Black suffrage refers to black people's right to vote and has long been an issue in countries established under conditions of black minorities.

United States

Suffrage in the United States has had many advances and setbacks. Prior to the Civil War and the Reconstruction Amendments to the U.S. Constitution some free Black men in the United States were given the right to vote. However, this right was often abridged, or taken away. Following Emancipation, Black people were theoretically equal before the law, including theoretical suffrage for Black women from 1920. Black men were given voting rights in 1870, while black women were effectively banned until the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

When the United States Constitution was ratified (1789), a  small number of free blacks were among the voting citizens (male property owners) in some states.  Most black men in the United States did not gain the right to vote until after the American Civil War. In 1870, the 15th Amendment was ratified to prohibit states from denying a male citizen the right to vote based on “race, color or previous condition of servitude." This was before the former Confederate States of America implemented "Jim Crow" regulations that had the effect of denying the vote to many Blacks.

"Black suffrage" in the United States in the aftermath of the American Civil War explicitly referred to the voting rights of only black men. All women still had many hurdles to face before obtaining this right.

The passage of the 19th Amendment, which was ratified by the United States Congress on August 18 and certified as law on August 26, 1920 technically granted women the right to vote. In fall 1920, many Black women showed up at the polls.  It was only after the Voting Rights Act was passed nearly a half century later, on August 6, 1965, that black women voted freely.

Australia

The Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902 restricted the right of Aboriginal Australians to vote in Australian federal elections. This Act was changed in 1962, when the Commonwealth Electoral Act was amended.

British Empire and United Kingdom

 Beginning in 1265, a small number of landed aristocrats and gentry had the right to vote for members of the Parliament of England and Knights of the Shire. From 1432, only forty-shilling freeholders held the parliamentary franchise. Suffrage was restricted to males by custom rather than statute.
 Olaudah Equiano and the London Corresponding Society (founded 1792) argued for expanded suffrage. Also see: Radicalism (historical). The vote was restricted to adult males and also by property qualifications, but never by race. The first black person known to have voted in a British election was Ignatius Sancho who qualified in Westminster in 1774 and 1780.
 The Reform Act 1832 extended the vote to landed middle class men.
Incremental reform continued with various Reform Acts,
The Representation of the People Act 1918 ended property qualification for male suffrage.
The Equal Suffrage Act 1928 ended property qualifications for female suffrage.
Citizens of Crown Colonies did not have the right to vote for the government of the British Empire.
Colonial Jamaica sometimes had partial privileges to elect leaders. The Constitution of Jamaica provided for partial voting rights.
The British monarchy appointed all leaders of Colonial Sierra Leone until 1953; the 1962 Sierra Leonean general election was the country's first election with universal suffrage.
The West Indies Federation (1958–1962) was slated to become autonomous but never did; a number of its member states have since achieved autonomy.
 Non-UK Commonwealth citizens residing in the UK have full voting rights as they are recognised as citizens. Prior to the British Nationality Act 1981 Commonwealth Citizens were officially called British Subjects and always counted as such in law. When the first British Nationality Act 1948 was passed it reconfirmed this right and also statutorily defined citizenship rights for British Protected Persons which before 1948 was granted solely by royal prerogative unlike for British Subject/Commonwealth Citizens.

 Republic of Ireland citizens,  although not Commonwealth Citizens still enjoy full voting rights in the UK, occupying the unique position of Foreigners with British subject hood.

South Africa

Cape Colony
 The Cape Qualified Franchise restricted voting by property ownership but not explicitly by race.
In 1853, the Queen authorized a Cape Colony parliament, which drafted a Constitution with no explicit racial restriction.
Cape Colony's "Responsible Government" Constitution, issued in 1872, explicitly prohibited racial discrimination.
Under Prime Minister Gordon Sprigg, the Colony passed the 1877 "Registration Bill", disenfranchising Black communal land owners.
The Franchise and Ballot Act of 1892 raised the threshold for suffrage from £25 to £75, accomplishing de facto disenfranchisement of many non-White voters

South Africa
 The Representation of Natives Act, 1936 moved Black South Africans onto separate voter rolls
 Apartheid in South Africa refers to a period of heavily legislated white supremacy during which Black suffrage was heavily restricted.
 The Coloured vote constitutional crisis in the 1950s originated with the Separate Representation of Voters Act, 1951, an attempt to revoke suffrage for Coloured voters. The Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act, 1968 fully revoked Coloured representation in Parliament, creating the distinct Coloured Persons Representative Council.
 The Promotion of Bantu Self-government Act, 1959 ended Black representation in Parliament through the creation of Bantustans; Black citizenship was transferred fully to Bantustans by the Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act, 1970
 South Africa's 1983 Constitution, approved by the White-only constitutional reform referendum, created the Tricameral Parliament, giving representation in separate Chambers to Coloured and Indian voters. Coloured voters were represented in the House of Representatives of South Africa.
 The South African Constitution of 1993, also known as the Interim Constitution, provided for the 1994 South African general election: the first South African election with Universal suffrage for adults. The date—27 April—is celebrated as a national holiday called "Freedom Day".
 The current Constitution of South Africa, adopted in 1997, protects all citizens' right to vote in Chapter Two.

Namibia
 Germany took official control in 1884; it was known as German South-West Africa. German sovereignty was contested by the Khaua-Mbandjeru Rebellion and the Herero Wars, which were brutally suppressed.
 South Africa gained control of the area during World War I. It eventually governed South-West Africa under apartheid laws and divided the area into ten bantustans.
 Many residents recognized SWAPO, not South Africa, as the legitimate authority.  The United Nations recognized SWAPO as Namibia's legitimate representative in 1972.
 The 22-year Namibian War of Independence culminated in the New York Accords of 1988, leading to Namibia's first free election in November 1989.
 The Constitution of Namibia, adopted in 1990, provides in Article 28 for "direct, universal and equal suffrage".

France
 Before the Revolution, only some local elections were held, the first real national suffrage appeared in 1791.
 From 1791, France installed several male suffrage systems, alternating between census and universal suffrage. In mainland France, there was no racial criterion to be a voter so technically from this date, Black (male) voters existed and received the same rights as non-Blacks. They were still rare as segregation in France was not based directly on skin color or racialism but on the status as a slave or as a free human. Later it would be based on status as a mainland citizen or as a colony citizen.
 From there, through the first half of the 19th century, frequent changes in the national government caused the colonies (where most slaves were, as their presence was restricted in mainland France) to have different rules than mainland France, often illegally. Several uprising occurred in the colonies during this period and the colonial rules diverged considerably from mainland France.
 In mainland France:
 In 1794 the government abolished slavery.
 In 1802 Napoleon Bonaparte re-established slavery and, possibly owing to his disagreements with Thomas-Alexandre Dumas, a black general, forbade Blacks and people of mixed-ancestry (mulâtres) to enter mainland France.
 In 1815 slave trade was abolished, but not slavery
 In 1848 slavery is formally abolished in France and all slaves are freed.
 In the French Colonial Empire, however, most indigenous people were not recognized as full French citizens and therefore often did not have the right to vote:
Vincent Ogé, who had been working in Paris during the Revolution, returned to the island slave colony of Saint-Domingue and demanded voting rights. Ogé led an insurrection in 1790 and was executed in 1791. Enslaved people took control of the island in the subsequent Revolution and established the Republic of Haiti. (Elections were held but the democracy was not stable.)
France promoted a model of assimilation according to which Blacks and indigenous people could gain voting (and other) rights by successfully conforming to French culture. These high-status Blacks were known as les Évoluées.
 People living in French colonies primarily fell under the Code de l'indigénat. Les indigènes had some voting privileges, but these could be modified without their consent.
Following the Revolution of 1848, France granted limited representation to the Four Communes of Senegal. Ordinary residents of these cities gained full voting rights in 1916 after the election of Blaise Diagne.
 Lamine Guèye (another Senegalese politician) also achieved expanded voting rights ("Loi Lamine Guèye") for people in the colonies.
Residents of African colonies were permitted to vote in the 1958 French constitutional referendum, which established the French Community. Most colonies voted for independence, resulting in the creation of 17 Black nations in the Year of Africa.

Belgian Congo

 Black men and women in the Belgian Congo voted for the first time in municipal elections of 1957.
 The first nationwide election was the 1960 Belgian Congo general election.

See also
 Decolonization of Africa
 Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
 Racial Equality Proposal, 1919
 Universal suffrage
 Women's suffrage
 Right of foreigners to vote
 Voting rights of Australian Aborigines
 Black nationalism

References

External links

 Teaching With Vanguard: How Black Women Broke Barriers, Won the Vote, and Insisted on Equality for All. Lesson by Ursula Wolfe-Rocca.

Further reading

Black (human racial classification)
Civil rights and liberties
People of African descent
Suffrage


The following highways are numbered 426:

Japan
 Japan National Route 426

United States
 Florida:
  Florida State Road 426
  Florida State Road 426A (former)
  County Road 426 (Seminole County, Florida) (unsigned)
  County Road 426A (Seminole County, Florida)
  Louisiana Highway 426
  Maryland Route 426
  Nevada State Route 426
  New York State Route 426
  Pennsylvania Route 426
  Puerto Rico Highway 426


Richard John Rosmini (October 4, 1936 – September 9, 1995) was an American guitarist, at one time considered the best 12-string guitarist in the world. He was best known for his role in the American "folk revival" of the 1960s.

Life
Rosmini was born in New York City and grew up in Greenwich Village, where he learned guitar and began performing in clubs.  During the 1960s, he was employed as the main jewelry photographer for Tiffany & Co.

His 1964 album Adventures for 12 String, 6 String, and Banjo, predates much of John Fahey and Leo Kottke and other American primitive guitarists, which Kottke cited as an early influence. Rosmini was also a noted banjo player. He appeared as a sideman with Bob Gibson at Chicago's Gate of Horn; with Art Podell & Paul Potash at New York's Cafe Wha?; as soloist and singer at Los Angeles' Ash Grove; with Barbara Dane in a concert tour with Bob Newhart; and in association with Pernell Roberts in Bonanza. Rosmini continued his career in music as a sideman on numerous folk albums, including those by Bob Gibson, Eric Weissberg, Dave Van Ronk, Ananda Shankar, Hoyt Axton and others before leaving music to pursue a career in photography.

He subsequently taught recording for over a decade at the University of Southern California and had a hand in the evolution of motion picture sound into its present-day form. In 1978 he wrote a booklet on multitrack recording called TEAC Multitrack Primer. His constant fight to make audio electronics accessible to musicians led to his development of many of Tascam's multitrack and portable multitrack recorders and mixers. He was a consultant to JBL on the musical instrument transducer K-series 120 and 130. He co-designed JBL studio monitors and participated in their integration into Hollywood's top studios.

He died on September 9, 1995, of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis at the age of 58.

Discography
 1964: Adventures for 12-String, 6-String and Banjo (Elektra)
 1969: A Genuine Rosmini (Imperial)
 1973: Sessions (JBL)
 1974: Home Made with Teac

Soundtracks
 1976: Original Soundtrack Recording from the Paramount Motion Picture Leadbelly
 1979: Original Soundtrack Recording from the United Artists Motion Picture The Black Stallion

With others
 1957: I Come For To Sing, Bob Gibson
 1958: There's a Meetin' Here Tonight, Bob Gibson
 1960: Songs Of Earth And Sky, Art and Paul
 1961: Hangin', Drinkin' And Stuff Art and Paul
 1961: Van Ronk Sings, Dave Van Ronk
 1963: Come All Ye Fair And Tender Ladies, Pernell Roberts
 1964: A Folksinger’s Choice, Theodore Bikel
 1964: Changes, Modern Folk Quartet
 1967: Steve Gillette, Steve Gillette
 1968: Song Cycle, Van Dyke Parks
 1969: Greatest Hits, Phil Ochs
 1969: Farewell Aldebaran, Judy Henske & Jerry Yester
 1969: Bob Gibson, Bob Gibson
 1969: The Moonstone, Tommy Flanders
 1969: Sausalito Heliport, Gale Garnett & The Gentle Reign
 1970: To Be Free, Jackie DeShannon
 1970: California Stop Over, Johnny Darrell
 1970: Ananda Shankar, Ananda Shankar
 1971: Sweet Country Suite, Larry Murray
 1971: Songs, Paul Parrish
 1971: Cyrus, Cyrus Faryar
 1971: Songs, Jackie DeShannon
 1972: Let's Spend the Night Together, Claudine Longet
 1972: Malvina, Malvina Reynolds
 1973: Duelin' Banjo, Doug Dillard
 1973: Islands, Cyrus Faryar
 1974: Digby Richards, Digby Richards
 1974: Richard Ruskin, Rick Ruskin
 1974: You Don't Need a Reason to Sing, Doug Dillard
 1975: Microphone Fever, Rick Ruskin
 1975: Southbound, Hoyt Axton
 1977: Six String Conspiracy, Rick Ruskin
 1977: Roadsongs, Hoyt Axton
 1977: More Rod '77, Rod McKuen

References

External links
 Illustrated Dick Rosmini discography

1936 births
1995 deaths
Elektra Records artists


The following highways are numbered 428:

Canada
Manitoba Provincial Road 428

Japan
 Japan National Route 428

United States
  Louisiana Highway 428
  Maryland Route 428
  Nevada State Route 428 (former)
  New York State Route 428 (former)
  Pennsylvania Route 428
  Puerto Rico Highway 428


Bihari cuisine is eaten mainly in the eastern Indian state of Bihar, as well as in the places where people originating from the state of Bihar have settled: Jharkhand, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bangladesh, Nepal, Mauritius, South Africa, Fiji, some cities of Pakistan, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, Jamaica, and the Caribbean. Bihari cuisine includes Angika cuisine , Bhojpuri cuisine, Maithil cuisine and Magahi cuisine.

The cuisine of Bihar is largely similar to North indian cuisine and East Indian cuisines. It is highly seasonal; watery foods such as watermelon and sharbat made from the pulp of the wood-apple fruit are consumed mainly in the summer months, while dry foods such as preparations made of sesame seeds and poppy seeds are consumed more frequently in the winter months.

Bihari cuisine include litti chokha, a baked salted wheat-flour cake filled with sattu (baked chickpea flour) and some special spices, which is served with baigan bharta, made of roasted eggplant (brinjal) and tomatoes. Dairy products are consumed frequently throughout the year, including dahi (yogurt), spiced buttermilk (known as mattha), ghee, lassi and butter.

There are numerous Bihari meat dishes, with chicken and mutton being the most common. Fish dishes are especially common in the Mithila region of North Bihar due to the number of rivers, such as the Sone, Gandak, Ganges and Koshi. Among meat dishes, meat saalan is a popular dish made of mutton or goat curry with cubed potatoes in garam masala. Dalpuri is another popular dish in Bihar. It is salted wheat-flour bread, filled with boiled, crushed, and fried gram pulses.

Malpua is a popular sweet dish of Bihar, prepared by a mixture of maida, milk, bananas, cashew nuts, peanuts, raisins, sugar, water, and green cardamom. Another notable sweet dish of Bihar is balushahi, which is prepared by a specially treated combination of maida and sugar along with ghee, and the other worldwide famous sweet, khaja is made from flour, vegetable fat, and sugar, which is mainly used in weddings and other occasions. Silao near Nalanda is famous for its production. During the festival of Chhath, thekua, a sweet dish made of ghee, jaggery, and whole-meal flour, flavoured with aniseed, is made.

Bihari thali
As the seasons change so does the Bihari thali, every 3–4 months. The constants are rice, roti, achar, chatni, dals and milk products, with some variation.

For the frying and tempering (chhounkna / tadka) of certain vegetable dishes, Bihari cuisine makes use of vegetable oil or mustard oil and panch phoron — literally the "five spices": fennel seed (saunf), black mustard seed (), fenugreek seed (), cumin seed () and nigella seed ( or ). There is a lot of light frying () in Bihari cuisine.

One remarkable tradition is "smoked food", referring to the use of smoked red chilli to infuse a strong aroma in food. Smoked chilli is used in preparing chokhaa, i.e. mashed brinjals / potatoes / tomatoes, either single or combined. Smoked chilli is also used in preparing kadam chutney (the kadam is a common fruit that is sweet-sour in taste).

Traditional cuisine

 Kadhi bari - These fried soft dumplings made of besan (gram flour) are cooked in a spicy gravy of yogurt and besan. They go well with plain rice.

 Khichdi - A mix of rice, dal and several vegetables, steamed together to give a distinctive taste of different ingredients combined in one dish. It is often topped up with ghee.

 Ghugni - A preparation made of black grams soaked (either lightly or overnight) in water and then sautéed in mustard oil in a wok. All kinds of garam masala made as paste on a sil is used for flavouring; chana is also ground to form a paste used as thickener. This thickens the masala and makes gravy as per desire. After proper seasoning and bhunjana, water is added to the mix for gravy as desired.

 Pittha - A sort of dumpling that can be either salty or sweet. It is a semi-circular or ball-shaped preparation whose crust is made of soft rice flour and filled with preparations made of channa daal lentil paste, or poppy seeds and gur (jaggery), then steamed in water or milk and allowed to thicken.
 Sattu - Powdered baked gram, an energy-giving food usually mixed with water or milk. Sometimes, sattu mixed with spices is used to prepare stuffed , locally known as .
 Dhuska - A deep-fried item prepared from a mixture of powdered rice and ghee, and salted.
 Litti - Powdered baked gram is mixed with chopped onions, green chillies, lemon juice, and coriander leaves. This mixture is filled inside atta and either barbecued over coal or deep-fried with oil. Best accompanied with ghee, curd and baigan chokha or aloo chokha.

Regional

Angika cuisine predominantly consumed in the Anga region, is characterized by the use of mustard oil, fish, and bamboo shoots. The famous Bihari Fish Curry and Sarse Baingan (a mustard preparation of eggplant) are beloved Angika delicacies. Other Angika cuisines are Ghugni-Mudi , Thekua.

 Bhojpuri cuisine is a style of food preparation common amongst the Bhojpuri people who reside in the Bhojpuri region of India and Nepal. Bhojpuri foods are mostly mild and are less hot in term of spices used, but could be hotter and spicier according to individual preference. The food is tailor-made for Bhojpuri lifestyle in which the rural folk expend many calories in the fields.
 Maithil cuisine also known as Mithila cuisine, is a part of Indian and Nepalese cuisine. It is the traditional cooking style of Maithils residing in the Mithila region of India and Nepal. Maithil cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of rice, wheat, fish and meat dishes and the use of various spices, herbs and natural edibles. The cuisine is categorized by types of food for various events, from banquets, to weddings and parties, festival foods, and travel foods.
 Magahi cuisine. () is a style of food preparation common amongst the Magahis living in Magadh region of Bihar, India. The food is tailor-made for Magadhi lifestyle. Magahi people take pride in celebrating various festivals and religious rites with food; as a result, their food resembles the delicacies offered to deities.

Appetizers

 Chaat
 Puchka/Ghup Chup/Pani Puri
 Chatni
 Jhal murhi
 Dahi bada
 Pakora
 Raita
 Tarua
 Kachauri
 Kachri

Breads

 Parauntha
 Aalu parauntha
 Sattu paratha
 Piyaz parauntha
 Posta-dana kaa paratha - filling of a paste made of poppy seeds soaked overnight in water and then ground with spices, particularly red chilli.
 Dal puri
 Makuni
 Makai ke roti
 Naan
 Dosti Poori
Phuka
Tandoori Roti

Vegetarian cuisine
Bihari cuisine is closer to Bengali cuisine with lesser Central Asian influence. Most dishes are steamed with a chaunk of spices. Turmeric is usually added to every preparation. Dishes using garam masala are less common.
 Nenua: Sponge Gourd steamed with a chaunk of Methi (fenugreek seeds) and mirchi (green/red chilli). Chana or chana dal is usually added as well.
 Lauki: Bottle Grourd steamed with a chaunk of jeera (cumin seeds) and mirchi (green chili), or panchphoran. Chana dal is usually added as well.
 Aravi in Sarson Masala
 Alu-Baigan: Potato and Brinjal steamed with a chaunk of panchphoran. Other season vegetables like lauki / matar / beans / palak /tomatoes may also be added.
 Kofta
 Bharwan karela
 Vegetarian korma - Subziyon ka Panchranga Korma
 Paalak paneer
 Shaahi paneer

Saags

 Kalmi saag
 Munga saag
Koira Saag
 Gandhari saag
 Koinar saag
 Chakod saag
 Sarla saag
 Chench saag
 Chimti saag
 Katai saag
 Dhhahdhhaa saag
 Golgola saag
 Khesaari saag (Lathyrus sativus)
 Poi saag (Basella alba)
 Palak saag (Spinach)
 Bathua saag (Chenopodium album)
 Methi saag (Fenugreek)

Non-vegetarian cuisine

The distinctive Bihari flavour of non-vegetarian cooking finds mention in the memoirs of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, who found it quite tasty. Forms of kebabs, mutton preparations and dishes prepared from various fowl and birds have a distinctive flavor. Biharis are quite famous for their Bihari kebabs, another typical Bihari non-vegetarian dish. This dish was traditionally made from mutton and is eaten with roti, paratha or boiled rice. The region of Champaran is famous for a grilled mutton dish called taash. Recently, in fast food restaurants, Bihari kebabs are also sold as Bihari kebab rolls, which are essentially kebabs wrapped up in a paratha.

 Champaran meat
 Prawns
 Mutton biryani
 Bihari kebab
 Chicken tandoori

Snacks

 Churra - Beaten rice, served with a coat of creamy curd and sugar or jaggery. In winters, this is mildly baked and accompanied with a thick, spicy preparation made of peas and onions.
 Chokha - Pulsed and mashed vegetables with mustard oil and spices.
 Bajka
 Bhurta
 Bhunjia - Sautéed vegetables cooked in spices, usually containing potatoes. Has no gravy and usually goes well with rice and lentils or chapatti.
 Singhada
 Kachori
 Singhada chaat - Basically singhada, sweet chutney, curd, savoury mixtures with chura, onion and other garnishing ingredients.
Pappdi Chat- Common in every home
 Bhunja - Commonly eaten in the evening.
'Dal Pitthi' is a Bihari dish eaten mostly during breakfast or in the evening with chai. Dal in Hindi means legumes and pitthi means dumplings made of whole wheat

Sweets

There is a large variety of traditional sweet delicacies in Bihar. Unlike Oriya and Bengali sweets, which are soaked in syrups made of sugar and are therefore wet, Bihar's sweets are mostly dry.
 Khaja - This may be compared to the Greek baklava. Famous ones are from Silao, Nalanda and Pipra, Supaul.
Chhena - similar to rasgulla
 Tilkut (Til Burfi) - Made of sesame seed and is available only in the winter. A thick hard base of sugar the size of a tennis ball is rolled in copious amounts of sesame seed and then hammered to roll it out in a round shape. Though available all over the state, the one from Gaya is famous.
 Malpua
 Rabri
 Kheer - A special form of kheer called Rasia is prepared during the Chhath festival.
 Thekua
 Khajur
 Laktho
 Churma
 Balushahi - Famous one is from Harnaut, NathNagar (Bhagalpur)
 Anarasa - A traditional cuisine of Mithila
 Motichoor ka Ladoo - Famous one is from Maner
 Khabauni
 Gulab jamun
 Kala jamun - Munger, Bhagalpur and Banka Districts are known for Kala Jamun.
 Pantua - Same as kala jamun but the shape is elongated.
 Peda - Famous one is from Kesaria
 Khurma - Found only in southwest Bihar
 Parwal ki mithai - Made of pointed gourd (botanical name Trichosanthes dioica). The fruit is scrapped to remove the skin, sliced longitudinally, deseeded and boiled to make it tender and then filled with , a preparation made of condensed milk and dry fruits. It is then imbibed with warm sugar syrup. Silver foil may be added after it cools off.
 Khubi ka lai - Famous one is from Barh
 Belgrami
 Padokkia
 Murki - Famous one is from Koelwar
 Pirikya/gujiya - Made from flour and khoya, etc. It is a flaky pastry filled with sweet khoya and dry fruits stuffing. Khoya or Mawa is evaporated/condensed milk solids. It is famous in Basopatti and villages nearby.
 Khurchan - This is made of layers of scrapped condensed milk. Available in Patna city (old town).
 Postaa-dana kaa Halwa - A sweet pudding made of poppy seeds soaked overnight in water and then ground to a paste and sautéed in ghee (clarified butter) in a wok. This is generally prepared in the winter season.
 Kasar - A dry sweet prepared of coarsely ground rice during the Chhath festival.
 Lai - There are several varieties of lai available in Bihar, including lai from Gaya. The main component of this lai is ram dana seeds. These ram danas are processed and mixed with khoya and sugar to create a disk-shaped sweet.
 Dangra ka Tilkut - Made of sesame seed and available only in the winter. A thick hard base of ) the size of a tennis ball is rolled in copious amounts of sesame seed and then hammered to roll it out in a round shape. Though available all over the state, the one from Dangra village in Gaya is famous.
 Paan peda - The famous one is from Mohiuddin Nagar, Madudabad, Kalyanpur Basti area. It is a heart-shaped peda with a completely different taste from the common peda available in the market.
 Gaja - A sweet which is cubical in form and made out of maida.
 Makhana kheer - Kheer made with makhana which is known as fox nut (lotus flower seed); it has medicinal and health benefits and it is not very sweet.

See also
Bengali cuisine
Bhojpuri cuisine
Jharkhandi cuisine
Maithil cuisine
North Indian cuisine
Indian cuisine

References

Cuisine
Indian cuisine by state or union territory
Vegetarian dishes of India


The following highways are numbered 437:

Canada
Newfoundland and Labrador Route 437

Japan
 Japan National Route 437

United States
  Louisiana Highway 437
  Maryland Route 437
  New York State Route 437
  Pennsylvania Route 437
  Puerto Rico Highway 437
  Tennessee State Route 437


The Attorney General's Office (AGO) is a department of His Majesty's Government that supports the Attorney General and their deputy, the Solicitor General (together, the Law officers of the Crown in England and Wales). It is sometimes referred to as the Legal Secretariat to the Law Officers.

The administration and expenditure of the Attorney General's Office are scrutinised by the Justice Select Committee.

Organisation

The AGO is one of the smallest UK government departments, with around 40 staff. It is one of "the Law Officers’ Departments" along with the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) and HM Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate (HMCPSI), the Serious Fraud Office (SFO) and the Government Legal Department. The Treasury Solicitor acts as Accounting Officer for the AGO.

The AGO provides legal advice and support to the Law Officers who themselves provide legal advice to the government, and works with the Ministry of Justice and the Home Office to develop criminal justice policy.

Ministers
The Law Officers in England and Wales are as follows:

See also
 Attorney General for England and Wales

References

External links

Ministerial departments of the Government of the United Kingdom
English law


Le Bal du comte d'Orgel may refer to:

 Le bal du Comte d'Orgel, a 1924 novel by Raymond Radiguet
 Le Bal du comte d'Orgel (film), a 1970 film directed by Yves Allégret based on the above book


The following highways are numbered 438:

Canada
Newfoundland and Labrador Route 438

Japan
 Japan National Route 438

United States
  Florida State Road 438
  Iowa Highway 438
  Louisiana Highway 438
  Maryland Route 438
  New York State Route 438
  Pennsylvania Route 438
  Puerto Rico Highway 438


In geology, a basin is a region where subsidence generates accommodation space for the deposition of sediments. A pull-apart basin is a structural basin where two overlapping (en echelon) strike-slip faults or a fault bend creates an area of crustal extension undergoing tension, which causes the basin to sink down. Frequently, the basins are rhombic or sigmoidal in shape.  Dimensionally, basins are limited to the distance between the faults and the length of overlap. Pull-apart basins are also referred to as overlapping-tension-zones (OTZ).

Mechanics and fault configuration

The inhomogeneity and structural complexity of continental crust causes faults to deviate from a straight course and frequently causes bends or step-overs in fault paths.  Bends and step-overs of adjacent faults become favorable locations for extensional and compressional stress or transtension and transpression stress, if the shear motion is oblique.  Pull-apart basins form in extensional to transtensional environments along fault bends or between two adjacent left-lateral faults or two right-lateral faults.  The step-over or bend in the fault must be the same direction as sense of motion on the fault otherwise the area will be subject to transpression.

For example, two overlapping left lateral fault must have a left-step-over to create a pull-apart basin.  This is illustrated in the accompanying figures.

A regional strike slip fault is referred to as a principle displacement zone (PDZ).  Connecting the tips of step over faults to the opposite fault are bounding basin sidewall faults. The tectonic subsidence of strike-slip basins is mainly episodic, short lived (typically less than 10 Ma), and end abruptly with commonly very high tectonic subsidence rates (greater than 0.5 km/Ma) compared to all other basin types. Recent sandbox models have shown that the geometry and evolution of pull-apart basins varies greatly in pure-strike slip situations versus transtensional settings.  Transtensional settings are believed to generate greater surface subsidence than pure-strike slip alone.

Examples
Famous localities for continental pull-apart basins are the Dead Sea, the Salton Sea, and the Sea of Marmara. Pull-apart basins are amenable to research because sediments deposited in the basin provide a timeline of activity along the fault. The Salton Trough is an active pull-apart located in a step-over between the dextral San Andreas Fault and the Imperial Fault.  Displacement on the fault is approximately 6 cm/yr. The current transtensional state generates normal growth faults and some strike slip motion.  The growth faults in the region strike N15E, have steep dips (~70 deg), and vertical displacements of 1–4 mm/yr. Eight large slip events have occurred on these faults with throw ranging from 0.2–1.0 meters. These produce earthquakes greater than magnitude six and are responsible for the majority of extension in the basin and consequently thermal anomalies, subsidence, and localization of rhyolite buttes such as the Salton Buttes.

Economic significance
Pull-apart basins represent an important exploration target for oil and gas, porphyry copper mineralisation, and geothermal fields.  The Matzen fault system in the Matzen oil field has been recast as extensional grabens produced by pull-apart basins of the Vienna Basin.  The Dead Sea has been studied extensively and thinning of the crust in pull-aparts may generate differential loading and instigate salt diapirs to rise, a frequent trap for hydrocarbons.  Likewise intense deformation and rapid subsidence and deposition in pull-aparts creates numerous structural and stratigraphic traps, enhancing their viability as hydrocarbon reservoirs.

The shallow extensional regime of pull-apart basins also facilitates the emplacement of felsic intrusive rocks with high copper mineralisation.  It is believed to be the main structural control on the giant Escondida deposit in Chile.  Geothermal fields are located in pull-aparts for the same reason due to the high heat flow associated with rising magmas.

References

Further reading

.

Tectonics
Sedimentology
Tectonic landforms


Izuna 2: The Unemployed Ninja Returns, released in Japan as , is a dungeon crawler video game developed by Ninja Studio and published in Japan by Success and in North America by Atlus for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. It is the sequel to Izuna: Legend of the Unemployed Ninja and was released in Japan on November 29, 2007 and in North America on July 22, 2008.

Like the first game, Izuna 2 focuses on the adventures of Izuna and her friends. Shino, Izuna's friend, disappears in the midst of a wedding, so Izuna goes on a quest to find her. Izuna finds her, only to discover that Shino was looking for her sister, Shizune, so Izuna and her group decide to help search for Shizune. By looking for Shizune, Izuna angers a group of foreign gods, who attempt to prevent her from reuniting with Shizune.

Gameplay

Izuna 2, like the original Izuna game, is a dungeon crawler. The player controls Izuna or various other characters and explores randomly generated dungeons. Each dungeon has multiple floors that need to be cleared, and many of these dungeons have bosses that must be defeated. The player manages a health bar; if the health bar is depleted, the player dies and is forced to return to town. Dying, a common occurrence in the game, will cause the player to lose all money and items being carried, though the player will not lose experience or levels. The health bar refills continuously every turn. To prevent players from remaining in place to restore health excessively, an "SP bar" was added. It constantly depletes per turn and a depleted SP bar decreases the player's attack power. The game is turn-based; the player can perform an action, such as moving, using an item, or attacking, and every other enemy in the dungeon will perform an action as well. The game includes many role-playing video game elements, such as equippable items, stats, and experience points to level up.

Equipment, items, and talismans can be found in dungeons. Their location and effects are randomly generated. Equipment comes in several classes: melee equipment such as swords, claws, arms, dolls, and boots, or ranged weapons such as boomerangs and bows. Items come in several types including pills, shuriken, kunai knives, bombs, caltrops, and restorative items that heal health or SP. Talismans can "stick," or be attached, to equipment to add abilities or stats. A weapon can only have a limited number of talismans stuck to it. Talismans can also be used to cast magic, which uses SP.

Izuna 2 also includes a "tag" system not found in the previous game. The player enters dungeons with two characters, allowing the player to continue exploring the dungeon even after the first character has died. The player can switch characters in game during a fight through this system. Additionally, the player can use the secondary character in conjunction with the primary character to launch a powerful dual attack.

Plot
Ichika, a fisherwoman from the previous game, has plans to get married, but during the night before Ichika's marriage, Shino, Izuna's best friend, disappears. Izuna frantically tries to find her and quickly locates her. Shino reveals that she was searching for her sister, Shizune, so Izuna and her friends decide to help Shino find Shizune.

Izuna enlists the help of the gods of Katamari Village, whom she aided in the previous game. Lord Takushiki, one of the gods, reveals that both Shizune and Izuna are "portable shrines", or people who allow the gods to leave their home villages. Because the existence of two portable shrines in one area would cause conflict among gods, Takushiki sent Shizune to another region as a child. The foreign gods and their creatures from that region, mononokes, followed Shizune into Izuna's homeland.

After defeating several foreign gods, Izuna successfully reunites Shino and Shizune. However, by defeating the foreign gods, Izuna angers the Dark Prince, the leader of these gods. Izuna is forced to defeat the Dark Prince. After doing so, she convinces him to return to his homeland, allowing peace to return to the region.

Development
According to the developer blog, the localization process for Izuna 2 was "surprisingly uncomplicated" and the original run through took less than a month. Success, the Japanese developer, provided Atlus, the North American developers, with well-organized files, which helped make the translation and editing quick and easy. However, the quality assurance and debugging process was a "nightmare" due to the nature of the game and the randomized spawning of creatures. Additionally, the team looked closely at the bugs found by Japanese players and attempted to replicate every reported bug. This effort was marred by the lack of a debug menu, though debuggers were able to use both a one-hit kill option and a floor-skipping option. Unfortunately, the one-hit kill option did not apply to the bosses, so debuggers still had to grind to gain enough levels to defeat the bosses. In total, six official testers found 104 system-type bugs and 259 text bugs.

Release
On the Japanese release date of Izuna 2, Success organized a series of fashion events at various stores in Akihabara. Cosplayers could compete for prizes by dressing up as either Izuna or Shino. Additionally, actors and members of the design staff attended to field questions and sign autographs. The game was also made available at Comiket 73 between December 21-23, 2007.

In North America, Atlus initially announced plans to release an English version in April 2008. Atlus released a trailer of the game that month, and in May, Izuna 2 appeared at the Run to the Sun convention in California. A competition was also held in the U.S. to help promote the release. Fans were asked to add text to a series of images involving interactions between different characters and could win a free copy of Izuna 2 and all of the posters given away as promotional items with the game.

Merchandise
Izuna 2 was released in several different containers. Sofmap, a Japanese retailer, released a collector's box depicting Izuna and Shino bathing in an onsen, mirroring the design of many eroge games. Each American release contained one of two pinup-styled mini-posters of Izuna. Copies of the game purchased through either GameStop or Amazon each included an additional, retailer-exclusive mini-poster.

Reception

Izuna 2 received "mixed or average reviews" according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. Many critics pointed to the game's "quintessential roguelike RPG" nature as a drawback because it required a great deal of grinding to progress in the game, though some critics enjoyed the difficulty of the game.

Reviewers were also split with their impressions of the "tag" system. GameShark found it to be a "nice twist" while RPGFan found it to be "irrelevant and not good". Nintendo World Report called Izuna 2 "a respectable and fun dungeon-crawler" marred mostly by its gameplay mechanics and disappointing graphics. They also pointed out that the game is targeted at "very specific gamer crowd". Likewise, GamePro commented that the game "might prove too challenging to casual DS gamers who are just looking for a quick round of fun" and would most likely fit best for "DS owners looking for a hardcore dungeon crawling experience". In spite of this, they found that the game had several notable positive aspects, including a "solid" control scheme and "well done" Japanese voice acting and English subtitling. X-Play pointed to the game's "original visual style and a quirky sense of humor" as characteristics that distinguished the game from roguelikes. They greatly enjoyed the dialogue and voice acting and felt that the game "shouldn't get lost" among other dungeon crawlers released to the DS. However, 1UP.com found that the "amusingly slapstick storyline" was the only point that stood out against dungeon crawlers, though the game was "a considerable improvement" over the original. In general, 1UP.com thought the game was "a challenge meant for hardcore RPG fanatics but amusing enough that newcomers might find it worthwhile, too". Likewise, IGN commented that the game would take "a very specific gamer to cuddle up to this cute, comedic experience" and pointed out that the game was "most unlikely" of sequels. In contrast to 1UP.com, IGN found the game to be more of the same, leading to the same benefits and drawbacks.

References

External links

2007 video games
Atlus games
Dungeon crawler video games
Video games about ninja
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Single-player video games
Success (company) games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in Japan
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games set in feudal Japan
Video games using procedural generation


Eizō Sakuhinshū Vol. 2: Live at Budokan + is the second video release by Japanese rock band Asian Kung-Fu Generation, released on April 20, 2005 by Ki/oon Records. The two-disc video was also the band's very first live DVD, as the first disc contains live footage of the entirety of the final show of their "Tour Suihai 2004 - No!Member, November-," at Budokan, where they performed before an audience of over 10,000 people on December 5, 2004. The disc retains twenty-two songs, with tracks taken from Kimi Tsunagi Five M, Sol-fa, and Hōkai Amplifier.

The second disc contains clips from the first concert at the Shimokitazawa Shelter Club on November 2, 2004. It also includes behind-the-scenes documentary directed by Toshiaki Toyoda and filmed at Kanto Gakuin University, where AKG was originally formed, as well as outtakes from the music video for "Kimi to Iu Hana." Upon its release, the video managed to top the Oricon DVD charts for an entire month.

Track listing

Personnel
 Masafumi Gotoh – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 Kensuke Kita – lead guitar, backing vocals
 Takahiro Yamada – bass, backing vocals
 Kiyoshi Ijichi – drums

Charts

References

Asian Kung-Fu Generation video albums
2005 video albums
Live video albums
2005 live albums
Albums recorded at the Nippon Budokan


The following highways are numbered 439:

Japan
 Japan National Route 439

United States
  Florida State Road 439
  County Road 439 (Hernando County, Florida)
  Louisiana Highway 439
  Maryland Route 439
  Nevada State Route 439
  New Jersey Route 439
  New York State Route 439 (former)
  New York State Route 439A (former)
  Pennsylvania Route 439 (former)
  Puerto Rico Highway 439


The phonomotor or "vocal engine" was a device invented by Thomas Edison in 1878 to measure the mechanical force of sound.  It converted sound energy or sound power into rotary motion which could drive a machine such as a small saw or drill. It derived from his work on the telephone and phonograph.

Operation
Sound waves entering a mouthpiece and falling on a diaphragm were conveyed by a piece of rubber tubing and a spring to a pawl, which vibrated against a very fine-toothed ratchet wheel. The diaphragm and mouthpiece were similar to those used on the phonograph. Vibrations caused by the voice caused a shaft and flywheel to rotate. Steady pressure from breath produced no motion, but some voices could produce rapid motion. The speed of rotation depended on the pitch of the sound. It was able to operate a small drill or saw which could bore or cut wood. When a long sustained sound got the flywheel up to an appreciable speed, considerable force was required to stop it.

Impact
The Chicago Tribune in May 1878 predicted that it would be the basis for sound powered toys such as dolls which bow when spoken to, though none are known to have been marketed. Edison described it as a scientific toy. A U.S patent application was filed for the "Vocal Engine" in 1878, and a patent was granted on December 10 of that year. An 1884 Nature article on sound mills, similar devices to the phonomotor, reported that Edison's device, "literally accomplished the feat of talking a hole through a deal board." A restored  model of the phonomotor is in the Edison Menlo Park laboratory exhibit at the Greenfield Village Museum in Dearborn, Michigan, and was exhibited in operation for visitors in the 1930s.

References

External links
 T.A. Edison,  "Vocal Engine". US Patent 210,767, Patented December 10, 1878.

Thomas Edison
Audiovisual introductions in 1878
Sound measurements
19th-century inventions
American inventions


The following highways are numbered 441:

Japan
 Japan National Route 441

United States
  U.S. Route 441
  Florida State Road 441
  Indiana State Road 441
  Louisiana Highway 441
  Maryland Route 441
  New York State Route 441
  Pennsylvania Route 441
  Puerto Rico Highway 441
  Tennessee State Route 441
  Wisconsin Highway 441


The following highways are numbered 442:

Canada
Manitoba Provincial Road 442

Japan
 Japan National Route 442

United States
  Florida State Road 442
  Louisiana Highway 442
  Maryland Route 442
  New York State Route 442
  Pennsylvania Route 442
  Puerto Rico Highway 442
  Farm to Market Road 442


The National Congress for the Defence of the People (, CNDP) is a political armed militia established by Laurent Nkunda in the Kivu region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in December 2006. The CNDP was engaged in the Kivu conflict, an armed conflict against the military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In January 2009, the CNDP split and Nkunda was arrested by the Rwanda government. The remaining CNDP splinter faction, led by Bosco Ntaganda, was planned to be integrated into the national army.

History

General Laurent Nkunda had been a senior officer in the rebel Congolese Rally for Democracy (Goma faction) after 1998.  Following the end of the Second Congo War in 2003, he was offered a position in the army of the transitional government but refused to join out of fear that he would be arrested due to the International Criminal Court investigation against him.  In 2004 his troops attacked Bukavu before retreating, but he rebelled again in November 2006 and attacked Goma. After sustaining heavy casualties in battle with the Pakistani battalion of the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC), he entered negotiations with the government and agreed to put his men into mixage, which involved mixing rebel and non-rebel units together but is not brassage. Perhaps inspired by the recently concluded general elections, when Nkunda engaged in negotiations with Major General John Numbi, at that time head of the Congolese air force, he declared the group he led to be the National Congress for the Defence of the People on 30 December 2006.  Nkunda benefited greatly from mixage; before 2007, he had two brigades while mixage created five mixed brigades.  While numbers are disputed, Nkunda's two original brigades (the 81st and the 83rd) numbered about 2,200 men but by May 2007 some 8,000 to 8,500 men considered themselves under his command.  This expansion was at least partially accomplished because Nkunda began incorporating all manner of men with unclear backgrounds into the brigades under his control, including former Rwandan soldiers, members of former militias who had been demobilized and had no skills outside of war, and others simply attracted to his populist Tutsi rhetoric.

Prior to mixage, Nkunda's troops controlled a swathe of Masisi Territory from Goma north through Sake, Kirolirwe and Kitchanga (Nkunda's homeland) and then further north and west.  With his new mixage battalions, Nkunda was able to control large areas of Masisi and Rutshuru and expand north and east toward the border with Uganda.  Newly formed national brigades were ordered to establish territorial control, which Nkunda took to mean fighting the Hutu Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) descended from the groups that carried out the Rwandan genocide.  In late March 2007, Numbi left Goma in what the International Crisis Group sees as an attempt to distance himself from a disaster in the making, as accusations mounted that the CNDP was in effect setting up a small kingdom in Masisi.  In late April, the military stopped the creation of the sixth brigade scheduled to be under Nkunda.  The mixed brigades carried out offensives against the FDLR from mid-April to mid-May but, despite the claims of the CNDP, did poorly as they had little logistical support and the FDLR fought well. The military demanded that the CNDP soldiers undergo brassage, mixage having failed, and three months of standoff ensued as relations between soldiers loyal to Nkunda and loyalist troops grew increasingly tense. Matters reached a breaking point when the army chief of staff declared that the offensive against the FDLR would be halted.  After an international outcry, he reversed himself but stated that only units that had undergone brassage would be allowed to fight, apparently in the belief that the all-Tutsi CNDP units were more likely to be indiscriminately violent towards the mostly Hutu population of the FDLR heartland. On 28 August 2007, soldiers loyal to Nkunda ambushed pro-Kinshasa soldiers of the Bravo brigade in Rubare.  Within days the CNDP-government violence had vastly escalated and the government was carrying out full-scale offensives against the CNDP by 6 September.

Kiwandja massacre
The CNDP under the command of Col. Sultani Makenga was accused of massacring 67 civilians in 2008 in the town of Kiwandja in North Kivu. The head of the UN Human Rights Commission, Navi Pillay, accused Makenga of committing war crimes.

Splintering of the CNDP
In early January 2009, Bosco Ntaganda, a commander in the CNDP and former chief of military operations of the Union of Congolese Patriots, declared that he was taking leadership from Nkunda.  On January 16, he appeared at a joint press conference with Congolese Minister of the Interior and Security Célestin Mbuyu Kabangu, the Inspector General of the Police General John Numbi, Rwanda's Chief of Defence Staff General James Kabarebe, and other senior Congolese military officers, where he declared that he was joining forces with the national army to fight the FDLR.  Nkunda was arrested on 22 January after he had crossed in Rwanda.  After unsuccessfully attempting to defeat the CNDP militarily, Congolese president Kabila made a deal with President Kagame of Rwanda to allow Rwandan soldiers into the DRC to uproot FDLR militants in exchange for Rwanda removing Nkunda.  The Congolese government subsequently gave Ntaganda a senior position in the integration of CNDP forces back into the military. Later he effectively acted as deputy commander of Operation Kimia II, the 2009 anti-FDLR operation. About 6,000 CNDP combatants were integrated into the FARDC through what became known as the 'accelerated integration' process. The UN Children's Fund has stated that the CNDP has verbally committed to release all child soldiers in its ranks.

On March 23, 2009, the CNDP signed a peace treaty with the government, in which it agreed to become a political party in exchange for the release of its imprisoned members.

The armed confrontation resumed three years later, in the 2012 East D.R. Congo conflict.

Footnotes

References
, International Crisis Group, Africa Report N°133, 31 October 2007

Miller, Eric (2010) THE INABILITY OF PEACEKEEPING TO ADDRESS THE SECURITY DILEMMA: A case study of the Rwandan-Congolese Security Dilemma and the United Nation's Mission in the Congo . Lambert Academic Publishing
 UN Panel of Experts report, December 2008, S/2008/773

External links
 CNDP official site (English)

Military history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Rwandan genocide
History of Rwanda
Rebel groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2006 establishments in the Democratic Republic of the Congo


Parham railway station was a station located in Parham, Suffolk.

The station opened in 1859 and closed for passenger services in November 1952.

References

External links
 Parham station on navigable 1946 O. S. map

Disused railway stations in Suffolk
Former Great Eastern Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1859
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1952


Michael Gerald Hastings (2 September 1938 – 19 November 2011) was a British playwright, screenwriter, and occasional novelist and poet.

He is best known for his 1984 stage play and 1994 screenplay Tom & Viv, about the poet T.S. Eliot and his wife Vivienne Haigh-Wood.

Biography
Hastings was born in London, UK.  His early plays – Don't Destroy Me (1956), Yes And After (1957) – reflected the influence of the Angry Young Men movement and his brief involvement with the circle surrounding Colin Wilson.

Hastings later enjoyed mainstream West End success with Gloo Joo (1978), a farce about a West Indian threatened with deportation from the United Kingdom, which won the Evening Standard Comedy of the Year Award in 1979.  He wrote numerous stage plays, television screen plays, and in addition to the Tom & Viv film, scripts for two motion pictures, The American (1998) and The Nightcomers (1971, based on the Henry James novella The Turn of the Screw and starring Marlon Brando).  Hastings also wrote two libretti for Michael Nyman: Man and Boy: Dada (2003, assisted by Victoria Hardie) and Love Counts (2005).

Hastings' 1950's play The Cutting of the Cloth saw its world premiere at the Southwark Playhouse in London, from 11 March till 4 April 2015. The cast were Alexis Caley, Andy de la Tour, James El-Sharawy, Paul Rider and Abigail Thaw, directed by Tricia Thorns.

Hastings published his first novel, The Game in 1957, followed by The Frauds. His 1970 novel Tussy Is Me – about Eleanor Marx – won him the Somerset Maugham Award. As a poet, he published one collection, Love Me, Lambeth, and Other Poems, in 1961, and his work appeared in Michael Horovitz's 1969 anthology Children of Albion: Poetry of the Underground in Britain.

Hastings died aged 73 on 19 November 2011.

Selected works

Theatre
Don't Destroy Me (1956)
Yes And After (1957)
The World's Baby (1964)
For the West (Congo) (1965)
Blue as His Eyes the Tin Helmet He Wore (1966)
Lee Harvey Oswald: A Far Mean Streak of Independence Brought on by Negleck (also known as The Silence of Lee Harvey Oswald) (1967)
The Silence of Saint-Just (1972)
The Cutting of the Cloth (written 1973)
For the West (Uganda) (1977)
Gloo Joo (1978)
Full Frontal (1979)
Carnival War a Go Hot (1979)
Murder Rap (1980)
Midnight at the Starlight (1980)
Tom & Viv (1984)
Calico (2004)

Television
Gloo Joo (1979)

Books
Fiction
The Game (1957)
The Frauds (1960)
Tussy Is Me (1970)
The Nightcomers (1971; based on his own screenplay)
And in the Forest the Indians (1975)
Bart's Mornings and Other Tales of Modern Brazil (1975) (short stories)
Non-fiction
Rupert Brooke: The Handsomest Young Man in England (1967)
Sir Richard Burton: A Biography (1978)
Poetry
 Love Me, Lambeth, and Other Poems (1961)

References

External links

 Michael Hastings Papers at the Harry Ransom Center
 Profile at Doollee.com

 Michael Hastings at the British Film Institute

1938 births
2011 deaths
20th-century English dramatists and playwrights
20th-century English male writers
People educated at Alleyn's School
English screenwriters
English male screenwriters
People from Brixton
English male dramatists and playwrights


Washington Lafayette Elliott (March 31, 1825 – June 29, 1888) was a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.  He led a division of IV Corps at the Battle of Nashville in 1864. In 1866, he was awarded the honorary grade of brevet major general, U.S. Army.

Early life and career
Elliott was born on March 31, 1825, at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in the United States.  He was a son of U.S. Navy Commodore Jesse Elliott.  Washington accompanied his father on some voyages.  After attending Dickinson College, he entered the United States Military Academy on July 1, 1841. He left in 1844 to study medicine, but was commissioned a second lieutenant in 1846 for the Mexican–American War. He fell ill during the Siege of Veracruz and spent the rest of the war on recruiting duty. He remained in the army as a first lieutenant (1847), serving as a quartermaster. Elliott was promoted to the rank of captain in 1854.

In 1858, Elliott married Valeria Biddle Blaney (1828–1900), a collector of scientific natural history specimens who was a first cousin of Spencer Fullerton Baird of the Smithsonian Institution. Baird and Girard named a species of snake after her, Virginia valeriae, after she collected the type specimen of the species.

Civil War service
After the outbreak of the American Civil War, Elliott served in Missouri, fighting at the Battle of Wilson's Creek. He was promoted to major of the 3rd U.S. Cavalry on August 3, 1861.  Commissioned colonel of the 2nd Iowa Cavalry on September 14, 1861, Elliott served under Maj. Gen. John Pope in the Battle of Island Number Ten. He led a brigade in the Siege of Corinth. Elliott became a brigadier general on June 11, 1862, after leading a raid on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. Elliott served on Maj. Gen. John Pope's staff in the Army of the Mississippi.

Elliott transferred east with Pope and served as chief of cavalry in the Army of Virginia. He was wounded at the Second Battle of Bull Run on August 30, 1862. He served for a time in the Department of the Northwest, as commander of the District of Wisconsin and commander of the department, before returning east in 1863. During the first half of 1863, Elliott was a brigade commander in the Middle Department, and led a brigade during the Second Battle of Winchester in mid-June. Then, Elliott took command of a new division that joined III Corps, Army of the Potomac, as its third division shortly after the Battle of Gettysburg.

Elliott went west again and led the first division of the cavalry corps of the Army of the Cumberland during the relief of the Siege of Knoxville. He served as commander of that army's cavalry corps in the Atlanta Campaign. He was transferred to the infantry in late 1864, leading a division of IV Corps at the Battle of Nashville. Elliott then commanded the District of Kansas in the Department of the Missouri before being mustered out of the volunteer service on March 1, 1866. On June 17, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Elliott for the award of the honorary grade of brevet major general, U.S.A., to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U. S. Senate confirmed the award on July 23, 1866.

Postbellum

After the war, Washington Elliott remained in the Regular Army (United States) as a major in the 1st Cavalry. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel, and in 1878, became colonel of the 3rd Cavalry. Elliott retired in 1879 and became a banker in San Francisco, California. He died in that city in 1888, and was buried at the San Francisco Presidio.

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Union)

References

Further reading
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006. .

1825 births
1888 deaths
People from Carlisle, Pennsylvania
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Union Army generals
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War


Jack Anthony Panella (born May 4, 1955) is an American lawyer who is the President Judge of the Superior Court of Pennsylvania. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Prior to his election to the Superior Court, he was a Judge on the Court of Common Pleas of Northampton County, Pennsylvania.

Personal
Panella attended St. John's University and graduated in 1977 with a B.S. degree in Accounting. He then received his J.D. degree in 1980 from The Catholic University of America Columbus School of Law, where he received the American Jurisprudence award from The Lawyers Co-Operative Publishing Company for the highest academic grade in Contracts.

Following graduation, Panella was a judicial law clerk in the Court of Common Pleas of Northampton County, Pennsylvania. Following his clerkship, from 1982 to 1991, he maintained his law practice as a sole practitioner.

As an assistant county solicitor for Northampton County, he represented the Department of Human Services, including the Children and Youth Services Division, the Mental Health Division, and the Area Agency on Aging. In May 1987, he was the youngest attorney in the history of Northampton County to be selected as the County Solicitor.

In 2002, he was selected to join the United States Army National Guard to visit United States troops in Germany and Bosnia. The trip was a cooperative effort of the 28th Infantry Division with the Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve (ESGR) Committee.

In 2005, Panella received the honor of "Cavaliere" by the Republic of Italy, which is awarded to individuals of Italian descent living abroad who have provided outstanding leadership and service to the positive image of Italy and Italians. On September 27, 2019, Panella received the Outstanding Service Award from the Justinian Society of Philadelphia.

Judicial career
Panella's election to appellate court in 2003 followed twelve years as a trial judge. He was appointed to the Northampton County Bench in 1991 by Governor Robert P. Casey, and became the second youngest judge in the history of Northampton County. In 1993 he was elected to a full ten-year term commencing January 1, 1994. He presided over civil, criminal and family law cases and was also the Administrative Judge for Asbestos Litigation, which involved complex mass tort litigation.

While a trial judge, he was a member of the Pennsylvania Conference of State Trial Judges. He was Chair of the Commonwealth Partners Program, where he participated in statewide meetings with other judges and legislators in discussing and resolving issues of mutual concern. In recognition of the success of this program, Panella received the President's Award from the Conference of State Trial Judges in 2002.

He was elected to the Superior Court of Pennsylvania in November 2003, and was sworn into office as an appellate judge on January 9, 2004. He presides over appeals from civil, criminal and family law cases. He served a five-year term as the statewide Administrative Judge for Wiretap & Electronic Surveillance in Pennsylvania.

He was named runner up for the 2003 Politician of the Year by the political website PoliticsPA.

In 2004, he was appointed by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania to the Commission for Justice Initiatives in Pennsylvania (CJI), a committee organized to coordinate and recommend judicial outreach and specialized court programs. He was the Chair of the Public Education and Community Outreach subcommittee of the Commission. As part of his responsibilities for the CJI, Panella conceived and wrote a popular short film on the history and operation of the Pennsylvania Judiciary.

On August 26, 1997, Panella was appointed by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania to be a judge of the Pennsylvania Court of Judicial Discipline (CJD), a constitutional court that hears charges filed by the Judicial Conduct Board against judicial officers. In June 2000, he was elected President Judge by his fellow judges. His four-year term expired in August 2001. In 2005, he was appointed by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania to the Judicial Conduct Board (JCB), which is the investigatory and prosecutorial arm of the judicial discipline system in Pennsylvania. In July 2007, he was elected Chair of the Judicial Conduct Board, making him the only judge in the history of Pennsylvania to be elected both Chair of the JCB as well as President Judge of the CJD. In 2013, Panella became the only judge to be reappointed by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court to the Court of Judicial Discipline. He served a four year term and was again elected the President Judge in 2017.

Publications
Panella has written three books and authored other publications in the judicial and legal fields. Panella's first book, The Pennsylvania Sexual Violence Benchbook, was published in December 2007. The book is a comprehensive reference designed to help judges for the complex criminal issues surrounding sexual violence cases. The book has received very favorable reviews.

Panella's second book, The Pennsylvania Sexual Violence BenchBook, Magisterial District Court Edition, was published in 2010. This version of the benchbook was designed to assist Magisterial District Court Judges, and addresses the issues facing MDJ's during the earlier proceedings in prosecution for sexual violence. He was one of the authors of The Pennsylvania Restitution Benchbook, published in 2020 by the Administrative Office of Pennsylvania Courts.

In recognition of his work in judicial education regarding crimes of sexual violence, Panella received the NSVRC Visionary Voice Award in 2017 by the National Sexual Violence Resource Center.

References

1955 births
Living people
St. John's University (New York City) alumni
Columbus School of Law alumni
Judges of the Superior Court of Pennsylvania


Reach for the Sky is a 2001 Israeli documentary film which follows a group of young Israelis as they struggle to become pilots in their nation's army. But after all that they go through, only some will enjoy the honor of wearing those wings. The rest will be ordinary soldiers. After the six days are over, they sit the young soldiers down, and in a frank tone the leading officer reads off everyone's names, telling them bluntly whether they passed or failed.

Summary
Pilots in the Israeli army are so highly esteemed that young men and women are willing to subject themselves to days of torturous drills and exercises for a chance at flying planes. Reach for the Sky follows one group of young people as they suffer through never-ending runs and midnight push-ups to prove they are tough enough to hack it in the Air Force.

The film shows how a group of seemingly average high school graduates are molded into obedient soldiers, capable of enduring extreme physical pain. But, despite all their hard work, only some of them will become pilots. The rest will go home disappointed.

Every grueling day is a test of the young men and women's will, but one drill especially separates out the weak from the strong — an endless run up and down one hill known as “the Trig.” The young hopefuls start off in a sprint, but over time their pace slows. The grueling path goes on for so long and is so difficult that the viewer realizes the true feat is not maintaining one's speed – it is continuing to move at all. One girl stops only after passing out. She says she decided that as long as she was conscious, she was going to keep moving her body. Another girl explains that she felt like she “couldn’t breathe” but continued walking anyway, surprising herself. “I don’t know, I must have inner strength,” she says.

See also
Other documentaries concerning the Israeli army:

The Land of the Settlers
At the Green Line
My Dearest Enemy
On the Edge of Peace

References

External links
 Reach for the Sky at the Internet Movie Database

 The Jewish Channel's review
PBS's blog review

Documentary films about Israel
Israeli documentary films
2000s Hebrew-language films
2001 films
2001 documentary films
Documentary films about military aviation
Israeli Air Force


The Uncanny or Uncanny may refer to:

 Uncanny, a Freudian concept
 The Uncanny, a 1919 essay by Sigmund Freud
 The Uncanny (film), a 1977 film
 Uncanny (film), a 2015 American science fiction film
 Uncanny (short story collection), a 1988 book by Paul Jennings
 Uncanny Magazine, an online magazine of fantasy and science fiction
 Uncanny, a BBC Sounds podcast and BBC 2 TV show in the UK hosted by Danny Robins


This article details the fixtures and results of the Cambodia national football team.

Results & Fixtures

2010-2019

2020–present

Notes

References

Results
2008 in Cambodian football
2009 in Cambodian football
2010 in Cambodian football
2011 in Cambodian football
2012 in Cambodian football
2013 in Cambodian football
2014 in Cambodian football
2015 in Cambodian football


Ernest Roger Muir (December 16, 1918 – October 23, 2008) was a Canadian-born American television producer who created several television programs and game shows. He was the creator and executive producer of children's program Howdy Doody, which ran from 1947 until 1960.

Early life and studies
Muir was born in Alberta, Canada, on December 16, 1918, and moved to Minneapolis as a child. He graduated from the University of Minnesota, where he studied photography. He served in the United States Army during World War II, assigned to a film production unit.

Career
He was hired by NBC after the war, based on the recommendation of a fellow soldier who had worked for the network before the war.

At NBC, he produced or directed shows including Who Said That?, in which journalists and celebrities competed to identify the source of quotations in the news. Other programs included The NBC Opera; The Wide, Wide World; and Your Hit Parade.

Muir produced The Howdy Doody Show, during its run on NBC from 1947 to 1960.

In 1948, Muir conceived of a promotion in which Howdy Doody would run for President of the boys and girls in the November election, running on a campaign platform advocating two Christmases and one school day a year, more pictures in history books and free lollipops, among other pledges. In response, the show received thousands of requests for Howdy Doody campaign buttons. The show was canceled in 1960, with Muir observing where advertisers preferred to spend their money to reach adults rather than children, as adults could offer a more immediate return on their advertising spending. NBC chose Shari Lewis to fill the slot on the schedule.

In 1961, Muir joined with Bobby Nicholson to form a production company, Nicholson-Muir Productions, under which joint banner they created and/or produced a number of game shows including Concentration; which was initially produced by Jack Barry and Dan Enright and later produced by Mark Goodson and Bill Todman; The Newlywed Game which was produced by Chuck Barris; Pay Cards! and its revival, Super Pay Cards; Matches 'n Mates; Give-n-Take; Spin-Off; and The Shopping Game. Muir also co-produced The New Howdy Doody Show with Nicholson. The show ran in syndication in 1976 and 1977. The duo also created Canada's longest-running game show, Definition, which ran from 1974 to 1989.

Death
Muir died at age 89 due to a stroke on October 23, 2008 (less than two months short of his 90th birthday), near his home in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire. He was survived by his wife, son, five grandchildren, and one great-grandchild.

References

External links

1918 births
2008 deaths
People from Alberta
Businesspeople from Minneapolis
University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni
American television producers
Canadian emigrants to the United States
20th-century American businesspeople


Newport Guildhall is a large timber-framed municipal building in Newport, Shropshire, England. It is a Grade II* listed building.

History
The current building replaced an earlier guildhall on the site which is mentioned in a document dated 1252. The southern part of the current building was constructed as a single room, with gable to the road, possibly as a meeting place for the Guild of Newport, in around 1400. The building was built in a typical medieval style with exposed timbers and brick infilling which has been painted white. An intermediate floor was added to the original hall at a later date. Testing of the beams in the roof using  dendrochronology suggests that the current roof was added in 1486.

The northern part of the building was constructed in a similar architectural style in the late 16th century. The internal beams on the ground floor in this part of the building were decorated with chevrons, antlers, acanthus leaves and pomegranates with the last of these being associated with Catherine of Aragon. The two buildings were unified externally as a single building with a continuous roof-line in the early 19th century. A beam visible on the front elevation of the building, with the name "Wm Gregari" and dated 1615, was not a feature of the original building and was probably taken from a local public house and inserted to add an additional air of authenticity in the late 19th century.

On 13 June 1991, the building was acquired by the Boughey Trust, a trust corporation established by Lady Boughey in memory of her late husband, Sir Thomas Fletcher Fenton Boughey, 4th Baronet who died on 30 August 1906. The Boughey Trust made the guildhall available, rent-free, to Newport Town Council who restored it with the support of English Heritage and it was officially re-opened to the public by Algernon Heber-Percy, Vice-Lord Lieutenant of Shropshire, on 25 March 1995. In spring 2019 improvement works were carried out involving a new boiler and new carpets, paintwork and lighting.

The ground floor of the southern section of the building is used as a council information centre while the ground floor of the northern section is used as a tea room. Meetings of the Town Council are normally held in the council chamber on the first floor of the building. The council chamber is also used for weddings and civic ceremonies.

See also
 Grade II* listed buildings in Telford and Wrekin

References

Grade II* listed buildings in Shropshire
City and town halls in Shropshire
Buildings and structures in Newport, Shropshire
Timber framed buildings in England
Government buildings completed in 1400


Lars Lystad is a Norwegian ski-orienteering competitor and world champion. He won a gold medal in the relay event at the World Ski Orienteering Championships in Batak in 1986, together with Sigurd Dæhli, Audun Knutsen and Vidar Benjaminsen, and again in Val di Non in 1994, with Kjetil Ulven, Harald Svergja and Vidar Benjaminsen. He received a silver medal in the long distance in 1994.

He finished second in the overall World Cup in Ski Orienteering in 1993.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Norwegian orienteers
Male orienteers
Ski-orienteers
20th-century Norwegian people


Hugh Carr is a former Irish nationalist politician.

Carr was elected to Newry and Mourne District Council in 1989, representing the Social Democratic and Labour Party in Crotlieve.

Carr was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum in 1996, representing South Down, but was not able to take the same seat at the 1998 Northern Ireland Assembly election.

Carr held his council seat at the 1993, 1997 and 2001 elections. In 2003, he was appointed as the Chair of the Newry District Policing Partnership. However, he resigned from the council in April, citing personal circumstances.

References

Living people
Members of Newry and Mourne District Council
Social Democratic and Labour Party councillors
Members of the Northern Ireland Forum
Social Democratic and Labour Party politicians
Year of birth missing (living people)


The Sable Quean is the 21st novel in the Redwall series by Brian Jacques, and the last to be published before his death on February 5, 2011 (a twenty-second novel, The Rogue Crew, was released in May 2011). It is illustrated by Sean Rubin. It was to be originally released in autumn 2009, but the release date was moved to January 2010, and then later delayed a second time to February 23, 2010. The mass market paperback edition was released on April 26, 2011.

Book divisions
 Book 1: Travel is an Adventure!
 Book 2: Go Find the Babes!
 Book 3: Escape from Althier!
 Book 4: The Battle of Redwall Abbey

Plot
Young Buckler Kordyne, a hare of the Long Patrol army, has a discussion with his ruler Brang Forgefire, Badger Lord of the mountain Salamandastron. Buckler is bored with mountain life, so Brang suggests that he visits Redwall Abbey to deliver some new bellropes to the Abbess (Brang had accidentally broken the ropes last time he was there); while Buckler visits the Abbey, he can also visit his brother on his farm, which is nearby. Buckler agrees, taking along with him his gluttonous friend, Subaltern Diggs.

At Redwall Abbey, a music contest for the position of Bard of Redwall is being organized; however two Dibbuns (toddlers) disappear in the process. The duo, a mole and a squirrel, had wandered outside to the woodlands to picnic, but a waiting band of vermin "Ravagers" bound, gagged, and carried them off before anyone could notice their absence. One of the Ravagers, Globby, is overcome by the temptation of Redwall food and attempts to break inside the kitchens; however, he is captured by the otter Skipper Ruark, who punishes the miscreant by forcing him to clean up the mess he had made by his burglary. In the hue and cry raised when the two Dibbuns were discovered missing, Globby escapes the kitchens and flees to the attics, using a pilfered kitchen knife as a weapon. In the attempt to recapture and interrogate him, both he and the squirrel Brother Tollum are slain.

In Mossflower Woods, Buckler and Diggs hear two vermin from the Ravager horde trying to capture a young shrewmaid named Flib. Diggs knocks the vermin unconscious, and the two hares sit down to eat, ignoring the shrew because of her ingratitude. After she finally relents, and shares food with them, Buckler deals with the two vermin, tying them to each other and sending them off. Not heeding his advice, they return later with some of their Ravager buddies to spy on the group. Flib, Diggs, and Buckler join forces with a musical traveling group of hedgehogs, voles, and moles, who are also on their way to Redwall. When Flib and two of the younger hedgehogs sleep outside the performing company's raft, on the riverbank, they are captured by the Ravagers.

As it turns out, many young ones have been captured by the Ravagers, led by Zwilt the Shade and Vilaya, both evil sables. They are keeping the hostages in the remains of Brockhall (a place under an immense old tree), which they have renamed Althier, and are planning to use the captives to force Redwall to surrender to their demands. Several of the captive young ones, led by Flandor the otter, Tura the squirrel, and Flib's younger sister Midda, try without success to figure out a workable escape plan. Many of the young ones are in despair, and would rather concentrate on where their next meal is coming from than ways to get out.

Meeting up with the Guosim shrews led by Flib's father Jango Bigboat, Buckler, Diggs, and the performing company proceed to Redwall. Abbess Marjoram discusses the position with Buckler and several others, who agree to lead a force into Mossflower to search for the young ones. The first search attempt yields the Redwallers with one Ravager captive, and Buckler's badly wounded and almost delirious sister-in-law Clarinna. She informs Buckler that his brother Clerun was brutally slain by Zwilt the Shade, and that her two little children have been taken by the Ravagers. Before Buckler and his searchers can set out again, the Ravagers, led by Vilaya and Zwilt, show up in force at Redwall, and make their demands for surrender. Diggs attempts to use his vermin captive, Gripchun, as a hostage to turn the tables, but Zwilt merely has the unfortunate prisoner shot with arrows. The Ravagers then retreat, saying they will return, and that the Redwallers should prepare to surrender to them.

Meanwhile, in Vilaya and Zwilt's absence, Flib has roused the captive toddlers and young ones into digging an escape tunnel in secret. She and two very young, inexperienced moles help her dig, but their tunnel caves in, which collapses part of the prison chamber and traps the trio in the landslide. However, a warrior mole called Axtel happens across the remains of their tunnel and digs them out. After hearing Flib recount the position the other babes are in, Axtel leaves her a spear and instructs her to watch over the two molebabes, while he digs back into Althier to get the rest. Soon after he leaves, Flib encounters two fox Ravagers, but slays one with the spear and runs the other off with a whip. A kind watervole, Mumzy, who has been watching and knows there are other Ravagers about, moves the trio of young ones from Axtel's campsite to her concealed bankside home nearby.

By now, Vilaya has returned, and ordered the young ones to be moved to another prison cave on the other side of Althier; this one has rock walls instead of dirt, and cannot be dug out of easily. She attacks Midda, trying to get her to reveal information about the tunnel, but soon finds herself badly beaten by Flandor, who damages her eye with his rudder-like tail. In rage, the Sable Quean stabs the young otter with a poisoned blade she wears in a phial about her neck, slaying him. She then sends Zwilt and some Ravagers out to hunt for the escapees, and the prison guards, who have deserted.

Axtel, digging his way into Althier, barges into the new prison cave, managing to rescue the toddlers Tassy and Borti. The Ravagers, stopping the other babes from escaping, wound the warrior mole badly by stabbing him through the footpaw, but he manages to limp away with the two babes, blocking his escape route with a boulder so as not to be followed. Upon getting above ground again, Tassy tries to help heal Axtel's footpaw. The trio find Buckler and the search party from Redwall, who have set out again. They also meet up with Mumzy, who leads them to her home and the other three escaped young ones.

Back in Althier, an infant mouse quite accidentally discovers a hidden rift in the rock, which leads to a natural cave system behind the wall. Seizing the opportunity, the entire pack of young ones, now led by Midda and Tura, flee down the tunnel, blocking the rift with soil and rocks behind them. Vilaya soon discovers the absence of her prisoners; killing the stoat who was supposed to be on guard duty, she orders the Ravagers to unblock the rift and get after the young ones. Zwilt returns to Althier then, and demands to know what is going on. The ensuing argument causes a rift between the two sables, who split forces when they manage to enter the caves; Zwilt takes a group in one direction, while Vilaya takes hers in the other. Vilaya, now knowing she cannot trust Zwilt, sends her old rat confidante to spy on him. Zwilt, however, has other plans; he orders one of his biggest soldiers to strangle the helpless rat before she can report back to Vilaya. This action, once Vilaya hears of it, causes the two sables to become deadly enemies.

Buckler, meanwhile, has taken the entire Guosim shrew force and most of the able-bodied creatures from Redwall, planning to storm Althier, as they now know its location thanks to the warrior Axtel. By the time they get there, both the young ones and the Ravagers have gotten far down the tunnels, leaving no sign as to where they have gone. The group searches Althier from end to end with no success; during the search, Diggs becomes separated from the rest and is soon lost in Althier without a torch.

Vilaya and her force catch up with Zwilt's above ground. Neither sable has succeeded in finding the runaways. The two sables battle, and Zwilt stabs Vilaya with his broadsword; she falls unconscious with the pain. Thinking Vilaya is dead, Zwilt prepares to cut off her head as a warning to other vermin, but one of the Ravager stoats (a female named Gliv) urges him not to, saying it would be a bad omen. As the other Ravagers march off to make war on Redwall, Gliv is left behind with instructions to bury Vilaya; however, knowing that the Sable Quean is still alive, she nurses her back to health, and instructs her to follow Zwilt and slay him. Vilaya cruelly repays her rescuer by slaying her with the poisoned dagger, deciding that she can better do the job alone.

The escapees by now have reached the surface; but their freedom is short-lived, as an insane hedgehog named Triggut Frap imprisons them on his pike-surrounded watermeadow island, intending to use them as slaves to build him a proper house. However, Diggs arrives, along with a huge young female badger named Ambrevina Rockflash that met up with him on the way. Ambrevina was a friend of the young otter Flandor, and is seeking his whereabouts. When Midda informs her of his murder by Vilaya, the badger swears to avenge him.

Leaving the young ones in Mumzy's care, Diggs and Ambrevina return to Redwall, as Buckler and the other group did upon hearing that Zwilt and the Ravagers were headed there. They join in the battle against the Ravagers' battering ram at the front gate, not knowing that Zwilt and four of his soldiers are attempting to force a secret entrance open from the back. After the battering ram plot is foiled, a prolonged siege ensues. Diggs, relieved of guard duty, heads off to the kitchens to find a bite to eat. What he ends up finding is Zwilt, who has just managed to get in. Badly wounding the young hare, and causing Diggs to lose his ear and his memory in the process, the sable flees into Great Hall, but encounters Abbess Marjoram, Buckler's sister-in-law Clarinna, and several other Abbey females. Before he and his four soldiers can do any harm, Buckler appears on the scene. In the fantastic sword duel that ensues, Zwilt realizes he has finally met a beast who is more than his match. Taking a nearby baby hostage, he commands the young hare to surrender; offering to give his life for the babe, Buckler does. Having his soldiers pin the young hare to the stairs, Zwilt attempts to behead him. However, Clarinna comes up behind him and runs him through with the Sword of Martin, which had been hanging on the wall nearby. Abbess Marjoram tells Buckler when he offered to give his life for the babe he did something far braver than slaying Zwilt. The four soldiers flee, but do not escape, as a berserk Axtel takes care of them once and for all.

Meanwhile, outside the Abbey walls, Vilaya has resumed control of the Ravagers; the Redwallers, however, with the aid of Ambrevina and the Guosim, soundly rout the vermin, forcing the remainder into a scattered retreat. Vilaya flees, alone, but Ambrevina follows her, intent on avenging Flandor. Just as she catches up with Vilaya, the sable trips the badger with her cloak, hoping to throw her off. This proves to be her undoing, as Ambrevina falls right on top of the Sable Quean; the force causes the poison phial necklace to break, the shards piercing Vilaya and slaying her. Weeping for Flandor, Ambrevina returns to Redwall.

Diggs, who has completely forgotten who he is and now believes himself to be a colonel in the Long Patrol, wanders away from the Abbey, but returns in company with Mumzy and the freed captives. After having his memory restored by a friend's hitting him hard on the head, Diggs, in company with Buckler and Ambrevina, returns to Salamandastron. The two young hares then report to Lord Brang the adventurous outcome of their 'little visit' to Redwall.

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It uses material from the Redwall Wiki article The Sable Quean.

References

External links
 Official Redwall website

2009 British novels
2009 children's books
2009 fantasy novels
Redwall books
Children's novels about rabbits and hares
Philomel Books books


The Men's Freestyle 82 kg at the 1972 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program at the Fairgrounds, Judo and Wrestling Hall.

Medalists

Tournament results
The competition used a form of negative points tournament, with negative points given for any result short of a fall. Accumulation of 6 negative points eliminated the wrestler. When only two or three wrestlers remain, a special final round is used to determine the order of the medals.

Legend
DNA — Did not appear
TPP — Total penalty points
MPP — Match penalty points

Penalties
0 — Won by Fall, Passivity, Injury and Forfeit
0.5 — Won by Technical Superiority
1 — Won by Points
2 — Draw
2.5 — Draw, Passivity
3 — Lost by Points
3.5 — Lost by Technical Superiority
4 — Lost by Fall, Passivity, Injury and Forfeit

Round 1

Round 2

Round 3

Round 4

Round 5

Round 6

Final standings

References

External links
Official Report

Freestyle 82kg