia, the Terps would secure the ACC title and a trip to the Gator Bowl. After Maryland scored for an early lead, Virginia quarterback Gary Cuozzo tossed three short touchdown passes to third-string receiver John Hepler. Defensive back Ted Rzempoluch returned an interception 95 yards for a touchdown, and sealed the Terps' fate to go bowl-less. The other three-loss team in the ACC, Duke, won the conference.

1988
Virginia 24, Maryland 23

In the final minutes of the game, with the Terps trailing the Cavaliers 24–17, Maryland quarterback Neil O'Donnell was injured and taken out of the game. He was replaced by a young second-stringer Scott Zolak. Zolak led a drive which culminated with a three-yard option run for a touchdown narrowing the deficit to a point. With 1:09 left in the game, Maryland went for two. Zolak threw into the endzone to running back Ricky Johnson. Johnson appeared to catch the ball before being hit by defensive back Keith McMeans, knocking the ball loose. An official in the endzone immediately signaled for a catch, before others waved it as incomplete. After the game, the usually level-headed Terps head coach Joe Krivak ran to the official who made the initial call, following him to the locker room, and then ran over to yell at referee Don Safrit. Several witnesses claim he said to the officials that "If it takes every ounce of energy, I'm going to get you out of this league." Virginia (7–4) broke their 16-game losing streak in the series and finished second in the conference. Maryland (5–6) failed to achieve a winning season for the third consecutive year. However, the Cavaliers failed to secure a bowl game berth, while N.C. State with a worse record went on to the Peach Bowl.

1990
Maryland 35, Virginia 30

Besieged Maryland head coach Joe Krivak, with a 17–25 record, led his Terps (5–5) to a sold-out Scott Stadium in Charlottesville for their final regular season game. George Welsh's eighth-ranked Virginia (8–1) had spent three weeks atop the AP poll at number-one until a loss against Georgia Tech. At halftime, Maryland trailed 21–7. Then freshman reserve running back Mark Mason put the Terps back in the game with a 59-yard touchdown breakaway, and a team best run for the year. Maryland quarterback Scott Zolak threw for two more touchdowns and Mason scored the go-ahead with an 8-yard rush to put the Terps ahead 35–30. With the win, Maryland secured a bowl berth for the first time since Bobby Ross left four seasons prior. Virginia took a nose-dive in the AP rankings to 17th, and after another loss to Virginia Tech settled for the Sugar Bowl where they were edged by Tennessee, 23–22.

1999
Virginia 34, Maryland 30

After starting 5–2, Maryland suffered a three-game losing streak before their finale at Byrd Stadium. Maryland needed to beat Virginia to finish with a winning season and likely secure a berth in the Aloha Bowl or Oahu Bowl. At the end of the first quarter, Virginia led 17–0. Maryland's freshman quarterback Latrez Harrison was pulled and replaced by former safety Randall Jones. Jones along with Heisman prospect running back LaMont Jordan led the Terps to tie it at 17 before halftime. In the third quarter, Jordan ran 90 yards to make it 24–17, but the Cavaliers tied it soon after. With 5:18 left, Terps kicker Brian Kopka made a field goal to make it 30–27. In the next series, Virginia went for it on fourth down but a Dan Ellis pass was incomplete. The Terps took over on downs with 1:40 left. Victory seemed assured, but Maryland failed to convert a first down and the inexperienced Randall Jones ran out of bounds on third down, which stopped the clock when Virginia had no time-outs. The Cavaliers got the ball on their own 24-yard line. In nine plays and just 46 seconds, Dan Ellis led a 76-yard drive that culminated with a touchdown pass to Billy McMullen to win the game with 26 seconds left. The 34–30 loss dashed the Terrapins' hopes for their first bowl game since 1990. After the game, Maryland coach Ron Vanderlinden remarked "Devastating. The worst loss I've ever been associated with because of what was on the line."

2002
Virginia 48, Maryland 13

After Terps head coach Ralph Friedgen stated Maryland expected to "beat teams like Duke and Virginia", the Cavs sought vindication for the comparison to ACC football's perpetual underdog. While Maryland's Scott McBrien passed for a touchdown in the first series, Virginia went on to score 20 unanswered points in the second quarter with two Matt Schaub passes and two field goals. In the second half, the Cavaliers delivered four more touchdowns: another Schaub pass, a pass by receiver Billy McMullen, and two short rushing scores. The Terps only managed to use Nick Novak to make two field goals. The loss broke Maryland's eight-game winning streak, and prevented them from sharing a piece of the ACC championship. Instead, Florida State finished with a better conference record (7–1), and secured the title outright.

2003
Maryland 27, Virginia 17

With leading rusher Bruce Perry out due to a sprained ankle, Terps running back Josh Allen adeptly filled in, and racked up 257 yards and two touchdowns. Virginia quarterback Matt Schaub threw for a touchdown and ran for another, but his second-half comeback attempt ultimately fell short. In the game, Schaub overtook Shawn Moore's career passing record at the school. There was also some excitement even before the game started. Maryland assistant coach James Franklin and Virginia head coach Al Groh had a heated exchange after a Cavaliers player interrupted the Terps' warm up drills. Then, after Virginia won the coin toss, Al Groh infamously elected to kick off to start both halves. Immediately after the decision, the entire Maryland team rushed the field in celebration and was given a 15-yard unsportsmanlike conduct penalty before the opening kickoff. The win kept the Terps' ACC title hopes alive, but Florida State narrowly beat N.C. State 50–44 to win the conference outright. Maryland finished second-place in the ACC.

2006
Maryland 28, Virginia 26

After giving up 255 yards, the Terps trailed 20–0 at halftime. Cavaliers punt returner Emmanuel Byers muffed a third-quarter punt to give Maryland possession on the Virginia one-yard line. Lance Ball rushed for a touchdown on the next play, and the Terps went on to score another 21 points in the final quarter to include a 56-yard breakaway by Keon Lattimore and a 45-yard pick-six by linebacker Erin Henderson. With 2:37 left on the clock, the Cavaliers responded with a 44-yard touchdown pass to Kevin Ogletree, to pull to 28–26. Virginia attempted a two-point conversion to send the game into overtime. Cornerback Josh Wilson, who was scored on twice earlier, broke up the pass to clinch the win for the Terps.

2007
Virginia 18, Maryland 17

Reserve sophomore running back Mikell Simpson racked up 119 yards rushing and two touchdowns to go along with 152 receiving yards, for 271 all-purpose yards, as 19th-ranked Virginia came from behind to defeat Maryland. The game ended when, with 16 seconds left, Simpson dived into the endzone as the ball was knocked out of his hands. It was ruled a touchdown and Virginia defeated Maryland. Terps coach Ralph Friedgen said "I saw the ball come out on the goal line. I saw it and I don't think he had possession." Simpson himself stated, "It crossed the line. I knew I scored because I looked down and saw the yellow line and I saw the ball cross [before] they hit it out." With the victory, the Cavaliers reached seven wins in a row for the first time since 1990 and for only the fourth time in school history. They also accomplished the feat in 1914 and 1949. That season, Virginia won an NCAA record of five games by two points or less, with the other edged teams being North Carolina, Middle Tennessee State, Connecticut, and Wake Forest.

Game results

See also
 List of NCAA college football rivalry games
 Maryland–Virginia lacrosse rivalry
 Maryland–Virginia men's soccer rivalry

References

College football rivalries in the United States
Maryland Terrapins football
Virginia Cavaliers football
Maryland Terrapins rivalries


The Tenth Federal Electoral District of the Federal District (X Distrito Electoral Federal del Distrito Federal) is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of 27 such districts in the Federal District ("DF" or Mexico City).

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period, by means of the first past the post system.

District territory
Under the 2005 districting scheme, the DF's Tenth District covers the whole of the  borough (delegación) of Miguel Hidalgo.

Previous districting schemes

1996–2005 district
Between 1996 and 2005, the Third District covered the southern two-thirds of  Miguel Hidalgo and a part of  Álvaro Obregón.

Deputies returned to Congress from this district

XLI Legislature
1949–1952: Eduardo Facha Gutiérrez (PAN)
L Legislature
1976–1979: Gloria Carrillo Salinas (PRI)
LI Legislature
1979–1982: Ignacio Zúñiga González (PRI)
LII Legislature
1982–1985: Manuel Osante López (PRI)
LIII Legislature
1985–1988:
LIV Legislature
1988–1991:
LV Legislature
1991–1994:
LVI Legislature
1994–1997: Jaime Jesús Arceo Castro (PRI)
LVII Legislature
1997–2000:
LVIII Legislature
2000–2003: Mauricio Candiani (PAN)
LIX Legislature
2003–2006: Roberto Colín Gamboa (PAN)
LX Legislature
2006–2009: María Gabriela González Martínez (PAN)

References and notes

Federal electoral districts of Mexico
Mexico City


Ekkehard III was a monk of the Abbey of Saint Gall and a nephew of Ekkehard I and a cousin of Ekkehard II. He shared the educational advantages of his cousin and, at his invitation, accompanied him to Hohentwiel to superintend and direct the studies of the local clergy. On his return to St. Gall he was made dean of the abbey, and is reported to have filled this office for thirty years. He died early in the eleventh century.

Sources

Monks at Saint Gall


Melisende (born before 1177 – died after 1215) was the hereditary Lady of Arsuf from 1177 and the second wife of the powerful nobleman John, Old Lord of Beirut.

Life
She was born sometime before 1177, the eldest daughter of Guy, Lord of Arsuf. Her mother's name is unknown. She had a brother, Lord Jean, who married Helvis de Brie. When Jean died childless, Melisende inherited the lordship of Arsuf.

On an unknown date, Melisende married firstly Thierry d'Orca. In 1207, she married secondly John of Ibelin, Lord of Beirut, former Constable of Jerusalem, and Regent in Acre for his half-niece Queen Maria.

Upon their marriage, Melisende passed the lordship of Arsuf to John, increasing his territory in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Beirut was effectively an independent state under his rule, while remaining a vassal of the Sovereign. After rebuilding the city which had been destroyed by the forces of Saladin, during the latter's conquest of the Crusader kingdom, Ibelin constructed a magnificent palace.

John of Ibelin and Melisende had six sons and one daughter:
 Balian of Ibelin (1210 – 4 September 1247 Askalon), in 1230, he married Eschiva de Montfaucon, daughter of Walter de Montfaucon de Montbéliard and Bourgogne de Lusignan of Cyprus.
 John of Ibelin (1212 – December 1258), Lord of Arsuf, Constable of Jerusalem. Married Alix of Caiphas, daughter of Rohart of Caiphas and Aiglantine of Nephim.
  Raoul of Ibelin
 Hugh of Ibelin (1213–1238)
 Baldwin of Ibelin, Seneschal of Cyprus, (died 21 February 1267)
 Guy of Ibelin, constable of Cyprus ( – May 1255), married Philippa, daughter of Aimery Berlais.
 Isabelle of Ibelin, became a nun

Death
Melisende died on an unknown date.

References

Sources
 Lignages d'Outremer, Marciana MS Francese 20, CCLXXXIX, p. 63

 Women in Power (1150–1200)

12th-century births
13th-century deaths
12th-century women rulers
13th-century women rulers
House of Ibelin
Christians of the Crusades
Women from the Crusader states
12th-century people of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
13th-century people of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death unknown


Ekkehard V (died c. 1220), called Minimus (the Least), was a monk of the Abbey of Saint Gall. He is the last of the Saint Gall Ekkehards, and flourished towards the end of the twelfth, and the beginning of the thirteenth, century. No particulars are known concerning his life, and tradition is silent as to his origin, the year of his birth and of his death. He was dean of the abbey in the reign of Innocent III.

About 1214 he wrote a life of St. Notker Balbulus, a learned monk of St. Gall, who lived towards the end of the ninth, and the beginning of the tenth, century (Acta SS., April, I, 579), from which work we gather that its author was versed in ecclesiastical music.

Sources

Swiss Christian monks


Cycloteuthis sirventi is a species of squid in the family Cycloteuthidae, of which it is the most common. It is possible that C. akimushkini is a junior synonym of C. sirventi. The species occurs in the tropical to polar western Atlantic Ocean.

References

External links
Tree of Life web project: Cycloteuthis sirventyi
SeaLifeBase: Cycloteuthis sirventi

Squid
Molluscs described in 1919


José Achache is founder and CEO of ALTYN, a Swiss company in space and commercial applications of satellites. After 17 years in academia as professor of geophysics at the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, followed by 17 years as an  executive in French then international research and development  organizations in environment and space (Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Centre national d'études spatiales, European Space Agency, Group on Earth Observations), Achache is now developing technologies for satellites (optical systems for observation and telecommunication, image compression, cybersecurity) as well as applications of space on Earth (global IoT, Earth observation and environmental intelligence).  He participates in ESA BIC CH, a joint programme of ESA and the Swiss Space Office, which supports space startups and fosters the development of commercial applications and services powered by satellites.

Achache has been the architect of the Copernicus Programme of the European Union and its Sentinel series of satellites and the early advocate of its free and open data policy. He is the author of "Les Sentinelles de la Terre", an essay on space policy and the applications of space on Earth. He has published numerous scientific papers as well as editorial, interviews and conferences for wider audiences on space and environmental issues.

He is co-founder and director of Groupe Plani, a Paris-based company providing end-to-end equipment and services for video and TV production, chairman of ILTOO Pharma, a biotech company developing new treatments for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and director of Suzette Gourmet Private Ltd, an organic food brand based in Mumbai, India.

Education and experience
A graduate of the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris, he holds a PhD in geophysics from the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, a PhD in physical sciences from the Université Denis Diderot and was a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University.

He has been professor at the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, chief scientist at the French Geological Survey BRGM, deputy director general of the French space agency CNES, director of Earth Observation Programmes at the European Space Agency ESA and the first secretary general of the Group on Earth Observations when the Global Earth Observation System of Systems was established in Geneva.

References

French geophysicists
Swiss geophysicists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Gen4 Energy, Inc (formerly Hyperion Power Generation, Inc.) was a privately held corporation formed to construct and sell several designs of relatively small (70 MW thermal, 25 MW electric) nuclear reactors, which they claimed would be modular, inexpensive, inherently safe, and proliferation-resistant. According to news coverage, these reactors could be used for heat generation, production of electricity, and other purposes, including desalination.

The company went out of business on the 1st of April 2018, after losing out on a second round of grants from the Department of Energy in January 2016.

Revised 2009 design: uranium nitride fueled, lead-bismuth cooled reactor
Hyperion announced in November 2009 that, despite their continued intentions to pursue the self-moderated uranium hydride reactor, urgent customer needs for a rapidly licensable and deployable reactor are causing them to choose another LANL design for initial commercialization. They are moving forward with a more conventional Generation IV reactor design:  a uranium nitride fueled, lead-bismuth cooled reactor.  Using a liquid-metal-cooled fast reactor should speed the time to commercialization over the more revolutionary uranium hydride, self-moderating design that had previously been publicly discussed.

Fuel and coolant selection

According to Hyperion, the uranium nitride fuel incorporated in the design is generally similar in physical characteristics and neutronics to the standard ceramic uranium oxide fuel that is used at present in modern light water nuclear reactors. However, it has certain beneficial traits - higher thermal conductivity - and thus less retained heat energy - that make it preferable over oxide fuels when used at temperature regimes that are greater than the  temperatures found in light water reactors. By operating at higher temperatures, steam plants can operate at a higher thermal efficiency. The presentation by Hyperion at the ANS 2009 conference mentions the use of the Doppler inherent negative temperature coefficient of reactivity in this reactor as a means of control. Nuclear scientist Alexander Sesonske avers that nitride fuels have both received very little development (as of 1973) and seem to have a very favorable combination of physical properties - especially in fast reactors. Whether this carries over to lead-bismuth cooled reactors is a question not answered in the reviewed literature, though the Soviet Union has worked with this type of reactor before in naval service; in particular, the Alfa class submarine - well known in the West for its high speed operation - was driven by such a lead-bismuth reactor which is known to have worked very effectively.

The Hyperion module has sufficient fuel for 3650 full power days at 70 MWth, is capable of load following, and is meant to be built in pairs; one module can be at power, while another can be under installation or uninstallation at the same time, ensuring reliable supply of electricity.

Thermal hydraulics, energy production and extraction

Hyperion plans to use natural circulation of the lead-bismuth coolant through the reactor module as a means of primary cooling. Coolant temperatures within the primary loop should be approximately . Powered intermediate heat exchangers, also using lead-bismuth coolant, are located within the reactor and run an intermediate loop going to a third ex-reactor heat exchanger (the steam generator), where heat is transferred to the working fluid, heating it to approximately . Two schemes of power generation exist at this point: either using superheated steam or supercritical carbon dioxide to drive Rankine cycle or Brayton cycle turbines. In addition to the classical use of power generation, further uses for the heated working fluid can include desalinization, process heat, and district heating and cooling.

The thermal hydraulics of the lead-bismuth reactor are dictated by the high heat capacity and unique properties of the lead-bismuth eutectic coolant. This coolant has several extremely beneficial properties for a reactor: it is opaque to gamma radiation, but transparent to neutron flux; it melts easily at a low temperature, but does not boil until an extremely high temperature is reached; it does not greatly expand or contract when exposed to heat or cold; it has a high heat capacity; it will naturally circulate through the reactor core without pumps being required - whether during normal operation or as a means of residual decay heat removal; and it will solidify once decay heat from a used reactor has dropped to a low level.

Licensing strategy

Hyperion intended to pursue the licensing of the uranium nitride, lead-bismuth small reactor with the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), though the firm's deployment schedule (the target date for deployment was for the end of 2013) as well as indications from senior personnel within Hyperion indicates that perhaps the reactor will bypass the normal lengthy NRC process for commercial reactors and will instead be initially deployed by the U.S. Department of Energy or the U.S. Department of Defense, not subject to NRC regulation, or that Hyperion will seek a 10CFR50.21 Class 104 Research and Development reactor license from the NRC.
 Hyperion expects to apply to the NRC for regulatory approval "within a year."

Hyperion had considered additional manufacturing sites outside the US, including United Kingdom and a location in Asia.

Competing designs
See List of small nuclear reactor designs
 NuScale
 Toshiba 4S
 mPower by Babcock & Wilcox Company
 TerraPower

References

External links

Nuclear reactors
Nuclear power companies of the United States


Ronald Lee Davini (born May 5, 1947) was a catcher who is most notable for winning the 1967 College World Series Most Outstanding Player award while a junior at Arizona State University. He is one of five players from Arizona State University to win that award. The others are Sal Bando, John Dolinsek, Bob Horner and Stan Holmes. Prior to playing collegiately, he attended Anaheim High School.

He was also a Western Athletic Conference All-Star twice (in 1967 and 1968).

Draft
He was drafted four times by big league teams. The first time, he was drafted by the Chicago White Sox in the 20th round of the 1965 amateur draft. He refused that. In 1967, he was drafted in the third round by the New York Yankees. He refused that as well. In 1968, was drafted in the seventh round by the Cleveland Indians, but once again, he refused to sign. Finally, after being drafted by the White Sox again in the first round (20th overall) of the 1969 draft, he did sign. Although he played professionally for five years, he never made it to the majors.

Professional baseball career
In his first year of professional baseball, 1969, he played for the Duluth–Superior Dukes. With them, he hit .276 with four home runs in 66 games. He played for the Appleton Foxes in 1970, hitting .227 with five home runs in 91 games. Playing for the Lynchburg Twins in 1971, he hit .218 with four home runs in 115 games. His average again declined in 1972 as he played for the Tucson Toros. He hit .191 in 48 games. Finally, he played his final professional season in 1973 with the Iowa Oaks, hitting .250 in 24 at-bats.

Coaching career
Since 1992, he has worked for USA Baseball. In 1997, he was selected the USA National Amateur Baseball Coach of the Year and in 2005 he won the National High School Baseball Coach of the Year Award. He also taught and coached at Corona del Sol High School for 28 years, at McClintock High School for six, and Tempe Preparatory Academy for 2. He has recently come out of retirement to help out as the catchers coach and an assistant freshman coach at Corona Del Sol High School for 7 years.  In Feb 2020 he retired from coaching baseball.

He was the President of the National High School Baseball Coaches Association in 1997. Now he is serving as its executive director. He was inducted into the National High School Baseball Coaches Association Hall of Fame as well.

In the National Baseball Hall of Fame, he has a spot dedicated to him because of his collegiate accomplishments.

References
BaseballCoaches.org
WranglerNews.com

1947 births
Living people
College World Series Most Outstanding Player Award winners
Arizona State Sun Devils baseball players
Duluth-Superior Dukes players
Appleton Foxes players
Lynchburg Twins players
Tucson Toros players
Iowa Oaks players