Ammann & Whitney was a full-service Civil engineering firm that provided design and construction services for public and private sector projects. The firm provided new construction, renovations, adaptive reuse, historic preservation, interior design and sustainable design.

In 2016, Ammann & Whitney merged with Louis Berger to form Louis Berger U.S.

History
Ammann & Whitney was founded in 1946 by Othmar Ammann, a bridge designer, and Charles S. Whitney, a designer of innovative structures.  Whitney's innovations include collaborations with Eero Saarinen on early thin-shell concrete structures such as Kresge Auditorium (1955), TWA Flight Center (1962), and the main terminal at Dulles International Airport (1962).

Ammann & Whitney has since grown into an international firm.  While working with a wide variety of projects including (steel, concrete, masonry and timber) bridges for vehicular, pedestrian and rail traffic, Ammann & Whitney focuses on long span suspension bridges.  Examples of the firm's bridge work include the Delaware Memorial Bridge, Walt Whitman Bridge, the General Belgrano Bridge in Argentina, the Throgs Neck Bridge and most notably the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge.

In July 2016, Ammann & Whitney merged with Louis Berger. It is now Berger's long-span bridge division.

Ammann & Whitney currently has offices on the East Coast of the United States and its headquarters in New York City.  There are branch offices in Boston, MA, Philadelphia, PA, Pittsburgh, PA, Richmond, VA, Miami, FL,  and Washington, D.C.

Bridge and Highway Projects
New York City
Bronx-Whitestone Bridge
Throgs Neck Bridge
Triborough Bridge
Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge
Wards Island Bridge
George Washington Bridge
Williamsburg Bridge
Elsewhere
Bear Mountain Bridge, upstate New York
General Belgrano Bridge, Argentina
Bridge of the Americas, Panama
Delaware Memorial Bridge between Delaware and New Jersey
Benjamin Franklin Bridge, Philadelphia
Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco
Thomas J. Hatem Memorial Bridge, northeastern Maryland
Huguenot Bridge, Richmond, Virginia
Mon/Fayette Expressway, Pittsburgh vicinity
Roebling Suspension Bridge, between Cincinnati, Ohio, and Covington, Kentucky
Royal Gorge Bridge, Colorado
Tobin Bridge, Boston, Massachusetts

Projects
Ammann & Whitney projects included:
Arecibo Radio Telescope, Puerto Rico
Dulles International Airport Terminal Buildings
TWA Terminal at JFK International Airport
Kresge Auditorium
Queens Museum of Art
Metropolitan Opera House

References

External links

Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1946
Engineering companies of the United States
1946 establishments in the United States
Design companies disestablished in 2016
2016 disestablishments in the United States


Yagana Changezi (; 1884–1956) was an Indian Urdu-language poet who published several collections over a 30-year period.

Early life
He was born as Mirza Wajid Husain in 1884 in Patna, Bihar. He later settled in Lucknow writing under the name, Yagana Lucknawi.

Work and contribution

In 1946, Sajjad Zaheer persuaded Yagana to prepare his Kulliyat for publication by the Communist Party of India publishing house,  Qaumi Darul Ishaat.  However, according to one source, "This collection, however, proved to be so unwholesome that we could consider it a major tragedy. Some couplets were added and some corrected (rather changed to the extent that Yagana lost his cool and blew up)".

According to  Intezar Husain, Mushfiq Khwaja has done a great job. He has managed to pull out a poetic genius from the oblivion where he had been pushed by his hostile contemporaries. They saw to it that he was personally humiliated as a poet. His uncompromising attitude in respect of his literary opinions and his unorthodox thinking in matters of religion made their task easy. While still alive, he was consigned to the grave along with his poetry. His poetic work remained unpublished. Most of us had heard of him only as a crackpot with no respect for the greats of Urdu poetry.

In 2003, Pakistani scholar and writer Mushfiq Khwaja  created a compilation of Yagana's work, Kulliyat-i-Yagana . It included four collections of poems to his credit: Nishtar-i Yas, Tarana , Aayat-i-Wijdani  and also Ganjina (1948).  The compilation also included Yagana's Ghalib-Shikan and other prose works. .

Bibliography
The literary works of Yagana include.
 Nishtar-i- Yaas (1914)
 Tarana (1933)
 Aayat-i-Wijdani (1927)
 Ganjina (1948)
 Ghalib-Shikan

References

External links
  A great iconoclast By Shamim Ahmad
  Yagana Changezi’s rebirth
  Remembering Yagana’s blues
  Pak Tea House: Afzal Mirza, "Mirza Yagana Changezi", 7 July 2008. Accessed 30 July 2012.
  Urdu poetry of Yagana Changezi
  Yagana rediscovered by Intezar Husain
  Google books: K. C. Kanda, Masterpieces of Urdu Rubaiyat.

1880s births
1956 deaths
Writers from Patna
Writers from Lucknow
Urdu-language poets from India
Indian Shia Muslims
University of Calcutta alumni
20th-century Indian poets
Indian male poets
Poets from Bihar
20th-century Indian male writers


Spider Blues is the debut solo album by blues artist "Spider" John Koerner, released in 1965. He was a member of the loose-knit blues trio Koerner, Ray & Glover at the time of its release.

History
As a member of the blues trio Koerner, Ray & Glover, Koerner was recording on the Elektra label. While recording the trio's albums Lots More Blues, Rags and Hollers and  The Return of Koerner, Ray & Glover, he recorded a number of solo tracks. These tracks were assembled into Koerner's debut solo album. He also appeared at the Newport Folk Festival that same year, accompanied by trio member Tony Glover.

In his subsequent releases, his style changed as he turned from the blues to traditional folk music. In a 2000 interview, Koerner said, "I finally decided I was not a blues guy. How could I be? I was too young and too white, all that shit. So I took a year off and when I started playing again, I treated the subject in general as folk music. It's a new culture; it's not music being made on a back porch anymore."

Spider Blues was reissued on CD in 2010 by Wounded Bird Records.

Reception

In his 1965 Jazz Monthly review, music critic Albert McCarthy excoriated the album and wrote, "This is, without any doubt, one of the worst records I have had to review for many a long day. In a sleeve note notable for the inane quotes from Koerner himself, Paul Nelson of The Little Sandy Review, which I understand is one of the better folk publications, makes the remarkable claim that 'Koerner's art is like Chaplin's, as great and lasting as it is entertaining'. I nominate this as the most absurd remark of the year in the sleeve note field. In fact, Koerner is a passably competent guitarist, a poor harmonica player and a quite dreadful singer. "

On the other hand, in the mid-late 1960s radio station WBCN in Boston used to regularly play "Rent Party Rag" on the first of every month.

Track listing
All songs by John Koerner unless otherwise noted.

Side one
 "Good Luck Child" – 2:07
 "I Want to Be Your Partner" – 3:07
 "Nice Legs" – 2:27
 "Spider Blues" – 2:17
 "Corrina" – 3:15
 "Shortnin' Bread" (Traditional) – 2:08
 "Ramblin' and Tumblin'" – 3:12
 "Delia Holmes" (Traditional) – 2:54

Side two
 "Need a Woman" – 2:05
 "I Want to Do Something" – 3:35
 "Baby, Don't Come Back" – 2:39
 "Hal C. Blake" – 1:42
 "Things Ain't Right" – 3:30
 "Rent Party Rag" – 9:29

Personnel
"Spider" John Koerner – guitar, harmonica, kazoo, vocals
Tony "Little Sun" Glover – harmonica on "Good Luck Child", "Spider Blues", "Things Ain't Right"
Paul Nelson – liner notes

References

External links
Spider John Koerner in the UK Retrieved May 22, 2010.
John Koerner discography

1965 debut albums
John Koerner albums
Elektra Records albums
Wounded Bird Records albums


Holiday lighting technology has been subject to considerable development and variation since the replacement of candles by electric lights.  While originally used during the Christmas holidays as Christmas lights, modern electric light arrays have become popular around the world in many cultures and are used both during religious festivals and for other purposes unconnected to any festivities.

Incandescent lights

Incandescent light bulbs have been commonly used in holiday lights until recently. These lights produce a broad-spectrum white light, and are colored by coating the glass envelope with a translucent paint which acts as a color filter. Some early Japanese-made lamps used colored glass.

Glow discharge lights
Glow discharge light bulbs also can be used as holiday lights. The most common are neon, argon and mercury fluorescent lamps. They can glow in different colors, depending on the gas filling or the chemical composition of the phosphor. Neon lamps have a characteristic orange color, argon glow purple. Mercury lamps have most of the spectrum in the UV range, so their inner part of the bulb is covered with a phosphor, which converts invisible UV radiation into blue, green, yellow or other-colored light.

LEDs

Light-emitting diode (LED) holiday lights are quickly gaining popularity in many places due to their low energy usage, long lifetime, and associated low maintenance. Colored LEDs are far more efficient at producing light than their colored incandescent counterparts.

There are two types of LEDs: colored LEDs and white LEDs. Colored LEDs emit a specific color light (monochromatic light), regardless of the color of the transparent plastic lens that encases the LED's chip. The plastic may be colored for cosmetic reasons, but does not substantially affect the color of the light emitted.  Holiday lights of this type do not suffer from color fading because the light is determined by the LED's chip rather than the plastic lens.

White LEDs are similar in most respects such as power and durability, but utilize a two-stage process to create the white (polychromatic, or broad spectrum) light.  In the first stage, the LED produces one color of light, similar to any other LED.  In the second stage, some of the blue or violet-blue is absorbed by a phosphor, which fluoresces yellow, imitating the broad spectrum of colors which the eye perceives as "white".  This is essentially the same process used in fluorescent lamps, except for the use of an LED to create blue light rather than excited gas plasma to create ultraviolet.

White LEDs can be used as white holiday lights or to create any other color through the use of colored refractors and lenses similar to those used with incandescent bulbs.  Color fading may occur due to the exposure of colored plastics to sunlight or heat, as with ordinary holiday lights.  Yellowing may also occur in the epoxy body in which the LED is encased if left in the sun consistently.

LEDs use much less electricity (only 4 watts for a 70-light string) and have a much greater lifespan than incandescent lamps.  Since they are constructed from solid state materials and have no metallic filaments to burn out or break, LEDs are much less susceptible to breakage from impact or rough handling.

Although LEDs are long-life devices, older or lower-quality strands of LED-based holiday lights can suffer from early failure.  This is particularly so with blue ones, which are the newest and most expensive, and therefore prone to cost-cutting.  Most LED-based holiday lights use copper wire which connects to the plated, copper-alloy leads of the LEDs.  Having dissimilar metals in contact can result in galvanic corrosion inside of the lamps' sockets, causing them to stop working.  Some older sets of LED holiday lights have each LED permanently mounted in a non-removable weathertight base to keep out moisture, helping to prevent such corrosion. However, this prevents the user from replacing defective lamps.

Many mini sets use standard 3 mm dome-shaped LEDs, and have a plastic cover over them to provide refraction, which is an important step in diffusing the unidirectional light they cast.  These covers come in C5, C6, and C7 sizes (, , and -inch, or 16, 19, and 22 mm diameters, respectively) pointed "strawberries", G12 (12mm or almost -inch) globe "raspberries", and "M5" (5mm or -inch) pointed cylinders, equivalent to the T mini lights so common since the 1980s.  For blue and green, these covers may have some fluorescence, leading to a lighter color.  Other sets have 5 mm domes with no covers because these project light in one direction. Instead they have a cone-shaped indentation on the top to refract light out to the sides.  Still other sets have covers like snowflakes (or for Halloween, pumpkins).  There are also multi-LED screw-in bulbs which replace real C and C bulbs and are much closer in brightness than the mini imitations.

In the modern age, LEDs have emerged with RGB technology to allow Christmas lights to display a possible range of around 4.6 billion colors. One alternative is the use of RGBW technology which also adds the ability for lights to allow display a range of whites from warmer to cooler. RGB technology allows for far more animation then standard electronic light controls including the ability to smoothly fade through different colors.

One drawback to this technology for outdoor lighting, at least in North America, has been that squirrels have been found damaging them.  The species must wear down their continually-growing incisors by gnawing on hard objects. They apparently find the diode's durable plastic construction useful for this, while its low power consumption means a minimal chance of electrical shocks to discourage them. Animal experts have suggested leaving edible hard nuts on the ground around lighting fixtures to distract the rodents with food that can serve the same dental needs.

Fiber optic lights
Fiber optic technology is also used in holiday lighting, especially by incorporating it into artificial Christmas trees. Incandescent lamps or LEDs are located in the tree base and many optic fibers extend from the lamps to the ends of the tree branches.

Bubble lights
Bubble lights are a type of incandescent novelty light that acquired some popularity during the 1950s. Their main feature is a sealed glass tube with a colored bubbling liquid inside, created by the heat from the incandescent light. The fluid within the vial was originally a lightweight oil, but now is methylene chloride for a more consistent bubble effect. While the idea was first demonstrated by Benjamin Franklin, the idea was adapted for use in Christmas lights. They were invented by Carl Otis in 1935, who sold the patents to the NOMA Electric Corporation. There is a long story involving patent fights.  Bubble lights can still be purchased online and in stores to this day.

Laser projectors
Laser projector systems became a prominent phenomenon in 2015; the devices are typically installed on a stake in front of a house, projecting colored dots resembling stars. The devices are marketed as being safer and easier to install than traditional string lights. The concept was popularized by Telebrands, which launched a brand of low-cost laser projectors known as Star Shower Laser Light in July 2015. Star Shower saw a considerably high demand, with stores quickly running out of stock, and reports of the devices being stolen right out of front yards; The New York Times compared the phenomenon to those of Teletubbies and Cabbage Patch Kids toys. In 2016, Star Shower introduced an updated version of their product with motion effects.

While the popularity of Star Shower and its imitators have been credited to their ease of use, laser projectors have received mixed reception from professional holiday lighting designers; one called them the "lazy way" to decorate a house, and another argued that "there's nothing more aesthetically pleasing and magical than a fully decorated house and landscape." Curbed also acknowledged that the devices can "throw a smattering of errant green measles upon your neighbor's garage. Or your parked car.", and that Star Shower had put out warnings stating that they were not to be used within 10 miles of an airport lest they interfere with pilots' vision.

Light sculptures

Lights are sometimes mounted on frames—typically metal for large lights and plastic for miniature ones.  These were first used for public displays on lampposts, street lights, and telephone poles in cities and towns. For public displays large C7 bulbs are generally used, but by the 1990s light sculptures were being made in smaller form with miniature lights for home use. Consumer types now tend to come with a plastic sheet backing printed in the proper design, and in the 2000s now with nearly photographic quality graphics and usually on a holographic "laser" backing. Public displays often have outdoor-rated garland on the frame as well, making them very decorative even in the daytime.  Places where notable displays of light sculptures may be seen include Gatlinburg and Pigeon Forge, Tennessee.

On a smaller scale, one of the most popular light sculptures is the sparkleball. Sparkleballs are handmade globes made from threading holiday lights into a sphere built of plastic cups.  The cups are joined by soldering, cable ties, or with a hand stapler. Usually spotted individually on front porches at Christmas, the residents of North Yale Avenue in Fullerton, California have made a holiday tradition of hanging 450 sparkleballs from the trees lining their street.

Sizes

Note that the following may be particular to North America, and may vary in countries with mains other than 120 volts.

Christmas lighting began with small C6 bulbs — where the C means "cone" for the candle flame shape and the 6 indicates the diameter measured in eighths of an inch,  inches (19 mm). These were on a miniature candelabra screw-base, now designated E10 (Edison screw, 10 mm).  Replicas of these bulbs are now produced as miniature strings, usually with the entire bulb replaced, but sometimes with a decorative cover with regular bulbs inside.  These bulbs tend to be transparent white or colors, and are often ornately designed with crystal-like patterns.

Later bulbs called C, have diameters of seven and a half 1/8th inches ( in, or 24 mm) using an E12 candelabra base; however, these have a blunt shape (and should therefore be called B, or B24).  Mixing metric and English units, there are also now G30 globes which are 30 mm ( in, or G) in diameter using these sockets.  These are still used for the classic look or even retro style, and use about five watts each. Older bulbs drew  watts of power, and were reduced to save power.  Early bulbs, as well as some new antique reproductions, are made in various shapes and then painted like Christmas ornaments.  Bubble lights and twinkle bulbs also come in this size.

Outdoor-only bulbs are designated C ( in, or 29 mm), and have a similar blunt shape as the C, but use an E17 "intermediate" base.  Some modern versions of these strings are now listed for indoor and outdoor use.  These bulbs are rated at about seven watts each, and are available in a globe shape, designated G40 (40 mm, or  in).  Some of the blunt-shape bulbs now come painted with designs, or swirled in more than one color.  It is now very difficult to find twinkle bulbs in this size.

Standard mini lights are T, indicating that they are a tube shape  inches (5.5 mm) in diameter.  Larger mini bulbs, which began appearing around 2004, are about twice this size, but are still very uncommon.  Both types, along with most of the candle-shaped ones, are pinched-off at the tip rather than the base during manufacturing.  Most contemporary miniature light bulbs have an internal shunt that is intended to activate when the bulb's filament burns out. The shunt closes the circuit across the bad filament, restoring continuity, which allows the rest of the string to remain lit. However, if one shunt fails to close properly, the whole string will fail to light.

Other miniature types include globe-shaped "pearl" and smaller "button" lights, which are often painted in translucent or pearlescent colors.  "Rice" lights are tiny, like a grain of rice, and can even have a subminiature base, if they are not already fixed permanently to the wires (on low-voltage sets).  Rice lights are typically transparent, although colored variations do exist. They are intended to create tiny points of light, and are suitable for decorating miniature models, small wreaths, and other similar situations in which even "midget" T lights may be too large.

LED lights, which are encased in solid plastic rather than a hollow glass bulb, may be molded into any shape.  Because the LED casts light in only one direction, the most common way LED lights are designed, even "plain" sets having some sort of crystal pattern to create refraction.

Many bargain brands have dome-shaped LEDs which focus the light so that it's sharply visible when viewed head-on, but almost invisible from a perpendicular direction. This has both advantages and disadvantages, depending on one's decorating needs.

If a small LED bulb size with wider viewing angle is desired, wide-angle LEDs are available. The body is cylindrical with a concave conical depression, instead of a dome-shaped lens at the tip, to cause wider distribution of light.

All miniature bulbs, including some LED sets, have a wedge base, though their designs are inconsistent with one another, making it somewhat difficult for the average consumer to change bulbs.  To replace a bulb, the plastic base of the bulb must usually be changed by straightening the two wires and pulling the glass part out.  Most replacement bulbs do not even include the bases anymore, despite getting only ten in a package and being charged nearly half the price of a new string of 100.  For this reason, many Americans treat miniature holiday lights as disposable. In addition, colored lights tend to fade with even brief exposure to weather. Many LED sets are permanently wired, with bases that look like conventional pull-out bulbs.

Light sets

Traditional C6 bulbs were typically 15 volts, and used in series strings of eight bulbs, or multiples of 8. The use of eight bulbs (120 volts for 8 lamps equals 15 volts per lamp) gives each lamp the rated voltage for proper brightness. Later sets used nine bulbs on a string to increase the life of the bulbs by reducing the voltage each lamp received (120 volts divided by 9 lamps = 13 volts per bulb) but not significantly reducing the light output of the bulbs.

Large C and C bulbs typically come in sets of 25, though bubble lights come in sets of seven, and some non-holiday sets come in ten or twelve.  Sockets are usually spaced about one foot (30 cm) apart, and are clamped to the wire with an integrated insulation-piercing connector. Some older parallel sets had 15 bulbs, as do some of the newer globe sets manufactured today. Both of these bulbs are designed to run on 120 volts AC and the light sets that use them are wired in parallel.

Miniature lights first came in sets of 35 (3.5 volts per bulb), and sometimes smaller sets of 20 (6 volts per bulb).  For a short time, these early miniature lights were manufactured using E5 screw bases, rather than the current wedge base and were called "Italian lights".  Sets of ten (12 volts per bulb) were made for very small trees, but are quite hot, and are now usually used for tree toppers only.  This number is convenient for stars, which have a total of ten points (five outward and five inward), and often have another light in the middle, occasionally on both sides.

Incandescent miniatures now usually come in sets of 50 or 100 (which contains two circuits of 50) 2.5 V 170 mA bulbs, though decorative sets with larger bulbs (C6 or pearl style) typically come in sets of 35 or 70.  Several "extra-bright" sets also use 70 or 105 bulbs, keeping the per-bulb voltage at 3.5 instead of 2.5.

LED sets can vary greatly.  Common is a set of 60 (2 volts per bulb), but white LED sets use two circuits of 30 (4 volts per bulb).  Multicolor sets may have special wiring, because red and yellow require less voltage than the newer blue-based ones (blue, emerald green and fluorescent white), but typically come in sets with a multiple of 35.

Battery-powered sets typically come in 10 or 12, and can use standard 2.5 to 3.5-volt bulbs because they run two batteries, totaling three volts or less.  LEDs are becoming increasingly common as they greatly prolong battery life, but because they also last longer they are often soldered directly to the wires, making up for some of the increased cost of the newer LEDs.  "Rice lights" are often made this way as well, and likewise may also have more bulbs per set, as they draw somewhat less power per bulb than other incandescent lamps.

Control technology
Holiday lights can be animated using special "flasher" or twinkle bulbs (usually a red-tipped replacement bulb included with the set) or by electronic controller. Flasher bulbs use a bi-metallic strip which interrupts the circuit when the lamp becomes hot. An electronic holiday light controller usually has a diode bridge followed by a resistor-based voltage divider, a filter capacitor and a fixed-program microcontroller.  The micro-controller has three or four outputs which are connected to transistors or thyristor which control interleaved circuits, each with lamps of a single color.

Controllers can be set up to change flashing or animation styles by pressing a button or turning a dial on the unit; others have only one pattern, but the speed of this pattern can usually be adjusted by turning a similar dial.

Most multi-function sets feature eight to sixteen moving light functions. Some very common functions are fading and chasing. More extravagant and less common functions are stepping on and two-channel flashing. These lights usually come in sets of 140 or 150. This is because to give the chasing effect, bulbs must be arranged in four circuits of 35 (sets of 140) or three circuits of 50 (sets of 150). These light sets use even less power than a regular set of 150, because the lights are not always on, and therefore the bulbs also do not get as hot.

Usually, computerized sets cannot be connected end-to-end.  However, some newer sets contain special miniature plugs – a female jack is located at the end of the set, and a male plug is located between the control box and the beginning of the actual lights.  By disconnecting the control box from one set, it can now be plugged into the end of an identical chasing set to produce a longer strand of chasing lights.  These plugs generally have a twist-on locking feature similar to that found on garden hoses.

Computer-controlled holiday displays are becoming more and more common today.  For instance, a display in Texas uses a PIC microcontroller-based dimmer scheme, and also refers to dimming controllers that people have built based on this scheme. The designs all use mid-range PIC microcontrollers, are generally modular in units of eight channels (dimmable circuits), and use medium-speed, daisy-chainable, one-direction serial communications for input. Most controllers do not have stand-alone show sequencing capabilities, and rely on a separate computer (usually a PC) to send it real-time sequences of dimmer commands. There are now several companies making equipment and software to do this, some are Light-O-Rama, Pixelcontroller.com, Kulp Lights, Experience Lights, Mattos Designs, and Quin LED, and xLights , Vixen Lights. With Light-O-Rama software, users typically create sequences containing dimming instructions for the controllers. Physically on the controllers, multiple AC outlets can be precisely turned on, off, or dimmed. As this technology is used less for displays, other software such as xLights is used to control individually addressed LEDs, commonly referred to as "pixels". With pixels, designers can create whole house color effects, controlling the color and brightness of each individual bulb. This expands the possibilities for what designers can do given a constrained amount of lights. In addition to the lights, many displays incorporate an FM transmitter (personal device), allowing the synchronized music to be sent directly into families' vehicles.

Many animated displays now use RGB lighting.

A control technology being developed in Ottawa, Canada that enables multiple homes to link up over the Internet in-real time.  A central Web site initiates the timing using Network Time Protocol to keep the local computers synchronized, and each location has a small Java program that controls a device which interfaces with the USB port to which one's holiday lights are connected.  In this way, anyone online can "plug in" to this network and at their discretion, working independently or synchronized, engage their holiday light display on a global level.

In the modern age, digital control of Christmas lights via Wifi or Bluetooth technology has emerged. The use of Wifi or Bluetooth allows the use of a smartphone app to change the color of the lights or produce different effects as well as to program animations to music or other sounds. In addition to the same technologies found with Bluetooth, the use of Christmas lights connected to Wifi can allow the lights to be controlled even from a remote location or to be tied into a smart home to turn on and off at preset times and to interact with other appliances in the home.

Power considerations

Incandescent (midget) or LED-based sets usually have each lamp connected in series to be powered without a transformer in the set. Screw-base C7 and C9 light sets use line voltage  (120 volt) bulbs and are wired in parallel. LED-based sets use a current-limiting resistor to reduce the current supplied to each LED.  Neon-lamp-based sets have lamps connected in parallel, each with its own current-limiting resistor. Battery-powered sets are also wired in parallel.

Some incandescent or LED-based strings use a power supply transformer with lamps connected in parallel. These sets are much safer, but there is a voltage drop at the end of the string causing reduced brightness of the lamps at the end of the set. The reduced brightness is, however, less noticeable with LED-based sets than incandescent sets.  Power supplies with integrated plugs may make the set difficult to connect in certain places.

A line-operated AC string with a male plug on one end and a female socket on the other end can be conveniently connected end-to-end with other similar strings.  The gauge of wire used, current rating of the fuse (if present) and the power consumption of each string will determine how many strings can be safely daisy-chained this way, or whether the end string will have diminished voltage and brightness.

Safety
The number of strands of continuous light sets that may be safely daisy-chained in sequence varies based on whether the lights are LEDs, ordinary miniature light bulbs, or the larger C7/C9 type light bulbs. Other factors include the voltage of the set and the size of the wiring in the set. Those with questions should consult the manufacturer's instructions or an electrician.

Most light sets come with built in fuses to help protect against overheating and to prevent household fuses or circuit breakers from being tripped. If a fuse blows, the strand must be unplugged and the number of strands must be reduced.  If the strand has nothing attached, or has blown repeatedly, it may contain a short circuit and should be repaired or discarded.

An episode of the Discovery Channel television show MythBusters covered the possible fire danger from holiday lights.

References

Christmas traditions
Lighting


This is a timeline documenting the events of heavy metal in the year 2009.

Reformed bands
 Accept
 Arcturus
 Ark
 Autopsy
 Beherit
 Beneath the Sky
 Creed
 The Crown
 Decapitated
 Faith No More
 Gorguts
 Saint Vitus (few shows only)
 Steel Attack
 To/Die/For
 Unanimated
 Year of Desolation

Disbandments
 After Forever
 Angelcorpse
 Animosity
 Battle of Mice
 Burnt by the Sun
 Burst
 Divinity Destroyed
 Falchion
 God Seed
 Gorefest
 Grief
 Lock Up
 Lord Belial
 Metal Church
 Nothingface
 The Old Dead Tree
 Opiate for the Masses
Running Wild
 Subzero
 To/Die/For
 Twilightning
 xDEATHSTARx

Events
 Iron Maiden complete their globe-trotting Somewhere Back in Time World Tour, playing 90 shows in 38 countries.
 Iron Maiden become first heavy metal band to win a Brit Award, winning the Best Live Act at the awards ceremony.
 Former Arsis guitarist Ryan Knight joins The Black Dahlia Murder in late January, replacing John Kempainen, who had left the band in early December 2008.
 Guitarist Doug Weber leaves Terror in January, and is replaced by former No Warning guitarist Jordan Posner.
 Metallica is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 4 April,.
 Cannibal Corpse wins "Greatest Death Metal Song" with "Hammer Smashed Face" in a poll on the Metal Hammer website. Arch Enemy came second with "We Will Rise", Death third with "Crystal Mountain"
 Metallica's 2008 album, Death Magnetic is nominated for four Grammy categories, winning Best Recording Package and Best Metal Performance for "My Apocalypse".
 Finnish metal band Norther parts ways with longtime singer/guitarist Petri Lindroos. Norther has also announced Aleksi Sihvonen (Medicated, ex-Imperanon) as their replacement vocalist.
 Varg Vikernes is released from prison after 16 years of incarceration for the murder of Øystein Aarseth (aka Euronymous), guitarist of Mayhem and owner of Deathlike Silence Productions record label that Burzum was signed to. Varg was also convicted for setting fire to three churches.
 The Gorgoroth name dispute is concluded with a court verdict recognising Gorgoroth founding member Infernus as the legitimate user of the band name. Contestants Gaahl and King ov Hell form God Seed, but Gaahl retires from metal within a few months and King forms Ov Hell with Shagrath.
 Susperia vocalist Athera suffered a heart attack. He has been diagnosed with a rare genetic disorder and is to undergo a triple heart bypass. On Monday, 16 March 2009 at Rikshospitalet University Hospital in Oslo, Norway, Athera successfully underwent open heart surgery. Surgeons also discovered further problems which resulted in the vocalist also having a main artery – which previously ran to his lungs – connected directly to his heart.
 Dimmu Borgir's Dariusz "Daray" Brzozowski ranked No. 1 drummer in Poland's "Top Drummer" magazine.
 Shadows Fall have announced the formation of their own label in conjunction with Warner Music Group's Independent Label Group and Ferret Music.
 Sonic Syndicate clean vocalist Roland Johansson quits the band.
 Original Arsis drummer Michael VanDyne returns to the band full-time.
 God Forbid has confirmed that rhythm guitarist Dallas Coyle has left the band. They also announced that former Darkest Hour guitarist Kris Norris will be his replacement.
 Sentenced's former lead guitarist Miika Tenkula is found dead on his home; his demise was caused by a heart attack due to a genetic condition. His overall health was presumably worsened by his heavy drinking problem.
 Satyricon bassist Victor Brandt quits the band in April.
 Venom drummer Antton leaves the band to focus on his other musical projects.
 Megadeth and Slayer to co-headline "Canadian Carnage" with Machine Head and Suicide Silence.
 Alexi Laiho from Children of Bodom breaks arm on tour.
 Rigor Mortis guitarist Mike Scaccia to undergo emergency neck surgery. The MRI scan noticed Scaccia has a Cervical Herniated Disc in his lower neck, which could make him paralyzed without immediate surgery.
 Dead to Fall announces farewell show.
 Carpathian Forest guitarist/bassist Tchort leaves the band in May.
 Kataklysm guitarist Jean-Francois Dagenais detained by the FBI. He was arrested and detained for over 5 hours under the presumption of being on the FBI international most wanted list, which he was falsely accused.
 Every Time I Die parts ways with drummer Mike "Ratboy" Novak, who has been with the band for 11 years.
 Deep Purple are issued a fine in Russia for "illegally" playing their own songs in Rostov-on-Don in October 2008.
Brainstorm sign to AFM Records.
On 8 July 2009, founding member and original Crimson Glory frontman Midnight died.
Jørn Lande returns to Masterplan.
Megadeth frontman Dave Mustaine undergoes neck surgery.
The Bled signs to Rise Records.
Sonic Syndicate announces new vocalist, Nathan James Biggs.
 ICS Vortex and Mustis leaves Dimmu Borgir.
 Destruction guitarist Mike Sifringer breaks his ring finger in Belgium.
 Former 3 Inches of Blood bassist Brian Redman died on Saturday 27 September, in a car crash near his home in Tacoma, Washington.
Evile bassist Mike Alexander fell ill and died at the age of 32 on 5 October, in Luleå, Sweden.
In a partnership between Earache Records and RapidShare, the Irish thrash metal band Gama Bomb made its third studio album, Tales from the Grave in Space, available for free download on 5 November 2009.
Steven Tyler is laid off from Aerosmith on 14 November 2009. The lay-off was due to multiple factors, being redundancies in the singing-songwriting division, and rising rehab fees that have cost the group millions.
Mercenary parts ways with drummer Mike Park, vocalist Mikke Sandager and keyboard player Morten Sandager.
Death and Control Denied's former guitarist Shannon Hamm suffers a heart attack at home on 1 October,.
Ronnie James Dio is diagnosed with stomach cancer, and is being treated at the Mayo Clinic.
On 28 December, The Rev, the drummer of Avenged Sevenfold, was found dead at his home in Huntington Beach.

Books
ECW Press will release a book looking at the work of producer Rick Rubin, entitled Rick Rubin: In the Studio, written by biographer Jake Brown on 11 August,.
 Former Stratovarius member Timo Tolkki is to publish his autobiography, Hymn to Life – Entr'acte on 2 November, through Goldenworks Ltd./Blacksmith Ltd.
 At the End of the Day, a book charting the career of Blaze Bayley is to be released on 25 September,.
 All That Matters, a Metallica biography written by Paul Stenning is to be released in October via Plexus Publishing.
 Led Zeppelin: Good Times, Bad Times: A Visual Biography, a book examining the public and private lives of the members of Led Zeppelin, is to be released on 1 October, via Abrams Publishing.
 Rock photographer Neil Zlozower releases Mötley Crüe: A Visual History, 1983–2005 via Chronicle Books.
 A limited-edition book, Vintage Kiss Photos: 1974–1981 compiled by Marc Scallatino, is releaded, charting Kiss's early days.
 Cradle of Filth frontman Dani Filth and Gavin Baddeley are to release The Gospel of Filth, a book exploring the history of the band and more general topics of the dark side of humanity, on 31 October,.
New book announced on the history of metal titled Louder Than Hell: The Unflinching Oral History of Metal.
 Rudolf Schenker of the Scorpions will release his autobiography, entitled Rock Your Life in Germany on 14 October,.
 Heavy metal magazine Decibel will release Precious Metal: The Stories Behind 25 Extreme Metal Masterpieces in July. The book pays tribute to the 25 most influential extreme metal albums of all time. Some of the albums listed include: Slayer's Reign in Blood, Cannibal Corpse's Tomb of the Mutilated, Converge's Jane Doe and Meshuggah's Destroy Erase Improve.
 All Pens Blazing, a heavy metal writer's handbook containing interviews and a history of heavy metal publications, is released on 16 August,.
 Ozzy Osbourne is to release his autobiography, "I Am Ozzy" on 1 October,.
 Bazillion Points Books are to release Only Death is Real: An Illustrated History of Hellhammer and Early Celtic Frost, a book exploring the bands Hellhammer and Celtic Frost written by band members Tom Fischer and Martin Eric Ain, in November 2009.
 Two books came from author Joel McIver, the first called The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists with a foreword by Glen Benton of Deicide and the second titled To Live Is To Die: The Life And Death of Metallica's Cliff Burton, with a foreword by Kirk Hammett.

Films
On 8 December, Bill Zebub will release Pagan Metal: A Documentary, the first documentary about pagan and folk metal.

Albums released

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

References

External links
About.com: Heavy Metal

2000s in heavy metal music
Metal


Minuscule 81 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), or α162 (in the Soden numbering) is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on a parchment. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1044. Formerly it was labelled by 61a and 61p (Gregory). The manuscript is lacunose. It was adapted for liturgical use.

Description

The codex contains almost complete text of the Acts of the Apostles and the Epistles on 282 parchment leaves (), with some lacunae (Acts 4:8-7:17; 17:28-23:9 - 297 verses). The text is written in one column per page, in 23 lines per page, in small letters.

It contains list of the  (list of contents) only for Epistle of James. Lectionary markings were added on the margin by a later hand (for liturgical use).

Text

The Greek text of the codex, is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type, with some the Byzantine readings. It is one of the most important of all minuscule manuscripts. It was only one minuscule manuscript examined by Constantin von Tischendorf. Aland placed it in "at least Category II".

It has been called "the best minuscule witness to Acts" or "the most important minuscule copy of the Acts". F. H. A. Scrivener stated "its value is shown not so much by the readings in which it stands alone, as by agreement with the oldest uncial copies, where their testimonies coincide".

In Acts 16:10 it reads θεος along with P74, Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus, Vaticanus, Ephraemi, E, 044, 33, 181, 326, 630, 945, 1739, ar, e, l, vg, copbo, geo; other reading κυριος, is supported by D, P, 049, 056, 0142, 88, 104, 330, 436, 451, 614, 629, 1241, 1505, 1877, 2127, 2412, 2492, 2495, Byz, c, d, gig, syrp,h, copsa.

It does not contain text of Acts 28:29.

In Romans 8:1 it reads Ιησου κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν, for Ιησου (as א, B, D, G, 1739, 1881, itd, g, copsa, bo, eth). The reading of the manuscript is supported by A, Db, Ψ, 629, 2127, vg. The Byzantine manuscripts read Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα.

In Romans 13:9 it has additional phrase ου ψευδομαρτυρησεις, the reading is supported by the manuscripts: א (P) 048 104 365 1506 a b vgcl (syrh) copbo.

Romans 16:24 is omitted as in Codex Sinaiticus A B C 5 263 623 1739 1838 1962 2127 itz vgww copsa,bo ethro Origenlat).

In 1 Corinthians 2:1 it reads μαρτυριον along with B D G P Ψ 33 104 181 326 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg syrh copsa arm eth. Other manuscripts read μυστηριον or σωτηριον.

In 1 Corinthians 7:5 it reads τη προσευχη (prayer) along with 𝔓11, 𝔓46, א*, A, B, C, D, F, G, P, Ψ, 6, 33, 104, 181, 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth. Other manuscripts read τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (fasting and prayer) or τη προσευχη και νηστεια (prayer and fasting).

In 1 Timothy 3:16 it has textual variant  (God manifested) (Sinaiticuse, A2, C2, Dc, K, L, P, 044, 81, 104, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 629, 630, 1241, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect), against ὃς ἐφανερώθη (he was manifested) supported by Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus, Ephraemi, Boernerianus, 33, 365, 442, 2127, ℓ 599.

In 2 Timothy 4:10 it reads Γαλλιαν, along with Sinaiticus C 104 326 436; other manuscript read Γαλατιαν (A D F G K L P Ψ 33 88 181 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect) or Γαλιλαιαν (copbo).

In Hebrews 8:11 it reads πλησιον for πολιτην, the reading is supported by Codex Porphyrianus, 104, 436, 629, 630, and 1985.

In 1 John 5:6 it has textual variant δι' ὕδατος καὶ πνεύματος καὶ αἵματος (through water and spirit and blood) together with the manuscripts: Codex Porphyrianus, 88, 442, 630, 915, 2492, arm, eth Bart D. Ehrman identified it as Orthodox corrupt reading.

History

According to the colophon, it was written on April 20, 1044, by a scribe named John at the request of another monk, named Jakob.

The codex was discovered by Constantin von Tischendorf in Egypt in 1853, who took 57 leaves of the codex (Acts of the Apostles) with himself. He sold it to the Trustees of the British Museum in 1854. Now it is located in the British Library (Add MS 20003) in London. 225 leaves are still in Alexandria, where they are held in the Patriarchat Library (59).

Formerly it was labelled by 61a and 61p (Gregory). In 1908 C. R. Gregory gave for it number 81.

Tischendorf collated and published text of it in 1854 (Anecdota sacra). C. R. Gregory saw it in 1883.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Textual criticism
 Biblical manuscript

Notes

References

Further reading

 F. H. A. Scrivener, An Exact Transcript of the Codex Augiensis (Cambridge and London, 1859), pp. 68–70.
 Constantin von Tischendorf, Anecdota sacra et profana (Lipsiae 1855), pp. 130–146.

External links

 Minuscule 81 at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism

Greek New Testament minuscules
11th-century biblical manuscripts
British Library additional manuscripts


North Cambridge Academy is a small secondary school with academy status, located in North Cambridge, England. Founded in 1959 the school has also been known as Manor Community College, and The Manor.

Partner schools
Associate primary schools are: Shirley Infant and Primary School, Kings Hedges Primary School, The Grove Primary School and Orchard Park Primary School.
The Sister Schools of this establishment are Swavesey Village College, Stamford Welland Academy and Nene Park Academy.

History
The school was built as Manor School around 1959 based on a design by the architects W. Doig and M.R. Francis and, at that time, was a flagship school in Cambridge City. The school was named after Manor Farm which was in the area and was owned by Cambridgeshire County Council, who bought the farm in 1909 from the Benson family of Chesterton hall. The Council split the farm into smallholdings, and the name of one of the smallholders, William Downham, is commemorated in a nearby road called Downham's Lane. The school was due to have funding for refurbishment, but this was removed by Cambridgeshire County Council in 2009. It has recently been selected as part of the Coalition Government's Priority School Building Programme.

From the 1990s to the mid 2000s the principal was Mr Cressy. In 2007 the school appointed Ben Slade as principal. In October 2012 Slade resigned in order to take up a post in the independent schools sector. The school improved during his 5-year tenure despite 2012 results being the lowest since he was appointed exacerbated by the national grade boundary change scandal. In 2007 results were 23% 5 higher grades including English and Maths. These rose to 49% in 2010. At 5 higher grades results rose from 32% in 2007 to 60% in 2010 "a remarkable turnaround" (Ofsted, 2010). Martin Campbell was appointed as principal after Slade's resignation.

OfSTED commented that "the changes made are recognised by parents, the vast majority of whom are supportive of the school's work. A considerable number commented on the improvements, including the renewed focus on improving standards. The comment, 'the effort of staff and pupils to make a dramatic improvement is working', is typical."

The Manor was designated as a specialist performing arts college by the DCSF in 2007 and they were successfully re-designated by the DfE in 2010. They were also awarded ArtsMark Gold by the Arts Council for England and the Prince's Teaching Institute Award for English by Prince of Wales in 2009, 2010 and 2011. On 28 November 2012, students from the Manor School performed in front of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge in an event organised by the Body Gossip education programme.

The school became an academy sponsored by the Meridian Trust (known prior as Cambridge Meridian Academies Trust)  in September 2013, and was renamed North Cambridge Academy.

In 2020, Martin Campbell became executive head for schools in the Meridian Trust and Samuel Fox became the principal of North Cambridge Academy.

References

External links

Secondary schools in Cambridgeshire
Schools in Cambridge
Educational institutions established in 1959
1959 establishments in England
Academies in Cambridgeshire


Geta, Nepal is a town in Attariya Municipality in Kailali District in Sudurpashchim Province of western Nepal. The formerly Malakheti, Shreepur, Beladevipur, Geta Village Development Committees were merged to form the new municipality since 18 May 2014. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 7900 living in 1216 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Kailali District

Populated places in Kailali District


Arena is an independent Australian critical and radical publishing cooperative that has been continuously producing writings since its founding in 1963. Established by figures in Australia’s ‘New Left’, Arena is a forum to debate and develop new ideas about society and the world, occupying a unique place in Australian cultural and intellectual life ever since. Arena’s editors and authors share a commitment to creating a genuinely and fully human society for all—a society that draws on left social and political traditions and a ‘green’ revisioning of the world but goes beyond simple or entrenched versions of those ideas. Arena is especially interested in how people and communities draw on complex cultural histories and life-ways that may defy the logic of late capitalism, and on which basis the social might be understood anew.

Though the quarterly Arena commenced as a New Left magazine with a commitment to extending Marxist approaches by developing an account of intellectual practices, its subsequent debates and theoretical work, and engagements with critical theory, media theory, post-structuralism and postmodernism, have led it to develop an approach known as the 'constitutive abstraction' approach. This is connected to an associated lineage of engaged theory. All of these are underpinned by a preoccupation with the questions of social abstraction, including the abstraction of intellectual practices. They include a special emphasis on the cultural and social contradictions of globalised hi-tech society, which the Arena editors took to be misrepresented within prevailing media theory and post-structuralism.

Many of the themes the Arena group has explored over the decades relate to those raised by writers like Slavoj Žižek, Zygmunt Bauman and Richard Sennett, and, to some degree, writers associated with the Frankfurt School. However, Arena'''s critique also suggests that many of these authors stop short of a full critique of the ungrounding of contemporary social life by current global/ technological/ media processes.

 History

The quarterly journal Arena was founded in Melbourne, Australia in 1963, at a time of crisis for the Old Left and the emergence of the New Left. Although the publication covered a wide variety of topics, one was of key practical and theoretical importance: the transformation of post-World War II industrial society by the mobilisation of knowledge production as a core productive activity, the nature of intellectual practice, and the consequent creation of new class and cultural divisions whose social character made necessary a thorough revision of the classical Marxist theory of class and base and superstructure accounts of the social whole.

A key to this theoretical trend was extended commentary on the transformation of the modern university, the instrumentalisation of education, and the revolt against this that formed the core of many of the social upheavals of the 1960s and beyond, as was a focus on colonialism in the Asia-Pacific region, including relations between Australia and its then colony Papua New Guinea, and between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians.

 The 1970s: critique of social democracy and the development of a post-Marxist framework

By the mid-1970s – as the radical Left faltered and social democracy became increasingly instrumentalised – Arena contributors were focusing on the degree to which social life could be seen not through a base/superstructure/ideology model, but as nested levels of material abstraction, from the least abstract – face-to-face daily life – to the most abstract, such as global commodity and image/media circulation. A focus on material abstraction had its origins in a redirection of the implications of both the critique of technology by figures like Jacques Ellul and the extension of its range by Marshall McLuhan. Marx's analysis of the commodity, particularly as reconstructed by Alfred Sohn-Rethel, consolidated that movement.

The dominant social contradiction was seen as no longer between labour and capital, but between deep-seated human cultural needs grounded in the less abstract levels of life and the drawing of ever-larger areas of life into the most abstracted, and instrumentalised levels of life. Contemporary life was held to be based on a widespread erroneous assumption that the elements of social life – identity stability, meaning, co-operative solidarity – could be 'taken-for-granted' and would survive intact through any process of technological development.

A re-radicalised emancipatory Left would thus be one in which society had a reflexive relationship to different levels of abstraction, maintaining all in a dynamic relationship – crucial to which was an overcoming of the split between intellectual and manual labour as separate class and culturally grounded activities. Although this approach took up some of the themes of the counter-culture, it was also critical of the counter-culture's excessive valorisation of less abstract levels of life and the belief that modern subjects could or should withdraw into anti-technological primitivism. In Arena's immediate circles it found expression in a decision to establish Arena’s own printery and, from 1974 onwards, to typeset, print and publish their own journal and related publications.Arena's distinctive approach can thus be seen as having some superficial similarities with post-Marxist and post-classical attempts to apply a levels analysis of social life as developed (differently) by Jürgen Habermas and Louis Althusser. Its critical account of instrumentalised abstraction also has some surface parallels with Slavoj Žižek's critique of postmodernism in The Ticklish Subject and The Fragile Absolute, and Zygmunt Bauman's analysis of 'liquid modernity’ in his recent works. More generally, Arena’s distinctive approach is grounded in an emphasis on the constitutive role of abstraction both within the interpretive and the instrumental expression of rationality.

Though it continued to publish a great deal of conventional radical-left political economic and geopolitical material, it was at this point that its orientation began to diverge from other Australian left publications such as Overland, and the Australian Left Review.

 The 1980s: post-structuralism, biotechnology and exterminism

This practical-theoretical approach led those associated with Arena into a number of key debates and causes of the 1980s. The renewal of a 'hot' Cold War by the Reagan administration and of the nuclear arms race – 'exterminism' in E. P. Thompson's phrase – was analysed as an over-determined consequence of an instrumentalised, maximally abstracted way of life. Advances in medical research such as in-vitro fertilisation were given a more critical account, examining the manner in which such technologies were harbingers of a wider cultural contradiction arising from the reconstruction of nature at the molecular biological level.

The newly popular work of postmodernists and post-structuralists like Jean Baudrillard and Jacques Derrida, which argued the simulated and deferred nature of the sign and text, was critically analysed as, in fact, a description of a highly abstracted media society, falsely generalised and transhistoricised.

These and other debates increasingly put the Arena editors in a critical relationship to what remained of the Left, which had enthusiastically embraced the celebration of difference and hybridity as the post-structuralist revolution swept English-speaking humanities departments in the 1980s. Paradoxically, this also led to some on the Left failing to grasp Arena’s standpoint, representing it, too, as an expression of the post-structuralist wave.

Increasingly, Arena’s arguments added up to a critique that was deep-cultural and/or ontological. As the USSR collapsed and capitalism was fully globalised, and as the environmental problem became compelling, it was becoming clear that a global system had developed to such a degree that its basic contradiction was of the possibility of meaningful life itself.

 Arena Magazine and Arena Journal

By the end of the 1980s it was becoming increasingly difficult to bridge the deeper theoretical debates and more current analysis within one publication. Arena (quarterly) was concluded at issue 99/100 in 1992 and two new publications launched – the popular political and cultural commentary publication Arena Magazine (6 times per year) and the twice-yearly theoretical, academically refereed publication, Arena Journal.

Drawing on a wide variety of writers, and acting as a more pluralist space for debates within critical streams of Australian thought and politics, Arena's editors took part in most of the key debates in Australian political and cultural life over the last fifteen years. These found their most directly engaged expression in the Magazine; they included an extended consideration of the relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australia, and the challenges faced by traditional Indigenous communities within a modern framework; the importation and development of the 'culture wars' and the rise of right-wing populism as a response to the 'ungrounding' of social life under globalisation; the contradictions arising from the spread of post-human and post-natural technologies, from birth technologies to medication to GM foods; the rise of 'military humanitarianism' in the NATO Balkans interventions in the 1990s and its continuation and expansion in Iraq; and in the 'mandatory detention' regime imposed on refugees in the 2000s. Importantly, many of these debates problematised elements of progressive/radical discourse, for example, the nature of instrumental policies like multiculturalism, the 'no-borders' approach to refugee issues, or unreflective techno-utopianism that rose with the internet and spread of post-human technologies.

In more recent years the Arena editors have been particularly concerned to position the environmental movement within a general critique of the neo-liberal trajectory. Arena Journal especially, with its more direct focus on a range of theoretical-practical concerns, has sought to develop the more fundamental aspects of the Arena critique. Its brief is to promote ethically and theoretically concerned discussion about the prospects for cooperative life through a central focus on the reconstruction of class relations, forms of selfhood and community life in contemporary society. It publishes scholarly works by Australian and international scholars.

 Contributors
Much of the initial theoretical framework for Arena's editorial approach was developed by founding editor Geoff Sharp, with editors Nonie Sharp and Doug White. Key contributions on theoretical frameworks for analysing education, post-structuralism, feminism, nationalism, technology and subjectivity have been made by John Hinkson, Gerry Gill, Alison Caddick, Paul James, Simon Cooper and Guy Rundle.

Since the late 1960s the publications have been produced by a group of around a dozen to twenty members, many of whom have been part of the project for several decades.

Over the years Arena's publications have featured work from a wide range of Australian and international contributors, including Dennis Altman, Judith Brett, Humphrey McQueen, Don Watson, John Pilger, Julie Stephens, Boris Frankel, Susan Hawthorne, Noam Chomsky, David Holmes, Verity Burgmann, Andrew Milner, Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson, Tom Nairn, Larissa Behrendt, Jürgen Habermas, Zygmunt Bauman, Christos Tsiolkas, Kevin Hart, Simon During, Noel Pearson, Raimond Gaita, John Frow, Naomi Klein.

 Pamphlets and papers

Arena has also published a range of monographs, pamphlets and papers over the years on topics ranging from nuclear power and critical Australian political economy to the Iraq occupation.

 Printing

The Arena co-operative printed their own publications from 1974 to 1992, and continue to run a commercial printery with a specific focus on community and alternative publications, in Fitzroy, Melbourne.

 Books

Since 1982, has published books on a variety of topics, from social theory, to Indigenous and colonial Australian history, and Asia-Pacific studies. Arena published the widely read Coercive Reconciliation, a collection of critical essays in response to the conservative Australia Government's 2007 intervention in Indigenous communities in the Northern Territory. More recently it published Being Arab: Arabism and the Politics of Identity.

Notes

 References
Milner, Andrew, 'Radical Intellectuals: an unacknowledged legislature?' in Constructing a culture: a people's history of Australia since 1788 eds. Verity Burgman and Jenny Lee, Melbourne: McPhee Gribble/Penguin Books, 1988, 259–84.
Usher, Robin, 'In the global arena', The Age, 9 December 2003.

 External links Arena''
Reason in Revolt

Publishing companies of Australia
Cooperatives in Australia
Academic publishing companies
Critical theory
Organisations based in Melbourne
1963 establishments in Australia
Political organisations based in Australia


Knut Anders Fostervold (born 4 October 1971) is a Norwegian former footballer and cyclist. As a footballer he played as a midfielder and defender from 1991 until 2002, notably played for Molde FK and Grimsby Town. He also played for Sandefjord, Stokke IL and Eik-Tønsberg

Football career

Early career
Fostervold started his career in Rival, and then played in Vestfold for Sandefjord, Stokke IL and Eik-Tønsberg.

Molde
In 1994, Fostervold returned to his hometown and started to play for Molde FK. He got his debut for the club on 1 May 1994 in a second tier game against Åndalsnes.

Fostervold played 172 matches for Molde from 1994 to 2002 as a centre-back and scored 13 goals. He also captained the team for four years, from 1996 to 1999.

Fostervold is well known for a dive he took while playing for Molde in the match against Stabæk on 18 September 1999. After being hit in the face by Pétur Marteinsson, Fostervold waited for a few seconds before throwing himself to the ground, clutching his face in an attempt to attract the referee's attention. Footage of the dive has become popular on video sharing platforms. John Carew parodied the dive in celebration after scoring a goal in another match.

Grimsby Town (loan)
Fostervold joined Grimsby Town on loan during the 2000–01 season, after manager Lennie Lawrence brought in several foreign imports on a loan basis.

Cycling career
He retired from football due to injury in 2003, and now competes in cycling.

Fostervold won a bronze medal in the Norwegian national time-trial championships in 2005, behind former world under-23 time trial champions and Tour de France stage winners Thor Hushovd and Kurt Asle Arvesen. He won another bronze in 2006, and won silver in 2007 behind Edvald Boasson Hagen. In 2006 and 2007 he represented Norway in the world championship time trial (placing 43rd and 51st respectively).

References

External links

1971 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Molde
Footballers from Møre og Romsdal
Norwegian men's footballers
Norwegian expatriate men's footballers
Sandefjord BK players
FK Eik Tønsberg players
Molde FK players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Eliteserien players
Norwegian First Division players
English Football League players
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Men's association football defenders
Norwegian male cyclists


Play is an album by the American rapper Doug E. Fresh, released in 1995. It contains production from Doug E. Fresh, Frankie Cutlass, and Todd Terry. The album peaked at No. 81 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, but several singles—"Where's da Party At?", "Freaks", "Hands in the Air", and "I-ight"—made it to the Hot Rap Singles chart. Luther Campbell appears on the album.

Critical reception

The Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph considered the album to be "reminiscent of a time when house parties took place in basements, with blue lights in the sockets and where a hundred bodies danced in harmony to Sugarhill Gang tunes." The Indianapolis Star noted that "scratches, drum machines and keyboards spit out dancehall reggae, but it seems Fresh hasn't spent any time developing rhythms or raps."

Track listing
"Where’s da Party At?" – 4:25
"It’s On" – 4:07
"Take ’Em Uptown" – 4:38
"I-Ight" – 4:45
"The Original Old School!" – 5:39
"Freaks" – 3:08
"Freak It Out!" – 6:34
"It’s Really Goin’ on in Here" – 6:51
"Who’s Got All the Money?" – 3:55
"Get da Money" – 5:56
"Hands in the Air" – 4:11
"Doug E. Got It Goin’ On" – 5:08
"Keep It Going" – 3:28
"Breath of Fresh Air" – 4:31

Charts

References

1995 albums
Albums produced by Easy Mo Bee
Doug E. Fresh albums
Gee Street Records albums


Kevin Sanders and Julia Sanders (née Powell) are an English motorcyclist husband and wife noted for overland long-distance riding. They hold two Guinness World Records. The first was achieved in June 2002 by circumnavigating the world by motorcycle in 19½ days. The second was completed on 22 September 2003, riding the length of the Americas from Deadhorse, Prudhoe Bay in Alaska, United States to Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina in 35 days and breaking the previous record by over 12 days.
After these Guinness World records, they founded their motorcycle expedition company, GlobeBusters Motorcycle Expeditions in 2004.

Biography
Kevin was born in London in 1964, and grew up in Tottenham. He has ridden motorcycles since he was 17.  He moved to Cambridge and started his own motorcycle training school, "BikeSafe". He holds the highest qualifications for advanced motorcycling available to civilians, the RoSPA Diploma in Advanced Motorcycle Tuition.

Julia Powell was born in Sheffield in 1966.  Sanders met Julia when travelling in South America in 1997.  They got married in Cusco, Peru in 2001. Since then they have broken two motorcycle world records, started their own motorcycle expedition company, GlobeBusters,  been featured in many magazines, made their own motorcycle travel DVDs and have been featured on National Geographic Channel.

Guinness World Records rides

2002 World Circumnavigation

In 2002, Kevin and Julia Sanders broke the Guinness World Record for the fastest circumnavigation of the world by motorcycle, taking 12½ days off the previous record established by Nick Sanders in June 1997. They averaged  each day on the bike and rode  in 19 days 8 hours and 25 minutes. The bike used was a BMW R1150GS. The ride took place between 11 May and 22 June 2002.

This motorcycle record also beat the existing car record for Around the World by 1 hour and 50 minutes, a record which allows two drivers to rotate the driving. Their Guinness World Record motorcycle ride now stands as the fastest overland vehicle around the world, although the Guinness World Records no longer recognises such attempts.

2003 Trans Americas

The previous record for the Trans Americas route had stood at 47½ days. The Sanders broke this by over 12 days, doing it in 35 days. The ride started on 18 August 2003 and finished on 22 September 2002. The Trans Americas route covered almost  of tough riding, rugged terrains and extreme weather conditions. They rode from Deadhorse, Prudhoe Bay in Alaska to Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. The route went through Alaska, Canada, United States, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama. The motorcycle was then airfreighted over the Darién Gap from Panama City to Caracas, Venezuela. They continued the ride through Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile and Argentina. The motorcycle used was a BMW R1150GS Adventure.

Guinness World Records no longer certifies new attempts at this record, but the rules that were in force at the time of this Guinness World Record were:
1. Route must be checked by Guinness World Records prior to setting off. It must start at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska and finish in Ushuaia, Argentina.
2. It is permitted to fly over the Darién Gap, but the clock continues to run for the whole of the time.
3. In South America you must cross through Cartagena or Baranquilla in Colombia (to show you have ridden the full length of South America).
4. Same rider, same motorcycle throughout.
5. No traffic offences.
6. Maintain a detailed log book – for every stop, record location, date, time, mileage and when you start, record the date and time of starting.
7. Photographic and video evidence of journey.
8. Two witnesses each day to sign the log book.
9. Two independent witnesses of local standing to verify the whole evidence of the journey prior to submission to Guinness World Records.

2010 Silk Road East expedition

On 17 April 2010, Sanders led an 80-day expedition through Europe, Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and China. The  trip ended on 5 July 2010, with one rider repatriated due to altitude sickness en route to Everest Base Camp.  A documentary about this trip was made in 2011, entitled "The Ride - London to Beijing". Featured on Amazon Prime

Charity

Their rides have also raised money for SOS Children's Villages. With its UK base in Cambridge, their old home town, this charity cares for abandoned and orphaned children in over 122 countries worldwide. As part of their Trans Americas World Record, they visited the SOS Children's Village in Panama, whilst the bike was being air freighted to Caracas. Their total funds raised to date stand at almost £11,000 for the Trans Americas Guinness Ride. Sanders has also led other charity rides such as a 2006 Trans-Russia "White Nights" expedition to raise money for the Royal Marsden Hospital.

National Geographic Channel

In 2007, National Geographic Channel broadcast a series, The Ride: Alaska to Patagonia, which documented the 2005 Trans Americas ride undertaken by Kevin & Julia Sanders and a team of eleven motorcyclists.  This ride started on 31 July 2005 and finished on 11 December 2005, through Alaska, Canada, USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, Peru, Chile & Argentina, traversing the Pan American Highway.

See also
List of long-distance motorcycle riders

References

External links
Official site

Long-distance motorcycle riders
1964 births
Living people


The 2008 Rally GB was the fifteenth and final round of the 2008 World Rally Championship season and was held between December 5–7, 2008. The event was again held in Wales, with Cardiff being the host of the ceremonial start and finish, and Swansea providing the service park. The special stages took place on gravel roads on private land, owned either by the Forestry Commission (for the special stages run on Friday and Sunday, and the Resolfen stage on Saturday) or the Army (for the remaining Saturday stages). The event saw a return to the mid Wales stages of Hafren, Sweet Lamb, and Myherin for the first time since 2000. The rally was won by Sébastien Loeb in a Citroën C4 WRC. This was his eleventh win of the season - breaking his own previous record set in 2005. Second place went to Ford driver Jari-Matti Latvala who was just 12.7 seconds behind. The final podium position was filled by Loebs teammate Dani Sordo. With this result Citroën clinched the manufacturers championship. This was the final appearance of the Subaru and Suzuki in the World Rally Championship.

Entry
The event was supported by the usual works entries from Citroën, Ford, Subaru, Stobart Ford, and Suzuki, plus regular privateers Conrad Rautenbach in his Citroën C4 WRC and Mads Ostberg in a Subaru Impreza WRC. A notable omission was Urmo Aava who was scheduled to enter the event with his semi-works effort Citroën C4, but had to pull out only days before the event due to the ongoing economic problems. In another Citroën C4 was Frenchman Sébastien Ogier who was handed the drive as a reward for winning the JWRC category of the 2008 championship. The most newsworthy entry of all was that of 2008 Moto GP champion Valentino Rossi who was competing in a Ford Focus WRC complete with a Children in Need livery. Rossi was aiming to beat his previous two efforts in a WRC event, an early retirement at 2002 Rally GB and an eleventh-place finish at the 2006 Rally New Zealand.

Summary

Day one
 The rally began in tricky conditions with ice and heavy rain making the roads very slippery and fog hampering the competitors' visibility. For safety reasons, the first and fourth stages held in Hafren (which had already been shortened from 19 km to 3 km) were cancelled. Stages 2 and 4 (Sweet Lamb) were slightly shortened (moving the start around 1 km into the stage due to ice) and the third and sixth stages at Myherin were dramatically shortened, using the middle 18 km of the original 35 km. The FIA regulations came in for criticism from several of the teams and champion elect Sébastien Loeb for the lack of flexibility in the tyre rules which state that only one type of tyre is allowed on the event with no modifications allowed to that tyre. Loeb also spoke out against the lack of gravel crews, which run through the stage before the start and report any bad conditions to the drivers. The year's junior world champion Sébastien Ogier surprised by winning his first stage in a World Rally Car, albeit he was among the competitors to benefit from a late starting position. On the same stage, Production World Rally Championship leader Juho Hänninen retired after his drive shaft broke, leaving Andreas Aigner to take the title if he finishes the event in the top three. On the fifth stage, last year's winner Mikko Hirvonen rolled his Ford Focus WRC and lost several minutes. The next top entrant to roll was Subaru's Chris Atkinson, who was placed sixth before retiring after a bad accident on the first corner of stage seven, the first super special stage. After day one, Ford's Jari-Matti Latvala led from Citroën's Sébastien Loeb, Suzuki's Per-Gunnar Andersson and Subaru privateer Mads Østberg.

Day two
Day two began with a long stage in Resolfen. Two of the rally's surprises ran into problems; Østberg's Impreza WRC suffered an engine problem and Ogier rolled his C4 WRC very close to the stage finish. The crews reported more icy conditions in the stages, with Latvala feeling particularly ill at ease as he was the first car on the road and therefore the first to encounter the treacherous patches of ice. Throughout the day the conditions improved enough for Latvala to manage to hold off the challenges of firstly Dani Sordo, and then Sébastien Loeb. Latvala held a 10.8 second lead going into the short Cardiff superspecial but clutch problems developed when he had to queue in heavy traffic on the approach to the stage and he lost 3.5 seconds of this advantage. In fourth position was Petter Solberg who was only twenty seconds behind third place. Per-Gunnar Andersson had slipped back to fifth place, but was still three places ahead of his more experienced teammate Toni Gardemeister. The two other points positions were held by Henning Solberg and François Duval. Mikko Hirvonen was homing in on a world championship point, ahead of top home driver Matthew Wilson who was in a slightly disappointing tenth position. Valentino Rossi was making progress after a very steady start and was now in fifteenth position - ahead of WRC regulars such as Khalid Al-Qassimi and Conrad Rautenbach.

Day three
Freezing conditions overnight meant that there was ice again on the remaining stages at Rheola and Port Talbot. This was not ideal for rally leader Latvala, who had hoped for warmer conditions overnight for a better chance of holding Loeb at bay. Loeb had been told by Citroën boss Olivier Quesnel to push for the victory as a third place for Sordo would be enough to clinch the manufacturers title. After the first loop of Sunday's stages the gap was down to 1.4 seconds and a victory for Loeb was looking inevitable. Loeb was then initially handed a ten-second time penalty for a jump start at SS18  which meant that Latvala took a slender advantage of 2.2 seconds into the last stage. However, Loeb's pace was too strong and a further stage win meant that he won the rally by 12.7 seconds after his earlier time penalty was rescinded. Latvala finished a disappointed second but believed that the battle with Loeb would make him mentally stronger for next season. Sordo followed team instructions to drive carefully and finished third. Petter Solberg maintained his fourth place and the remaining points positions remained the same, except for a late retirement for Henning Solberg which meant that Hirvonen claimed eighth place. Wilson took the position of highest Brit position, ahead of Barry Clark. Rossi continued his progression and finished in twelfth position, earning praise from Ford team boss Malcolm Wilson.

Results

Special stages
All dates and times are GMT (UTC).

Final championship standings

Drivers' championship

Manufacturers' championship

References

External links

Great Britain
Rally GB
Wales Rally


A dragonslayer is a person or being that slays dragons. Dragonslayers and the creatures they hunt have been popular in traditional stories from around the world: they are a type of story classified as type 300 in the Aarne–Thompson classification system. They continue to be popular in modern books, films, video games and other forms of entertainment. Dragonslayer-themed stories are also sometimes seen as having a chaoskampf theme - in which a heroic figure struggles against a monster that epitomises chaos.

Description

A dragonslayer is often the hero in a "Princess and dragon" tale. In this type of story, the dragonslayer kills the dragon in order to rescue a high-class female character, often a princess, from being devoured by it. This female character often then becomes the love interest of the account. One notable example of this kind of legend is the story of Ragnar Loðbrók, who slays a giant serpent, thereby rescuing the maiden, Þóra borgarhjörtr, whom he later marries.

There are, however, several notable exceptions to this common motif. In the legend of Saint George and the Dragon, for example, Saint George overcomes the dragon as part of a plot which ends with the conversion of the dragon's grateful victims to Christianity, rather than Saint George being married to the rescued princess character.

In a Norse legend from the Völsunga saga, the dragonslayer, Sigurd, kills Fafnir - a dwarf who has been turned into a dragon as a result of guarding the cursed ring that had once belonged to the dwarf, Andvari. After slaying the dragon, Sigurd drinks some of the dragon's blood and thereby gains the ability to understand the speech of birds. He also bathes in the dragon's blood, causing his skin to become invulnerable. Sigurd overhears two nearby birds discussing the heinous treachery being planned by his companion, Regin. In response to the plot, Sigurd kills Regin, thereby averting the treachery.

Mythologists such as Joseph Campbell have argued that dragonslayer myths can be seen as a psychological metaphor:
"But as Siegfried [Sigurd] learned, he must then taste the dragon blood, in order to take to himself something of that dragon power. When Siegfried has killed the dragon and tasted the blood, he hears the song of nature. he has transcended his humanity and re-associated himself with the powers of nature, which are powers of our life, and from which our minds remove us.

...Psychologically, the dragon is one's own binding of oneself to one's own ego."

Dragonslayer characters

Antiquity
Enki
Ninurta
Inanna
Marduk
Ra
Teshub
Indra
Baal
El (deity)
Yahweh
Michael
Daniel
Apollo
Zeus
Jupiter
Perseus
Heracles
Heros
Saint George
Vahagn
Tarḫunz
Cadmus
Rostam
Fereydun
Garshasp
Yu the Great
Erlang Shen
Li Ji
Eurybarus
Mwindo

Medieval and early Modern legend
Guy of Warwick
Baldr
Beowulf
Sigurd or Siegfried
Dietrich von Bern
Tristan
Margaret the Virgin
Heinrich von Winkelried
Gawain
Dobrynya Nikitich
Skuba Dratewka/Krakus
Drangue
Susanoo
Nezha
Lancelot
Făt-Frumos
Fráech
Bayajidda
Bahrām Gūr
Iovan Iorgovan
Prâslea the Brave
Greuceanu
Haymon

John Lambton
Mamadi Sefe Dekote (Africa)
Benzaiten aka Saraswati
Teodosio de Goñi
Piers Shonks
Dieudonné de Gozon

Tolkien's legendarium
Túrin Turambar
Eärendil
Fram
Bard the Bowman

References

Further reading

 Bauman, Richard. "A Sixteenth Century Version of The Dragon-Slayer". In: Fabula vol. 11, no. Jahresband, 1970, pp. 137-143. https://doi-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1515/fabl.1970.11.1.137

 d'Huy, Julien. (2013). "Le motif du dragon serait paléolithique: mythologie et archéologie". In: Préhistoire du Sud-Ouest. 21. pp. 195–215.
 d'Huy, Julien. (2014). "Mythologie et statistique. Reconstructions, évolution et origines paléolithiques du combat contre le dragon". In: Mythologie française. pp. 17–23.

 Jagiełło, Mieszek (2021). “Thoughts on the Symbolism and Origin of Apollo’s Fight Against the Pythian Snake”. In: Classica Cracoviensia 24 (December): 25-39. https://doi.org/10.12797/CC.24.2021.24.02.

External links

Mythological archetypes

Fairy tale stock characters


Voz Veis was a Venezuelan sextet that released their last studio album "Acústico... Una Noche Común y Sin Corriente" in 2010. They recorded 7 studio albums; the first, Lo Mejor Aún Está Por Venir in 1997. The group had 6 lead singers: Carlos Labrador, Luis Fernando "Luigi" Castillo, Roberto Zambrano, Gustavo González, Santiago Castillo, and Luis Enrique Leal.

After obtaining a contract in 2007 with local Venezuelan newspaper Diario La Verdad to distribute 10,000 copies (the minimum amount required by the Latin Grammy organization) of their album "¿Cómo Se Llega a Belén?", the group succeeded in competing in the 2008 Latin Grammy Awards and consequently won the Best Short Form Music Video for "Ven A Mi Casa Esta Navidad", produced by the Salto Angel Media company and Best Children's Album, becoming the first Venezuelans to earn awards in these categories.

Discography

Studio albums

Lo Mejor Aún Está Por Venir (1997)
 Razones
 Buenas Nuevas
 Ojalá
 Voz Veis  [Potpurrí]
 Sin Rencor
 Yo Soy Aquel
 Otra Cara Bonita
 Canción
 No Volverá
 A Guaco [Potpurrí]

Virao (2003)
 Virao
 Pa' Que No Me Puedas Olvidar
 Te Quiero de Colores
 Tanto Swing
 Para Volver a Comenzar
 Y Cómo Haré
 Aunque Sea Poco
 Ya No Estas Aquí
 Respiro
 Yo Sin Ti No Valgo Nada
 Aunque Sea Poco [Acústica]
 Cosita Rica
 Pa' Que No Me Puedas Olvidar [Acústica]
 La Colmena de la Vida

Vas (2004)
 Vas
 Inexplicable
 El Farolito
 Devuélveme Mi Amor
 Te Brindo
 Cuento Que Te Amo
 Pedacito de Tu Querer
 Di Que Voy a Hacer Contigo
 La Mesera
 Niña Dura
 Tibios Besos
 Esos Ojos Que Me Miran

¿Cómo Se Llega a Belén? (2006)
 ¿Cómo Se Llega a Belén?
 El Tamborilero
 Gloria
 Ven a Mi Casa Esta Navidad
 Santa Claus Is Coming to Town
 Oíd Un Son
 El Burrito Sabanero
 Noche de Bien
 Esos Ojos Que Me Miran
 Feliz Navidad
 El Burrito Mix

¿Qué Me Has Hecho Tú? (2007)
 Segundo Plato
 Marta
 Al Otro Lado
 ¿Qué Me Has Hecho Tú?
 Quizás
 Jamás Se Dice Adiós
 Cosita Rica
 Te Enseño a Aterrizar
 Bailamos
 Dame Un Día
 Quiero Ir

Todos a Belén (2008)
 El Burrito Sabanero featuring Oscar D'León
 ¿Cómo Se Llega a Belén? featuring Franco De Vita
 Gloria featuring Noel Schajris
 Santa Claus Is Coming to Town featuring Mayré Martínez
 Son Tan Buenos los Recuerdos featuring Andrés Cepeda
 El Tamborilero featuring Horacio Blanco
 Ven a Mi Casa Esta Navidad featuring Ricardo Montaner
 Noche de Bien featuring Ilan Chester
 Los Gaiteros featuring Neguito Borjas
 Esos Ojos Que Me Miran featuring Marcos Witt
 Burrito Mix featuring Pipo Ramirez Leo Colina y Oscar D'León

Compilation albums

Éxitos (2006)

 Aunque Sea Poco
 El Farolito
 Pa' Que No Me Puedas Olvidar
 Inexplicable
 Virao
 Un Pedacito de Tu Querer
 Yo Sin Ti No Valgo Nada
 Vas
 Para Volver a Comenzar
 Devuélveme Mi Amor
 Ya No Estás Aquí
 Cosita Rica
 Niña Dura
 Y Cómo Haré
 Te Brindo
 Di Que Voy a Hacer Contigo
 Cuento Que Te Amo

Grandes Éxitos (2009)

 Aunque Sea Poco
 Devuélveme Mi Amor
 Virao
 Un Pedacito de Tu Querer
 El Farolito
 Yo Sin Ti No Valgo Nada
 Vas
 Y Cómo Haré
 Segundo Plato
 Cosita Rica
 Te Brindo
 Niña Dura
 Te Enseño a Aterrizar
 Para Volver a Comenzar
 Di Qué Voy a Hacer Contigo
 ¿Qué Me Has Hecho Tú?

Esika y Voz Veis Experience (2010)

 La Mujer Que Llevas Dentro
 Aunque Sea Poco
 Segundo Plato
 Jamás Se Dice Adiós
 El Farolito
 Tanto Swing
 Niña Dura
 ¿Qué Me Has Hecho Tú?
 Te Enseño a Aterrizar
 Cosita Rica
 Un Pedacito de Tu Querer

Live albums

Acústico: Una Noche Común y Sin Corriente (2009)
 Niña Dura
 Segundo Plato
 Somos Más
 El Farolito
 Dame Un Día
 Aunque Sea Poco
 Te Brindo
 Ya No Estas Aquí
 Vas
 Amor Secreto
 Un Pedacito de Tu Querer
 The Glory of Love
 Tan Cerca
 Virao

Awards

Latin Grammys
In 2007 at the 8th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Voz Veis won both Best Latin Children Album, with Cómo Se Llega A Belén, and Best Short Form Music Video, with "Ven A Mi Casa Esta Navidad".

In 2010 at the 11th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Voz Veis earned its 3rd Grammy after beating music other music artists such as Laura Pausini and Thalia in the "Best Long Form Music Video" for "Una Noche Común y Sin Corriente".

References

External links
Official site

Venezuelan musical groups
Latin Grammy Award winners


The United States Post Office building in Larchmont, New York was constructed in 1937 as part of a program started in 1853 by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the United States Treasury Department.  It is in the Colonial Revival style, which was the most popular style for post offices built in New York after World War I.  This post office was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of a Multiple Property Submission.  Approximately 80 buildings within the Multiple Property Submission fit into this style.

During the 1932-1942 era of post office construction, a large number of post offices and other federal buildings were built in New York.  This surge was intended both to address the long-term need for new government facilities, as well as to employ out-of-work architects, engineers, artists, and other construction industry workers who were unemployed as a result of the Great Depression. The economic climate made it necessary to focus on functional design and a restraint in the amount of ornamentation used.  The post office was designed by consulting architect William Dewey Foster. The Treasury Department Section of Painting and Sculpture also commissioned two realistic murals depicting Larchmont scenes from that era. The murals, painted by the accomplished New York landscape artist Thomas H. Donnelly, were unveiled in 1939 and depict the Larchmont Manor House and Larchmont Yacht Club.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in southern Westchester County, New York

References

Larchmont, New York
Colonial Revival architecture in New York (state)
Government buildings completed in 1937
Larchmont
National Register of Historic Places in Westchester County, New York
Buildings and structures in Westchester County, New York


("The Dream Ship") is a German television drama series by ZDF. The series, about a cruise ship that travels to places around the world, debuted in 1981 and became one of the most-watched television shows in Germany. A total of 83 episodes have been produced as of 2019.  It was primarily filmed and set aboard the MS Deutschland cruise ship as it sailed to tourist destinations around the world.  The destinations depicted are usually the result of product placement. In 2015, the depicted ship was switched to the . The television producer is Wolfgang Rademann.

In 2007, a Variety magazine article described the series as a Love Boat"-like cruise liner skein.'

Forerunner
The series repeated some clichés that had already successfully been used in Heinz Rühmann's feature film The Captain, which had been based on Richard Gordon's novel The Captain's Table. Romances excluded, the films are reminiscent of the times when sea voyages were more affordable and safer than air travel, at the turn of the 19th century.

Premise
The premise of the series resembled the American TV series The Love Boat. It presented a place where all kinds of people appeared as guests and could hereby show a variety of extraordinary characters, fates, schemes and relationships. Guests either brought their problems with them or just got into trouble by encountering folks they would not have met under normal circumstances. Still, everything would lead to a happy-end in each episode.

Actors
Captain Heinz Hansen was played by Heinz Weiss who in younger years had been successful on the silver screen as Jerry Cotton's best friend and colleague Phil Decker. When Weiss left the character of Hansen in 1999, he was replaced by Captain Jakob Paulsen, played by Siegfried Rauch. Rauch left the series in 2014 and was followed by Sascha Hehn as Captain Victor Burger with the 2014-screening.

In other media
The series is referenced by several episodes of the drama series Deutschland 86 and Deutschland 89.

References

External links
 Das Traumschiff at ZDF

German drama television series
Television series set on cruise ships
1981 German television series debuts
1990s German television series
2000s German television series
2010s German television series
German-language television shows
ZDF original programming


WSUN was the call sign used from 1927 until 1999 by a St. Petersburg, Florida radio station that broadcasts to Tampa Bay Area, Florida. After 1999 the station continued to operate under different call letters.

History

WSUN jointly licensed with WFLA as WFLA-WSUN

WSUN was first authorized in October 1927, joining an existing station, WFLA, at 590 kHz, with this station now assigned a dual call sign of WFLA-WSUN, under shared ownership by the Clearwater and St. Petersburg Chambers of Commerce. WSUN made its debut broadcast on November 1st, using the slogan "Why Stay Up North".

In 1927 WFLA-WSUN moved to 580 kHz, then to 900 kHz the next year. In 1929, radio frequencies for stations in Florida were reallocated, and WFLA-WSUN moved to 620 kHz.

The station's transmitter site was originally on the north side of the Courtney Campbell Causeway near Clearwater.

First directional antenna in the United States

WFLA-WSUN's move to 620 kHz resulted in a nighttime interference complaint from another station on that frequency, WTMJ in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. WFLA-WSUN was ordered to reduce powers from 1,000 watts night and 2,500 watts day to 250 watts night and 500 watts day.

Station manager Walter Tison began an investigation into whether there was a way that WFLA-WSUN could increase its nighttime power to a more acceptable level. Working with
T. A. M. Craven, a British engineer, Raymond M. Wilmotte, was engaged in 1932 to construct a then-theoretical antenna system that would reduce the signal sent toward Milwaukee. The idea that a directional antenna would resolve the issue was somewhat controversial, with some doubters stating that fluctuations in the ionosphere would cause issues, while others believed that instead of going directly to Milwaukee, the WFLA-WSUN signal was actually travelling west through the Gulf of Mexico, then turning north through the Mississippi valley.

The directional antenna installation, the first in the United States, consisting of two 200 foot (61 m) towers, was successful. As an example of its effectiveness, engineer Wilmotte noted that at one point a telegram was sent from regulators in Washington asking why WFLA-WSUN was off the air, because an inspector located in Atlanta was not receiving the station when it employed the directional antenna. Ultimately WSUN was allowed to operate fulltime with 5,000 watts.

WSUN and WFLA switch to separate licenses

In 1937, the joint ownership of WFLA-WSUN was severed, with the two stations continuing to operate on 620 kHz using a common transmitter, but separately licensed on a time-sharing basis. WSUN was allocated full-time use of Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, and shared hours on Sundays.

WSUN becomes full-time station after WFLA transfer

In 1941, WFLA moved to 940 kHz, which allowed WSUN to begin operating with unlimited hours on 620 kHz.

WSUN's transmitter site moved to straddling the west end of the Gandy Causeway with  towers on concrete pilings in the Tampa Bay salt water in the early 1950s at 5 kW. As late as the 1990s, the original tower bases remained in their field,

Until 1974, WSUN offered a variety of programming including dramas, talk, music, and was an ABC affiliate. In 1974 then-owner Plough flipped the easy listening music format to country, eventually making the station one of the most successful AM stations in Florida. By the mid-1980's music audiences had moved to FM, and then-owner CBS switched to all news, which was unsuccessful, eventually switching back to country music.

In 1987 new owner Cox radio changed upon purchase to a hot talk format and the station was the home of the popular syndicated morning program The Ron & Ron Show (Ron and Ron) as well as hosting the Hooters-on-the-Radio show, Bob Lassiter (deceased), and a variety of other programs, including a psychic call in show with Gary Spivey. For a brief period, the station simulcasted programming from sister stations KFI Los Angeles and WIOD in Miami, including Neil Rogers, Rick and Suds, and Chris Baker.  The station also broadcast the Miami Dolphin NFL games.

Due to major interference from Cuban stations, from the 1990s the FCC granted WSUN a Special Temporary Authority (STA) to operate at 10 kW, twice the maximum power normally allowed for stations operating on "regional" frequencies.

All RF and electrical power and control cabling was run under the divided Gandy Highway in conduits that have an access manhole in the median and rise up out of the ground to the tower platform on the south side of Gandy "Redneck Riviera" Beach. The City of St. Petersburg eventually placed a channel 38 antenna on top of the north tower and a microwave reflector to deliver the programming to the transmitter building below. The weathered towers were replaced with shorter self supporters in the early 2000s with LED lighting.

The nationally syndicated program "Smoke This" got its start on WSUN, now on WFLA. Eventually, WSUN morphed into sports, becoming the flagship for the Tampa Bay Lightning, but dropped all talk programming by 1995, when it switched to a Standards music format.  On January 1, 1998, with a pending station sale, 620 kHz became a simulcast of Bay News 9, and the call letters were changed to WSAA. The WSUN call sign and format to 910 kHz. On January 1, 2000, as part of a major format and frequency swap, 1250 WDAE moved its calls and programming to 620 kHz.  Paxson owned Business talk-formatted WHNZ (at 570 kHz) and moved its calls and programming to 1250, while 570 was ultimately sold to Salem Broadcasting, who converted it to a Christian station and changed the call letters to WTWD (and later, WTBN).  Salem would also eventually buy 910 in Plant City as well, making it a simulcast WTWD/WTBN.

In 1999, WSUN's call sign was changed to WSAA. In 2000, the call sign was changed to WHNZ, and later that year to WDAE.

See also
WSUN-TV

References

External links
FCC History Cards for WDAE (covering 1937-1979 as WSUN on 620 kHz, beginning with split of WSUN and WFLA into two separate licenses)

SUN
Radio stations established in 1927
1927 establishments in Florida