Dracula 3: The Path of the Dragon is a 2008 point-and-click adventure video game developed by Kheops Studio for Microsoft Windows, and published by MC2 France under their Microïds label in Europe and Encore in North America. In 2010, an abridged version of the game developed by Tetraedge Games and published by Chillingo was released in a three-part episodic form for iOS (as Dracula: The Path of the Dragon). The full version of the game was ported to OS X in 2010, published by Coladia. Also in 2010, the three-part iOS version was made available for PC as the Dracula Series. In 2014, the abridged iOS version was made available as a single game on Steam.

The game follows 2000's Dracula: Resurrection and Dracula: The Last Sanctuary, although the storyline is unrelated to either game. Path of the Dragon takes place in 1920, and follows Father Arno Moriani of the Sacred Congregation of Rites, who is sent to the village of Vladoviste in the diocese of Alba Iula in Transylvania to investigate the possible canonization of a recently deceased doctor,  Martha Calugarul. However, Moriani soon learns Calugarul believed herself to have been engaged in a battle with a vampire, possibly Dracula himself, and although initially skeptical of the story, he slowly comes to believe there may be some validity to it. A loose sequel to Path of the Dragon was released in a two-part form in 2013; Dracula 4: The Shadow of the Dragon and Dracula 5: The Blood Legacy.

Path of the Dragon was most widely reviewed for the PC, where it received mixed reviews. Most critics praised the graphics, music, sound effects and voice acting, but the gameplay and puzzles received a more mixed response, with some finding the puzzles too esoteric and/or illogical, and others feeling they fit the nature of the game well.

Gameplay
Path of the Dragon is a first-person point-and-click adventure game, which employs an "empty" HUD; the player's inventory is accessible through a button press, which also allows access to a list of objectives, details of all conversations, records of all documents seen and collected, and options for the player to save their game, quit their game, or load a previously saved game. As such, the entire screen depicts only direct gameplay.

The game uses a basic point-and-click interface to move the player around and manipulate the game world. Within each screen, the player is free to look around 360 degrees. As the player moves the cursor around the screen it can change into different styles depending on the situation; neutral cursor (no interaction is possible), an arrow (the player can move in the direction indicated), a mouth (the player can speak to the character over whom the option appears), an eye (an area or object can be examined in more detail), a magnifying glass (an object contains important information which needs closer examination), a hand (the player can take the object), a cog (the player must use an inventory item to initiate interaction with the object), a cog with red line (the player is attempting to use the wrong inventory item to initiate interaction), a left-right horizontal arrow (the object can be moved left and right), an up-down vertical arrow (the object can be moved up and down), a circular arrow (the object can be rotated).

When the player clicks on a person to whom they wish to speak, a list of conversation topics appear on screen. When the player picks up an item, it is automatically put into an auto-holder rather than the main inventory, and must be transferred manually from the auto-holder to the inventory screen. This allows the player to sort the inventory in any way they wish. A major part of the gameplay is examining documents, which have a separate section in the inventory screen, presenting the player with numerous options. For example, the player can organise the documents in two ways; by title or by the order in which they were found. Players can also "flag" documents so as to relate them to particular clues, and can then examine all documents related to any one particular clue together, without having to navigate through non-related documents. The documents screen also includes a "compare" view for examining different copies of the same pictures to find differences between them, and all documents can be examined in more detail with a magnifying glass. The game also includes complete copies of the Bible and Bram Stoker's Dracula, and each text has a "random page" option, which opens the book at a random passage. If done at certain times in the game, the random option can present clues to the player as to how to proceed (when this is the case, the "random page" option flashes).

The 2010 three-part abridged iOS version, which was also released for Windows as the Dracula Series, adds several new features to the game, such as an optional help feature (which highlights interactive zones on each screen), and a "quick inventory" (which allows the player to hold one item and access it without having to enter the inventory screen). This version of the game also removes several of the more difficult puzzles and is shorter than the main version of the game, with several cutscenes and plot points absent.

Plot
The game begins in 1920, with Cardinal Felicio Briganti sending Father Arno Moriani of the Sacred Congregation of Rites to the village of Vladoviste in the diocese of Alba Iula in Transylvania to investigate a candidate for sainthood; Martha Calugarul, a physician and scientist who died several months previously. The process is being fast-tracked because Transylvania has recently been annexed by Romania, leaving Catholics in the minority, and the church feels a local saint may help the Catholics reaffirm their identity in relation to the majority Orthodox in the diocese.

Upon arriving at his inn, Moriani meets Ozana, the innkeeper, and Janos Pekmester, a professor in Medieval History, who is in Vladoviste to excavate the nearby ruins of the Castle of Twilight, Vlad Tepes' residence during his time as Voivode. Moriani learns of Calugarul's biography; after becoming a scientist she was badly burned, forcing her to wear a veil over the side of her face. Later, she worked with Professor Heinrich von Krüger investigating a blood disorder called the "P syndrome". During the War, she remained in Vladoviste and cared for combatants on both sides. She died in bed, apparently from exhaustion, soon after the war.

The next day, Moriani meets a reporter, Stephan Luca, who tells him Calugarul was murdered. He shows Moriani files in which Calugarul reports people dying of unexplainable blood loss, prior to which they were prone to sleepwalking and reacting violently to garlic. All of these patients had two small hematomas on their neck when they died, and all had the "P anomaly" in their blood. Luca claims Calugarul believed a vampire was at work in Vladoviste, and vowed to walk "The Path of the Dragon" to find and confront it. However, because Calugarul believed in vampires and engaged in occult practices to combat them, she cannot be canonized.

Moriani calls Briganti, who tells him to open an investigation proving vampires don't exist. He explains that since the publication of Bram Stoker's Dracula, belief in vampires is at an all-time high, and the Vatican wants to put a stop to this superstition. Moriani calls von Krüger, who claims vampirism is actually a blood disorder called the "P syndrome", and is thus scientifically explainable. He then heads to Budapest to meet Professor Irina Boczow, an expert in vampire lore. She tells him the history of vampirism, beginning with Lilith, and much to Moriani's surprise, reveals she believes vampires to be real. She gives him a book, The Lords of Twilight, published by the Thule Society, which says that to become a vampire one must complete The Path of the Dragon, an initiation ritual, something Tepes did in his youth.

Meanwhile, Luca decides to walk The Path of the Dragon alone, believing he will meet Dracula at the end, who he plans to kill. Moriani writes his report refuting vampires, but the next morning, Luca is found shot dead, and Moriani decides take up Luca's plan. Amongst Calugarul's correspondence he finds evidence The Path begins where Tepes was held prisoner in Turkey, and so travels to the jail in the mountains, where he discovers prisoners were left as food for a creature living in the forest so she would spare the nearby villagers. Tepes, however, apparently escaped. Upon returning to Vladoviste, Moriani learns Ozana has been told by the Iron Guard to get him out of the inn, and the villagers no longer want to speak to him. He calls Boczow to tell her he plans to walk The Path to kill whatever he finds at the end of it, and she advises he come see her.

Upon arriving in Budapest, however, he finds her murdered. He returns to Vladoviste to find his friend, Dr. Maria Florescu, Calugarul's replacement, is missing. In a nearby shed, he discovers an unconscious Pekmester in a coffin. In the inn, he finds a bomb on his door. He disarms it, and Ozana tells him Pekmester and a man from Alba Iula had been in his room. He enters Pekmester's room, and discovers Pekmester and von Krüger are members of the Thule Society, and have been working with the Iron Guard. He also learns von Krüger has been in touch with a young member of the DAP, who he believes to be much more "enterprising" than Anton Drexler. As such, he has sent Pekmester an extract of a manifesto the young man is working on - an early version of Mein Kampf. Moriani ascertains von Krüger and Pekmester are attempting to walk The Path, which they believe ends in the Castle of Twilight, in an effort to become vampires. He also learns Pekmester has discovered Calugarul's grave to be empty.

Moriani is able to enter a secret passage in the hills leading into the Castle. In an underground labyrinth, he encounters Pekmester, who explains Florescu is a servant of Dracula. He went to see her in the dispensary hoping she would lead him to Dracula, but Dracula knocked him out, put him in the coffin and he woke up in the labyrinth. Eventually, Moriani enters the catacombs. Von Krüger arrives in the courtyard above, begging Moriani to let him down, but Moriani refuses. Florescu arrives, and reveals she is/was Calugarul. When she followed The Path with the intention of killing Dracula, he offered her immortality and her beauty back, and she accepted. She explains Pekmester killed both Luca and Boczow, and von Krüger is the head of the Thule Society, who wish for another World War. She wishes Moriani luck as Dracula himself approaches. However, Moriani ignites the bomb he disarmed at the inn, and the catacombs are destroyed. As Moriani dies, Pekmester laments they have lost their chance, but von Krüger assures him they will return. Unseen by any of them, a green vapour rises from the rubble into the air.

The game cuts to London 1942. In a bunker, Captain Cunningham of the British Army is interrogating Pekmester. Cunningham wants to know the nature of a secret Nazi operation in 1941 headed by General von Krüger codenamed "Operation D". Pekmester asks Cunningham if the name Vlad Tepes means anything to him. Cunningham is dismissive, and Pekmester asks "Don't you believe in vampires?" as the lights in the room go out.

Development
Dracula 3 was announced by publisher MC2 France and developer Kheops Studio in April 2007, shortly after the two companies reached an agreement to create the title. As a follow-up to Dracula: Resurrection and Dracula 2: The Last Sanctuary, the announcement ended a years-long period of inactivity for the series. However, Dracula 3 was not intended as a sequel to the first two games. Instead, it was designed as a "comprehensive change of perspective in the approach of the Dracula myth", according to Kheops' Benoît Hozjan. The project was initially scheduled for release during the 2007 holiday shopping season, but it underwent a delay to early 2008. After being retitled Dracula 3: The Path of the Dragon that February, the game launched in France on April 10, 2008.

Release and ports
To help promote the release of Path of the Dragon in North America, for Halloween 2008, Microïds ran a stencil-based pumpkin carving competition, the winners of which received a free copy of the game. Also for Halloween 2008, The American Red Cross held a Dracula themed Blood Drive at five locations in Northern California, where each donor was given a free copy of the game.

In late 2009, Anuman Interactive acquired the complete back catalogue of Microïds games, and in March 2010, announced Path of the Dragon was being ported to iOS by Tetraedge Games, published in three separate parts by Chillingo. Stéphane Longeard, director-general of Anuman, stated

The iOS version proved a success, and upon the release of the third part, Alain Milly, Anuman's editorial-director stated "We are happy to see that our Dracula license has found its logical audience on iPhone and iPod Touch. This product has enabled us to test the adaptation of a proper license straight from the Microïds catalog on a mainstream audience. Other licenses will most certainly follow." In July 2010, HD versions of each of the three parts were released for the iPad.

In October 2010, Anuman announced the three-part iOS version would also be released for Windows, under the title of Dracula Series. Alain Milly explained the idea behind releasing the abridged version for the PC was

Franck Berrois, producer of the Dracula Series, further explained "In the age of dematerializing content, dividing the story into three chapters presents an advantage for players. It enables them to download the part of the story that they want to play very quickly."

Reception

The PC version of the game received "mixed or average reviews," and holds an aggregate score of 65 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on eleven reviews. Combined global sales of Dracula 3 and its predecessors, Dracula and Dracula 2, reached 1 million copies by 2009.

Adventure Classic Gaming's Mervyn Graham scored the game 5 out of 5, calling it "amongst the best adventure games released in recent years." He praised the gameplay, writing "Dracula 3: The Path of the Dragon is a cut above the rest. Gamers will appreciate the effort that the developer has put into developing a convincing storyline that leads the player from country to country down the Path of the Dragon. Some puzzles are straightforward, but other puzzles are more perplexing, albeit logical."

Adventure Gamers' Cameron Urquhart scored it 4 out of 5. He praised how the game used factual historical information in its fictional narrative, and was also impressed with the graphics, sound and voice acting. He was also complimentary of the puzzles; "Rather than being loaded down with contrived puzzles for padding, Dracula 3 relies heavily on inventory puzzles, yet you are never resigned to trying everything on everything. The hotspots are almost always necessary, while puzzles are logical and accessible and never feel out of place." He concluded "The game rarely wows you in any one way, and the pace can drag at times in dry subject matter, but overall it's both logical and accessible, with [an] interesting approach to vampire lore and deftly crafted storyline."

IGN's Emily Balistrieri scored it 7.2 out of 10. She too praised the graphics, sound and voice acting but was critical of the puzzles, saying "forget blood-sucking, these puzzles are soul-sucking," and concluding "There are definitely gamers out there who, rather than dashing out boss brains, prefer to have their own splattered all over. The price of admission to a PC adventure with such high production quality might just be your sanity! If code breaking, chemistry, and arcane rituals are your ultimate brain-melt fondue, though, bare your neck for Dracula 3."

GameSpot's Brett Todd scored it 5 out of 10, writing, "Busywork puzzles and stone-age visuals drain the creeps out of this supposedly scary saga, which unfolds more like an uninspired detective story than an ominous encounter with a legendary monster." He was also critical of the graphics and sound; "Most scenes are grainy, and character models are afflicted with slow-motion movement tics that makes it seem like everybody you meet is underwater." He also disliked many of the puzzles, and concluded "Dracula 3 is dry, traditional, and stilted [...] Adventure gamers with a taste for methodical puzzle-solving could appreciate it, whereas everybody else will be too busy stifling yawns to feel any chills running down their spines. This is a vampire-inspired adventure by the numbers that holds few surprises in its dry puzzles and dated presentation values."

Awards
Benoît Hozjan's script for Path of the Dragon won the award for "Best Scenario" at the 2008 Milthon Festival du Jeu Vidéo. The game was also nominated in two other categories, "Best PC Game" and Yan Volsy for "Best Soundtrack", losing to TrackMania United Forever and Yubaba, Smith, and Fortune's score for Big Bang Mini, respectively.

References

External links

 Dracula 3: The Path of the Dragon at MobyGames

2008 video games
Adventure games
Dracula (video game series)
2000s horror video games
IOS games
Kheops Studio games
MacOS games
Microïds games
Point-and-click adventure games
Single-player video games
Video games based on Dracula
Video games developed in France
Video games set in the 1920s
Video game sequels
Windows games
Video games set in Romania
Video games set in Transylvania
Video games set in Turkey
Chillingo games
Encore Software games


Dracula 2: The Last Sanctuary (originally released as Dracula: The Last Sanctuary) is a 2000 graphic adventure video game developed by Wanadoo Edition and jointly published by Index+, France Telecom Multimedia, Canal+ Multimedia and Cryo Interactive. Originally released for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS, it was ported to the PlayStation in 2002. In 2012, a slightly modified version developed and published by Microïds was released for iOS and OS X, and, in 2013, for Android. In 2014, the remade iOS/OS X/Android version was made available on Steam. There were dubbing mutations in French, English, Spanish, German, Italian, Hungarian and Czech.

The game is a direct sequel to Dracula: Resurrection, which itself is an unofficial sequel to Bram Stoker's Dracula; set seven years after the end of the novel, Jonathan Harker finds that he must once again do battle with the evil Count Dracula in an effort to save his wife, Mina. A third game, with an unrelated storyline, followed in 2008, Dracula 3: The Path of the Dragon. A loose sequel to Path of the Dragon was released in a two-part form in 2013; Dracula 4: The Shadow of the Dragon and Dracula 5: The Blood Legacy.

Dracula: The Last Sanctuary was most widely reviewed for the PC, where it received mixed reviews, with critics praising the graphics, but criticising the nature of some of the puzzles. By 2007, the game and its predecessor had reached combined global sales above 1 million units.

Gameplay
Dracula: The Last Sanctuary is a first-person point-and-click adventure game, which employs an "empty" HUD; the player's inventory is accessible through a button press, whilst another button press will bring the player to a screen with options to save their game, quit their game, or load a previously saved game. As such, the entire screen depicts only direct gameplay.

The game uses a basic point-and-click interface to move the player around and manipulate the game world. Within each static screen, the player is free to look around 360 degrees. As the player moves the cursor around the screen it can change into different styles depending on the situation; neutral cursor (no interaction is possible), an arrow (the player can move in the direction indicated), an arrow within a red circle (access temporarily blocked) a hand (the player can take the object), a magnifying glass (an area which can be examined in more detail), a backwards arrow (the player can move backwards from an area with which they have examined via the magnifying glass), a cog (the player must use an inventory item to initiate interaction with the object), a cog with a hand (the player can operate the object without using an inventory item), an object within a red circle (use of the item temporarily prohibited).

The most often encountered symbol in the game is the cog. When the player encounters this symbol, they must enter their inventory and select an item. If it is the correct item to operate the object, the item will appear in a green circle, replacing the cog icon. If it is the incorrect item, the cog icon will remain.

The game introduces two new elements not found in Dracula: Resurrection; rudimentary combat and combining inventory items. Combat mode replaces the cursor with a reticle, and occurs infrequently, involving either a revolver or a crossbow. It is usually (but not always) timed, and often requires the player to perform a particular action, such as hitting the enemy in a specific spot to achieve victory. If they fail to do so within the designated time, the player will die. In relation to combining inventory items, unlike in the first game, the inventory screen is divided into two - a full circle, and a small semi-circle on the outer edge of the screen. Items placed within the semi-circle cannot be used directly in the game itself, but must be combined by the player with items placed within the full circle. For example, the player's gun is in the full circle, but their bullets are placed within the semi circle.

The 2012 iOS version adds several new features to the game, such as an optional help feature (which highlights interactive zones on each screen), a "quick inventory" (which allows the player to hold one item and access it without having to enter the inventory screen), an autosave feature, and a "Compass Look" feature (which utilises the gyroscopic-based iDevice accelerometer controls to mimic looking around in the 360 degree environment).

Plot

The game opens with the final scene from Dracula: Resurrection; Jonathan Harker (voiced by David Gasman) rescuing his wife Mina (Gay Marshall) from Dracula's castle and vowing to defeat the Count upon returning to London. Harker has come to realise Dracula called Mina to Transylvania precisely so Harker would follow her. Upon arriving in the Borgo Pass, Dracula knew Harker would uncover the Dragon Ring, which Dracula himself could not do as it had been placed under the protection of Saint George. Harker then brought the ring to the castle just as Dracula had planned. Once Harker arrived in the castle, Dracula had instructed his brides to kill him and take the ring, but Harker had been able to rescue Mina and escape, with the ring still in his possession.

As the game begins, Harker has left the Dragon Ring with Dr. Seward (Paul Barrett), and has gone to Dracula's former London home, Carfax Abbey, to search for clues. Inside, he is attacked by several bat-like humanoids. He manages to destroy them, and heads to Seward's insane asylum. Seward tells Harker that Dracula has purchased a cinema in London called The Styx. He also informs him that his research has led him to conclude part of the Dragon Ring is missing - a diamond at its centre which is said to counteract the evil of the outer ring. In an effort to determine how to proceed against Dracula, Seward puts Mina under hypnosis and she describes the nearby Highgate Cemetery. Harker heads to the cemetery, where he see Dracula entering a secret tomb. He attempts to follow, but a light is emitted from some nearby stone gargoyles, and he is knocked out.

He wakes up the next day and heads back to the asylum to find Mina and Seward have been taken by Dracula. In Seward's safe, he finds the Dragon Ring and correspondence between Seward and a colleague, who had found a 15th-century book which details the rivalry between Vlad Tepes and his younger brother Radu. When their father, Dracul, died, he left the Dragon Ring to Radu on the advice of his magician, Dorko. Tepes was furious and locked Radu in his castle, banished Dorko to the dungeons, and split the ring in two, hiding the diamond and keeping the outer ring for himself. Tepes then had a heretical monk, Thadeus, build a "Last Sanctuary" deep within the castle, to which he could retreat in times of crisis. For safe keeping, Harker gives the Dragon Ring to Hopkins (Steve Gadler), a patient in the asylum who was under the influence of Dracula, but who has fallen in love with Mina, and is willing to help Harker save her.

Harker heads to The Styx, but is gassed. He awakens in Dracula's bedroom in Transylvania. Dracula (Allan Wenger) tells him he will spare his life if Harker reveals where the Dragon Ring is, but Harker refuses. Dracula leaves, promising Harker a slow death. Shortly thereafter, Hopkins arrives and releases Harker. When he leaves the room, he realises he is still in The Styx; the room was a set made to look like Dracula's room. As he explores, he encounters Seward, who is turning into a vampire. Seward tells Harker he must destroy Carfax, whilst he himself will destroy The Styx, leaving Dracula nowhere to hide in London. Harker leaves, and Seward blows up The Styx, killing himself before he turns into a vampire.

Harker sets fire to Carfax and heads to Highgate, where he finds a note from Hopkins telling him how to access Dracula's tomb. With the note is the Dragon Ring. Harker enters the tomb and encounters Dracula, who tells him he is returning to Transylvania with Mina. Harker gives chase, using the mines to enter the castle. Underneath the castle, he finds an ancient prison in which he finds Radu's diamond. In the dungeons, he once again encounters Dorko (Gay Marshall), who tells him her previous betrayal of him failed to earn her Dracula's trust. He shows her the diamond, and she tells him she can reassemble the Dragon Ring, but before she does so she is stabbed by one of Dracula's brides. As she dies, she tells Harker he must restore the ring and defeat Dracula. Harker works his way through the traps in the castle, eventually taking a cable car to Dracula's keep.

Upon arriving, a gypsy attacks Harker, but Hopkins appears and sacrifices himself to save him. As he dies, Hopkins gives Harker the key to the Last Sanctuary. Harker explores further, killing Dracula's remaining gypsies, and eventually entering the sanctuary itself, but he is taken prisoner by Dracula's brides. They bring him to Dracula, who tells him Mina is now his forever. Harker appeals to Mina, reminding her they are married in the eyes of God, but she says she cannot remember. He shows her their wedding ring, and she regains her memories. A furious Dracula says both she and Harker must die, but Harker combines Radu's diamond with the Dragon Ring, and Dracula is engulfed in light as the castle begins to crumble. Dracula's brides are crushed by falling debris, and Dracula himself is killed when he is impaled by a statue of Saint George. As the castle ceases collapsing, Harker embraces Mina.

Development

Dracula 2: The Last Sanctuary was released in September 2000. It was created by Canal+ Multimedia and Wanadoo Edition, the latter company formed earlier in September by the merger of Index+ and France Telecom Multimedia.

Reception

The PC version of the game received "mixed or average reviews," and holds an aggregate score of 68 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on fourteen reviews. In North America, its computer version sold 67,776 retail units during 2001, and 21,204 in the first six months of 2002. According to Microïds, the combined global sales of Dracula 2 and its predecessor, Dracula: Resurrection, surpassed 1 million copies by June 2007.

Adventure Classic Gaming's Zack Howe scored the game 4 out of 5, praising the graphics; "As with its predecessor, pre-rendered graphics are solely used for cutscenes and are truly a sight to behold. [...] All of the 3D characters are amazingly detailed. Their faces are expressive and their eyes subtly capture the different personalities." Although he was critical of the "pixel-hunting" nature of some of the puzzles, he concluded "Dracula: The Last Sanctuary is definitely a much better game than Dracula: Resurrection. I recommend this game to any adventure fan without reservation. The excellent production values and thoughtful gameplay makes this game a worthy sequel for the series."

IGN's Steve Butts scored it 7.8 out of 10. He too praised the graphics, saying "Just using flat backgrounds, the game renders the illusion of a full 3D environment better than any game I've seen yet. Even better, the game looked (and ran) just as well on a simple 333MHz with a Voodoo2 as it did on a 600MHz with a Voodoo 5." He too was somewhat critical of some of the puzzles, but concluded "Although some of the situations are kind of a stretch, the story is well done and interesting in its own right. Hell, even the parts that threaten your suspension of disbelief are kind of cool."

Adventure Gamers' Christina Gmiterko scored it 3 out of 5, praising the graphics and calling them "its strongest selling point." However, she was critical of the core gameplay; "I spent a lot of the game waving my cursor across the screen to find a hot spot where an inventory item needed to be used. Once I found it I would just try combining every inventory item I had with the obstacle at hand until I found the one that worked because more often than not it wasn't reasonably obvious what item you should be using or why you should be using it. By the time I reached the end I felt like I had seen the inventory screen almost as much as I had the actual game."

GameSpot's Ron Dulin scored it 5.5 out of 10. He criticised the game for having "huge lapses in logic, no atmosphere, and very little in the way of respect for Bram Stoker's original story." He was critical of the lack of horror in the game; "Dracula: The Last Sanctuary doesn't even manage to maintain a slightly creepy atmosphere. The opening would lead you to believe otherwise, because of its creepy music that sets the stage for a terrifying adventure. Unfortunately, this music is all but absent from the game afterward. The voice acting doesn't help: The confused-sounding actors ham it up like they're auditioning for a part in Mark Borchardt's Coven." He concluded "The puzzles will be enough for those who are content with being limited to the challenge of finding a way past locked doors and blocked passageways. But great games transcend their genre's limitations, while good games work within them. Mediocre games, like Dracula: The Last Sanctuary, only serve to remind us of why such things are limitations in the first place."

Legacy
When asked in late 2000 about the likelihood of a third Dracula game, the team's François Villard noted that writers face "the temptation of the trilogy", but that Dracula 3 nevertheless was not planned. However, he left open the possibility of another entry if player interest was high enough.

See also
Atlantis III: The New World
Faust
Riddle of the Sphinx: An Egyptian Adventure
Schizm: Mysterious Journey

References

External links

2000 video games
Adventure games
Android (operating system) games
Cryo Interactive games
Dracula (video game series)
DreamCatcher Interactive games
2000s horror video games
IOS games
MacOS games
Classic Mac OS games
Microïds games
PlayStation (console) games
Point-and-click adventure games
Single-player video games
Video games based on Dracula
Video games based on novels
Video games developed in France
Video game sequels
Video games set in England
Windows games


Dracula: Resurrection is a 1999 graphic adventure video game developed by Index+. Set in 1904 Transylvania, the game serves as a follow-up to Bram Stoker's novel Dracula. Seven years after the death of Count Dracula, Jonathan Harker's wife Mina finds herself mysteriously drawn back to Transylvania. Jonathan subsequently travels to Borgo Pass in an effort to rescue her. The player assumes the role of Jonathan and uses a point-and-click interface to solve puzzles and navigate the game's world, often with the help of an object called the Dragon Ring.

Production of Dracula was led by Jacques Simian of Index+. It was the company's first traditional video game: the team had previously created software with an educational and cultural tourism emphasis, a style that informed Draculas design. Building from myths, legends, Bram Stoker's novel and films about vampires, Draculas creators sought to create a follow-up to Stoker's story that was imbued with the same atmosphere of dread as its predecessor. The game underwent a rapid development cycle of 8 months, and was first launched in Europe in October 1999. In North America, it was published by DreamCatcher Interactive the following year. There were dubbing mutations in French, English, Spanish, German, Italian, Hungarian and Czech.

Dracula received "mixed or average" reviews from critics, according to Metacritic. Reviewers praised the game's graphics and some of the puzzles, but criticized the voice acting, plot and the game's brevity. Selling 200,000 units worldwide by September 2000, the game was a commercial success. In North America, it became a top title for DreamCatcher and sold 170,000 units by 2003. Dracula and its direct sequel, Dracula 2: The Last Sanctuary (2000), reached combined global sales above 1 million units by April 2007. After Dracula 2s release, the Dracula series went on hiatus until the 2007 announcement of Dracula 3: The Path of the Dragon by Kheops Studio and MC2 France. Fourth and fifth entries in the series, developed by Koalabs and published by Anuman, appeared in 2013.

Gameplay

Dracula: Resurrection is a graphic adventure game that takes place from a character's eye-view in a pre-rendered graphical environment. The player uses a point-and-click interface, with a cursor locked in the screen's center, to navigate the game world, gather items, interact with non-player characters and solve puzzles. In a manner that has been compared to Myst, Dracula restricts player movement to jumps between static screens in the game world. Each screen is panoramic and allows the player to look around in 360 degrees. Progression in Dracula is linear: the player cannot backtrack to the game's primary areas once they have been completed.

Draculas puzzles often involve locating and using items to progress, and many revolve around an object called the Dragon Ring that is reused throughout the game. Collected items may be examined and selected on the inventory screen, which the player toggles with a button press. As the player mouses over the game environments, the cursor changes shape in a context-sensitive manner to illustrate the possible actions. For example, the hand cursor indicates that an item can be picked up, while the cog cursor indicates that the player can use an item on a location.

The iOS re-release of Dracula includes a "Compass Look" feature, which uses the gyroscope inside the player's iPad or iPhone to control the first-person view. This version of the game also contains an optional "Help" function for beginners, which keeps every on-screen interaction point highlighted at all times.

Plot

Dracula: Resurrection begins by recounting the final scene of Bram Stoker's original novel. In the year 1897, protagonists Jonathan Harker and Quincey Morris ambush the caravan of Count Dracula and his minions in Borgo Pass. Although Morris dies in the struggle, the pair succeeds in killing Dracula and releasing Jonathan's wife Mina from her psychic enslavement to the vampire. Afterward, an ellipsis takes the story forward seven years. The Harkers' new life in England is disrupted by Mina's sudden disappearance, and Jonathan finds a letter from his wife that suggests Dracula's involvement. He subsequently tracks her to Transylvania. Stopping for directions at the Borgo Pass Inn, he has a brief encounter with two suspicious characters, followers of Dracula. Jonathan questions the innkeeper Barina about Dracula's castle, but she warns him against traveling there in the dark, especially as it is Saint George's Eve, a night on which evil spirits move freely.

Jonathan gets directions to the castle from Micha, a bar patron, who suggests using the bridge near the inn. He claims that the building is abandoned, and that Dracula has not been seen since his death. However, Dracula's henchmen Goran and Iorga roam the countryside around the inn, and Iorga stands guard at the bridge to prevent Jonathan's passage. Jonathan travels to a nearby cemetery, where he sees a mysterious blue light near a representation of Saint George. Using a pickaxe, he digs up a section of the ground there and discovers the Dragon Ring beneath. When Jonathan brings the ring back to Micha, he warns him that it relates to the evil Dracul, somehow connected to Dracula, and that dragons are associated with Hell in Transylvania. Micha also informs Jonathan that the followers of Dracula, Viorel and his henchmen, have recently become active again after a long disappearance, and questions who they could be working for.

Jonathan manages to trick and knock out Iorga and Goran, opening the path to the bridge and the henchmen's cabin. Viorel is angered and begins to search for the perpetrator; in terror, Barina bars the doors to the inn. The bridge collapses when Jonathan attempts to cross it, which forces him to find another way. After he sneaks back into the inn, Barina tells him that her husband had died after finding a tunnel in the basement, and gives Jonathan access to his journal. The book explains that the Dragon Ring is a key to Dracula's lair, to which the tunnel leads, and that Barina's husband had hidden the ring in the cemetery to keep the door closed. Jonathan uses the Dragon Ring to enter, and is ultimately led to an abandoned mine shaft below the henchmen's cabin. Above, Viorel cuts the rope to Jonathan's elevator. Now trapped underground, Jonathan explores and uses the Dragon Ring to forge a path to Dracula's castle. As he travels, it is revealed that Dracula is watching, and that his plan was always for Jonathan to bring the Dragon Ring into his domain.

Upon arriving inside the castle grounds, Jonathan progresses with the help of the Dragon Ring. He soon opens the cell of an old woman named Dorko, a witch imprisoned by Dracula and kept outside the main castle by a curse. She was once a follower of Dracul, Dracula's father, until Dracula banished her after his father's death. She offers to help Jonathan find Mina in exchange for her own freedom. Theorizing that his wife is held in Dracula's crypt under the watch of Dracula's brides, Dorko explains that two objects are necessary to locate Mina: an amulet and the medal of the Dragon Brotherhood. Dorko opens a passage into the castle for Jonathan, and he begins to explore Dracula's realm, including his library and personal quarters. In the library, Jonathan discovers a letter addressed to him, in which Dracula tells him that he has walked into a trap, that Dracula himself has left for London and that his brides will kill Jonathan when nightfall arrives.

Continuing to explore with the help of the Dragon Ring and Dorko's advice, Jonathan finds the medal and opens the way to Dracula's secret chamber. There, a journal entry reveals that Dracula had met Leonardo da Vinci in 1468 and taken the blueprint for his ornithopter, which Dracula has successfully constructed and placed in the castle tower. Jonathan proceeds to the crypt and takes the amulet, but is cornered by Dracula's brides, who claim that Dorko is using him. However, they are unable to attack him directly while he holds the Dragon Ring, and plan instead to wait until he falls unconscious from exhaustion. Jonathan opens a window to drive the brides away with sunlight and proceeds to the attic. Dorko then confronts him and demands the amulet, the curse having been lifted when Jonathan took the object.

When Jonathan gives her the amulet in exchange for Mina, Dorko betrays him, explaining that she wants to rule with Dracula as she had with Dracul. She plans to use Jonathan, Mina and the Dragon Ring to prove her loyalty and secure her position with Dracula. Dorko locks them in the attic, but Jonathan uses the Dragon Ring to open a path for the ornithopter to launch. Dracula's brides arrive and attempt to stop Jonathan's escape in the machine. However, he eludes them and flies out with the unconscious Mina. As the game ends, he remarks that Mina can never be safe while Dracula lives, and that he must defeat the Count once and for all upon their return to London.

Development
Dracula: Resurrection was a co-production between Index+ and the companies France Telecom Multimedia and Canal+ Multimedia. The project was headed by Index's long-time designer, art director and writer Jacques Simian, who had previously art directed the developer's Opération Teddy Bear. Dracula represented a departure in style for Index. The company had achieved success by developing software with an educational and cultural tourism emphasis; conversely, Dracula was designed as its first traditional computer game. Génération 4s Luc-Santiago Rodriguez called this "the logical continuation" of Index+'s process, but noted that the team sought continuity with its previous work, which had centered on immediate hooks, unique concepts and a blend of "play and culture" that favored ease-of-use.

Although they built from Bram Stoker's novel Dracula, the game's creators billed their project as "an interactive sequel" to the book, rather than a literal adaptation. Nevertheless, they sought to imbue it with an atmosphere of dread like that of its source material. Génération 4 reported that Simian was "[p]assionate about Stoker's novel and the story of Vlad Tepes"; the designer claimed to have read the original Dracula several dozen times. To create the game's plot, the team wrote that it worked from "popular legend, superstition and myth". The creators noted that the etymology of Dracula's name in Romanian was unclear—possibly implying a relation to both Satan and dragons—and that they drew from the story of Saint George and the Dragon as the source for the central Dragon Ring item. William of Newburgh's Historia rerum Anglicarum was referenced as well. Dracula's brides were inspired by the Greco-Roman Strix monster, which the team connected to mythological creatures such as Lamia, Empusa, Onoskelis, the Gello and the One Thousand and One Nights portrayal of ghouls.

According to the team, the environments in Dracula were built from "sketches, photographs, architectural plans, works on Transylvania" and other such sources. Films about vampires also influenced this work. Simian cited the aesthetic of Bram Stoker's Dracula as a personal favorite, and Génération 4s Noël Chanat wrote that the game took cues from this movie. The 1931 film Dracula, starring Bela Lugosi, was referenced for a section of Dracula's castle, while the Borgo Pass inn borrowed from Roman Polanski's The Fearless Vampire Killers. In retrospect, co-writer François Villard noted that the unpredictability of player interaction required the creation of "limited universes as to the player's ability to move", and a storytelling model focused heavily on place. To build Draculas 360° panoramic environments, the team worked with Phoenix VR, a middleware engine provided by 4X Technologies. The software was also used in games such as Amerzone. For Draculas cutscenes, the team licensed 4X Technologies' "4X Movie" codec.

In designing the game's cast, Index's Stéphane Hamache remarked that the "objective was to produce 12 atypical characters ... in a very short time". The team placed a special focus on character graphics during the 3D modeling stage, and facial motion capture was employed to create more realistic expressions. The writing staff crafted a psychological profile for each character before dialogue work began. Villard explained that the innkeeper's fearful and superstitious nature, for example, led the team to include references to the suspicious, occult happenings of Borgo Pass in all of her lines. Discussing the writing process, Villard noted that "information takes precedence" in dialogue but that "style is very important because it contributes to the overall atmosphere". In 2007, after leaving the game industry, he recalled that the expenses associated with voice acting, lip sync and graphics production limited the scope of his writing for games like Dracula.

Dracula underwent a rapid development cycle of around 8 months, according to Sébastien Rossignol of Index. He described production as "an enormous challenge". Forecast in mid-1999 for a September release, the game ultimately launched in Europe in October 1999, and a port for the PlayStation followed in early 2000. Draculas North American distribution rights were acquired by DreamCatcher Interactive on March 20, 2000. Within the week, the publisher scheduled the game for an early-May release. DreamCatcher founder Richard Wah Kan forecast a minimum of 50,000 lifetime sales for Dracula in North America, but noted that "[a]nywhere from 50,000 to 150,000 would be great." He based these figures on the perceived high quality of Dracula compared to similar games of the era. The publisher shipped Dracula in North America in early June 2000. A plan to release the PlayStation version in North America was underway by the time of the 2000 Electronic Entertainment Expo. DreamCatcher became a certified PlayStation publisher in January 2001, with Dracula set to be its first title on the platform. The PlayStation version's North American launch remained pending by June 2001, but had occurred by that August.

Reception

Sales
Dracula: Resurrection was commercially successful. According to Index+, combined global sales of its computer and PlayStation releases had reached 200,000 units by mid-September 2000. In North America, the game was one of DreamCatcher Interactive's top titles for 2000 and made up 9% of the publisher's sales that year. PC Data reported 27,798 retail sales of Draculas computer version in the region by the end of 2000, of which 6,012 were sold in December. GameSpy's Mark Asher wrote in March 2001 that the game was "selling well in the U.S. (doing about 100,000 copies) and doing better in Europe." PC Data recorded another 21,050 retail sales for the game's computer version during 2001, and 3,709 in the first six months of 2002. According to DreamCatcher, Dracula totaled 170,000 copies sold in North America alone by early 2003. The computer version's jewel case re-release achieved 20,910 sales in the region during 2003, by PC Data's estimates.

In April 2007, Microïds announced that the combined global sales of Dracula and its sequel, Dracula 2, had surpassed 1 million copies. Sales of the overall Dracula series rose above 1.5 million units worldwide by November 2013.

Critical reviews

According to the review aggregation website Metacritic, Dracula: Resurrections computer version received "mixed or average reviews" from critics. The game was one of three adventure titles recommended in IGN's 2000 Holiday Buying Guide; the editors called it "a bright spot in this past year's adventure games" and wrote that its soundtrack "is creepy enough to fill two horror games." Dracula was also nominated for The Electric Playgrounds 2000 "Best Adventure Game for PC" award, but this prize ultimately went to The Longest Journey.

IGN's Scott Steinberg scored the game 8 out of 10, praising the simple interface, the logic of the puzzles, the difficulty level and the graphics. He concluded "We've been waiting for a respectable point and click adventure since Grim Fandango came along, and although Dracula: Resurrection is a quick ride, it's well worth the price of admission." Marc Saltzman of PC Gamer US likewise wrote that it "proves there's plenty of blood left in this genre."

GameSpot's Ron Dulin scored the game 6 out of 10. He too criticised the fact that Dracula's resurrection is never explained, and was also critical of the core gameplay; "simply clicking every object in your inventory on every object in view will get you through the majority of the puzzles. There's no way to die in the game, so there's no real punishment for simply trying everything and anything." He was impressed with the graphics, calling the NPCs "some of the best-looking rendered human characters ever to appear in a PC game." However, he was critical of the voice acting. He concluded "Dracula: Resurrection is somewhat interesting only because it's quick, easy, and atmospheric. It's very short, so even novice adventure gamers won't have much trouble finishing it in a few sessions."

Legacy
Dracula: Resurrection was the first entry in what Adventure Gamers' Pascal Tekaia later called a "long-running point-and-click horror series". It was followed in September 2000 by a direct sequel, Dracula 2: The Last Sanctuary, released by Canal+ Multimedia and Wanadoo Edition. The latter company had been formed earlier in September by the merger of Index+ and France Telecom Multimedia. Dracula 2 continues the story of the first game, depicting Jonathan Harker's efforts to hunt Count Dracula in both London and Transylvania. When asked in late 2000 about the likelihood of a third Dracula game, the team's François Villard noted that writers face "the temptation of the trilogy", but that Dracula 3 nevertheless was not planned. However, he left open the possibility of another entry if player interest was high enough. Villard ultimately exited the game industry after Dracula 2.

Following the second title's release, the Dracula series entered a years-long period of inactivity. A third installment was eventually announced by MC2 France in April 2007, under the name Dracula 3. MC2, which had absorbed Wanadoo Edition in 2003, contracted Kheops Studio to develop the new project. Dracula 3 was not intended as a sequel to the first two games, but as a "comprehensive change of perspective in the approach of the Dracula myth", according to Kheops' Benoît Hozjan. While it contains allusions to the earlier titles, it instead tells the story of Arno Moriani, a priest investigating a cause for sainthood in 1920s Transylvania. The project was initially scheduled for release during the 2007 holiday shopping season, but it underwent a delay to early 2008. After being retitled Dracula 3: The Path of the Dragon that February, the game launched in France on April 10, 2008.

In late 2009, Iceberg Interactive and MC2's Microïds label reissued Dracula: Resurrection and its two sequels as the Dracula Trilogy. A revised, episodic version of Resurrection was launched for iOS by Anuman and Microïds in September 2011. This move was part of a wider strategy by Anuman, which had bought the Microïds label in January 2010, to reach iPhone and iPad customers with iOS reissues of Microïds' back catalog. In July 2013, Dracula was again re-released as part of the Dracula Trilogy bundle on the digital distribution platform GOG.com. A standalone version for Steam followed in 2014.

Anuman announced a fourth entry in the Dracula franchise at the November 2012 Game Connection Europe conference, ending a hiatus of original releases in the series. Entitled Dracula 4: The Shadow of the Dragon and developed by Koalabs in France, the game follows the story of an art restoration expert named Ellen Cross, who travels the world while investigating an anonymous artwork. Dracula 4s plot is unrelated that of any previous game in the series, and ends in a cliffhanger that Adventure Gamers' Jack Allin wrote was widely criticized. The game was released in June 2013. That August, Anuman and Koalabs announced a direct sequel under the title of Dracula 5: The Blood Legacy. The game concludes the narrative of Ellen Cross, who is now under the effects of a terminal hematologic disease. Dracula 5 launched in December 2013.

See also
Atlantis II
Faust: The Seven Games of the Soul
The Crystal Key
Traitors Gate

Notes

References

External links
Original official site (archived)

1999 video games
Fiction set in 1897
Adventure games
Android (operating system) games

DreamCatcher Interactive games
1990s horror video games
IOS games
MacOS games
Classic Mac OS games
Microïds games
PlayStation (console) games
Point-and-click adventure games
Single-player video games
Video games based on Dracula
Video games based on novels
Video games developed in France
Video games set in Romania
Video games set in Transylvania
Windows games
Video games set in the 1890s
Cultural depictions of Leonardo da Vinci


Trento DOC (Denominazione di origine controllata) is an appellation for white and rosé sparkling wine made in Trentino, Italy. Trentinos developed this appellation, the second in the world after Champagne, to ensure  quality and distinction.  Only Chardonnay, Pinot noir, and Pinot Meunier with Pinot blanc are permitted, and they must be grown in a well-defined area within the Province of Trento.

History

Chardonnay grapes were first brought to the region from France around 1900 by Giulio Ferrari when Trento was still part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. After graduating from the Forschungsanstalt für Garten- und Weinbau in Geisenheim/Rheingau, Germany, Ferrari gained winemaking experience in the French Champagne producing town of Épernay.  His eponymous company is now run by the third generation Ferrari's successor, Bruno Lunelli.

Vineyards

Besides Ferrari, there are currently fifty-eight  wineries producing Trento DOC, including Cavit, the largest cooperative in the province with some 65% of production and whose Pinot grigio is widely exported but produced under a different DOC designation in the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol wine region; Rotari, who specialize in sparkling wine and also use the Talento identification; and Cesarini Sforza, founded in 1974 by a group of wine entrepreneurs who focus on spumante.

Winemaking

As with Méthode Traditionnelle, the second fermentation for sparkling Trento must occur in the bottle, which is riddled and then disgorged by freezing a small amount of wine in the neck of the bottle and removing the plug of ice containing the lees.

Trento DOC has more rigorous requirements than Methodo Claissico or Méthode Traditionnelle: The wine has to be made using techniques characteristic of the region, including how the vines are planted, cultivated, pruned, and hand-harvested (e.g., see photo of 'Pergola Trentino'). Forcing is not permitted, irrigation is allowed only as an emergency measure, maximum vine yield is 150 q.l. per hectare for all varietals, and maximum grape yield is 70%. The wines must rest for a minimum of 15 months on their lees for non-vintage, 24 months for vintage, and 36 for riserva. Minimum alcohol content must be 11.5%, or 12% for riserva. Thus ensuring Trento DOC on the label means the wine is of the highest quality and made using these very strict standards.

Trento DOC wines are distinguished by a delicate, rich bouquet, a dry, smooth, rounded and elegant flavor, and a straw-yellow color.

While there are no DOC restrictions on the exact proportions of the blend, the grape varieties used in Trento DOC are limited to Chardonnay, Pinot noir, Pinot Meunier and Pinot blanc. After secondary fermentation, the wines must rest on their lees for a minimum of 15 months for non-vintage wines, 24 months for vintage wines and 36 months for wines labeled as Riserva.  The  alcohol level for the finished wines must be a minimum of 11.5% for non-vintage and vintage wines and 12% for Riserva wines.

References

Italian DOC
Sparkling wines
Wines of Trentino


Wim Tap (3 October 1903 – 24 September 1979) was a Dutch footballer who played club football for ADO Den Haag. He also earned 33 caps for the Netherlands national side between 1925 and 1931, scoring 17 goals. He was also part of the Netherlands squad at the 1928 Summer Olympics, but did not play in any matches.

References

External links

1903 births
1979 deaths
Dutch men's footballers
Netherlands men's international footballers
Olympic footballers for the Netherlands
Footballers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
ADO Den Haag players
Footballers from The Hague
Dutch football managers
ADO Den Haag managers
Men's association football forwards


Sir John Oliver Frank Kingman KCB FRS (born 24 April 1969) has been Chair of Legal & General PLC since 2016. He is also Chair of Barclays UK, the ring-fenced retail bank of Barclays PLC, and a member of the Barclays PLC board.  He was previously Chair of Tesco Bank.

He is Deputy Chair (and twice served as Acting Chair) of the National Gallery.

He is a former Second Permanent Secretary to HM Treasury.

From 2016-21, he was the first Chair of UK Research and Innovation, which oversees Government science and innovation funding of about £8bn a year. He was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society in 2021, "for his unwavering support for science throughout his career".

In 2018, he undertook a highly critical review of the Financial Reporting Council, recommending wholesale reform of the FRC and ending self-regulation of the major audit firms.

Education
He was a Queen’s Scholar at Westminster School, an independent school for boys in Central London, and a Casberd Scholar at St John's College, Oxford, where he took a 1st class degree in Modern History; he is now an Honorary Fellow.

Career
Early in his career (1995-97) Kingman was a Financial Times Lex columnist. He also worked in the Chief Executive's office at BP, 1997-98.

Kingman was closely involved with the response to the 2007-09 financial crisis. He handled nationalisation of Northern Rock, and led negotiations with RBS, Lloyds and HBOS on their £37bn recapitalisation. He was the first chief executive of UK Financial Investments, which managed the Government's bank shareholdings.

Whilst at the Treasury, Kingman was responsible for selling £16bn of Lloyds shares, the first RBS share sale, and the largest-ever UK privatisation (£13bn of mortgage assets). Kingman led on liberalising the annuity market and creating the National Infrastructure Commission; he negotiated Greater Manchester's devolution deal, introducing an elected Mayor. Earlier, he was responsible for a fundamental overhaul of the UK competition regime (2001 Enterprise Act), and introducing the Highly Skilled Migrants’ Programme. He was particularly involved with science funding, working on five spending reviews which prioritised science and in 2004 leading the cross-Government 10 year science and innovation framework. From 2003-06, he was a board Director of the European Investment Bank.

From 2010-2012, Kingman was Global co-head of the Financial Institutions Group at Rothschild.

Affiliations
Kingman is a World Fellow of Yale University.  He was a Trustee of the Royal Opera House, 2014-21, and has been a member of the Prime Minister's Council for Science and Technology, the Trilateral Commission, the Global Advisory Committee for the Centre for Corporate Reputation at Oxford University, and the Development Board for the £37m renewal of St-Martin-in-the-Fields.  He chaired the judges for the 2017 Wolfson Economics Prize.

Personal life
Kingman is the son of the mathematician Sir John Frank Charles Kingman FRS.

His partner is Diana Gerald MBE, CEO of the charity BookTrust. They live in central London with their daughter.

References

1969 births
Living people
People educated at The Dragon School
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
British civil servants
Civil servants in HM Treasury
Second Permanent Secretaries of HM Treasury
Investment bankers


"Jealous Heart" was Máire Brennan's second solo single, taken from her album Máire released the same year. The cover features a photograph by the Douglas Brothers. A promotional video directed by the Douglas Brothers was also produced. The title track of the single was written by Christie Hennessy.

Track listing
7" Vinyl & Cassette
"Jealous Heart" (7" version)
"Cití na gCumann"

Compact Disc
"Jealous Heart" (7" version)
"Jealous Heart" (album version)
"Against the Wind"
"Cití na gCumann"

References

1992 singles
1992 songs


Dewey D. Scanlon (August 16, 1899 – September 24, 1944) was an American football coach, and was the head coach for the National Football League's  Duluth Kelleys/Eskimos from 1924 to 1926 and for the Chicago Cardinals in 1929. As an NFL head coach, he compiled a record of 17–15–4 in four seasons. He also appeared in one game as a wingback for Duluth in 1926. Scanlon was born in Duluth, Minnesota and attended Valparaiso University.

References

External links

1899 births
1944 deaths
Chicago Cardinals coaches
Duluth Eskimos players
Valparaiso Beacons football players
Players of American football from Duluth, Minnesota
Chicago Cardinals head coaches


Grays Bay is an Arctic waterway in Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is located in Coronation Gulf. Hepburn Island is located at its mouth. The Tree River and the Annielik River flow into the bay.

It is the ancestral home of the Kogluktuaryumiut, a Copper Inuit subgroup.

Grays Bay is on the Northwest Passage route.

Northwest Passage

Grays Bay was proposed as the site of a potential dock facility. In 2007 Wolfden Resources received a favourable review "for its copper/zinc mine proposal from the Nunavut Impact Review Board (NIRB)." The proposal included plans for a 53-kilometre all-weather road that would include a dock facility at Grays Bay on the Coronation Gulf, and will parallel the Kennartic River to the mine site at High Lake."

Minerals and Metals Group's, MMG Minerals, a subsidiary of the Chinese state-owned Minmetals Resources Ltd., has also proposed a port "that could accommodate ships of up to 50,000 tonnes that would make 16 round trips a year — both east and west —through the Northwest Passage" and a "350-kilometre all-weather road with 70 bridges that would stretch from Izok Lake to Grays Bay." The multibillion-dollar Izok Corridor project is projected to produce 180,000 tonnes of zinc and another 50,000 tonnes of copper a year. In order to do this "Izok Lake would be drained, the water dammed and diverted to a nearby lake. Three smaller lakes at High Lake would also be drained. Grays Bay would be substantially filled in."
In their August 2012 proposal which has since been revised, MMG Minerals described the planned facilities at the Grays Bay Port that would "include a dock, concentration storage shed, fuel storage facilities and a camp. These facilities will support storage of concentrate, loading of bulk-carrier ships, and re-supply of fuel and goods for the Project." The Grays Bay port would be open three months of the year to "ship ore in two directions through both ends of the Northwest Passage."

References

Bays of Kitikmeot Region
Former populated places in the Kitikmeot Region


The Edgerton Bible Case (formally State ex rel. Weiss v. District Board of School District No. Eight, 76 Wis. 177) was an important court case involving religious instruction in public schools in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The case was unanimously decided in favor of the appellants and declared that the use of the King James Bible in Edgerton, Wisconsin, public schools was unconstitutional sectarian education.

Background
In the early days of Edgerton, Wisconsin, it was common practice for public school teachers to read aloud to their students from the King James Bible.  In 1886, Roman Catholic parents protested about that to the school board, citing their belief that the Douay version of the Bible was the only correct translation for their children.

After failing to convince the school board to end the practice, the parents—     and —took their case to court. In November 1888, the circuit court judge, John R. Bennett, decided that the readings were not sectarian because both translations were of the same work. The parents then appealed the decision to the Wisconsin Supreme Court.

In State ex rel Weiss v. District Board 76 Wis. 177 (1890), 3, otherwise known as the Edgerton Bible Case, the judges overruled the circuit court's decision by concluding that it illegally united the functions of church and state.

In 1963, the United States Supreme Court banned government-sponsored compulsory prayer from public schools (see Abington School District v. Schempp), and Justice William Brennan Jr. cited the Edgerton Bible Case in his decision.

References

Further reading

External links
 Odd Wisconsin: Edgerton Bible case helped set a key precedent

United States education case law
Establishment Clause case law
Law articles needing an infobox
1890 in United States case law
Wisconsin state case law
1890 in education
1890 in Wisconsin
1890 in Christianity
Education in Rock County, Wisconsin
United States lawsuits
Catholic Church in Wisconsin
Bible versions and translations
King James Version


The Journal of Religion and Film is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal that "examines the description, critique, and embodiment of religion in film". The editor-in-chief is John C. Lyden (Grand View University). It was established in 1997 by William L. Blizek and Ronald Burke (University of Nebraska at Omaha), who became interested in the subject of religion and film after hearing Andrew Greeley speak about images of God in popular movies. It is a searchable site that deals with both commentary on movies, such as the relationship between Star Wars and The Matrix, as well as philosophical issues, especially regarding the Christian faith.

References

External links

Film studies journals
Religious studies journals
Academic journals established in 1997
Biannual journals
Academic journals published by university presses of the United States
University of Nebraska Omaha
English-language journals


Unstoppable global warming may refer to:

Runaway climate change
Unstoppable Global Warming, book by Fred Singer and Dennis T. Avery


Milan Standish Creighton (January 21, 1908 – May 16, 1998) was an American football player and coach. He was the head coach for the National Football League's Chicago Cardinals from 1935 to 1938. As the coach of the Cardinals, he compiled a record of 16–26–4 in four seasons and also played seven years for the team.

Prior to his professional career, Creighton played college football at the University of Arkansas, where he earned three letters in football between 1928 and 1930 and served as team captain for the Razorbacks football team in 1930. While also at Arkansas, he also earned three letter as a member of the Razorbacks basketball team between 1929 and 1931, and was a two-time All-Southwestern Conference honoree in 1930 and 1931. In 1931 he was Arkansas' only individual to earn All-Southwest Conference honors.

After leaving the NFL, Creighton coached high school football at Hot Springs High School, where he compiled a record of 44–16–4.

References

1908 births
1998 deaths
American football ends
American men's basketball players
Arkansas Razorbacks football players
Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball players
Chicago Cardinals players
Chicago Cardinals head coaches
High school football coaches in Arkansas
People from Gothenburg, Nebraska
Players of American football from Nebraska


LOT Polish Airlines Flight 703 was a plane that crash-landed about  north of Rogóżno railway station, on 2 November 1988. In the accident one person was killed and several were seriously injured.

Flight
The plane, an Antonov An-24W, registered SP-LTD, named "Dunajec", took off from Okęcie airport, Warsaw for regional flight 703 to Rzeszów-Jasionka Airport. It had 25 passengers on board (including the famous radio presenter Tomasz Beksiński) and four crew members. The captain was Kazimierz Rożek (with 30 years of experience) and the co-pilot was Waldemar Wolski. The emergency started about two minutes before the planned landing, at 10:25, when the plane was flying east to runway 27. According to officials, pilots turned on the anti-icing installation too late and, during approach, both engines immediately shut down because of icing of the engine intakes. Just after that, Rożek and Wolski, knowing that they would not reach the airport, started an emergency descent, which ended in a glade.

Crash-landing and evacuation
The aircraft landed on a glade at high speed . It became airborne above a drainage ditch and crashed further on. In the moment of crash-landing, one person – a 69-year-old woman from Rzeszów – was killed. Within several seconds after the crash, two flight attendants and two militia officers evacuated all passengers from the aircraft, which quickly caught on fire.

Aftermath
The crash-landing has been the last fatal air crash in Polish commercial aviation so far. It was one of the main reasons for which LOT Polish Airlines removed all An-24 served planes (this particular aircraft was 22 years old) and replaced them with ATR 42 and ATR 72.

References
Lotnictwo.net.pl

External links
Photo of wreckage

1988 in Poland
703
Aviation accidents and incidents in Poland
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1988
November 1988 events in Europe
Accidents and incidents involving the Antonov An-24
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by engine failure
1988 disasters in Poland


Ty - supermodel, Cycle 1 () was the first cycle of the  Russian reality show on the STS TV channel, a competition of non-professional aspiring models. Fyodor Bondarchuk was the host of the show.

Each episode the 13 chosen finalists, who lived together in the Novohotel in Moscow, faced different competitions in modeling, sports and entertainment with an elimination round at the end of each episode where one or more of them were sent home.

When judges' favorite Sasha Oleynik placed in the bottom two in episode 4, she asked to be eliminated to free her to compete in a beauty pageant held at the same time - she was the reigning Miss Ukraine at that time - however when she was saved, Oleynik decided to quit anyway making room for Barbara Serova, who was not among the semi-finalists from episode 1. After the beauty pageant was over, Oleynik was allowed to re-enter the competition when her replacement was eliminated. Oleynik went on to achieve the second runner-up position on the show.

The winner of the competition was 17-year-old Ksenia Kahnovich won the competition and a contract worth $250,000 with Next Model Management in Paris, a cover of Cosmopolitan magazine and will be walking for Russian Silhouette fashion show.

Kahnovich has since gained a great deal of success as a model; she walked for big names such as Versace, Louis Vuitton, Christian Dior and Dolce & Gabbana in New York, Paris and Milan fashion shows.

Episode Guide

Episode 1
Original airdate: March 27, 2004

After casting calls all over Russia, the 20 semifinals arrive in the Novohotel in Moscow for their final audition in hopes of being one of the 13 finalists for the competition. After all the cellphones are removed, the girls prepare for the first test shooting in swimsuits with natural make-up and simple hair styling.

After a brief individual interview, the girls await their verdict at the very first judging panel where the general consensus is that many girls proved to have a lot of potential and seem to be able to learn what it takes to survive in the modeling business.

Olga Shekhereva is praised for the expressiveness of the mimicry of her face while Elena Umnova remains doubtful about her future in the competition due to her comparatively advanced age of 22 but sees a supporter in judge Tatiana Mikhalkova, president of the charitable foundation "Russian silhouette" who states that Umnova fits the two main things for her to be a professional model: face and figure.

Both girls are sent into the next round along with 11 others to move into the model apartment in the Novohotel while seven hopefuls are eliminated.

 Eliminated: Zarina Solovova, Olga Kashina, Anastasia Kharchenko, Ekaterina Oskina, Ekaterina Zaryvina, Nadezhda Pimenova & Elena Malchikhina

Episode 2
Original airdate: March 28, 2004

First call-out: Sasha Oleynik
Bottom two: Olga Sandrakova & Veronika Nedorub
Eliminated: Olga Sandrakova

Episode 3
Original airdate: April 3, 2004

First call-out: Ksenia Pirozhkova
Bottom two: Elena Umnova	& Nastya Polunina
Eliminated: Elena Umnova

Episode 4
Original airdate: April 4, 2004

First call-out: Olga Shekhereva
Bottom two: Sasha Oleynik & Nastya Polunina
Eliminated: Nastya Polunina
Quit: Sasha Oleynik

Episode 5
Original airdate: April 10, 2004

Entered: Varvara Serova
First call-out: Varvara Serova
Bottom two: Ksenia Pirozhkova & Natalia Churayeva
Eliminated: Natalia Churayeva

Episode 6
Original airdate: April 11, 2004

First call-out: Ksenia Kahnovich
Bottom two: Nastya Salozubova & Olga Shekhereva
Eliminated: Olga Shekhereva

Episode 7
Original airdate: April 17, 2004

First call-out: Ksenia Kahnovich
Bottom two: Ksenia Pirozhkova & Veronika Nedorub
Eliminated: Veronika Nedorub

Episode 8
Original airdate: April 18, 2004

Eliminated outside of judging panel: Varvara Serova
Returned: Sasha Oleynik
First call-out: Sasha Oleynik
Bottom two: Ksenia Pirozhkova & Nastya Salozubova
Eliminated: Ksenia Pirozhkova

Episode 9
Original airdate: April 24, 2004

First call-out: Sasha Oleynik
Bottom two: Evgenia Tolstikova & Nastya Salozubova
Eliminated: Evgenia Tolstikova & Nastya Salozubova

Episode 10
Original airdate: April 25, 2004

First call-out: Ksenia Kahnovich
Bottom two: Yulia Oleynik & Yulia Vorobyeva
Originally eliminated: Yulia Oleynik

Episode 11
Original airdate: May 1, 2004

Originally eliminated: Yulia Vorobyeva

Episode 12
Original airdate: May 2, 2004

Eliminated: Yulia Oleynik & Yulia Vorobyeva
Final two: Ksenia Kahnovich & Sasha Oleynik
Ty - Supermodel: Ksenia Kahnovich

Contestants
(ages stated are at start of contest)

Summaries

Call-out order

 The contestant was eliminated
 The contestant temporarily withdrew from the competition
 The contestant was eliminated outside of judging panel
 The contestant was the original eliminee but was saved
 The contestant won the competition

Photo Shoot Guide

Episode 1 Photo Shoot: Snap Shots (casting)
Episode 3 Photo Shoot: Snow Queens in Swimsuits
Episode 4 Photo Shoot: Russian jockeys in B&W
Episode 5 Photo Shoot: Wildlife
Episode 6 Photo Shoot: House of Couture
Episode 7 Photo Shoot: In The Lake
Episode 8 Photo Shoot: Cosmopolitan Covers
Episode 9 Photo Shoot: Lingerie Shoot
Episode 10 Commercial: Zapovednik mineral water commercial
Episode 11 Photo Shoot: In the Streets of St. Petersburg
Episode 12 Photo Shoot: In the boudoir with jewelry

Judges
Fyodor Bondarchuk (Host)
Elena Myasnikova
Tatiana Mikhalkova
Ellen Verbeek
Vladislav Loktev
Gianluca Causa

Post–careers

Olga Sandrakova was worked under modeling contracts abroad - Ice Models in Milan, Natalie Model Management in Riga, in Bangkok, in Kuala Lumpur, in Istanbul, in Guangzhou - and at the same time studied in absentia at the university. She decided to retired from modeling in 2007.
Natalia Churayeva continued to work on shows for some time before retired a few years later. She is currently followed in her parents' footsteps of becoming a theater actress.
Ksenia Pirozhkova continued to work on shows for some time before retired a few years later.
Nastya Salozubova was signed with Modus Vivendis Models Management. She has continued to work on shows for some time before retired from modeling in 2013.
Evgenia Tolstikova signed with Point Model Management. Tolstikova opened and closed the Roberto Cavalli shows in Moscow, participated in the Giorgio Armani show, worked with Igor Gulyaev and was the face of the Yulia Dalakyan Fashion House. In 2007, the cover of the Russian Reporter was added to Tolstikova's portfolio, where shots from Maxim and XXL magazines were already flashing. But later, she decided to take a break from modeling, before returned and runs the Genika Models children's modeling school.
Yulia Oleynik was signed with Grace Models, Next Model Management in Paris & London, Angel's Agency in Paris, Fashion Model Management in Milan, MC2 Model Management in Tel Aviv, View Management in Barcelona, Group Model Management in Madrid. She has collaboration with Jean-Paul Gaultier, Hermès and appear on many magazine covers and editorials like Glamour Italia, L'Officiel Russia, Collezioni Russia, Gosee, Chaos magazine. She walked in the shows of Alena Akhmadulina SS 07. She decided to retired from modeling in 2015.
Yulia Vorobyeva signed with Grace Models, President Model Management and Next Model Management in Paris. She was starred in an international advertising campaign for Garnier. She is also appear on magazine covers and runways.
Sasha Oleynik was signed with Mar-Go Model Agency in Poltava. She appear on magazine covers and editorials like L’Officel Ukraine, Maxim, Max Magazine,... and appear on many runway of Fashion Week in Moscow, Kiev, Bangkok,... Appeared on commercials and print-works like Zapodevnik mineral water, INVITO Haute Couture, Arty Cosmetics, Sanyo,... Oleynik also appeared on many pageant like Miss Model of the World 2004, Miss Young and Trendy Cover Girl 2004, Miss Tourism of the World 2005, Miss Internet WWW 2005,...
Ksenia Kahnovich collected her prizes and appear on the cover of Cosmopolitan and although she is also receive a 3-year contract with Next Model Management, Kahnovich refuse the prize as she received an offer from IMG Models in Paris. She is also signed with Mega Model Agency in Hamburg, Priscilla's Model Management in Sydney, Ave Management in Singapore and Satoru Japan Inc. Kahnovich moved to work in Paris, Sydney, Milan and New York City. She walked in the shows of Vera Wang, Olivier Theyskens, Dolce & Gabbana, Christian Dior, Versace, Louis Vuitton, Christian Lacroix, Hermès, Gardem, Ghost, Jens Laugesen, Nicole Farhi, Camilla Staerk, Jenny Packham, Jens Laugesen, Julien McDonald, ... Kahnovich has several covers for Madam Figaro, Harper's Bazaar Singapore, Madame Figaro Singapore,... She is also been shooting for Lanvin and Versace, work with Dolce & Gabbana, Gucci, John Richmond, Carolina Herrera and many others. In 2012, Kahnovich decided to take a break and get an education in furniture and interior design at the International Academy of Design in Florence at the Faculty of Industrial Design. She decided to retired from modeling in 2014.

References

Official website though internet archive

Top Model series (Russia)
2004 Russian television seasons


The men's 56 kg powerlifting event at the 2008 Summer Paralympics was contested on 11 September at the Beihang University Gymnasium in Beijing, China. This event was the third-lightest of the men's powerlifting weight classes, limiting competitors to a maximum of  of body mass. Powerlifters were divided into two groups, A and B, with group B beginning their lifts at 13:00 and group A at 13:45.

As with all Paralympic powerlifting events, lifters competed in the bench press. Each athlete was allowed three attempts to bench press as much weight as possible. Athletes attempting to break a record were allowed a fourth attempt. For the attempt to be valid, the competitor must have lowered the weighted bar to his chest, held it motionless for a moment, then pressed the bar upwards until his arms were fully extended. If the competitor failed to meet these requirements or any other rule infraction was committed, the attempt was declared invalid by a team of three referees and the result struck from the record.

Results

Key: WR=World record

References

Men's 056 kg


The Moneypaper, Inc. is a publishing company that specializes in financial news and information.  It was founded in 1996 with the mission to provide information to small-scale investors who "thought that investing was too hard and too dangerous."  It previously published under the name of Temper of the Times Communications, Inc., before it was renamed after its monthly financial newsletter in 1996.

Currently it distributes three different publications: The Moneypaper, a monthly financial newsletter, Direct Investing, a bi-weekly publication, and The Moneypaper’s Guide to Direct Investing, an annual guide to publicly traded companies that offer Dividend Reinvestment Plans.

The Moneypaper, Inc. also maintains a website that contains a database of every company that offers a Dividend reinvestment program; in 2010, this database was used by The Motley Fool in one of its articles extolling the virtues of DRIP investing.

External links
The Moneypaper Website
Moneypaper en Espanol

References

Publishing companies of the United States
Newsletter publishing companies
Companies based in Westchester County, New York
Publishing companies established in 1996


Eggen is a Norwegian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Arne Eggen (1881–1955), Norwegian composer and organist
Arnljot Eggen (1923–2009), Norwegian poet
Dan Eggen (born 1970), Norwegian footballer
David Eggen (born 1962), Canadian politician
Eystein Eggen (1944–2010), Norwegian author laureate
Gjermund Eggen (1941–2019), Norwegian cross country skier
Jo Eggen (born 1952), Norwegian Contemporary poet
Knut Thorbjørn Eggen (1960–2012), Norwegian football coach
Nils Arne Eggen (1941–2022), Norwegian football coach
Olin J. Eggen (1919–1998),  American astronomer
Torgrim Eggen (born 1958), Norwegian author
Vegar Eggen Hedenstad (born 1991), Norwegian football defender

Norwegian-language surnames


Election silence, blackout period, pre-election silence, electoral silence, or campaign silence is a ban on political campaigning or media coverage of a general election, before or during that election.

Operation
In some jurisdictions, such as Slovenia, Poland and Nepal, it is forbidden to try to convince people to vote for a specific candidate or political party on the day of election. Some jurisdictions have declared that, legally, election silence is in violation of law regarding freedom of speech. It is however used in some of the world's democracies "in order to balance out the campaigning and maintain a free voting environment". Whereas in others, a more limited form of 'silence' operates where the media are prevented from commenting on campaign activities on polling day, and/or publication of opinion polls is illegal.

An election silence operates in some countries to allow a period for voters to reflect on events before casting their votes. During this period no active campaigning by the candidates is allowed. Often polling is also banned.

Usage and practice

Overview
Election silences are observed in the following countries, amongst others. Their duration, before the election, is given in parentheses:
Armenia (24 hours)
Argentina (48 hours)
Australia (ban on TV and radio advertising from midnight on the Wednesday before polling day to the close of polls on polling day—always a Saturday)
Azerbaijan (24 hours before voting)
Bahrain (24 hours before voting)
Barbados (polling day and previous)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (24 hours)
Brazil (ban on TV and radio advertising from 20:40 on the Thursday before polling day to the close of polls on polling day–always a Sunday; the same applies for runoffs)
Bulgaria (24 hours in advance of polling day and on polling day)
Cambodia (48 hours, on the eve "White Day" and polling day, alcohol selling ban also applied)
Canada (advertising banned before polls close on polling day)
Croatia (from 00:00 on the preceding day until the polling stations close)
Cyprus (48 hours)
Czech Republic (3 days)
Egypt (48 hours)
Fiji (48 hours)
France (on the Saturday before the Sunday election; polling silence included)
Greece (48 hours)
Hungary (from 00:00 on the preceding day)
India (48 to 24 hours in advance of polling day and on polling day)
Indonesia (3 days before voting day)
Ireland (from 14:00 on the preceding day)
Israel (from 19:00 on the preceding day) Polls are banned for 5 days before the election. TV and radio ads are banned during campaign beside a concentrated bloc scheduled by the election committee around 2 weeks before the election.
Italy (from 00:00 on the preceding day), polling banned from 15 days before elections, it is prohibited to say the names of candidates on television in the month before elections (except for TV news programs and regulated electoral advertising)
Japan (election day)
Lebanon (starting from zero hours on the day before the parliamentary elections, and until the closing of the polls)
Malaysia (election day)
Malta (from 00:00 on the preceding day until the polls close on election day; since elections always fall on a Saturday, this means that the silence period starts on Friday at midnight)
Montenegro (48 hours)
Mozambique (48 hours for campaigning; polling during the entire campaign period)
Nepal (48 hours)
New Zealand (between 00:00 and 19:00 on election day).
North Macedonia (from 00:00 on the preceding day)
Pakistan (24 hours)
Paraguay (48 hours)
Peru (24 hours)
Philippines (on Maundy Thursday up to Good Friday, and from 00:00 on the preceding day up to election day. At this time, political campaigns are prohibited.)
Poland (from 00:00 on the preceding day, and on the election day as long as the pooling stations are open) since 1991
Portugal (24 hours before, and during the election day)
Russia (24 hours)
Singapore (24 hours) called "cooling-off day", first implemented in 2011
Serbia (from 00:00 two days before election day)
Slovakia (48 hours, both campaigning and polling)
Slovenia (from 00:00 on the preceding day, and in the election day until the polling stations close)
South Korea (Election day; releasing opinion polls are prohibited starting from 6 days before the election day)
Spain (24 hours before election day) called "reflection day". Polling is banned five days before election day, although there are some legal tricks, like publishing abroad
Sri Lanka (48 hours before election day)
Taiwan (Election day; releasing opinion polls are prohibited starting from 10 days before the election day)
Thailand (from 18:00 on the preceding day until the polling stations close, alcohol selling ban also applied)
Tunisia (from 00:00 on the preceding day, and in the election day until the polling stations close)
Turkey (from 18:00 the day before until polling stations close, alcohol selling ban also applied from 22:00 the night before until polling stations close)
Ukraine (from 00:00 on the preceding day, prohibition of agitation on polling stations, external commercials and banners should be removed)
United Kingdom; while polling stations are open, broadcast media cannot report on any campaign activity, and it is forbidden to publish an exit poll or anything resembling one until voting closes. However, candidates and parties can still campaign (and often do so intensively), and print and digital media have no additional reporting restrictions.
Uruguay (from 00:00 two days before election day)

Bulgaria

The Constitutional Court of Bulgaria ruled in 2009 that both electoral silence and ban on opinion polls before the election day represented a violation of freedom of speech.

Canada

It is not permitted to "transmit election advertising to the public in an electoral district on polling day before the close of all of the polling stations in the electoral district".

Prior to the 2015 Canadian federal election, the distribution of election results in regions of the country where polls have not yet closed was banned, so results from ridings in the Eastern and Atlantic provinces would not influence results in the west. This was upheld as lawful in a 2007 decision of the Supreme Court, R v Bryan. In January 2012, the Government announced it would repeal the prohibition "[as it] does not make sense with the widespread use of social media and other modern communications technology", upon the urging of the then Chief Electoral Officer, Marc Mayrand. It was repealed by the Fair Elections Act on June 19, 2014.

Although media organisations are not permitted to be present for the count of results or to enter polling rooms, they may shoot video or photos from outside of a polling room as long as the secrecy of the ballot is maintained and access to the room is not impeded.

Between 1993 and 1998, the distribution of election surveys 74 hours before election day was banned. This was struck down by the Supreme Court of Canada as violating section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in Thomson Newspapers Co v Canada (AG).

Slovenia
The Constitutional Court of Slovenia ruled in 2011 that a ban on opinion polls was unconstitutional.

Until 2016, any mention of the candidate on the day of election was prohibited. Those who published positive or critical statements about parties or candidates on social media, online forums, or stated them for example in restaurants, were prosecuted and fined. For over two decades, media and voters refrained from talking about politics on the day before the elections and on election day. In 2016, the Supreme Court ruled that "not every opinion is propaganda", published a new definition of the term 'propaganda' and reverted a lower court judgement, which convicted a person who published "Great interview! Worth reading!" on Facebook.

Hungary

The Constitutional Court of Hungary ruled in 2007 that a ban on opinion polls was unconstitutional, but upheld electoral silence.

United States

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Burson v. Freeman (1992) that campaigning can only be limited on election day in a small area around the polling station. Any broader ban on speech would be unconstitutional.

References

External links

 ACE Electoral Knowledge Network – map of blackout periods around the world.

Election campaigning
Elections terminology
Election campaign law


Adolf Henri "Dolf" van Kol (2 August 1902 – 20 January 1989) was a Dutch footballer who earned 33 caps for the Netherlands national side between 1925 and 1931, scoring four goals. He also participated at the 1928 Summer Olympics. He played club football for Ajax, managed the club from 1942 to 1945.

References

External links
 Player profile at KNVB
 Player profile at VoetbalStats.nl

1902 births
1989 deaths
Dutch men's footballers
Netherlands men's international footballers
Dutch football managers
Olympic footballers for the Netherlands
Footballers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
AFC Ajax players
Footballers from Amsterdam
Men's association football defenders


Abraham Kingsley "King" Macomber (March 7, 1874 – October 6, 1955) was an American adventurer, businessman, philanthropist, Thoroughbred-racehorse owner and breeder. He was born in Morristown, New Jersey, the second of the three sons of Henry Kirke Macomber, a medical doctor who moved his family to Pasadena, California, in 1883.

African adventurer
As a young man, in 1894 Kingsley Macomber explored parts of Central Africa at the invitation of American adventurer Frederick Russell Burnham. With Burnham and seven other Americans, he spent six months surveying and mapping in an area that today is known as Zimbabwe.

When hostilities broke out between the native Matabeles and the white intruders, Macomber escaped a massacre but then was caught in the Siege of Bulawayo. A small group of British and a few Americans held off attacks for two months at a hastily erected laager at Bulawayo until being rescued by the British military. Macomber soon left Africa and traveled to London, England, where he was honored with a fellowship in the Royal Geographical Society. In December 1896, he returned to the United States.

Kingsley Macomber's time in Africa led to a lifelong friendship with Frederick Burnham and years later in 1939, Burnham, Macomber and John Eagle gifted a natural history collection to the state of Arizona. Although largely African, the significant collection included artifacts gathered worldwide.

In 1899, in New York City, Kingsley Macomber married heiress Myrtle Harkness, the daughter of the wealthy Lamon V. Harkness, one of the largest stockholders in Standard Oil. The couple maintained residences on both coasts.

Business career
At the end of the nineteenth century, Macomber and a partner established a business that operated a coal mine in Gallup, New Mexico, and undertook prospecting and mining ventures in the Cascade and Pacific Coast ranges.

In 1902, Macomber became a founding owner and first president of the Los Angeles Trust Company, which, in 1905, became a part of a multi-bank amalgamation.

In 1905, Kingsley Macomber, Henry E. Huntington, and William R. Staats developed the Oak Knoll subdivision in terrain between Pasadena and San Marino, California.

In 1906, Macomber purchased Rancho Cienega de los Paicines, a cattle breeding operation located in Paicines, California. He invested a great deal of money in a new home as well as stables to facilitate the introduction of Thoroughbred horses to the operation. He kept a private railcar at nearby Tres Pinos, which allowed him and his wife to travel to horse-racing venues throughout the country. After World War I, the Macombers made a chateau in France, at Carrières-sous-Poissy, their primary residence, and, in 1927, sold the Paicines ranch to Walter Murphy.

Thoroughbred racing
From 1892 until her marriage to Kingsley Macomber, Myrtle Harkness had spent much time around horses at her father's Walnut Hall Farm near Lexington, Kentucky. With both having considerable interest and history with horses, Kingsley and Myrtle Macomber became major international figures in the sport of Thoroughbred horse racing.

In 1918, Kingsley Macomber's colt War Cloud ran fourth in the Kentucky Derby then won the Preakness Stakes. Of his six Kentucky Derby runners, Star Hawk had the best result when he ran second in 1916. Other Macomber horses won a number of important American races including the Travers Stakes, Suburban Handicap, and Withers Stakes. In 1911, virtually all horse racing in the United States shut down as a result of government legislation that banned parimutuel betting. As a consequence, Macomber and several notable American stable owners shifted their racing operations to England and France. While the ban on wagering was lifted within two years, and racing returned to U.S. tracks, many owners retained large operations in Europe, and, by 1925, Macomber had more than one hundred horses in training in England. Nonetheless, he supported California racing, and, in 1923, he became a founding member and director of the Pacific Coast Jockey Club, headed by Adolph B. Spreckels.

The "Macomber Family Collection about Race Horse Breeding" is at the Department of Special Collections in the University of California, Los Angeles, library. The collection is made up of photographs, ephemera, an album, and a catalog relative to the horse-breeding and ranching interests of Dr. Henry Macomber, A. Kingsley Macomber, and John Kingsley Macomber.

Life and racing in France
During the second decade of the 20th century, Kingsley Macomber was a frequent visitor to Europe and, around 1919, he purchased the Haras de Cheffreville horse breeding farm. A few years later he acquired two properties owned by a fellow American, William K. Vanderbilt: the Haras du Quesnay breeding farm in Normandy, and a chateau at Carrières-sous-Poissy, which included a stable for Thoroughbreds, a training track, and bloodstock of approximately one hundred and fifty mares and sires, including the great Maintenon. The Carrières-sous-Poissy property, located near the Maisons-Laffitte Racecourse, was on the Paris-to-Deauville railway line, making for easy shipping of horses to the Deauville Racecourse.

Thoroughbreds owned by Macomber won major races in France and England. Notably, in 1923, his colt Parth won the prestigious Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe at Longchamp Racecourse, and Gold Bridge won back-to-back runnings of the King's Stand Stakes at Royal Ascot in 1933 and 1934.

Part of Parisian high society, according to his obituary in Sports Illustrated, Macomber was hailed as the "undisputed head of American society in Europe." He served as president of the American Hospital of Paris from 1926 to 1928.

Philanthropy
Macomber was a lover of military history; his father had served with the Union Army during the American Civil War.  While living in France, he promoted the important historic relationship between that country and the United States. In 1931, he commissioned a monument of Admiral François Joseph Paul de Grasse which was erected at the Trocadero Palace in Paris. During the American Revolutionary War De Grasse had commanded the 1781 French fleet which blocked the British retreat from Yorktown and made possible the American victory.

In 1934, Macomber donated another American Revolutionary War statue to the city of Newport, Rhode Island. The sculpture of French General Rochambeau is a replica of one in Paris. It was from Newport that General Rochambeau departed with his army to join General George Washington and march on to Yorktown.

Macomber also patronized the game of tennis. In the 1920s and 1930s, he supported the A. K. Macomber tournament at Monte Carlo.

A. Kingsley Macomber died on October 6, 1955, in Paris, France. He is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx in his wife's father's mausoleum.

References

Sources
 Lewis, Charles Lee. Admiral de Grasse and American Independence  (1945) United States Naval Institute (publisher)
 A. Kingsley Macomber at the United Kingdom's National Horseracing museum
  Reprint of an October 5, 2003 article in the Knoxville News Sentinel on Kingsley Macomber
 American Hospital of Paris
 Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library re Frederick Russell Burnham Papers and A. Kingsley Macomber
 Historical information and photograph of the Los Angeles Trust Company building ca.1900-1909 from the University of Southern California Digital Archive
 Sports Illustrated magazine obituary for A. Kingsley Macomber
 Ville de Carrieres website with information and photos on the Vanderbilt/Macomber château at Poissy
 Text  from J. M. Guinn's Historical and Biographical Record of Southern California with biographical details of A. Kingsley Macomber in Africa. (1902) Chapman Publishing Co.
 Burnham, Frederick Russell, DSO. Scouting on Two Continents (1926) Doubleday, Page & company (publisher)

1874 births
1955 deaths
American explorers
Explorers of Africa
People of the Second Matabele War
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
American businesspeople
American philanthropists
American racehorse owners and breeders
Owners of Preakness Stakes winners
French racehorse owners and breeders
Owners of Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe winners
People from Morristown, New Jersey
People from Pasadena, California
Sportspeople from Paris
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
Harkness family