Magomet Mamakaev ( – 2 August 1973) was a Chechen poet, prose writer, publicist and literary critic. He is one of the founders of the modern Chechen literature.

Biography
Magomet Mamakaev was born on 16 December 1910, in the Chechen village Achkhoy-Martan to a peasant family. At the age of ten he became an orphan. His childhood pain of loss, sorrow and pleasure are reflected in his poem "Conversation with mother" (1934). In his youth Mamakaev was a Komsomol member and studied in Moscow at Communist University of the Toilers of the East. The outlook of that period was reflected in its first literary works: "Morning over Argun", "Swallow", "Pondar" and lyric epic poem "Bloody mountains" (1928).

On pages of magazine "Revolution and the mountaineer", he argued with authorities of that time concerning description of history of the Chechen Republic during the period of the Civil War in the North Caucasus. He underlined in the articles the role of Russian intelligentsia in formation of the Chechen literature and art, value of rapprochement of cultures of Russians and Chechens. Mamakaev's work in the Communist Party, Soviet bodies of Checheno-Ingushetia, in newspapers "Groznensky worker", "the Lenin way" was connected with the Enlightenment. He organised publishing of the Chechen language political and literary art magazines. Mamakaev was not only a popular writer, but also a recognised authority in Checheno-Ingushetia. He edited books of poetry, literary almanacs, magazines, participated in preparation of the anthology of Chechen-Ingush poetry. In 1967, Mamakaev published a novel about the Chechen abrek Zelimkhan, which "aestheticizes violence through the lexicon of transgressive sanctity." Mamakaev's role in formation of the modern Chechen literature has earned him the reputation of a major figure in the cultural history of the Chechen Republic.

See also

References

1Rebecca Ruth Gould, Writers and Rebels: The Literature of Insurgency in the Caucasus (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016), 79.

Notes
 Rebecca Ruth Gould, "Topographies of Anticolonialism: The Ecopoetical Sublime in the Caucasus from Tolstoy to Mamakaev," Comparative Literature Studies, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 87–107, 2013.

1910 births
1973 deaths
20th-century male writers
20th-century poets
People from Achkhoy-Martanovsky District
Communist University of the Toilers of the East alumni
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Chechen poets
Chechen writers
Soviet male poets
Soviet male writers


Janis Faye Kearney (born September 29, 1953) is an American author, lecturer, and publisher. She served as a personal diarist to President Bill Clinton from 1995 to 2001.

Early life and education
Janis F. Kearney was born September 29, 1953, in Gould, Arkansas to Ethel V. Curry Kearney and Thomas James Kearney; she is the 14th of 19 children. Janis’ father was a sharecropper, and her mother was a homemaker, who spent much of her time, assisting her husband with the family's cotton crops.

From the age of seven, Janis spent her summers chopping cotton, and autumns helping the family pick cotton. By the age of nine, she was also helping care for her younger siblings, and cooking for the family. However, every evening she and her siblings learned reading, writing, and arithmetic at home; they always returned to school in the winter at the top of their classes.

All except one of the Kearney children graduated from college and most went on to graduate school, law school, or both. Many attended some of the top colleges and universities in the country including Harvard, Yale, Brown, Vanderbilt, and Stanford.

After graduating from Gould High School in 1971, Janis attended the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville. She married and had one child during her junior year in college; but she went on to earn a B.A. in journalism in 1976. She continued her education while working, earning thirty hours towards a M.P.A. from the University of Arkansas at Little Rock.

Professional career
Kearney was hired by the State of Arkansas in 1978, where she spent three years as a program manager for the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act program, and another six years as the director of information for the national headquarters of the Migrant Student Records Transfer System.

In 1987, she became the managing editor of the Arkansas State Press newspaper, owned and operated by civil rights activist Daisy Bates. Three months after Janis joined the paper, Bates retired and Kearney bought the company from her. Janis published the weekly newspaper in Arkansas for five years before joining the Clinton-Gore presidential campaign in 1992.

In 1992, when then governor Bill Clinton decided to run for U.S. President, he hired Kearney who he had met during her years with State Government, from her role as publisher of the Arkansas State Press, and as part of the Arkansas Kearney family; to serve as director of his campaign's Minority Media Outreach effort. Governor Clinton had taught several of her brothers during his stint as a professor of law at the University of Arkansas, and later appointed three members of the family to high-level state jobs. Janis took a sabbatical from her newspaper in 1992, and appointed her sister, Janetta Kearney, to run the newspaper during her absence.

Clinton Administration
Following the 1993 election, Kearney worked in the Little Rock office of the Clinton presidential transition. After the president's inauguration, she was one of the Arkansans invited to join the President in Washington, D.C.  She worked first as a White House media affairs officer and then as director of public communication for the U.S. Small Business Administration. In 1995 Kearney was appointed to serve as the first-ever personal diarist to a President.

In her role Kearney kept a daily diary of President Clinton's days, attending meetings, events, and press conferences to create a living history. In 1998 she was subpoenaed to testify before a Kenneth Starr grand jury to investigate the Clinton sex scandal. Her diary of the President's days was subpoenaed. No wrongdoing was found. The diary would eventually be passed on to the Clinton Library.

Journalistic and publishing activities
In 2001, Janis moved to Chicago, but began a two-year Fellowship at the Harvard University W. E. B. Du Bois Institute of African and African American Studies, where she began writing her Clinton biography, Conversations: William Jefferson Clinton-From Hope to Harlem.

She continued her research and writing of Conversations as a visiting fellow at DePaul University. In 2003, she was appointed Chancellor's Lecturer for Chicago City Colleges. During that time Janis also wrote a syndicated column, Politics Is Life, which appeared in African-American newspapers throughout the country. Eventually, Conversations was published in 2006, and features interviews with more than 100 African-American acquaintances, and President Clinton.

Kearney began working on her first book, Cotton Field of Dreams, in 1973, which focused on her father's life story. After years of shopping her manuscript at writers’ workshops, she began revising the book to personal memoir, which included vignettes about her father and the rest of the family. She revised the book over the next ten years. Kearney established Writing Our World (WOW) Press in 2004, and published "Cotton Field of Dreams" that same year.

In November 2008, Kearney published her first novel, Once Upon a Time There Was A Girl: A Murder at Mobile Bay. She also published a second memoir, Something to Write Home About: Memories of a Presidential Diarist.  She also wrote a biography of her mentor Daisy Gatson Bates in 2013, "Daisy: Between a Rock and a Hard Place," and a book about her father's amazing life journey, "Sundays with TJ: 100 Years of Memories on Varner Road," published in 2014.  Janis was inducted into the Arkansas Writers Hall of Fame in 2016, and that same year received the prestigious University of Arkansas Lemke Journalism Award. In 2014, Janis with the help of a small group of Arkansas women, founded the Celebrate! Maya Project, a nonprofit whose mission is to share Maya Angelou's life and legacy with schools and communities, and to create and implement arts, literacy and poetry programs for youth around the state.  In 2015, She founded the Read.Write.Share Writers Weekend, in response to new and emerging writers' need to interact with other writers and to share their stories with others.

References

American non-fiction writers
Living people
African-American women writers
American women non-fiction writers
African-American writers
1953 births
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women


The Ministry of Youth and Sports (Portuguese: Ministério da Juventude e Desportos), is an Angolan government ministry.

External links
Official website

Angola
Youth and Sports


Allkaj is a village and a former municipality in the Fier County, western Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Lushnjë. The population at the 2011 census was 4,319.

References

Former municipalities in Fier County
Administrative units of Lushnjë
Villages in Fier County


In the Catholic Church, Servant of God is the style used for a person who has been posthumously declared "heroic in virtue" during the investigation and process leading to canonisation as a saint.

The term is used in the first of the four steps in the canonization process. The next step is being declared Venerable, upon a decree of heroism or martyrdom by the honored. That is followed by beatification, with the title of Blessed. After the confirmation of miracles resulting from the intercession of the honored, the final step is canonization, where the honored would receive the title of Saint.

List
The following is an incomplete list of people currently declared to be a Servant of God. The list is in alphabetical order by Christian name but, if necessary, by surname or the place or attribute part of the name.

See also

 List of saints
 List of beatified people
 List of venerated Catholics
 Servants of God by nationality

References

Servants


David L. Bulova (born May 6, 1969) is an American politician of the Democratic Party. Since 2006 he has been a member of the Virginia House of Delegates. He  represents the 37th district, including the city of Fairfax and part of Fairfax County. He is the son of former Fairfax County Board of Supervisors chairman Sharon Bulova.

Committees

Bulova serves as Chair of the General Laws Committee and Chair of the Commerce, Agriculture, and Natural Resources Subcommittee in the Appropriations Committee. Additionally, he serves as a member of the Education Committee, Agriculture Chesapeake and Natural Resources and Appropriations Committee.

References

Sources

Delegate David Bulova; Welcome to Virginia's 37th District! (Constituent/campaign website)

External links

1969 births
Living people
Democratic Party members of the Virginia House of Delegates
College of William & Mary alumni
Virginia Tech alumni
Politicians from Fairfax County, Virginia
Politicians from Fairfax, Virginia
21st-century American politicians


Hysgjokaj is a village and a former municipality in the Fier County, western Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Lushnjë. The population at the 2011 census was 2,603.

References

Former municipalities in Fier County
Administrative units of Lushnjë
Villages in Fier County


Gorbusha may refer to:
Gorbusha, Moscow Oblast, a settlement in Moscow Oblast, Russia
Gorbusha, Vologda Oblast, a village in Vologda Oblast, Russia
Gorbusha, a former settlement in Primorsky Krai, Russian SFSR; now a part of the town of Dalnegorsk

See also
Gorbushka, a market place in Moscow


Uncial 0158 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α 1039 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 5th century (or 6th century).

Description
The codex contains a small part of the Epistle to the Galatians 1:1-13, on one parchment leaf (30 cm by 22 cm). Written in two columns per page, 25 lines per page, in uncial letters. It is a palimpsest, the upper text is in Arabic.

The text-type of this codex is unknown. Kurt Aland did not place it in any of Categories of New Testament manuscripts.

It is dated by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research to the 5th or 6th century.

The codex used to be held in Qubbat al-Khazna in Damascus. The present location of the codex is unknown. The manuscript is not accessible.

See also

 List of New Testament uncials
 Textual criticism

References

Greek New Testament uncials
5th-century biblical manuscripts
Palimpsests
Lost biblical manuscripts


Hurricane Florence was a strong, late season hurricane that remained out over the open waters of the Atlantic Ocean for nearly a week, before being absorbed into a large extratropical cyclone. With peak winds of  and a minimum pressure of 972 mbar (hPa; 28.71 inHg), Florence was the strongest storm of the 1994 Atlantic hurricane season. Florence developed out of an area of low pressure associated with a stalled frontal system located  east-southeast of Bermuda in late October. The system gradually became better organized and was classified a subtropical depression on November 2. The storm intensified into a subtropical storm shortly thereafter before weakening into a tropical depression on the next day.

After gaining tropical characteristics throughout most of the day on November 3, the storm was designated Tropical Depression Eleven. The depression quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Florence, the sixth named storm of the season. The storm briefly underwent rapid intensification, strengthening into a hurricane, before leveling out as a Category 1 hurricane. Florence was subsequently upgraded to a Category 2 hurricane on November 7. However, a large extratropical cyclone located to the north caused the hurricane to rapidly accelerate, with forward speeds reaching . By the next day, Florence lost its identity, while still producing hurricane-force winds, as it was absorbed by the extratropical cyclone.

Meteorological history

The origins of Florence can be traced back to an area of low pressure which developed in late October along a stationary front located  east-southeast of Bermuda. The low gradually detached from the front and began developing convective banding features. The system was not fully tropical as the strongest winds were recorded a couple hundred miles from the center, leading to the system being classified a subtropical cyclone on the morning of November 2. Minor intensification followed shortly after and the subtropical depression was upgraded to a subtropical storm. This was based on ship reports of  sustained winds associated with the system. By November 3, the storm became slightly disorganized and was downgraded to a subtropical depression. By the afternoon, the subtropical system began to undergo a transition from a subtropical system to tropical system. Later that day, the storm was classified Tropical Depression Eleven while located  east-southeast of Bermuda. The depression was moving towards the northwest at  and the same general motion was expected as a large upper-level low situated over the system was forecast to move towards the northeast, leading to Eleven moving around the periphery of the low.

The depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Florence the next morning. However, outflow from the storm remained poor as the upper-level low was still interacting with the center of Florence and the storm was still not completely tropical but there was slight improvement. By the afternoon of November 4, Florence completed its transition into a tropical cyclone and deep convection developed, causing the storm to quickly intensity; with winds increasing by  in a 6-hour time period. The trend in intensification was forecast to continue and Florence was forecast to become the second hurricane of the season within 12 hours. Late on November 4, Florence was upgraded to a hurricane as a solid area of deep convection developed around the center of circulation. An eye feature also appeared on infrared satellite but was not associated with significant strengthening. Florence slowly intensified as the eye persisted and the structure slightly improved. By the morning of November 6, the eye became less defined and the cloud tops around it warmed. The storm also shifted its forward motion northward as the trough located to the southeast began to move towards the east, moving the steering currents with it. As the low moved further to the east, steering currents in the area of Florence weakened, leading to the storm stalling late on November 6.

By the morning of November 7, the eye began to reappear and the storm turned towards the northwest and the forward motion began to rapidly increase. Later that morning, Florence had developed a large,  wide eye and the forward motion continued to increase. The intensification continued and by the afternoon hours, Florence was upgraded to a Category 2 hurricane with winds of . A strong extratropical cyclone located to the north of Florence was causing the storm to move towards the northwest at a rapid pace of . Operationally, Florence was reported to have peaked at that intensity, but post-season analysis determined that the storm reached its peak intensity just short of major hurricane—a storm with winds of  or higher—status late on November 7. By the morning of November 8, Florence weakened slightly to Category 1 status. The large system to the north continued to cause Florence to move at . Since the storm was very close to a cold front, Florence was expected to rapidly transition into an extratropical cyclone. Later that morning, Florence was absorbed into the extratropical cyclone while still maintaining hurricane-force winds.

Impact and naming
As Florence remained out over the open waters of the central Atlantic, no effects, damages, or fatalities were reported. No tropical storm watches or warnings were issued, and the storm was never forecast to strike land.

See also

 Other storms of the same name

References

External links
The NHC's Preliminary Report (Tropical Cyclone Report) on Hurricane Florence
The NHC's Public Advisory archive on Hurricane Florence
The NHC's Discussion archive on Hurricane Florence

1994 Atlantic hurricane season
Category 2 Atlantic hurricanes


University Hospital Lewisham (formerly known as Lewisham Hospital) is a teaching hospital run by Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust and serving the London Borough of Lewisham. It is now affiliated with King's College London and forms part of the King's Health Partners academic health science centre. It is situated on Lewisham High Street between Lewisham and Catford.

History

Early history
The site of the current hospital was originally a workhouse, following the bequest of a house on Rushey Green to Lewisham Parish for the relief of the poor in 1612. When the Lewisham workhouse became overcrowded, a new workhouse building was erected in 1817. The Lewisham Poor Law Union was formed in 1836, and the workhouse was enlarged. This improvement included the building of cholera wards behind the workhouse building.

A report in The Lancet in 1865 showed that the workhouse was essentially functioning as a hospital at that time: “Sick, infirm, and able-bodied – so called at least, but we saw none in the entire house – were placed in close approximation”. At that time there were seven “sick wards”, with 72 beds, and four “infection wards” with 22 beds. Land to the north of the workhouse was used to construct a separate infirmary from 1892, and this was formally opened in 1894.

During the First World War the infirmary became the Lewisham Military Hospital. Most workhouse inmates were relocated, but parts of the workhouse still functioned until 1929. During the Second World War the hospital was hit by a V-1 flying bomb, which destroyed two wards, injured 70 people and killed one nurse.

Following the formation of the National Health Service in 1948, the hospital continued to expand with new buildings opened in the 1950s and 1960s. These included the Outpatients Department in 1958, and an extension to the Accident Department in 1964. In 1954 a premature baby unit was opened, and in 1968 this was replaced by a Special Care Baby Unit. In 1968 the Intensive Therapy Unit was also opened – this was the first such unit in a district general hospital in England.

In 1991 the Sydenham Children's Hospital closed and moved to Lewisham Hospital. In November 1996 the Women's and Children's Wing was opened by Princess Alexandra. Lewisham Hospital NHS Trust was established in April 1993 when it formally separated from Guy's Hospital. In 1997 Hither Green Hospital closed, and the Elderly Care service was transferred to Lewisham Hospital.

Redevelopment
Further improvements culminated in the construction of the Riverside Building which was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 2004. The works were designed by RTKL Associates and completed by Carillion at a cost of £58 million in December 2006. The building was officially opened by Archbishop Desmond Tutu in May 2007. It reflects current thinking about patient care, replacing Nightingale wards with multiple four-bedded bays. The design also reflects contemporary environmental concerns and was the first major NHS building to generate a proportion of its own power using photovoltaic panels installed on the roof.

In 2012, architects AWW worked with the hospital to re-plan five wards and medical facilities whilst maintaining the Emergency Department. The expanded facilities improve efficiency with the addition of a new Children's Emergency Department, Urgent Care Centre and new emergency x-ray facilities.

Proposed Accident and Emergency closure
In July 2012, South London Healthcare NHS Trust was put into financial administration. A government report in 2012 recommended that three SLHT hospitals should be taken over by nearby NHS trusts and that the University Hospital Lewisham Accident and Emergency unit should close, with A&E patients instead going to the SLHT-run Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Woolwich to make that hospital more viable.

There was a strong campaign in Lewisham against the proposed closure, including a march on 24 November 2012 and a successful legal challenge. In July 2013, the High Court ruled that the closure of Lewisham A&E could not go ahead. In October 2013, the Court of Appeal ruled that Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt did not have power to implement cuts at Lewisham Hospital. The director of the Save Lewisham Hospital campaign described this as "a complete victory".

Facilities
The hospital offers a wide range of services including adult and children's Emergency departments and specialist services including neonatology, paediatric surgery, cystic fibrosis treatment, haemophilia treatment and Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) services. The hospital provides teaching and training for medical staff and gained university status in 1997. The Ladywell Unit on the premises is operated by the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust.

See also
 Healthcare in London
 List of hospitals in England
 King's Health Partners

References

External links

 Trust website
 University Hospital Lewisham on the NHS website
 Care Quality Commission inspection reports

NHS hospitals in London
Hospitals established in 1894
Hospital buildings completed in 1958
Hospital buildings completed in 1964
Teaching hospitals in England
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Lewisham
Health in the London Borough of Lewisham
Poor law infirmaries


Central Lakes College is a public community college with campuses in Brainerd and Staples, Minnesota. It is part of the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System. The college was formed from the merger of three different colleges: Brainerd Community College (Brainerd Junior College), Brainerd Technical College (Brainerd Technical Institute), and Staples Technical College (Staples Technical Institute).

Campuses

Central Lakes
Central Lakes College in Brainerd includes courses in the liberal arts and sciences with an Associate in Arts degree and Minnesota Transfer Curriculum for transfers to a four-year college. It also offers Associate in Science degrees, and technical programs that have Associate in Applied Science degrees, diplomas and certificates to get students in the work world in a short amount of time. The college also included many unique degrees such as Underwater Diving  along with an assortment of "green" environmental and ecological courses.

Athletics
Central Lakes College is home of the Raiders. There is NJCAA Volleyball, Football, Basketball, Baseball, Softball, and Golf. The Raiders compete in the Minnesota College Athletic Conference.

Staples
Staples community college is mostly technical programs with Associate in Applied Science (AAS) degrees, diplomas and certifications including robotics, heavy equipment operation, photographic technology, and automotive technology as well as a smaller liberal arts program Associate in Arts (AA).

Academics
The college offers the Associate in Arts, Associate in Science, and Associate in Applied Science degrees. It also offers diploma and certificate programs. It is also accredited for its concurrent enrollment programs by the National Alliance of Concurrent Enrollment Partnerships (NACEP).

Central Lakes College in Brainerd collaborated with Southwest Minnesota State University to establish a 2 + 2 articulation agreement in Theatre Arts.

References

External links
 Official website

Community colleges in Minnesota
Education in Crow Wing County, Minnesota
Education in Todd County, Minnesota
Education in Wadena County, Minnesota
Two-year colleges in the United States
NJCAA athletics


West Germany (performing under the banner Germany) was present at the Eurovision Song Contest 1986, held in Bergen, Norway.

Before Eurovision

Ein Lied für Bergen
The German national final to select their entry, Ein Lied für Bergen, was held on 27 March at the Deutsches Theater in Munich, and was hosted by Sabrina Lallinger and Wenche Myhre. Myhre represented Germany in the 1968 Contest.

Twelve songs made it to the national final, which was broadcast by Bayerischer Rundfunk to ARD broadcasters across West Germany. The winner was decided by a sampling of 500 random West Germans who were meant to symbolize a fair representation of the country's population. Each person gave every song a vote, from 1 (for worst) to 12 (for best). Therefore, the theoretical "worst score" a song could receive would be 500, and the "best score" would be 6000.

The winning entry was "Über die Brücke geh'n", performed by Ingrid Peters and composed by Hans Blum.

At Eurovision
Peters was the fourteenth performer on the night of the Contest, following Belgium and preceding Cyprus. At the close of the voting the song had received 62 points, placing 8th in a field of 20 competing countries. The German jury awarded its 12 points to Luxembourg.

The show was watched by 10.88 million viewers in Germany.

Voting

References

External links
German National Final 1986

1986
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986
Eurovision


Ballagat is a village and a former municipality in the Fier County, western Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Lushnjë. The population at the 2011 census was 2,461.

References

Former municipalities in Fier County
Administrative units of Lushnjë
Villages in Fier County


Griffiths Mlungisi Mxenge  (27 February 1935 – 19 November 1981) was born in KwaRayi, a rural settlement outside of King Williams Town, Eastern Cape. He was a civil rights lawyer, a member of the African National Congress (ANC) and a South African anti-apartheid activist.

Early life

Griffiths Mlungisi Mxenge was the eldest son of Johnson Pinti and Hannah Nowise Mxenge. His parents were farmers in KwaRayi. He began his high schooling at Forbes Grant Secondary school in Ginsberg but matriculated from Newell High school in Port Elizabeth in 1956.

In 1959, he received a bachelor's degree from Fort Hare University majoring in Roman Dutch Law and English. He joined the African National Congress Youth League while he was studying. The Defiance Campaign and the Congress of the People in Kliptown contributed to his political consciousness

He enrolled for an LLB degree at the University of Natal but in 1962, the same year he married Victoria Mxenge.

In 1966, his studies were interrupted when he was detained for 190 days. In 1967, he was imprisoned for two years on Robben Island under the Suppression of Communism Act for furthering the aims of the ANC. Mxenge's first son, Mbasa, was born while he was in detention.

In 1969, Mxenge was released from Robben Island and served with a two-year banning order that among other things prohibited him from entering University premises. With the help of the Dean of Law Faculty, the late Professor Tony Matthews, he was still able to complete his LLB and graduate in 1970.

His second son, Viwe was born in 1970.

Career

In 1971 Mxenge began serving his articles under Rabie Bugwandeen of the Natal Indian Congress. He was issued with a five-year banning order the same year.

In 1974, he was admitted as an attorney of the Supreme Court of South Africa. The following year, in 1975, he opened his own legal practice in Durban. His daughter, Namhla, was also born. He represented members of the African National Congress and other parties. Notably, he defended Joseph Mduli, a member of the ANC and Umkonto weSizwe, who was brutally murdered. In an unprecedented move, following Mxenge's efforts and international pressure, four policemen were charged with the murder of Mduli.

Mxenge was later detained for his involvement in the murder case.

He was an active member of the Release Mandela Committee and served as a member of the Lawyers for Human Rights. Mxenge was a founding member of the South African Democratic Lawyers Association.

Death

In 1981, Mxenge was assassinated by the apartheid death squad, led by Dirk Coetzee, in Umlazi township south of Durban. He was abducted before the death squad stabbed him 45 times, beat him with a hammer and slit his throat. His body was found near a soccer field in Umlazi. Four years after her husband's murder, Victoria Mxenge was shot and hacked to death in front of her children at their Umlazi home in Durban.

In 1989, Butana Almond Nofomela, a former member of Coetzee's death squad, confessed to his involvement in Mxenge's murder hours before he was scheduled to be executed for an unrelated non-political murder. Coetzee later confirmed Nofomela's story.  On 4 November 1996, former Vlakplaas commander, Dirk Coetzee, testified about his involvement in the murder of Griffiths Mxenge. He also asked for amnesty from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Despite protests from Mxenge's family, Coetzee was granted amnesty.

Nofomela, who'd been granted a stay of execution in the unrelated murder case, later had his death sentence commuted to life in prison. He was released on parole on September 2009.

Legacy

Mxenge and his wife were both awarded the Order of Luthuli in Silver by the South African government. His award recognised his contribution to the field of law and the supreme sacrifice he made in the fight against apartheid in South Africa

The Victoria and Griffiths Mxenge memorial lecture is hosted annually at the University of KwaZulu Natal's Howard College.

See also
Dirk Coetzee
Death Squad

External links
 ANC archives

References

1935 births
1981 deaths
Assassinated South African activists
People from Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality
Extrajudicial killings in South Africa
Xhosa people
Members of the African National Congress
Inmates of Robben Island
20th-century South African lawyers
Anti-apartheid activists
Assassinated South African people
Members of the Order of Luthuli


Plavno may refer to:

 Czech name of Plauen, Germany
 Plavno, Croatia, a village near Knin


Jógvan Heinason (1541–1602) was Lawman (prime minister) of the Faroe Islands from 1572 to 1583.

Jógvan Heinason was the son of the Norwegian priest Heine Havreki and a Faroese women, Herborg from Húsavík. The son of Jógvan Heinason's Norwegian step mother, and half brother, was the Faroe Islands' most famous seafarer, Magnus Heinason.

References

G.V.C. Young's textbook Færøerne - fra vikingetiden til reformationen, 1982
Løgtingið 150 - Hátíðarrit. Tórshavn 2002, Bind 2, S. 366. (Avsnitt Føroya løgmenn fram til 1816) (PDF-Download)

1541 births
1602 deaths
Lawmen of the Faroe Islands
16th-century Norwegian people


Karbunarë () is a former municipality in the Fier County, western Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Lushnjë. The population at the 2011 census was 4,193. The municipal unit has nine villages under its jurisdiction: Karbunarë e Sipërme, Stan-Karbunarë, Kashtbardhë, Zgjanë, Balaj, Kasharaj, Murriz, Skilaj, and Biçakaj. Although Karbunara is located in the Myzeqe region where many of Albanian Orthodox backgrounds live, it is a center of the heterodox Islamic Halveti Order, which is often mistaken for (but not the same as) the Bektashi Order. The town of Karbunara contains both a Halveti tekke and a Halveti tyrbe. In addition to the numerous residents of Halveti background, there are also some of Orthodox backgrounds as well as non-Halveti Muslim backgrounds, and in modern days there are also many irreligious individuals.

References

Former municipalities in Fier County
Administrative units of Lushnjë


Brux may refer to:

Brux, Vienne, a commune in western France
Brux Castle, Aberdeenshire
Brüx, the German name for the city of Most in the Czech Republic

See also
Bruxism


Felipe Estanislao Mac Gregor Rolino (*Callao, Peru, September 20, 1914 – October 2, 2004) was a Jesuit and Professor in Peru.  He introduced the concept of the  Culture of Peace to UNESCO, which became a major program of the organization.

Biography
Felipe Mac Gregor was born in Callao on September 20, 1914.
He entered the Society of Jesus on 1931 in Cordoba, Argentina. He was ordained as a priest on December 23, 1944.
Former Rector of Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.

Works
Graficos de historia de la filosofía, coautor con Ismael Quiles, Espasa-Calpe, Bs.AS,1952.
Decreto ley N°17437 sobre régimen de la Universidad Peruana, UNMSM, Lima,1969.
La investigación de la paz, En Socialismo y participaciónN°22(Junio 1983).
Siete ensayos sobre la violencia en el Perú, Fundación Friedrich Ebert,1985(74 pgs.).
Cultura de Paz, Lima,1986.
La raiz del problema, Apep, Lima,1993.(52 pgs.)
Perú, Siglo XXI, PUCP, Lima,1996(117 pgs.).
Sociedad, ley y universidad peruana, PUCP, Lima,1998(220 pgs.).
Reflexión sobre el Perú, PUCP, Lima,2002(172 pgs.).
America Latina y la Doctrina de la Iglesia, diálogo latinoamericano,2004.

See also
 Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú PUCP

References

Felipe MacGregor: vida y legado de un maestro , por Jorge Capella Riera, en Educación.Vol 14, N°27,2005.

External links
 Felipe Mac Gregor (Rector PUCP)

1914 births
2004 deaths
People from Callao
20th-century Peruvian Jesuits
Academic staff of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru


HR 8799 is a roughly 30 million-year-old main-sequence star located  away from Earth in the constellation of Pegasus. It has roughly 1.5 times the Sun's mass and 4.9 times its luminosity. It is part of a system that also contains a debris disk and at least four massive planets. Those planets, along with , were the first exoplanets whose orbital motion was confirmed by direct imaging. The star is a Gamma Doradus variable: its luminosity changes because of non-radial pulsations of its surface. The star is also classified as a Lambda Boötis star, which means its surface layers are depleted in iron peak elements. It is the only known star which is simultaneously a Gamma Doradus variable, a Lambda Boötis type, and a Vega-like star (a star with excess infrared emission caused by a circumstellar disk).

Location
HR 8799 is a star that is visible to the naked eye. It has a magnitude 5.96 and it is located inside the western edge of the great square of Pegasus almost exactly halfway between Scheat and Markab. The star's name of HR 8799 is its line number in the Bright Star Catalogue.

Stellar properties

The star HR 8799 is a member of the Lambda Boötis ( Boo) class, a group of peculiar stars with an unusual lack of "metals" (elements heavier than hydrogen and helium) in their upper atmosphere. Because of this special status, stars like HR 8799 have a very complex spectral type. The luminosity profile of the Balmer lines in the star's spectrum, as well as the star's effective temperature, best match the typical properties of an F0 V star. However, the strength of the calcium II K absorption line and the other metallic lines are more like those of an A5 V star. The star's spectral type is therefore written as .

Age determination of this star shows some variation based on the method used. Statistically, for stars hosting a debris disk, the luminosity of this star suggests an age of about 20–150 million years. Comparison with stars having similar motion through space gives an age in the range 30–160 million years. Given the star's position on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram of luminosity versus temperature, it has an estimated age in the range of 30–1,128 million years.  Boötis stars like this are generally young, with a mean age of a billion years. More accurately, asteroseismology also suggests an age of approximately a billion years. However, this is disputed because it would make the planets become brown dwarfs to fit into the cooling models. Brown dwarfs would not be stable in such a configuration. The best accepted value for an age of HR 8799 is 30 million years, consistent with being a member of the Columba association co-moving group of stars.

Earlier analysis of the star's spectrum reveals that it has a slight overabundance of carbon and oxygen compared to the Sun (by approximately 30% and 10% respectively). While some Lambda Boötis stars have sulfur abundances similar to that of the Sun, this is not the case for HR 8799; the sulfur abundance is only around 35% of the solar level. The star is also poor in elements heavier than sodium: for example, the iron abundance is only 28% of the solar iron abundance. Asteroseismic observations of other pulsating Lambda Boötis stars suggest that the peculiar abundance patterns of these stars are confined to the surface only: the bulk composition is likely more normal. This may indicate that the observed element abundances are the result of the accretion of metal-poor gas from the environment around the star.

In 2020, spectral analysis utilizing multiple data sources have detected an inconsistency in prior data and concluded the star carbon and oxygen abundances are the same or slightly higher than solar. The iron abundance was updated to 30% of solar value.

Astroseismic analysis using spectroscopic data indicates that the rotational inclination of the star is constrained to be greater than or approximately equal to 40°. This contrasts with the planets' orbital inclinations, which are in roughly the same plane at an angle of about . Hence, there may be an unexplained misalignment between the rotation of the star and the orbits of its planets. Observation of this star with the Chandra X-ray Observatory indicates that it has a weak level of magnetic activity, but the X-ray activity is much higher than that of an A‑type star like Altair. This suggests that the internal structure of the star more closely resembles that of an F0 star. The temperature of the stellar corona is about 3.0 million K.

Planetary system

On 13 November 2008, Christian Marois of the National Research Council of Canada's Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics and his team  announced they had directly observed three planets orbiting the star with the Keck and Gemini telescopes in Hawaii, in both cases employing adaptive optics to make observations in the infrared. A precovery observation of the outer 3 planets was later found in infrared images obtained in 1998 by the Hubble Space Telescope's NICMOS instrument, after a newly developed image-processing technique was applied. Further observations in 2009–2010 revealed the fourth giant planet orbiting inside the first three planets at a projected separation just less than 15 , which has been confirmed by multiple studies.

The outer planet orbits inside a dusty disk like the Solar Kuiper belt. It is one of the most massive disks known around any star within 300 light years of Earth, and there is room in the inner system for terrestrial planets. There is an additional debris disk just inside the orbit of the innermost planet.

The orbital radii of planets e, d, c, and b are 2–3 times those of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune's orbits, respectively. Because of the inverse square law relating radiation intensity to distance from the source, comparable radiation intensities are present at distances  farther from HR 8799 than from the Sun, the upshot being that corresponding planets in the solar and HR 8799 systems receive similar amounts of stellar radiation.

These objects are near the upper mass limit for classification as planets; if they exceeded 13 Jupiter masses, they would be capable of deuterium fusion in their interiors and thus qualify as brown dwarfs under the definition of these terms used by the IAU's Working Group on Extrasolar Planets. If the mass estimates are correct, the HR 8799 system is the first multiple-planet extrasolar system to be directly imaged. The orbital motion of the planets is in an anticlockwise direction and was confirmed via multiple observations dating back to 1998. The system is more likely to be stable if the planets e, d, and c are in a 4:2:1 resonance, which would imply that the orbit of the planet d has an eccentricity exceeding 0.04 in order to match the observational constraints. Planetary systems with the best-fit masses from evolutionary models would be stable if the outer three planets are in a 1:2:4 orbital resonance (similar to the Laplace resonance between Jupiter's inner three Galilean satellites: Io, Europa, and Ganymede as well as three of the planets in the Gliese 876 system). However, it is disputed if planet b is in resonance with the other 3 planets. According to dynamical simulations, the HR 8799 planetary system may be even an extrasolar system with multiple resonance 1:2:4:8. The 4 young planets are still glowing red hot from the heat of their formation, and are larger than Jupiter and over time they will cool and shrink to the sizes of 0.8–1.0 Jupiter radii.

The broadband photometry of planets b, c and d has shown that there may be significant clouds in their atmospheres, while the infrared spectroscopy of planets b and c points to non-equilibrium  /  chemistry. Near-infrared observations with the Project 1640 integral field spectrograph on the Palomar Observatory have shown that compositions between the four planets vary significantly. This is a surprise since the planets presumably formed in the same way from the same disk and have similar luminosities.

Planet spectra

A number of studies have used the spectra of HR 8799's planets to determine their chemical compositions and constrain their formation scenarios. The first spectroscopic study of planet b (performed at near-infrared wavelengths) detected strong water absorption and hints of methane absorption. Subsequently, weak methane and carbon monoxide absorption in this planet's atmosphere was also  detected, indicating efficient vertical mixing of the atmosphere and a disequilibrium  /  ratio at the photosphere. Compared to models of planetary atmospheres, this first spectrum of planet b is best matched by a model of enhanced metallicity (about 10 times the metallicity of the Sun), which may support the notion that this planet formed through core-accretion.

The first simultaneous spectra of all four known planets in the HR 8799 system were obtained in 2012 using the Project 1640 instrument at Palomar Observatory. The near-infrared spectra from this instrument confirmed the red colors of all four planets and are best matched by models of planetary atmospheres that include clouds. Though these spectra do not directly correspond to any known astrophysical objects, some of the planet spectra demonstrate similarities with L- and T-type brown dwarfs and the night-side spectrum of Saturn. The implications of the simultaneous spectra of all four planets obtained with Project 1640 are summarized as follows: Planet b contains ammonia and/or acetylene as well as carbon dioxide, but has little methane; planet c contains ammonia, perhaps some acetylene but neither carbon dioxide nor substantial methane; planet d contains acetylene, methane, and carbon dioxide but ammonia is not definitively detected; planet e contains methane and acetylene but no ammonia or carbon dioxide. The spectrum of planet e is similar to a reddened spectrum of Saturn.

Moderate-resolution near-infrared spectroscopy, obtained with the Keck telescope, definitively detected carbon monoxide and water absorption lines in the atmosphere of planet c. The carbon-to-oxygen ratio, which is thought to be a good indicator of the formation history for giant planets, for planet c was measured to be slightly greater than that of the host star HR 8799. The enhanced carbon-to-oxygen ratio and depleted levels of carbon and oxygen in planet c favor a history in which the planet formed through core accretion. However, it is important to note that conclusions about the formation history of a planet based solely on its composition may be inaccurate if the planet has undergone significant migration, chemical evolution, or core dredging. Later, in November 2018, researchers confirmed the existence of water and the absence of methane in the atmosphere of  using high-resolution spectroscopy and near-infrared adaptive optics (NIRSPAO) at the Keck Observatory.

The red colors of the planets may be explained by the presence of iron and silicate atmospheric clouds, while their low surface gravities might explain the strong disequilibrium concentrations of carbon monoxide and the lack of strong methane absorption.

Debris disk

In January 2009 the Spitzer Space Telescope obtained images of the debris disk around HR 8799.  Three components of the debris disk were distinguished:
 Warm dust ( ≈ 150 K) orbiting within the innermost planet (e). The inner and outer edges of this belt are close to 4:1 and 2:1 resonances with the planet.
 A broad zone of cold dust ( ≈ 45 K) with a sharp inner edge orbiting just outside the outermost planet (b). The inner edge of this belt is approximately in 3:2 resonance with said planet, similar to Neptune and the Kuiper belt.
 A dramatic halo of small grains originating in the cold dust component.
The halo is unusual and implies a high level of dynamic activity which is likely due to gravitational stirring by the massive planets. The Spitzer team says that collisions are likely occurring among bodies similar to those in the Kuiper Belt and that the three large planets may not yet have settled into their final, stable orbits.

In the photo, the bright, yellow-white portions of the dust cloud  come from the outer cold disk.  The huge extended dust halo, seen in orange-red, has a diameter of ≈ 2,000 . The diameter of Pluto's orbit (≈ 80 ) is shown for reference as a dot in the centre.

This disk is so thick that it threatens the young system's stability.

Vortex Coronagraph: Testbed for high-contrast imaging technology

Up until the year 2010, telescopes could only directly image exoplanets under exceptional circumstances. Specifically, it is easier to obtain images when the planet is especially large (considerably larger than Jupiter), widely separated from its parent star, and hot so that it emits intense infrared radiation. However, in 2010 a team from NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory demonstrated that a vortex coronagraph could enable small telescopes to directly image planets. They did this by imaging the previously imaged HR 8799 planets using just a 1.5 m portion of the Hale Telescope.

NICMOS images
In 2009, an old NICMOS image was processed to show a predicted exoplanet around HR 8799. In 2011, three further exoplanets were rendered viewable in a NICMOS image taken in 1998, using advanced data processing. The image allows the planets' orbits to be better characterised, since they take many decades to orbit their host star.

Search for radio emissions
Starting in 2010, astronomers searched for radio emissions from the exoplanets orbiting HR 8799 using the radio telescope at Arecibo Observatory. Despite the large masses, warm temperatures, and brown dwarf-like luminosities, they failed to detect any emissions at 5 GHz down to a flux density detection threshold of 1.0 mJy.

See also
 List of exoplanets
 Direct imaging of extrasolar planets

Notes

References

External links

A-type main-sequence stars
Gamma Doradus variables
Pegasus (constellation)
218396
114189
8799
Pegasi, V342
Planetary systems with four confirmed planets
Lambda Boötis stars
Circumstellar disks
Durchmusterung objects


Alexandria Technical and Community College is a public community college in Alexandria, Minnesota. It is part of the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities (Minnesota State) system. Approximately 3,500 students are enrolled, with about 45% of those students being enrolled full-time.

Academics
Alexandria Technical and Community College offers over 50 degree programs, ranging from certificates to Associate of Science and Associate of Applied Science degrees. Several Associate of Arts degrees and transfer pathways are also offered.

Athletics
The college athletic teams known as the Legends compete in the Minnesota College Athletic Conference and are members of the National Junior College Athletic Association.

Alumni
Janice Ettle, winner of many running races, including the 1985 Twin Cities Marathon.

References

1961 establishments in Minnesota
Community colleges in Minnesota
Education in Douglas County, Minnesota
Universities and colleges established in 1961
Two-year colleges in the United States


Minnesota State College Southeast  is a public technical and community college with two campuses in Minnesota, one in  Red Wing and another in Winona. The two campuses were originally two separate vocational institutes. The college is part of the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system. The Red Wing campus is nationally renowned for its string instrument and brass instrument repair programs. There are only a few colleges in the nation which offer these programs. The United States Marine Corps and US Navy send their band instrument repair techs to the school.

The Winona campus was founded in 1949 as the Winona Area Vocational-Technical School. The current campus was opened in Winona in 1967. In 1971, the Red Wing Area Vocational-Technical Institute, was founded, opening doors to its new campus in 1973. The colleges merged under the Minnesota Technical College System in 1992.

In 2016, the college was granted a mission change to become a community and technical college, offering the associate of arts degree as well as technical programs. At that time the college changed its name to Minnesota State College Southeast.

Minnesota State College Southeast is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.

References

External links
 Official website

Two-year colleges in the United States
Community colleges in Minnesota
Universities and colleges established in 1949
Education in Winona County, Minnesota
Education in Goodhue County, Minnesota
1949 establishments in Minnesota


Wam is a village of Ziarat District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan.

The village was badly affected by the 2008 Ziarat earthquake, quake survivors were trying to shelter in the remains of their homes as temperatures plunged below zero.

References

Populated places in Ziarat District


Uncial 0159 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α 1040 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 6th century.

Description

The codex contains a small part of the Epistle to the Ephesians 4:21-24; 5:1-3, on one parchment leaf (24 cm by 17 cm). The text is written in two columns per page, 25 lines per page, in uncial letters. It is a palimpsest, the upper text is in Arabic, it contains the Gospel of Luke.

The Greek text of this codex is mixed. Kurt Aland placed it in Category III.

It is dated by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research to the 6th century.

The codex used to be held in Qubbat al-Khazna in Damascus. The present location of the codex is unknown. The manuscript is not accessible.

See also

 List of New Testament uncials
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Greek New Testament uncials
6th-century biblical manuscripts
Palimpsests


The 2008 NCAA Division II football season, part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division II level, began on August 30, 2008, and concluded with the NCAA Division II Football Championship on December 15, 2008, at Braly Municipal Stadium in Florence, Alabama, hosted by the University of North Alabama. The Minnesota–Duluth Bulldogs defeated the Northwest Missouri State Bearcats, 21–14, to win their first Division II national title.

The Harlon Hill Trophy was awarded to Bernard Scott, running back from Abilene Christian.

Conference and program changes

Brevard, Central State, Dixie State, and Seton Hill completed their transitions to Division II and became eligible for the postseason.

Regional realignment
The geographic names of the four super regions gave way to numerical names. The Northeast Region, with the addition of the CIAA, became Super Region 1; the Southeast Region minus the CIAA became Super Region 2. The Northwest Region, with the addition of the RMAC and loss of the defunct NCC, became Super Region 3, while the Southwest Region, minus the RMAC and with the addition of the GNAC (sponsoring football again after a two-year hiatus) became Super Region 4.

Conference standings

Super Region 1

Super Region 2

Super Region 3

Super Region 4

Conference summaries

Postseason

The 2008 NCAA Division II Football Championship playoffs involved 24 schools playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division II college football.

The tournament began on November 15, 2008, and concluded on December 13, 2008, with the 2008 NCAA Division II National Football Championship game at Braly Municipal Stadium near the campus of the University of North Alabama in Florence, Alabama.

In the championship game the University of Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs defeated the Northwest Missouri State University Bearcats, 21–14.

Participants

Bids by conference

Playoff format
The first-round games were conducted on the campus of one of the competing institutions as determined by the NCAA Division II Football Committee. Two teams in each super regional earned first-round byes. The first-round winners advanced to face a bye team in their super regional. Second-round winners met in the quarterfinals and quarterfinal winners advanced to play in the semifinals.

First-round, second-round, quarterfinal and semifinal games were played on the campus of one of the competing institutions as determined by the NCAA Division II Football Committee. The home team at the championship was determined by the Division II Football Committee and the Shoals National Championship Committee.

National television coverage
The championship game was played at Braly Municipal Stadium in Florence, Alabama and broadcast live on ESPN2 on December 16.

The semifinal games were broadcast on ESPN2 (North Alabama vs. Northwest Mo., 4pm EST) and ESPN Classic (California (PA) vs. Minnesota-Duluth, 12pm EST) on December 6.

The Superregional championship (quarterfinal) games were broadcast on ESPN2 and ESPN Classic on November 29.

Tournament Notes

Final standings

Bracket and standings

Super Regional 1

Super Regional 3

Super Regional 2

Super Regional 4

Semifinals and championship

Individual game results

Round 1

Seton Hill vs. American International
The Seton Hill Griffins deflected and intercepted a pass by the American International  quarterback Rob Parent with 5:45 left and scored with 5:02 remaining for a 14–7 win over the Yellow Jackets' in the first-ever NCAA playoff game for both programs.

S. Connecticut vs. West Chester
West Chester defeated Southern Connecticut State, 52–32, as Jackson Fagan rushed for 172 yards and three touchdowns. Fagan scored on runs of 61, 7 and 4 yards. QB Joe Wright threw for 250 yards and two touchdowns and the Golden Rams also scored on a 22-yard interception return by defensive tackle Scott Schiavo.

Wayne State vs. Chadron State

Wayne State quarterback Silas Fluellen completed 17 of 40 passes for 236 yards and a touchdown, but could not overcome the 243 yards and three touchdowns by Chadron State quarterback Joe McLain who left the game with an injury as the Eagles defeated the Wildcats, 23–17. Wayne State had four turnovers inside the 10-yard line in the game.

Minnesota State vs. Ashland

In its first ever home playoff game the Ashland University Eagles defeated the Minnesota State-Mankato Mavericks, 27–16. Quarterback Billy Cundiff threw a 66-yard scoring completion to Joe Horn with 11:56 remaining in the fourth quarter as the Eagles took the lead for good. Previously, Ashland was 0–3 in the school's playoff history.

Carson-Newman vs. Valdosta State
The Valdosta State Blazers fell behind early, but rallied in the second half to defeat Carson-Newman Eagles, 24–20. Ronnye Nelson ran for 83 rushing yards and 59 receiving yards for the Blazers. The win was the fifth straight playoff win for the Blazers, the defending NCAA Division II Champions.

Albany State vs. Tusculum

The Tusculum College Pioneers only led the final 3:31 of the game against the Albany State Rams, but scored on three fourth quarter drives to win 34–22. Senior quarterback Corey Russell finished the game with 87 yards rushing and two touchdowns on 15 carries and was 23-of-38 passing for 274 yards and three touchdowns for the Pioneers. Tusculum maintained its streak of no games lost at home in two seasons.

Nebraska-Omaha vs Pittsburg State
Quarterback Mark Smith scored a rushing touchdown that put the Pittsburg State Gorillas out of range of the late-surging University of Nebraska-Omaha Mavericks in a 33–21 win. The 24th-ranked Mavericks took the lead in game, 21–20, with 13:05 left in the game, but the Gorillas took back the lead, 26–21 with 5:27 left in the game. Smith scored on a 32-yard touchdown with 2:10 left in the game to seal the win. Smith finished with 365 yards of total offensive, including 212 rushing yards for the Gorillas.

C. Washington vs. West Texas
Keith Flemming put the West Texas A&M Buffaloes ahead for good with a 6-yard run late in the second quarter in a 49–42 victory over Central Washington Wildcats. Flemming ran for four touchdowns and Keith Null threw three touchdown passes (35 of 49 passes for 463 yards and one interception).

Round 2

West Chester vs. Bloomsburg
The West Chester Golden Rams got a late touchdown pass but failed to recover an onside kick as Bloomsburg held on for a 28–21 victory. A 62-yard interception return for a touchdown by Jesse Cooper in the fourth quarter gave the Huskies a 21–14 lead. Bloomsburg scored on a 28-yard touchdown pass with 3:41 left in the fourth to extend the lead to 28–14.

California (PA) vs. Seton Hill
California University of Pennsylvania's QB Kevin McCabe threw three touchdowns as the Vulcan's defeated Seton Hill, 48–7. McCabe completed 19 of 24 passes for 253 yards. Terrence Johnson ran an 82-yard kickoff return for a touchdown. Seton Hill's lone score came on a 30-yard fumble return for a touchdown.

Chadron State vs. Minnesota Duluth
Minnesota Duluth held Chadron State to just 8 yards rushing for the game in a 20–10 victory. The Bulldogs held the ball for nearly 40 minutes while gaining 388 yards in total offense. The Eagles gained 178 yards in total offense.

Ashland vs. Grand Valley State

The Grand Valley State, the top seed in Super Region 3, defeated Ashland University, 40–7. The Lakers scored on their first two possessions and built a 24–0 halftime lead. Ashland's only score came on the first play of the fourth quarter as quarterback Billy Cundiff hit Christian Livingston with an 8-yard touchdown pass. Grand Valley answered on the next offensive play with a 62-yard touchdown run. The Lakers' defense ended with eight sacks and nine tackles for lost yardage.

Valdosta State vs. North Alabama
North Alabama avenged last season's quarterfinal playoff loss to defending Division II Champion Valdosta State, 37–10, as QB A.J. Milwee threw for 167 yards and one touchdown and ran for another score. The Lions took a 16–3 halftime lead and scored two touchdowns in the third quarter and one in the fourth quarter to seal the win. Valdosta State only touchdown came as Dudley Spence returned a fumble 55-yard for a score in the fourth quarter.

Tusculum vs. Delta State

Delta State compiled 529 yards of offense as QB while Garrett DeWitt threw for 344 yards and backup quarterback Blake Barnes rushed for two touchdowns as the Statesmen defeated Tusculum, 27–19. The Statesmen defense held allowed 425 (310 in the air) but forced Tusculum into three turnovers. The win advanced Delta State to the Division II playoff quarterfinals for the third straight year.

Pittsburg State vs. Northwest Mo.
Northwest Missouri State came from behind to defeat Pittsburg State 38–35. Pittsburg State took the lead with 3 minutes, 30 seconds remaining, but QB Joel Osborn threw a 15-yard touchdown pass to Kendall Wright with 55 seconds left gave the Bearcats a victory. The Gorillas racked up 408 total yards of offense as QB Mark Smith rushed for 123 yards and passed for 185 yards.

West Texas vs. Abilene Christian
The Abilene Christian University Wildcats set a record for points in an NCAA playoff game (93) as they scored touchdowns on 13 of its 15 possessions in a 93–68 defeat of West Texas A&M. The Wildcats compiled 810 total yards as quarterback Billy Malone threw six touchdown passes, each to a different receiver, and completed 16 of 25 passes for 383 yards. Bernard Scott rushed for 292 yards on 19 carries and scored seven touchdowns.

West Texas was led by quarterback Keith Null (42-of-63, 595 yards, seven touchdowns), and Charly Martin who had 14 catches for 323 yards and five TDs as the Buffs compiled 721 total yards of offense.

The Wildcats will play Northwest Missouri State in the national quarterfinals, a rematch of ACU's 44–27 victory on Aug. 30.

Super Regional finals

California (PA) vs. Bloomsburg
California of Pennsylvania eliminated Bloomsburg University, 27–24, to advance to the semifinals. The Vulcans scored two third-quarter touchdowns to take a 27–17 lead, but Bloomsburg scored on a 1-yard run by quarterback Dan Latorre to close the gap to 27–24. The Huskies were attempting a game-winning drive, but the Vulcans linebacker Darren Burns forced a fumble by Latorre on a 28-yard quarterback draw and Brandon Gordon recovered the fumble for the
Vulcans. The Vulcans then ran out the clock.

Minnesota Duluth vs. Grand Valley
Sophomore linebacker Kiel Fechtelkotter intercepted a pass from Grand Valley State quarterback Brad Iciek in the second overtime to seal a 19–13 double-overtime victory. UMD scored a touchdown in the second overtime, but the Lakers blocked the extra-point attempt. Two plays later, Fechtelkotter made the interception, ending the game.

North Alabama vs. Delta State

The Lions avenged their only loss this season, defeating Delta State, 55–34. While defense gave up 541 yards in total offense to the Statesmen, they also forced six turnovers total and scored twice on defense (interception returns for touchdowns by Darron Dampier and Michael Johnson). Wide receiver Joemal Campbell caught two touchdown passes and blocked a punt for the Lions.

Northwest Mo. vs. Abilene Christian
Northwest Missouri State secured their fourth straight trip to the NCAA Division II semifinals with a 45–36 victory against Abilene Christian. The Bearcats' quarterback Joel Osborn threw for 247 yards (19-of-28) and two touchdowns. Backup quarterback Blake Bolles finished with 69 yards through the air and one touchdown pass, and 51 yards rushing and one touchdown run.

Semifinals

California (PA) vs. Minnesota Duluth
A week after upsetting Grand Valley State, the Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs advanced to the National Championship game with a 45–7 victory over California (Pa.).  The Bulldogs held the Vulcans to their lowest rushing total of the season, while forcing five turnovers. California had averaged nearly 200 yards rushing and 38 points per game this season. Isaac Odim rushed for 126 yards and scored four touchdowns for the Bulldogs.

North Alabama vs. Northwest Mo.
Northwest Missouri State Bearcats played turnover-free football while forcing two North Alabama turnovers en route to a 41–7 victory.  The Bearcats defense held North Alabama to one touchdown as they advanced to their fourth straight national championship game.

Championship

The Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs won the school's first NCAA Division II football championship in a 21–14 win over the Northwest Missouri State Bearcats. Minnesota Duluth's quarterback Ted Schlafke threw  38-yard touchdown pass to Tony Doherty with 14 seconds left in the second quarter to give the Bulldogs a 7–0 lead. Later he threw a  5-yard touchdown midway through the third quarter to Issac Odim for a 14–0 lead. Odim ran for a 4-yard touchdown early in the fourth quarter for a 21–0 lead. Northwest Missouri's first score came on a 44-yard interception return by Aldwin Foster-Rettig cutting the score to 21–7. The Bearcats cut the lead to 21–14 as Raphael Robinson scored on a 2-yard touchdown catch with 1:36 left in the game. Minnesota Duluth recovered an onside kick attempt and ran out the clock.

Minnesota Duluth finished the season with a 15–0 record. Northwest Missouri ended the season with a 13–2 record and suffered its fourth consecutive loss in the Division II championship game.

See also
 2008 NCAA Division II National Football Championship game
 2008 NCAA Division I FBS football season
 2008 NCAA Division I FCS football season
 2008 NCAA Division III football season
 2008 NAIA football season

References


Ísak Guttormsson was, from 1583 to 1588, Lawman of the Faroe Islands.

Ísak Guttormsson lived on Suðuroy, Faroe Islands, where he had land in Nes and Vágur. He was the son of Guttormur Andrasson, former Lawman of the Faroe Islands. Little else is known about Guttormsson.

References

G.V.C. Young's textbook Færøerne - fra vikingetiden til reformationen, 1982
Løgtingið 150 - Hátíðarrit. Tórshavn 2002, Bind 2, S. 366. (Avsnitt Føroya løgmenn fram til 1816) (PDF-Download)

Lawmen of the Faroe Islands
16th-century heads of government
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
16th-century Norwegian people


Nadia Hațegan (born 13 August 1979 in Mediaş, Romania) is a retired  Romanian artistic gymnast. She was a double world champion with the team (1994 and 1995) and a three time gold medalist at  European Championships (1992, 1993, and 1994).

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Romanian female artistic gymnasts
Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
European champions in gymnastics
20th-century Romanian women
Sportspeople from Mediaș


The Thomas–Fermi (TF) model, named after Llewellyn Thomas and Enrico Fermi, is a quantum mechanical theory for the electronic structure of many-body systems developed semiclassically shortly after the introduction of the Schrödinger equation. It stands separate from wave function theory as being formulated in terms of the electronic density alone and as such is viewed as a precursor to modern density functional theory. The Thomas–Fermi model is correct only in the limit of an infinite nuclear charge. Using the approximation for realistic systems yields poor quantitative predictions, even failing to reproduce some general features of the density such as shell structure in atoms and Friedel oscillations in solids. It has, however, found modern applications in many fields through the ability to extract qualitative trends analytically and with the ease at which the model can be solved. The kinetic energy expression of Thomas–Fermi theory is also used as a component in more sophisticated density approximation to the kinetic energy within modern orbital-free density functional theory.

Working independently, Thomas and Fermi used this statistical model in 1927 to approximate the distribution of electrons in an atom. Although electrons are distributed nonuniformly in an atom, an approximation was made that the electrons are distributed uniformly in each small volume element ΔV (i.e. locally) but the electron density  can still vary from one small volume element to the next.

Kinetic energy
For a small volume element ΔV, and for the atom in its ground state,  we can fill out a  spherical momentum space volume VF  up to the Fermi momentum pF , and thus,

where  is the position vector of a point in ΔV.

The corresponding phase space volume is

The electrons in ΔVph  are distributed uniformly  with two electrons per h3 of this phase space volume, where h is Planck's constant. Then the number of electrons in ΔVph  is

The number of electrons in ΔV  is

where  is the electron number density.

Equating the number of electrons in ΔV  to that in ΔVph  gives,

The fraction of electrons at  that have momentum between p and p+dp is,

Using the classical expression for the kinetic energy of an electron with mass me, the kinetic energy per unit volume at  for the electrons of the atom is,

where a previous expression relating  to  has been used and,

Integrating the kinetic energy per unit volume  over all space, results in the total kinetic energy of the electrons,

This result shows that the total kinetic energy of the electrons can be expressed in terms of only the spatially varying electron density  according to the Thomas–Fermi model. As such, they were able to calculate the energy of an atom using this expression for the kinetic energy combined with the classical expressions for the nuclear-electron and electron-electron interactions (which can both also be represented in terms of the electron density).

Potential energies
The potential energy of an atom's electrons, due to the electric attraction of the positively charged nucleus is,

where  is the potential energy of an electron at  that is due to the electric field of the nucleus.
For the case of a nucleus centered at  with charge Ze, where Z is a positive integer and e is the elementary charge,

The potential energy of the electrons due to their mutual electric repulsion is,

Total energy
The total energy of the electrons is the sum of their kinetic and potential energies,

Thomas–Fermi equation
In order to minimize the energy E while keeping the number of electrons constant, we add a Lagrange multiplier term of the form
,
to E.  Letting the variation with respect to n vanish then gives the equation

which must hold wherever  is nonzero.   If we define the total potential  by

then

If the nucleus is assumed to be a point with charge Ze at the origin, then  and  will both be functions only of the radius , and we can define φ(r) by

where a0 is the Bohr radius.  From using the above equations together with Gauss's law, φ(r) can be seen to satisfy the Thomas–Fermi equation

For chemical potential μ = 0, this is a model of a neutral atom, with an infinite charge cloud where  is everywhere nonzero and the overall charge is zero, while for μ < 0, it is a model of a positive ion, with a finite charge cloud and positive overall charge.  The edge of the cloud is where φ(r)=0.  For μ > 0, it can be interpreted as a model of a compressed atom, so that negative charge is squeezed into a smaller space.  In this case the atom ends at the radius r where dφ/dr = φ/r.

Inaccuracies and improvements
Although this was an important first step, the Thomas–Fermi equation's accuracy is limited because the resulting expression for the kinetic energy is only approximate, and because the method does not attempt to represent the exchange energy of an atom as a conclusion of the Pauli exclusion principle. A term for the exchange energy was added by Dirac in 1930.

However, the Thomas–Fermi–Dirac theory remained rather inaccurate for most applications. The largest source of error was in the representation of the kinetic energy, followed by the errors in the exchange energy, and due to the complete neglect of electron correlation.

In 1962, Edward Teller showed that Thomas–Fermi theory cannot describe molecular bonding – the energy of any molecule calculated with TF theory is higher than the sum of the energies of the constituent atoms. More generally, the total energy of a molecule decreases when the bond lengths are uniformly increased. This can be overcome by improving the expression for the kinetic energy.

One notable historical improvement to the Thomas–Fermi kinetic energy is the Weizsäcker (1935) correction,

which is the other notable building block of orbital-free density functional theory. The problem with the inaccurate modelling of the kinetic energy in the Thomas–Fermi model, as well as other orbital-free density functionals, is circumvented in Kohn–Sham density functional theory with a fictitious system of non-interacting electrons whose kinetic energy expression is known.

See also
 Thomas–Fermi screening
 Thomas–Fermi approximation for the degeneracy of states

Further reading

 R. P. Feynman, N. Metropolis, and E. Teller.   "Equations of State of Elements Based on the Generalized Thomas-Fermi Theory".  Physical Review 75, #10 (May 15, 1949), pp. 1561-1573.

References

Atomic physics
Density functional theory


The Norton Manx or Manx Norton is a British racing motorcycle that was  made from 1947 to 1962 by Norton Motors Ltd. Norton had contested every Isle of Man TT race from the inaugural 1907 event through into the 1970s, a feat unrivalled by any other manufacturer, and the development and honing of the Manx racing motorcycle was another step in this racing achievement.

New Manx Nortons, built to various specifications are still available to buy new, from various suppliers around the world. These should not be confused with Norton production motorcycles even though they suit different categories and definitions of Classic Motorcycle Racing and Historic Motorcycle Racing in different countries around the world.

Norton's first use of the name 'Manx' was applied to the 'Manx Grand Prix' model available from 1936-1940, a special racing version of their 'International' roadster, with telescopic forks and a plunger rear suspension, magnesium for the crankcases and cambox, and no provision for lighting.  Just after WW2, the 'Grand Prix' was dropped, and Norton named their 1947 racing model the 'Manx'. It was a lightly redesigned prewar racing Norton International, an overhead cam single-cylinder machine available as a 350cc or 500cc. The Norton factory race bikes under team manager Joe Craig were experimental models, and a version was available for sale from the factory in Bracebridge Street - to selected customers. Fitted with the McCandless brothers'  Featherbed frame for 1950, the Manx gained a new lease of racing life as a racing machine, the new frame giving the fine steering necessary for high speed navigation of some very fast racing circuits of the time.

The last Bracebridge Street (the original home of Norton) Manx Nortons were sold in 1963. Even though Norton had pulled out of International Grand Prix racing in 1954, the Manx had become the backbone of privateer racing. The Classic Motorcycle Racing movement from the 1970s onwards has seen relatively large numbers of Manxs return to the track, and a flourishing supply of parts and services has appeared all around the world to nourish this demand.

Development

The Norton Manx was developed to win the Isle of Man TT from single overhead cam international racers by Norton racing team engineer Joe Craig. The double overhead cam configuration was developed in 1937 and after many problems perfected one year later. The Manx was delayed by the outbreak of World War II but reemerged for the 1946 Manx Grand Prix. The motorcycle was upgraded with new telescopic forks and in 1948 gained twin leading shoe brakes. In 1950 the innovative Featherbed frame was developed, giving the Manx a significant competitive advantage through a low centre of gravity and short wheelbase that was perfectly suited the challenging island TT course. The all-welded, tubular featherbed frame was light and trim, without the usual forgings that added unnecessary weight. In 1950, the featherbed Manx recorded a double hat-trick of podium positions at the TT. The Manx engine was redesigned in 1953 with a much shorter stroke of  to improve the rev range.

The major 1954 upgrade to the Manx was to have been an engine with the cylinder mounted horizontally to give a much lower centre of gravity – along the lines of the Moto Guzzi and Benelli racers. However, a decline in sales in the mid 1950s prompted a number of manufacturers to withdraw from GP racing in 1954, and Nortons did likewise. The Norton F Type Manx, as it was to have been, still exists, and restored is displayed in the Sammy Millers Museum Collection. With Nortons withdrawal from racing, Joe Craig retired after more than 25 years of coaxing ever more power and reliability from his single cylinder Cammy racers. The bike had several wins at the Bol d'Or from 1958 to 1971.

Les Archer Norton Manx MX

British racer Les Archer, Jr. worked with frame specialist Ron Hankins and engine tuner Ray Petty to develop a Norton Manx for motocross competition. The double-overhead-cam, short-stroke Norton Manx road racing engine was fitted into a Hankins frame and finished with an aluminium tank and titanium axles. His earlier Manx MX was successful, winning the 1956 F.I.M. 500 cc European Motocross Championship, but even the later updated 1962 machine was not able to compete with the emerging two-stroke bikes of the middle 1960s.

Car racing
Manx Nortons also played a significant role in the development of post war car racing. At the end of 1950, the English national 500 cc regulations were adopted as the new Formula 3. The JAP Speedway engine had dominated the category initially but the Manx was capable of producing significantly more power and became the engine of choice. Many complete motorcycles were bought in order to strip the engine for 500 cc car racing, as Norton would not sell separate engines. Manx rolling chassis were frequently sold on and paired with Triumph 500 cc twin engines to create Triton cafe racers.

Endings and beginnings
1962 was the last full year for the production Norton Manx. In July AMC announced the transfer of production from Bracebridge Street to Woolwich in London. Forty two Manx Nortons were produced between November 1962 and January 1963.  In 1966 Colin Seeley purchased what remained of the spares and tools, which he eventually sold on to John Tickle in 1969. When Godfrey Nash rode a Norton Manx to victory at the 1969 Yugoslavian Grand Prix at the Opatija Circuit, it would mark the last time that a 500cc Grand Prix race was won on a single-cylinder machine.

John Tickle took over the Manx name when Norton ceased production and acquired a large quantity of spare parts. He also manufactured complete racers, called the Manx T5 (500) and T3 (350). Both used the short-stroke Manx engines in a frame designed by Tickle but he could not compete against the Japanese racers and sold his stock and the rights in the late 1970s to Unity Equipe, a retail spares business in Rochdale, UK. Bernie Allen of Wiltshire obtained the rights to manufacture the Manx in 1989 and manufacture a limited number of machines in 1992 and 1993 under the name Allen Norton.

The manufacturing rights then passed in 1994 to Andy Molnar, an engineer based in Preston, UK who firstly produced parts faithful to the original 1961 drawings, followed by engines then complete machines named Molnar Manx. A road-version with alternator and 'softer' engine spec is also available in conjunction with ex-racer Steve Tonkin, called Tonkin Tornado with a 2013 base-price of £34,000 (GBP).

References

External links

 Norton Manx story

Manx
Racing motorcycles
Grand Prix motorcycles


The St. Ivan Rilski Chapel (St. John of Rila Chapel, ) at the Bulgarian base St. Kliment Ohridski on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands is the first Eastern Orthodox edifice in Antarctica, the southernmost Eastern Orthodox building of worship in the world (cf. Trinity Church, Antarctica), and one of eight churches on Antarctica.

History
The chapel was named after patron of the Bulgarians, St. Ivan Rilski. It was built with the assistance of the Bulgarian Antarctic scientific team, whose research season from the beginning of the winter until the beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere. During this time, the base employs a total of between 12 and 15 people, geologists, biologists, doctors, meteorologists, botanists and others.

The three foundation stones of the 3.5 by 3.5 m building were laid on 9 December 2001 by deacon Lyubomir Bratoev, who participated in the tenth Antarctic expedition the next year.

The chapel was shipped in pieces totaling three cubic meters and three tons, via a Spanish ship. The completed chapel was consecrated on 9 February 2003.

The chapel’s bell was donated by Nikola Vasilev, ex-Vice Premier of Bulgaria who worked as a doctor at the Bulgarian base in the 1993/94 season, while the roof cross was donated by the Bulgarian artist Dicho Kapushev.  The chapel features an icon of Jesus Christ the Bridegroom by the Bulgarian artist Georgi Dimov, and an icon of St. Ivan Rilski donated by President Georgi Parvanov of Bulgaria, who visited and lit a candle in the chapel on 15 January 2005.

St. Ivan Rilski Chapel was provided with new premises in the 2011/12 season, situated on the northeast slopes of Pesyakov Hill nearer to the main buildings of the Bulgarian base.

See also
St. Kliment Ohridski Base
Livingston Island
Religion in Antarctica
Trinity Church, Antarctica

Maps
 Isla Livingston: Península Hurd. Mapa topográfico de escala 1:25000. Madrid: Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1991. (Map reproduced on p. 16 of the linked work)
 L.L. Ivanov. St. Kliment Ohridski Base, Livingston Island. Scale 1:1000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 1996. (The first Bulgarian Antarctic topographic map, in Bulgarian)
 L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands (from English Strait to Morton Strait, with illustrations and ice-cover distribution). Scale 1:100000 topographic map.  Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005
 L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map.  Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.
 Antarctica, South Shetland Islands, Livingston Island: Bulgarian Antarctic Base. Sheets 1 and 2. Scale 1:2000 topographic map. Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre Agency, 2016. (in Bulgarian)
 Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
 L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.

References

External links

Creations by the icon painter Georgi Dimov even at the South Pole. Sega Daily, 22 February 2003. (in Bulgarian)
 Ivanov, L. and N. Ivanova. The World of Antarctica. Generis Publishing, 2022. pp. 24–30.  (2014 Bulgarian edition of the book)
 Ivanov, L. General Geography and History of Livingston Island. In: Bulgarian Antarctic Research: A Synthesis. Eds. C. Pimpirev and N. Chipev. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2015. pp. 17–28.

Churches completed in 2003
Chapels in Antarctica
Outposts of Antarctica
Bulgaria and the Antarctic
Christian organizations established in 2003
Livingston Island
21st-century Eastern Orthodox church buildings
Outposts of the South Shetland Islands
2003 establishments in Antarctica


Zeenat Quraishi Karzai (born 1970) is the wife of former President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai and was the First Lady of Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014. Originally from the city of Kandahar, she moved to Kabul, where she lived at the Arg (the Presidential palace) with her husband and their four children.

Education and career
Born in 1970 and raised in Kandahar, Afghanistan, the daughter of a civil servant, Zenat Quraishi moved to Kabul after high school to attend Kabul University.

She was a gynaecologist by profession and worked in hospitals treating Afghan refugees in Pakistan before she married Hamid Karzai.

Family
She is an ethnic Pashtun.  Zeenat belongs to the Quraish family line and her husband Karzai is from the Popalzai tribe.

In 1993, she and her family escaped from the civil war to neighboring Quetta in Balochistan, Pakistan.

She is a distant relative of Hamid Karzai.

They have one son and three daughters.

For a president who has been credited for helping the women of Afghanistan regain their civil rights, Karzai has been criticized for being overly conservative with his own spouse. Many have accused Karzai of keeping the first lady out of the media’s reach over fears of criticism from conservative mullahs and religious leaders.

See also

 Rula Ghani
 Queens of Afghanistan

References

First ladies of Afghanistan
Living people
Hamid Karzai
Zeenat
Pashtun women
People from Kandahar
2000s in Afghanistan
2010s in Afghanistan
21st-century Afghan politicians
21st-century Afghan women politicians
1970 births


The Academy of the New Church, Secondary Schools is an accredited, private, 9th through 12th-grade Girls School and Boys School, located in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania, United States. The school is affiliated with the General Church of New Jerusalem's educational arm, the Academy of the New Church, along with the Bryn Athyn College of the New Church, the Academy of the New Church Theological School and others. It was established in 1876.

History
Its primary goal was to prepare men for the priesthood of the New Church. Following the establishment of the Theological School and a collegiate department, later to become Bryn Athyn College, the Boys School opened in 1881. In 1884, a girls' school, privately set up by Sarah DeCharms Hibbard, merged with the Academy.

At the start of the 20th century, the schools relocated to what was then the countryside near Philadelphia, in Montgomery County. Funding from PPG Industries founder John Pitcairn enabled the construction of the new campus. Later, in the 1960s, the college moved to a separate, adjacent campus.

Notable alumni

 Rakeem Christmas – Power forward (basketball) at Syracuse University and Indiana Pacers
 John Rienstra - Guard (American football) at Pittsburgh Steelers (1986-1990) and Cleveland Browns (1991-1992)
 Marcus Gilbert - Small forward at Fairfield University
 Hugo Salinas Price - Mexican businessperson

References

External links

Christian schools in Pennsylvania
Private high schools in Pennsylvania
Educational institutions established in 1876
Schools in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
1876 establishments in Pennsylvania
Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania
General Church of the New Jerusalem
Boarding schools in Pennsylvania