The Giant Garden of Oz is a novel written and illustrated by Eric Shanower, first published in 1993 by Emerald City Press, a division of Books of Wonder. As its title indicates, the novel is a volume in the ever-growing literature on the Land of Oz, written by L. Frank Baum and many successors.

Synopsis
Temporally, Shanower places his novel at the end of the twentieth century; he takes up the story of Uncle Henry and Aunt Em, the surrogate parents of Dorothy Gale. In his sixth Oz book, The Emerald City of Oz, Baum had brought the two characters from the mundane world of Kansas to the Emerald City, where they enjoyed a blissful retirement. At the start of The Giant Garden of Oz, the couple, "after eighty-some years of a life of luxury," have decided to return to farming. (Inhabitants of Oz do not age, unless they want to.) They have acquired a small farm in the Munchkin Country; with magical aids designed by the Wizard of Oz, their farm labor is much less demanding than in the Kansas of their past.

Dorothy comes to pay her first visit to the new farm — but encounters an unprecedented problem. Overnight, the couple's vegetable garden grows to enormous size, with giant beets, broccoli, peppers, and watermelons, and heads of cabbage twenty feet high. The farmhouse is hemmed in by a vegetable wall. Dorothy sets out for the Emerald City, climbing a landscape of mountainous produce. Outside the garden, she crosses the Munchkin Country and meets new friends, principally a white-and-purple cow named Imogene, who gives varying dairy products depending upon her mood:

In a crisis, Imogene can yield a healing golden milk; and in the course of the tale, she gives whipped cream and ice cream too. (Imogene the cow originated in The Wizard of Oz, the 1902 stage adaptation of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.)

Imogene talks Dorothy into accepting her companionship (the cow wants to see the Emerald City). With the help of the Wizard, Dorothy begins to unravel the mystery of the giant garden, and to follow the trail of a would-be witch called Old Magda who is its cause. The task isn't easy; the trio endure a thunderstorm and a near-crash-landing during a balloon flight.

Magda created a giantism potion to make her gardening more productive and her life easier — but lost control of it; giant moles, eating the giant vegetables, become a pest to all and sundry. Dorothy falls prey to giantism herself and endures a subterranean ordeal before she, the Wizard, and Princess Ozma resolve the problem and restore the normal order of Oz.

In the end, Dorothy and her friends face a choice. They rescue Old Magda and Imogene the cow from being buried alive; then they learn that they can revive one or the other, but not both. Saving the old witch can lead to the antidote for Dorothy's giantism; but Dorothy finds she cannot allow her bovine companion to die. Once recovered, however, Imogene supplies the golden milk that restores Magda too. The antidote is obtained, and Dorothy is restored to her normal size. Old Magda reforms, and Imogene gets her tour of the Emerald City.

References

External links

Oz (franchise) books
1993 fantasy novels
1993 American novels
1993 children's books


Jenny Ferguson is a retired New Zealand netball player. Ferguson played domestic netball with the Otago Rebels from 2000 to 2002 and the Southern Sting from 2003 to 2007, captaining the side in 2007. She is also a former New Zealand A captain. Ferguson announced her retirement from all aspects of netball after the Sting won the 2007 National Bank Cup against the Northern Force. This was the last season of the National Bank Cup, which was replaced by a new trans-Tasman netball league called the ANZ Championship.

Ferguson linked up with the new Southern ANZ Championship franchise, the Southern Steel, as a physiotherapist. Nevertheless, she has been called up as a temporary replacement for injured or absent Steel players in each year of the ANZ Championship: in 2008 Ferguson filled in for former teammate Megan Hutton who was finishing her stint in England with Team Northumbria; in 2009 she was a temporary replacement player for the injured Sheryl Scanlan; and in 2010 provided injury cover during the preseason.

References

New Zealand netball players
Southern Steel players
ANZ Championship players
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Southern Sting players
Otago Rebels players


Bloodsworth Island is an island in the Chesapeake Bay. It lies in southern Dorchester County, Maryland.  Historic research suggests that sites discovered in an archaeological investigation of the northern third of the island were associated with families who worked in the nineteenth-century Chesapeake Bay oystering industry.

History

Bloodsworth Island Range
From 1942 to 1995, the United States Navy used the island as a shore bombardment and bombing range for firing and dropping live ordnance from ships and aircraft.  This included bombs, small and large caliber ammunition, rockets, and missiles that contained explosives, propellants, and other energetics.  Due to extensive contamination by unexploded ordnance, the island is currently off-limits to the public.

In popular culture
The episode "What We Become" in the AMC original series The Walking Dead features the island as a major location. Newcomer Virgil says he is from a community living on Bloodsworth Island and he is trying to return. The episode ends with Michonne (Danai Gurira) accompanying Virgil, presumably to return to Bloodsworth Island to obtain weapons.

External links
 Bloodsworth Island Range Safety Bulletin

Gallery

References
Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Third Edition. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster Incorporated, 1997. .

Maryland islands of the Chesapeake Bay
Landforms of Dorchester County, Maryland
Uninhabited islands of Maryland


Kookal is a Panchayat village of terrace farmers at the far western end of the Palani Hills in Kodaikanal block of Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu state, South India. It is  from Kodaikanal at: . Elevation is . Kookal is notable for the high biodiversity of the area.

Geography
Kookal sits at the head of the  Kudiraiyar River basin. In this hilly terrain, topography may account for large variations in rainfall over short distances. A rain gauge at the border of the Kookal forest at  recorded rainfall about 50% higher than that of two rain gauges in grasslands at the same altitude and northern slope during 1956–1966.

Employment
Out of 392 households reporting income, the means of livelihood are: casual labour 149, subsistence cultivation 183, artisan 32, salary 14. other 14. 33	cookkal	149	183	32	14	14	 0	 392

Health
Drinking water for 391 households is supplied from a source: greater than elevation of 100 meter - 13, within Elevation of 50-100 meter - 149, within Elevation of less than 50 meters -127, within House - 102.  within an elevation of more than 50 meters. There is a lack of sanitary latrine facilities. Out of a total of 392 homes: 291 use open defection, 44 use a group latrine with regular water supply, 22 use group latrine with regular water supply, 2 use a clean group latrine with regular water supply and a regular sweeper and 33 use a  private latrine.

Education
There is a Panchayat Union primary school here.
Out of 392 children 5–14 years old, 204 are working and not going to school, 7 are going to school and working, 176 are going to school and not working and 5 no response. Household literacy rate is 79%.

Wildlife
The area includes four types of ecosystems — swamp, grassland, freshwater lake and shola. Kookal lake runs through the middle of the sholas and surrounding grasslands. The Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History has a field research station here.

Flora
The Southern Montane Wet Temperate Forest has some unique features. An enormous 800-year-old tree, (sp.?) which bears fruit said to be useful for patients with diabetes and high blood pressure, is found here. It is now fenced in and under the care of the Tamil Nadu Forest Department. Very rare single fern trees, jamun and rudraksha trees, 26 species of cinnamon and the Shenbagam flower tree highlight the plant biodiversity.

Evergreen rain forest once extended down the valleys and slopes of the Palani Hills almost to the plains. One relatively large patch of evergreen forest survives on the north-west edge of the Palani plateau west of the settlement of Kookal. It lies on the flanks and crest of a north–south ridge and is mostly between  and  elevation. There is also a stunted dry woodland on parts of the ridge crest. Beyond the forest is the most extensive remaining montane grassland wilderness of the Palani Hills, merging with Manjampatti Valley in the Indira Gandhi National Park.

Woody plants were inventoried in December 2004 in the Kookal Reserve Forest. A total of
2279 stems belonging to 83 species, 68 genera and 40 families were inventoried.  Of these, 16
species from 12 genera and 12 families were lianas. The most abundant species (≥ 1 cm dbh) was Psychotria nilgiriensis var. astephana (Rubiaceae), which accounted for 12% of the stems sampled.  Xantolis tomentosa var. elengioides had the
largest basal area. Lauraceae was the dominant family accounting for 20% of the stems. About 30% of the species were endemic to the Western Ghats.

The  Sholas are shrinking and wildlife population are threatened due to  monoculture plantations of the Introduced species pine, eucalyptus and wattle. Along with the encroaching trees, ground ferns are also eating into the grasslands, affecting both the flora and the fauna of the area.

 Kookal lake hosts a healthy otter population. The Kookal sholas are noted for 165 species of butterflies, and a number of relatively uncommon birds such as the wood pigeon, Nilgiri pipit and 15 types of dabchicks.

Trekking
Many of these wilderness areas and various wildlife may be seen while trekking in the area of Kookal. It is not safe to trek in the area without a local guide.

The Kookal caves, at about: , are ancient rock shelters that show traces of and are believed to be home to the descendants of the original Palaiyar (meaning "old ones") tribes who used to wear leaf clothing. The caves are overhanging slabs of different types of metamorphic rocks called charconite and granulite. Till the mid-1980s, over 30 families resided on the hill top, where a small temple is located.

To reach Kookal Caves, travel by bus from Kodaikanal to Poombarai and begin walking northwest. After walking through geranium plantations, and pine and wattle forest, the Kookal Forest Rest house can he reached.  From there is a  trail to the Kookal natural rock cave formations on a hill top.  This stretch is leech-infested and best avoided during the monsoon.,.

Kookal - Kudiraiyar Dam - Palani: This is a difficult hike. Though the distance is only  a good hiker will take about 5 hours. From Kookal, follow the foot-path leading to Pappampatti. After three kilometers this crosses the Kudiraiyar River and continues along the river. A waterfall  high can be heard to the left. Elephants are common here.  You'll walk through sholas, and deciduous forest. On getting to Kudiraiyar Dam, take a bus to Palani and back to Kodaikanal.
There is a trekking route from Mannavanur via Keelanavayal (90 mins.) to ManjampattI (3 hours) and Thalinji (2 hours) then to SH 17 (1 hr) and bus to Udumalaipettai.
Another route is  from Paricombai  - Kookal (8 km) - Kuthirayar-Pappanpatty-Kavalapatty (7 hours) then bus to Palani.
Mannavanur is about an hour's drive from Kodaikanal. Some popular trekking routes pass through the Sheep Research Center. The route from Kavunji to Kookal is fairly difficult.
From Kavunji take the footpath leading to Mannavanur. From there an old footpath leads to the sheep farm. Cross it and reach the Kodaikanal road. Follow the road to Kookal. En route, there are pleasant meadows of the sheep farm. Above Kookal you can see the caves where ancient men were living. Deer are common.

Visitor information
Tourists are required to get permission from the Forest Department to visit Kookal or trek in the forest areas. Please contact: Government of Tamil Nadu, Tourist Office, Annasalai, Kodaikanal, 624 101, Tamil Nadu, India. PH; 04542- 241675. A trekking map is available from them. Bison Wells Lodge has a panoramic view of the eastern slopes of Kookal ridge.

Notes

Villages in Dindigul district


Clark Waddoups (born April 21, 1946) is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Utah.

Education and legal career
Waddoups received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Brigham Young University in 1970 and his Juris Doctor from the S.J. Quinney College of Law at the University of Utah in 1973. He was most recently a partner in the law firm of Parr, Waddoups, Brown, Gee & Loveless where he was a trial lawyer specializing in commercial litigation, including antitrust, securities, labor/employment, banking, construction, environmental and insurance claims. Waddoups has represented clients in industries such as heavy manufacturing, broadcasting, banking and finance, automotive, oil, and real estate.

Community and professional involvement
Waddoups practiced for O'Melveny & Myers, a large California law firm for seven years in Los Angeles before joining Parr Waddoups in 1981. Prior to that, he served as a law clerk for Judge J. Clifford Wallace of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, from 1973 to 1974.

Prior to his appointment, Judge Waddoups, who is admitted to practice in California and before all state and federal courts in Utah, was a registered lobbyist in the State of Utah, an active member of the Utah Supreme Court Advisory Committee on the Rules of Evidence, and past President of the A. Sherman Christensen American Inn of Court.

Federal judicial service
Waddoups was nominated by President George W. Bush on April 29, 2008. He was confirmed by the Senate on September 26, 2008. He received his commission on October 21, 2008. He assumed senior status on January 31, 2019.

Tenure as federal judge
Waddoups has been the presiding judge in over 600 cases since his confirmation in 2008, involving contract, real property, torts, civil rights, labor, bankruptcy, intellectual property, social security, and more.

Notable rulings and selected opinions

Kody Brown, et al. v. Gary Herbert, Governor of Utah, et al.
On July 13, 2011, Kody Brown and family, from the TLC reality television show Sister Wives, filed a complaint in the United States 10th District Court, District of Utah, to challenge Utah's polygamy laws. Jonathan Turley of George Washington University represented the plaintiffs in the case. The plaintiffs were found to have legal standing, though no charges have been filed against them.  On December 13, 2013, approximately eleven months after he heard oral arguments in the case, Judge Waddoups rendered a 91-page decision striking down the cohabitation clause of Utah's polygamy statute as unconstitutional, but also allowing Utah to maintain its ban on multiple marriage licenses. Unlawful cohabitation, where prosecutors did not need to prove that a marriage ceremony had taken place (only that a couple had lived together), had been a major tool used to prosecute polygamy in Utah since the 1882 Edmunds Act.

HB 497
Judge Waddoups blocked an immigration law signed by Gov. Gary Herbert in March 2011 that would require police to check citizenship status upon arrest. According to ABC News, Waddoups "issued his ruling in Salt Lake City just 14 hours after the law went into effect, saying that there is sufficient evidence that at least some portions of the Utah legislation will be found unconstitutional.

United States v. John and Susan Ross
In December of 2009, Judge Waddoups sentenced two Davis School District employees, John and Susan Ross, for money laundering and fraud. The couple pleaded guilty and received 36 months probation, 3,000 hours of community service, $10,000 in fines, and $350,000 in restitution. Waddoups issued no jail time, against the prosecutors request, causing some to ask whether the judge was "going easy" on white-collar crimes.

Fitisemanu v. United States
In December 2019, Waddoups ruled that Samoans should be recognized as U.S. citizens. This decision was later reversed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit and is pending certiorari before the Supreme Court of the United States.

References

External links
District court web page
Resume

1946 births
Living people
Brigham Young University alumni
Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Utah
People from Butte County, Idaho
United States district court judges appointed by George W. Bush
University of Utah alumni


An online lecture is an educational lecture designed to be posted online. Lectures are recorded to video, audio or both, then uploaded and made viewable on a designated site. Students may go to a certain designated site to view the lecture online at a time which is convenient for them. The lecture may also be available for live viewing online at the time it is recorded.

Traditionally, vocal education is possible only when the teacher and the pupil are together in the same room, where the teacher passes on the information in the same vicinity of the student. The development of the online lecture makes it possible so that the teacher and student no longer have to be in the same vicinity to teach and learn, respectively.

There are certain advantages to online lecturing. Students may access online lectures posted on their designated websites anywhere in the world, at any time they wish, as long as they have an internet connection. They can also be repeated for the sake of note taking. Studies have shown that students improve significantly in courses with online archived lectures. Studies have also noted that students' overall experience of a course has improved with the addition of online lectures. Online lecture may also one of the solutions in equalizing education for students. There are also disadvantages to online lecturing, namely the lack of face-to-face interaction, and the fact that students cannot easily contact their instructors unless a communications link is created. Additionally, attendance for in-class lectures may drop due to recorded lectures.

Provider and lists
:Category:Tertiary educational websites

See also

Screencast
Slidecast
Video podcast
Online video presentations
MOOC
Tertiary education
Educational technology
 Video lesson

References

Distance education
Lectures


Harry 'Doc' Kloor is an American scientist, film producer, director, writer, and entrepreneur. Kloor was the first to be awarded two PhDs simultaneously in two distinct academic disciplines (i.e. Physics and Chemistry) both earned at Purdue University. In recognition of this achievement, he was named ABC person of the week in August 1994.

Scientific activities
Kloor is the CEO of Beyond Imagination and Jupiter 9 Productions, as well as the CSO of StemCC. He was one of the three co-founders of the Rocket Racing League, was one of the five original founding team members of Ansari XPRIZE, and served on the founding team for Singularity University, where he still serves as a media adviser. Kloor taught at the first summer session of Singularity University in 2009. He was also the chief science adviser for the X Prize Organization, advising X Prize Chairman and CEO Dr. Peter H. Diamandis on science and technology issues. In 2011, Kloor was one of the chairs of the  DARPA's 100 Year Starship study.

Kloor also co-founded the company Universal Consultants, where he served as chief science consultant, providing guidance to clients in the development of new technological products, patents, and policy positions. These clients include NASA, the National Security Agency, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, the US Senate, American Medical Association, and Jet Propulsion Laboratories.

Film

Kloor is a film writer, director, and producer. He has written for Star Trek: Voyager and was the story editor for Gene Roddenberry's Earth: Final Conflict, a series he co-created/developed. Kloor has received Federal grants to develop some of his work with the entertainment industry, creating TV/film projects with NASA and the U.S. Immigration Customs Enforcement Agency. He completed his first feature in 2010, co-directing,  producing and writing  Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey, a 3-D, computer-animated, action adventure, sci-fi program. In 2014, he co-wrote and produced a film titled ILL WIND, based on Kevin J. Anderson's and Doug Beason's book.

Filmography
As producer
 Earth: Final Conflict (20 episodes, 1997–1998)
 Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey (2010) (and as director and writer)
 ILL WIND (2015-2017) (and as  writer)
As writer
 Earth: Final Conflict (1 episode 1997, 15 stories uncredited)
Episode "Scorpion's Dream" (1997)
 Star Trek: Voyager (6 episodes, 1997–1998)
 "Real Life" (1997)
 "The Raven" (1997)
 "Scientific Method" (1997)
 "Be Afraid of the Dark" (unproduced, 1999)
 "Drone" (1998)
 "False Profits" (1998)
 Godzilla: The Series (1 episode, 1999)
 "Competition" (1999)
 Deadzone: The Series (1 episode, 2004)
 "The Master" (unproduced, 2004)
 Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey (2010)
 ILL WIND (2015)
 Carson of Venus (2016)

References

External links

DonnaReed.co
Harry Kloor interview
SignaCert
Southern Oregon University alumni files

Living people
1963 births
American film producers
American television producers
American film directors
21st-century American physicists
21st-century American chemists
Purdue University alumni
English-language film directors
American film studio executives
Southern Oregon University alumni
American male screenwriters
American chief technology officers
American chief executives
21st-century American screenwriters


Provincial Road 266 (PR 266), is a provincial road in the Canadian province of Manitoba.

Route description
Provincial Road 266 starts on the east side of the village of Bowsman at PTH 10 and close to PR 279. The route leads to Birch River. It is an alternative route to PTH 10. The first part of the road near Bowsman follows along the Woody River, then it travels straight north. In Birch River it joins up with PR 268, about a mile from PTH 10. It is almost entirely a gravel road, except for the paved sections within Bowsman and Birch River.

266


A rheophyte is a plant that lives in fast moving water currents in an environment where few other organisms can survive. Rheophytes tend to be found in currents that move at rates of one to two meters per second and that are up to 1 to 2 m deep. The amount of force produced by these currents, and the damaging debris they can carry, makes this environment inhospitable to most plants. Rheophytes are able to live in such environments because their leaves are streamlined so as put up little resistance to the flow of water. The leaves tend to be quite narrow and flexible as well. Simply being an aquatic plant with narrow leaves is not a sufficient condition for being a rheophyte. In order to prevent being uprooted by the rushing currents, rheophytes have an extremely strong wide spreading root system.

Rheophytes comprise two main groups - obligate rheophytes (or 'true' rheophytes) and facultative rheophytes. Apart from being adapted for fast currents, the survival of obligate rheophytes are dependent on the oxygenated water brought along with fast currents for survival. Facultative rheophytes are just as adapted to survive in areas where fast currents run through, but are not dependent on these fast currents to survival.

When low water levels occur, obligate rheophytes often quickly begin to flower to take advantage of these occurrences.

Examples of rheophytic plants are Asplenium obtusifolium, Osmunda lancea, and Tectaria lobbii (ferns) and Gosong brevipedunculata (an aroid). Aiphanes argos is a rheophytic palm.

References

 Bown, Deni (2000). Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family. Timber Press. .

Aquatic plants


Oleg Aleksandrovich Oshenkov (; 27 May 1911 – 1 January 1976) was a Soviet football player and coach. Merited Master of Sports of USSR (1953)

Born in the Russian capital, Saint Petersburg, Oshenkov spent all of his playing career in the city, while most of it playing for Dynamo Leningrad. As coach and manager, he worked with several clubs, including Dynamo Kyiv and Shakhtar Donetsk.

In 1956 along with Anton Idzkovsky, Oshenkov was a head coach of the Ukraine national team at the Summer Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR.

From 1971 through 1975 he chaired the Football Federation of Ukrainian SSR.

References

1911 births
1976 deaths
Ukrainian people of Russian descent
Soviet men's footballers
Footballers from Saint Petersburg
Men's association football midfielders
FC Zenit Saint Petersburg players
FC Dynamo Saint Petersburg players
Soviet football managers
FC Dynamo Kyiv managers
MFC Mykolaiv managers
FC Shakhtar Donetsk managers
FC Metalist Kharkiv managers
Ukraine national football team managers
Ukrainian Association of Football chairmen


Astragon Entertainment GmbH is a German video game publisher based in Düsseldorf, Germany. Originally a subsidiary of the German video game distributor Astragon Sales & Services GmbH (formerly Rondomedia Marketing & Vertriebs GmbH). The company become known for being the original worldwide publisher of the Farming Simulator series and continues to do so in German territories.

They were originally headquartered in Hagen but moved to Mönchengladbach in 2004. Astragon formerly specialised in publishing simulation games for Microsoft Windows, but in 2008 they moved into other areas, when they published more casual games like Wendy: Holidays at Rosenborg for the Nintendo DS.

They have released several English language games under their Just Play It! label, including Myst IV: Revelation and CSI: Dark Motives. Astragon publish games by Big Fish Games and iWin in the German language market.

Currently, the company is primarily focused on publishing simulation games for a variety of platforms. Titles include the Construction Simulator series (for PC, Mac, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, iOS and Android), the Bus Simulator series (for PC, PS4 and Xbox One), the Farming Simulator series (for PC, Mac, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch) and additional titles like commercial fishing simulation Fishing: Barents Sea, the upcoming Firefighting Simulator and FPV drone racing simulation game Liftoff: Drone Racing and Police Simulator: Patrol Officers.

In September 2015, Astragon became the 100th GAME member of the association of the German games industry called GAME – Bundesverband der deutschen Games-Branche e.V..

In 2019, the company moved to Düsseldorf.  In July 2021, the two companies merged and now operate as astragon Entertainment.

In January 2022, the company was acquired by Team17 in a deal worth £83 million.

Computer software
In addition, Astragon publishes computer software. They have published archiving software, educational CDs, multimedia tools and some design programs.

PC Games
 Farming Simulator series (Germany only)
 Bus Simulator series
 Construction Simulator series
 The Farm (2008)
 Disco Tycoon (2010)
 Dive to the Titanic (2010)
 Camping Manager 2012 (2012)
 Jack Keane 2 - The Fire Within (2013)
 Water Park Tycoon (2014)
 TransOcean: The Shipping Company (2014)
 Ropeway Simulator 2014 (2014)
 Mystery of Neuschwanstein (2015)
 Coast Guard (2015)
 CITYCONOMY: Service for your City (2015)
 Oil Enterprise (2016)
 TransOcean 2: Rivals (2016)
 Gravity Island (2016)
 Police Tactics: Imperio (2016)
 Industry Manager: Future Technologies (2016)
 Take Off - The Flight Simulator (2017)
 TransRoad: USA (2017)
 Fishing: Barents Sea (2018)
 Police Simulator: Patrol Duty (2019)
 Drone Swarm (2020)
 Firefighting Simulator - The Squad (2020)
 Railroads Online (2021)
 Police Simulator: Patrol Officers (2022)

References

External links
 Official website
 MobyGames database (As 'astragon Sales & Services GmbH')

Companies based in Düsseldorf
Video game companies of Germany
Video game publishers
Video game companies established in 2000
German companies established in 2000
2022 mergers and acquisitions
Team17


The 2005 Bavarian Cup was the eighth edition of this competition, organised by the Bavarian Football Association (BFV), which was started in 1998. It ended with the Jahn Regensburg winning the competition. Together with the finalist, FC Ingolstadt 04, both clubs were qualified for the DFB Cup 2005-06.

The competition is open to all senior men's football teams playing within the Bavarian football league system and the Bavarian clubs in the Regionalliga Süd (III).

Rules & History
The seven Bezirke in Bavaria each play their own cup competition which in turn used to function as a qualifying to the German Cup (DFB-Pokal). Since 1998 these seven cup-winners plus the losing finalist of the region that won the previous event advance to the newly introduced Bavarian Cup, the Toto-Pokal. The two finalists of this competition advance to the German Cup. Bavarian clubs which play in the first or second Bundesliga are not permitted to take part in the event, their reserve teams however can. The seven regional cup winners plus the finalist from last season's winners region are qualified for the first round.

Participating clubs
The following eight clubs qualified for the 2006 Bavarian Cup:

Bavarian Cup season 2004-05
Teams qualified for the next round in bold.

Regional finals

 The Jahn Regensburg, runners-up of the Oberpfalz Cup is the eights team qualified for the Bavarian Cup due to the club's reserve team having won the Cup in the previous season.

First round

Semi-finals

Final

DFB Cup 2005-06
The two clubs, Jahn Regensburg and FC Ingolstadt 04, who qualified through the Bavarian Cup for the DFB Cup 2005-06 both were knocked out in the first round of the national cup competition:

References

Sources
 Deutschlands Fussball in Zahlen 2004/05  Yearbook of German football, author: DSFS, publisher: Agon Sport Verlag, published: 2005, page: 280

External links
 Bavarian FA website

2005
Bavarian


Alto Gállego (Aragonese: Alto Galligo) is a comarca located in the north of the autonomous community of Aragón, Spain. It occupies practically the entirety of the upper basin of the Río Gállego.

Historically the comarca was a part of the area known as Jacetania, the original nucleus of the old county of Aragón. The historical territories integrated into that area were the Tena Valley, the lands surrounding Biescas, and the Serrablo.

Today, Alto Gállego borders with the comarca of Jacetania to the West, the Sobrarbe to the East, the Hoya de Huesca,  France to the North.

Territory and Population

See also

 Linea P

References

External links
Official Website
Friends of Serrablo
Official map (pdf)
Comarcas of Aragón, Alto Gállego

Geography of the Province of Huesca
Comarcas of Aragon
Pyrenees


The HP Pavilion dv4 is a model series of laptops manufactured by Hewlett-Packard Company that features a 14.1" diagonal display. The HP Pavilion dv5 features a 15.4" and the HP Pavilion dv7 a 17" display.

Models
dv4se (Special Edition) - Features the Midnight Wave finish
dv4-1502yu- Uses An Intel Processor
dv4z - Uses An AMD Processor

Weight And Dimensions

Note: Weight varies by configuration

Customizable Features
The following are customizable features only available in the United States (HP CTO Notebooks). Information retrieved on the HP store website, November 2008.

References

Pavilion dv4


The Annales Compostellani (Anales compostelanos) or Anales castellanos terceros are a set of Latin annals found in, and named after, Santiago de Compostela. They were found in the manuscript known as the Tumbo negro (or colorado) de Santiago de Compostela (also Codex Compostellanus or Códice compostelano), but they were originally redacted in the Rioja. They are grouped with the Chronicon Ambrosianum and the Chronicon Burgense as the Efemérides riojanas. They cover the history of the County and Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Navarre until the reconquest of Seville in 1248.

Editions
In Enrique Flórez, ed. España Sagrada, XXIII (Madrid: 1767), 317–24.
In José María Fernández Catón, ed. El llamado "Tumbo Colorado" (León: 1990), 251–58.

References
Conerly, Porter (1993). "Cronicones," pp. 468–9. Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula, vol. 1. Germán Bleiberg, Maureen Ihrie, and Janet Pérez, edd. (Greenwood Publishing Group, ).
Martínez Díez, Gonzalo (2005). El condado de Castilla, 711–1038: La historia frente a la leyenda. Marcial Pons Historia.
Iberian chronicles
13th-century history books
13th-century Latin books


Ariopsis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. There are only two species of plants in the genus namely Ariopsis peltata and Ariopsis protanthera. Both species are found in the understories of tropical forests, but they both live in different areas. Ariopsis peltata is found in the Western Ghats, whereas Ariopsis protanthera is found in Nepal, Bhutan, Assam, northern Bangladesh, Myanmar and Thailand. Ariopsis has heart shaped leaves and are tuberous plants.  The spadix is cylindrical and has cavities into which the pollen falls into.

References

Aroideae
Araceae genera
Flora of the Indian subcontinent


The vice president-elect of the United States is the candidate who has won election to the office of vice president of the United States in a United States presidential election, but is awaiting inauguration to assume the office.

There is no explicit indication in the U.S. Constitution as to when that person actually becomes vice president-elect, although the Twentieth Amendment uses the term "Vice President-elect", thus giving the term constitutional justification.

The term corresponds to the term "president-elect of the United States", used for those elected president of the United States for the same period between their election and inauguration.

Incumbent vice presidents who have won re-election for a second term are generally not referred to as vice presidents-elect, as they are already in office and are not waiting to become vice president.

Elections of vice presidents-elect
In many, but not all, instances in which a new vice president has been elected, there is also a change of presidents, with a new president having been elected. This has not always been the case, however. There have been instances in which an incumbent president is reelected with a new vice president-elect as their running mate. This has often been due to an incumbent vice president having not received renomination. The most recent time this happened was in 1944, when Harry S. Truman was elected to replace Henry A. Wallace alongside the ailing three-term president Franklin D. Roosevelt. However, in other instances, this has been due to the vice presidency having been vacant, as there was no way to fill a vice presidential vacancy mid-term until the ratification of the Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The most recent time that a new vice president was elected alongside an incumbent president was in 1964, when Hubert Humphrey was elected alongside Lyndon B. Johnson, with the vice presidency being vacant due to Johnson's ascension after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Ever since, all elections of new vice presidents have come alongside an election of a new president. No president has sought reelection with a running mate different than their incumbent vice president since Gerald Ford did so unsuccessfully in 1976.

It is possible for an incumbent vice president to win reelection as the running mate of a new president-elect, in which case there would be a United States presidential transition with the election of a new president-elect, but there would be no vice president-elect. This first happened in 1808 when vice president George Clinton, who was originally elected with Thomas Jefferson, was reelected as vice president with James Madison becoming president-elect. This happened again in 1828, when vice president John C. Calhoun, who was elected vice president in 1824 with John Quincy Adams, was re-elected as vice president with Andrew Jackson becoming president-elect.

Roles in presidential transitions

As previously mentioned many vice presidents-elect, and all from 1968 onwards, have been elected alongside a new president-elect, meaning that the period before many vice-presidents elects have entered office as vice president have entailed presidential transitions.

Similar to the president-elect, the General Services Administration is authorized by the Presidential Transition Act of 1963 to provide the vice president-elect with funding, office space, and various government services (such as transportation and communications) to accommodate their role in the transition between presidential administrations.

The role that various vice presidents-elect have played in United States presidential transitions has differed.

Two vice presidents-elect have been in charge of presidential transitions as formal chairmen, Dick Cheney in the presidential transition of George W. Bush (2000–01) and Mike Pence in the presidential transition of Donald Trump (2016–17).

Bill Clinton heavily involved Vice President-elect Al Gore in his 1992–93 transition, including him in a group of confidants that joined Clinton in making many of the transition's top decisions. Jimmy Carter allowed Vice President-elect Walter Mondale to play a role in his 1976–77 transition, including allowing him to provide input on some individuals being considered for roles in the administration.

Some presidents-elect have excluded their vice presidents-elect from playing a significant role in their transition. For instance, in Dwight D. Eisenhower's  1952–53 transition, Vice President-elect Richard Nixon did not play an active role. During Nixon's own the 1968–69 transition, Vice President-elect Spiro Agnew was similarly largely uninvolved.

Procedure for replacement
If the vice president-elect dies or resigns before the meeting of the Electoral College in December, the national committee of the winning party would, in consultation with the president-elect, choose a replacement to receive the electoral votes of the vice presidential nominee in the same manner as would happen if the former vice presidential nominee had become president-elect due to the death of the apparent winner. Assuming the requisite number the electors agreed to vote for the replacement candidate, that person would then become the vice president-elect. If such a vacancy were to occur after the electoral votes had been cast in the states, most authorities maintain that no replacement would be chosen and the new president (after taking office) would nominate a vice president, per the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Vice President-designate of the United States
Before ratification of the 25th Amendment in 1967, the Constitution contained no provision for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency. As a result, when one occurred (and did 16 times), the office was left vacant until filled through the next ensuing election and inauguration. Since 1967, the vice presidency has been vacant twice, and a successor was nominated each time to fill the vacancy in accordance with the 25th Amendment. The first instance was in 1973 when Gerald Ford was nominated by President Richard Nixon to succeed Spiro Agnew, who had resigned. The second came in 1974, when Ford, who had succeeded to the presidency following Nixon's resignation, nominated Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him. During both vacancies, the nominee was called vice president-designate, instead of vice president-elect, as neither had been elected to the office.

List of vice presidents-elect

See also
-elect

References

Presidential elections in the United States
United States presidential inaugurations
United States presidential transitions


Razzmatazz is an Indian dance reality show and competition that was broadcast on Zee TV in 2001. It The show was hosted by Arshad Warsi and Shweta Menon.

Show format
The contestants' are divided into two separate groups, where the contestants' from each of the group perform their dancing skills to obtain points.

References

External links

Indian reality television series
Zee TV original programming
2001 Indian television series debuts
2001 Indian television series endings
Indian dance television shows


The Bull of Osuna is a limestone high relief Iberian sculpture, 82 cm high, dated from the end of the 5th century BCE, that is on display at the National Archaeological Museum of Spain in Madrid.
It was found in the archeological site of the ancient Iberian city of Urso (Osuna) in Seville, Spain. The bull is ashlar and was carved, (probably in a Turdetani workshop), as a funeral monument. It is believed to have had some protective function.

References

Ayuntamiento de Osuna

Limestone statues
Iberian art
Collection of the National Archaeological Museum, Madrid
Sculptures in Madrid
Archaeological discoveries in Spain
Sculptures of cattle


The HP Pavilion dv5 was a model series of laptop/mobile computers manufactured by Hewlett-Packard Company that features a 15.4" diagonal display. The HP Pavilion dv4 features a 14.1" and the HP Pavilion dv7 a 17" display. The dv5 series has been discontinued, being partially replaced by the dv6 (16") series, and released again as a 14.5" model in 2010.

Models

dv5se (Special Edition) - Features the Renewal Imprint finish
dv5t - Uses An Intel Processor
dv5z - Uses An AMD Processor

Weight And Dimensions

Note: Weight varies by configuration

Customizable Features
The following are customizable features only available in the United States (HP CTO Notebooks). Information retrieved on the HP store website, November 2008.

References
HP dv5tse Information webpage
HP dv5t Information webpage
HP dv5z Information webpage
HP dv5 14.5-Inch Edition, 2010

See also
 Hewlett-Packard
 HP Pavilion

Pavilion dv5


The Suburban Trib was a three-day-a-week newspaper, albeit with its own staff and policies, inserted into suburban issues of the Chicago Tribune.  The Suburban Trib operated from 1967 until it was discontinued in 1985 in favor of regional editions of the Chicago Tribune.

References
Shapiro, Michael (2004) "No News is Good News", Columbia Journalism Review, July/August 2004.

Chicago Tribune
Defunct newspapers published in Chicago
Newspapers established in 1967
Publications disestablished in 1984


The HP Pavilion dv7 was a model series of laptops manufactured by Hewlett-Packard from 2008 that featured a 17.3" diagonal display. The HP Pavilion dv4 featured a 14.1" and the HP Pavilion dv5 a 15.4" display. The DV7 had bays for two hard drives, but was supplied with one; if a second hard drive was fitted then a hard drive hardware kit of bracket, connector cable, Mylar shield, and screws was required.

As of August 2012, most Pavilion laptops (namely the Pavilion M4, M6, dv6 and dv7 series) have been upgraded, rebranded and integrated into the premium HP Envy lineup with the newer Microsoft Windows 8 operating system. The Pavilion dv7 as such is therefore out of production.

Models

dv7t  Uses An Intel Processor
dv7z  Uses An AMD Processor

dv7-1000 to dv7-1400 series
Model produced alongside dv5 series. Display 17.0" CCFL WXGA+ (1440 × 900) or WSXGA+ (1680 × 1050).

dv7-1000 to dv7-2300 series
Model produced alongside dv6 series. Display 17.3" LED HD+ (1600 × 900), BrightView or flush glass AntiGlare. New look. MediaPlay button has been removed from the capacitive board.

dv7-3000 to dv7-3300 series
Very similar to the dv7-2000. In addition, was introduced a models with an Intel i5 and i7 processors and Nvidia discrete graphics — GeForce G 105M (512 MB) or GeForce GT 230M (1024 MB).

dv7-4000 to dv7-4300 series
Model produced alongside dv6-3000 series. Completely changed the design and construction, reducing the amount of gadget link in used in previous models. This will remove an ExpressCard slot, remote control, capacitive board, built-in TV tuner. Introduced island keyboard and "ClickPad" touchpad without buttons. New motherboard and cooling system reduced the amount of available ports on the left side of the computer. Introduced switchable graphics.

dv7-5000 series
Intel-based notebooks:
Processors: II-generation Intel Core i7 Quad
Graphics: Intel HD Graphics (UMA), switchable ATI Mobility Radeon HD 5650 1024 MB or ATI Mobility Radeon HD 5470 512 MB

dv7-6000 to dv7-6100 series
Display 17.3" LED HD+ (1600 x 900) BrightView or FullHD (1920 × 1080) AntiGlare. New look. Touchpad with mechanical switch. Quad speakers and subwoofer. eSATA combo port was removed.

dv7-6b00

dv7-6c00

dv7-7000 and dv7-7100 series
Some design changes. Quad speakers (two in the lid) and subwoofer. Supports III-generation Intel Core processors and mSATA SSD drive. Now supports two USB 3.0 ports. Second headphone jack was removed.

ENVY dv7-7200 and dv7-7300

The Pavilion brand was renamed to the brand ENVY. Laptops are sold with Microsoft Windows 8 operating system. For this reason, changed the motherboard. Added some new CPUs. Other specifications are the same as the DV7-7000 series notebooks.

In 2015. HP released a new series of HP Envy Laptops including  the dv3, dv5 and dv7 models. The models feature a fingerprint sensor, a lifted hinge, Bang and Olufsen speakers and new Intel Core i processors based on the Skylake architecture. HP claims that this laptop is a very thin laptop due to the fact that the laptop was meant for entertainment.

References

Pavilion dv7


Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency (안전보건공단, 韓國産業安全保健公團) is a body in South Korea, which serves to protect the health and safety of Korean workers.

The advent of KOSHA

It was late 1980s that KOSHA (Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency) Law was released to the public. After the KOSHA Act was released in 1986, the labor department of Korea, which is the competent organization of KOSHA, moved to the next step that set up the plan for establishing KOSHA and inaugurated the institution committee for KOSHA in 1987. Since then, KOSHA has been taking responsibility for the important role in occupational safety and health in the workplace.

It had been a long time for people to look forward to working at the workplace without getting involved in occupational accidents or diseases. It was one of the fastest changing periods for Koreans who lived in during the industrial revolution of Korea. Before moving to the history of KOSHA, we need to examine the environmental and societal circumstances that lead to its development.

Korea experienced significant economic growth, the so-called "the miracle of Han river", during a five-year-long Economic Development Plan beginning in 1962. It resulted from two societal factors, the movement of population from rural to urban environments and the change of major industry. According to the statistic of Koreans agricultural department, the majority of Korean made a living engaging in farming and over 80% of people in Korea belonged to the rural community at that time. In particular, the rice culture that has been the most important crop in Korea since the Lee Dynasty, it required significant physical labor, but the gains from that were in vain, compared to the time and labor that farmers spent on doing that. Also, the Korean government tried to improve the quality of life in an agricultural village, but people who knew a vicious circle of farming were driven into cities which needed less expensive labor. At the very beginning of industrial boom, most small-medium factories and industries could take-off to increase in light of size and quality through using these affluent labor powers.

Thus, as industrial facilities became larger and the process became varied, the rate of exposure to the dangerous materials were increased, numerous occupational disasters and diseases broke out and started to affect the health of workers, both directly and indirectly. Since the statistics of occupational disaster were begun during July, 1964, taking the industrial accidents compensation insurance effect, over two million of workers were involved in occupational accidents. Among them, over 20,000 workers died, the remained became the disabled and the economic loss reached the amount of 6,000 million dollars (KOSHA 20th annual report).

Likewise, as occupational disasters became a bigger issue in the view of society and economics, the Korean government established and released the Occupational and Safety Law in 1981. But that was not enough to stop the growth of the rate of occupational disasters. Even the casualties of industrial accidents continued to increase because of the shortage of the experts and because owners of industries lacked interest. Hence, there were few effective ways to prevent those accidents. Accordingly, the government recognized the seriousness of the incident's harm and searched for a solution by establishing a professional organization for preventing occupational disaster.

Also, there has been pressure from labor unions and from society. Until that time, Korea had been ruled by presidents from army circles since President Park was inaugurated by a military coup in 1961. They did not allow workers to establish trade unions or ask for the enactment of the Labor Union Act, although there were, in name only, Labor Acts such as the Labor Standard Act, the Mediation Act in labor trouble. These were used for the benefit of owners. When seen from the political view, there were a significant number of demonstrations for democracy in Korea. The different point is that workers, including white collar workers, and the general public joined the request. Demonstrations were usually college students' before 1986. Especially, workers called upon substantial laws to reinforce owners who pursued the profit, but were not interested in employees' basic rights. Consequently, the Korean government stepped forward to establish a professional organization intended to protect the basic rights of workers at worksites.

KOSHA's goals involve promoting the safety and health of workers, encouraging efficient business to prevent industrial accidents, and to motivate business proprietors into joining them, contributing to the improvement of economic development. The meanings of the establishment can be summarized as follows.

 KOSHA offers professional knowledge and experts to establish, national, synthetic and technical systems of occupational accident prevention.

 KOSHA advocates for providing safe and clean environments for workers and contributes to enlighten Korean society about safety.

 KOSHA seeks to reduce the rate of industrial disasters that prevent Korea from entering the developed country; it raised the power of national competition to join the OECD. (E-book of the history of KOSHA)

Likewise, KOSHA was established having a significant mission to protect the precious life, physical safety, and health of workers. Also, KOSHA uplifted the quality of life while growing into a professional organization.

The office organization and staff of KOSHA

At the beginning of the institution, there was one headquarters, two branch offices, and one education center. It had 368 employees including, one president and three trustees. KOSHA has reorganized twenty-one times to provide the best service for workers and to deal with the ever-changing society and occupational safety policy of government. The contents of important reforms are as follows.

 In 1989, the research center was newly established.

 In 1991, KOSHA extensively reformed the staff organization in accordance with KOSHA Act. Thus, the size of the organization increased and employed over 800 people.

 In 1995, KOSHA needed to form a division into the department for promoting safety culture to let people get to know the safety at the worksites because big accidents kept occurring.

 In 2001, KOSHA reorganized the division into teams and founded Human Resource Development (HRD) team.

 In 2003, KOSHA added one more branch office in Jeju and two chemical research centers to manage chemical materials.

 In 2004, human power at headquarters was reduced and transferred to 20 branch offices.

 In 2006, KOSHA has become a flexible organization to support the relationship between businesses and, to make it possible to focus on the scene of labor. Also, the human resources that were separated into technical and management parts, were integrated on one part.

 At present, KOSHA has a headquarters that consists of nine departments and 19 teams, an education center, a research center, and 20 branch offices around Korea where over 1,300 occupational experts do their best to prevent industrial disasters from happening at the worksite.

Likewise, KOSHA has changed a lot with respect to office and staff organization to adapt to the new environment that the entire world entered into the age of unlimited competition represented as the age of information and globalization.

Basic businesses

From the beginning, KOSHA played a significant role preventing occupational hazards, accidents, and diseases from worksites. Speaking of the businesses, first we cannot help but talk about the development and spread of prevention technologies, support to educate workers visiting worksites, as well as, analysis and inspection of facilities that are likely to bring the danger or harmfulness, since KOSHA was released.

KOSHA focused on activities such as safety diagnoses, guiding new technologies, and education for workers concerned with safety and health that workers and workplaces were asking for in the beginning. It took two years for KOSHA to develop and spread the systematic ways such as visiting worksites and analyzing causes or doing epidemiology research to find the cause of industrial accidents.

It was in 1995 that KOSHA was absorbed in trying to reduce the rate of occupational accidents because the campaign for safety culture at workplaces was widespread all over the country. Therefore, KOSHA started to take an action that put aside the some amount of money to prevent those accidents in small and medium businesses that were blamed for occupying the 73.5% of total occupational disasters. Also, the rate of industrial accidents was plunged under 1% that is the sign of getting into the developed country.

External links
 Official Website

Government-owned companies of South Korea
Medical and health organizations based in South Korea
Occupational safety and health organizations


An impulse facility is a testing facility that relies on rapid release of stored energy to generate a short period of high enthalpy test conditions for testing of aerodynamic flow, aerodynamic heating and atmospheric reentry, combustion, chemical kinetics, ballistics, and other effects.  The rapid release of energy can result in very high instantaneous energy release rates even though the total energy released is modest. The use of an impulse facility can allow testing of violently energetic phenomena generating temperatures and pressures that no known materials could withstand in steady state.  This effect also produces short test times, however, with some types of tests in these facilities lasting less than 100 microseconds.  Impulse facilities are a special case of blow down facilities where an energy storage mechanism is charged over a period of time and then released to initiate a test and must be charged again before the next test.  This contrasts with continuous facilities such as wind tunnels that may run continuously.  Examples of impulse facilities are the shock tube, the shock tunnel, the expansion tube, the expansion tunnel, and the Ludwieg tube.

References

Engineering equipment


The presidential transition of Barack Obama began when he won the United States presidential election on November 4, 2008, and became the president-elect. Obama was formally elected by the Electoral College on December 15, 2008. The results were certified by a joint session of Congress on January 8, 2009, and the transition ended when Obama was inaugurated at noon EST on January 20, 2009.

Organization of the transition

The Obama transition organization was called the Obama-Biden Transition Project. The transition team was convened during the height of the campaign, well before the outcome could be known, to begin making preparations for a potential administration. It was co-chaired by John Podesta, who was Bill Clinton's fourth and last White House chief of staff and the president/chief executive officer of the Center for American Progress, Valerie Jarrett, who is one of Obama's longest-serving advisers, and Pete Rouse, former Senate chief of staff for Tom Daschle who succeeded Rahm Emanuel as Obama's chief of staff.

On November 5, the General Services Administration declared that Obama was the "apparent winner," making him eligible to receive transition funding and other government services, and granting him access to their 2008 presidential transition headquarters in Washington, D.C. Podesta estimated that the transition would employ approximately 450 people and have a budget of about $12 million: $5.2 million would be paid by the federal government and the remaining $6.8 million would be funded by private sources, with each contribution limited to $5,000. The transition project would not accept money from political action committees or federal lobbyists.

Transition team
On November 5, Obama announced his complete transition team, which was organized as a nonprofit tax-exempt organization under U.S. federal tax code 501(c)(4). The advisory board consisted of Carol Browner, William M. Daley, Christopher Edley, Michael Froman, Julius Genachowski, Donald Gips, Janet Napolitano, Federico Peña, Susan Rice, Sonal Shah, Mark Gitenstein and Ted Kaufman.

Members of the transition team's senior staff included:

Chris Lu – Executive Director
Dan Pfeiffer – Communications Director
Stephanie Cutter – Chief Spokesperson
Robert Gibbs - Press Secretary
Cassandra Butts – General Counsel
Jim Messina – Personnel Director
Patrick Gaspard – Associate Personnel Director
Christine A. Varney - Personnel Counsel
Melody Barnes – Co-Director of Agency Review
Lisa Brown – Co-Director of Agency Review
Phil Schiliro – Director of Congressional Relations
Michael Strautmanis – Director of Public Liaison and Intergovernmental Affairs
Katy Kale – Co-Director of Operations
Brad Kiley – Co-Director of Operations

Joshua Gotbaum and Michael Warren headed the transition team of the Treasury Department. In addition, Thomas Donilon and Wendy Sherman oversaw the transition of the State Department. Seth Harris oversaw the transition in all of the labor, education, and transportation agencies with Edward B. Montgomery leading the Labor Department agency review team, Mortimer Downey leading the Transportation Department agency review team, and Judith Sherman leading the Education Department agency review team. Finally, John P. White and Michele Flournoy led the transition of the Defense Department.

Activities as the president-elect

Bush administration

In mid-October, the George W. Bush administration convened a fourteen-member council to coordinate with and brief the winning campaign's transition team. The New York Times reported that White House chief of staff Joshua Bolten then planned to recruit his predecessor, Andrew Card, to oversee the activity. On November 6, Obama received his first classified intelligence briefing from director of national intelligence John Michael McConnell and Central Intelligence Agency director Michael Hayden.

President Bush invited Obama and his team to attend the 2008 G-20 Washington summit held between November 15 and 20 in order to introduce him to more than twenty world leaders who attended the event. However, Obama did not come, and his transition team instead sent former Republican Rep. Jim Leach and former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright to meet with the heads of state. Obama was expected to address a United Nations global warming summit in Poland in December or allow a representative such as Al Gore to present his policies.

On November 10, Obama traveled to the White House and met with President Bush to discuss transition issues while First Lady Laura Bush took his wife Michelle on a tour of the mansion. NBC News reported that Obama advanced his economic agenda with Bush, asking him to attempt to pass a stimulus package in a lame duck session of Congress before the inauguration. He also urged Bush to accelerate the disbursement of $25 billion in funds to bail out the automobile industry and expressed concern about additional Americans losing their homes as mortgage rates increase again.

The Bush administration reportedly went out of its way to make the transition as seamless as possible for the incoming administration, earning accolades from Obama staff members and outside experts alike. According to nearly all accounts, the Bush administration streamlined the process for new officials to obtain security clearances and planned training exercises for the incoming national security team, to ensure that they would be ready to face a possible crisis on the first day in office. Part of this enhanced cooperation is required by laws passed at the behest of the 9/11 Commission, while part is attributed to the difficulty that the Bush administration had with its own transition, which lasted only five weeks and was felt to have had a deleterious effect on Bush's ability to govern. "I'm not sure I've ever seen an outgoing administration work as hard at saying the right thing," said Stephen Hess of the Brookings Institution. "This is really quite memorable."

During the transition, the Bush administration had many important matters to address, even as a lame duck president. There was an ongoing financial crisis, and this was the first presidential transition since the presidential transition of Richard Nixon to occur while the United States was at war.

Resignation from Senate offices
At the time of their election, President-elect Obama and Vice President-elect Joseph Biden were incumbent U.S. senators from Illinois and Delaware respectively. In accordance with Article I, Section 6 of the United States Constitution, both were required to resign their respective Senate seats on or before January 20, 2009, in order to become president and vice president.

Obama Senate transition

Obama resigned from the Senate effective November 16, 2008. Initially, it was thought that his replacement would be named by Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich. Since the term for the seat expired in January 2011, it would come up for its normal election in 2010 with no special election necessary. Blagojevich was expected to name Obama's immediate successor in the Senate by January 3, 2009. However, on December 9, 2008, the status of Obama's succession in the Senate was cast in doubt after Blagojevich was arrested on federal corruption charges, which included allegedly attempting to sell the appointment. Although placed in federal custody and released on $4,500 bail, as long as he remained governor Blagojevich continued to have sole authority to make the appointment. Several Democrats, including Sen. Dick Durbin, asked the Illinois General Assembly to schedule a special election instead.

Speaking through a surrogate, Obama called for Blagojevich's resignation on December 10. Had Blagojevich resigned or been removed from office before making the appointment, the duty would have fallen to Illinois Lt. Gov. Pat Quinn, who would succeed Blagojevich as governor. However, Illinois Senate president Emil Jones said that he would call the Senate back into session to write a law that would result in Obama's replacement being determined in a special election.

However, after the state legislature did not pass a law mandating a special election for the seat, on December 30, Blagojevich announced that he was appointing Roland Burris, a former Illinois Attorney General, Illinois Comptroller, and U.S. Treasury Department official, to the seat, citing his constitutional duty in the absence of a law requiring a special election.
Blagojevich, Burris, and Representative Bobby Rush urged the public to consider the qualifications of Burris as a public servant and not the scandals in which Blagojevich was embroiled.

However, the Senate Democrats released a statement in which they reaffirmed that they would refuse to seat anyone appointed to the seat by Blagojevich, as that individual would be an ineffective representative of Illinois because of "questions of impropriety."

Some members of the Congressional Black Caucus, including Rush, expressed their support for seating Burris, who would be the only African-American in the Senate; Rush compared a Senate rejection of Burris to a lynching. However, President-elect Obama released a statement condemning the appointment and again calling on Blagojevich to resign. In addition, the Illinois Secretary of State, Jesse White, reiterated that he would not certify any appointment made by Blagojevich, although at the time it was not clear whether this could prevent Burris from taking office. Furthermore, the Senate might not actually have been able to refuse to seat Burris, as he met all constitutional requirements for the office and was not involved in the Blagojevich corruption scandal (per the U.S. Supreme Court decision Powell v. McCormack).

On January 9, 2009, the Illinois Supreme Court ruled in the case Burris v. White that the appointment only required the signature of the governor to be valid, and not that of the Illinois Secretary of State, and that the state of Illinois is not required to use the Senate's recommended certification form, as it is only "recommended" under the Standing Rules of the United States Senate. The Court further remarked that "no explanation has been given as to how any rule of the Senate, whether it be formal or merely a matter of tradition, could supersede the authority to fill vacancies conferred on the states by the federal constitution". Following the ruling, White provided Burris with a certified copy of the appointment's registration, and Burris delivered that copy, that bears the State Seal, to the Secretary of the Senate. His credentials declared valid, Burris was finally sworn in on January 15, 2009, by outgoing President of the Senate Dick Cheney.

Biden Senate transition
Biden had indicated that he would remain in the Senate until he was sworn in as vice president on January 20, 2009. Although he was sworn in for a seventh Senate term in early January 2009, he resigned from the seat on January 15, 2009, having served just over 36 years in the body. He was Delaware's longest-serving senator.

On November 24, 2008, Delaware Gov. Ruth Ann Minner announced that Ted Kaufman would serve as Biden's appointed replacement. Kaufman was sworn in on January 16, 2009. A special election was held in November 2010, which elected Democratic candidate Chris Coons.

During his abbreviated final term in the Senate, Biden went on a diplomatic fact-finding trip to Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, becoming the first vice-president-elect to undertake such a mission before entering office.

Change.gov website
On November 5, 2008, the transition team launched change.gov, the official website of the transition.

The website included a blog and jobs page. It also had a section that allowed visitors to share stories or their visions for the country. Visitors were able to comment on issues important to them using the Citizen's Briefing Book. Individuals applying for work within the Obama administration via this site were required to go through intensive consumer and criminal background checks performed by the  ChoicePoint Corporation. The website used a Creative Commons license.

As part of their efforts towards transparency, on December 5 the transition team announced that "all policy documents from official meetings with outside organizations will be publicly available for review and discussion on Change.gov." After the inauguration, many of the functions of change.gov were transferred to a redesigned White House website.

Administration appointments

Thirty-one of the appointments to the transition team had previously worked in the Clinton administration, including Podesta, chief of staff Rahm Emanuel, and Biden's chief of staff Ron Klain.

Announcements
Obama held near-daily press conferences as president-elect to announce his administration nominees to the public. He introduced the nominees and occasionally took questions from the press regarding issues such as economic difficulties and the war in Afghanistan.

The appointments of Lawrence Summers and Timothy F. Geithner to key economic positions were criticized, on grounds that they had been prominently involved in creating many of the conditions that led to the financial crisis of 2007–2008, so "failure is being rewarded." Summers was a leading advocate of the derivatives deregulation, together with Alan Greenspan and Robert Rubin, and during his transition to Secretary of the Treasury, the act that kept commercial banks out of Wall street, the Glass–Steagall Act, was repealed. Geithner instead was criticized for his failure to pay $34,000 in income taxes.

The appointment of Eric Holder for attorney general raised concerns, due to his role in the last-minute pardon issued by Bill Clinton for fugitive financier Marc Rich.

During his first press conference as president-elect, on November 7, Obama remarked about former first lady Nancy Reagan holding seances in the White House, which gained widespread attention. Termed his "first gaffe," Obama called Mrs. Reagan later that evening to apologize for what his spokesperson said was a "careless and off-handed remark."
 Chief of staff: Representative Rahm Emanuel of Illinois was selected by President-elect Obama on November 6, two days after the election.
Deputy Chiefs of Staff: Jim Messina, current director of personnel for the Obama Transition team and former chief of staff to Senator Max Baucus; and Mona Sutphen, a former career foreign service officer who worked for President Clinton's National Security Council.
 Senior Advisors to the President: Campaign strategist David Axelrod and Pete Rouse, who has been serving as Obama's Senate chief of staff.
 Senior Advisor and Assistant to the President for Intergovernmental Relations and Public Liaison: Valerie Jarrett, a lawyer who served as Chicago's planning commissioner and later was chairperson of the Chicago Transit Authority. In 1995, Jarrett left public service to join the Habitat Corporation, a Chicago real estate management company.
 Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs: Phil Schiliro.
White House Counsel: Greg Craig.
Cabinet Secretary: Chris Lu, former legislative director of Obama's Senate office.
Staff Secretary: Lisa Brown, executive director of the American Constitution Society.
Press Secretary: Robert Gibbs, announced on November 22.
Communications Director: Ellen Moran.
Deputy Director of Communications: Dan Pfeiffer.
Chair of the White House Council on Environmental Quality: Nancy Sutley, a well-known member of the LGBT community, and Deputy Mayor of Los Angeles.
Deputy Director of White House Office of Health Reform: Jeanne Lambrew.
White House photographer: Pete Souza.

Cabinet and top advisors

There was one withdrawal, New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson, whom Obama had named Secretary of Commerce. Richardson's administration was, at the time, the subject of a federal corruption probe; while maintaining that his administration was responsible for no wrongdoing, he withdrew so as to prevent a lengthy confirmation process from hindering the work of the U.S. Department of Commerce. The position was filled by Gary Locke.

Obama named Tim Kaine as new chairman of the Democratic National Committee, replacing Howard Dean who has clashed with Obama and his advisors in the past. Kaine served concurrently as Governor of Virginia until his term ended in January 2010.

Obama named Aneesh Chopra for the new position of Chief Technology Officer of the United States, Vivek Kundra as Chief Information Officer and Jeffrey Zients Chief Performance Officer and deputy director for management of the Office of Management and Budget

Initial reaction to Obama's choice of Leon Panetta as CIA director was mixed, with some intelligence professionals expressing concern that Panetta lacked specific intelligence experience, and others such as former Congressman and co-chair of the Iraq Study Group Lee H. Hamilton praising the choice.

Domestic policy

Economic policy

Environment and energy

Foreign affairs and national security

Table

Emerging agenda

Obama's developing presidential agenda was divided into domestic and foreign policy issues. In most cases, this agenda involved addressing crises already underway. His principal strategic decisions concerned how quickly to move bills through Congress. Some of his advisors suggested moving quickly, as Franklin D. Roosevelt did in 1933, under the belief that a more moderate approach would waste valuable time early in his presidency, when his political capital will be strongest. Others suggested moving more slowly, as Bill Clinton did before his attempt to enact a national healthcare program, based on the notion that rapid change could quickly wear down any bipartisan consensus. He was expected, in any case, to issue a series of executive orders within days of his inauguration, including a reversal of Bush-era executive orders restricting funding to family planning (including abortion) services and stem-cell research. There was also a possibility that a new cabinet level advisory post would be created overseeing the Department of Energy, Department of the Interior and the Environmental Protection Agency.

According to Podesta, the transition team planned to conduct an exhaustive review of Bush's executive orders in an effort to find quick changes that could be implemented on the first day in office. Podesta also says that there is a great deal that can be accomplished without waiting for Congress to act and that Obama wanted to move quickly once in office to restore "a sense that the country is working on behalf of the common good."

Economic agenda

The economic agenda under development initially focused on short-term measures intended to hold off widespread economic losses so that a longer-term economic agenda could then be formulated. That approach subsequently shifted to a longer-term stimulus plan, with a goal of creating 2.5 million jobs over a two-year period. With a cost of $700 to $800 billion, the stimulus plan would cost more than a quarter million dollars per job created (divide 750 billion by 2,500,000 yielding $300,000). In a nationally televised interview on December 7, he acknowledged that his agenda has changed over the past month, and that a short-term stimulus package had again become his first priority. He wanted to emphasize "shovel ready" infrastructure projects to create new jobs quickly. Barack Obama said he hoped to sign the stimulus package into law soon after taking office on January 20.

Obama's most immediate concern was an economic stimulus proposal that some Congressional Democrats had advocated. Like previous stimulus packages, that proposal was demand-side (Keynesian) in nature. It would likely consist of increased funding for unemployment benefits, the Food Stamp Program, and infrastructure projects, rather than tax rebates. In fact, Obama claimed to be planning "the largest infrastructure program in roads and bridges and other traditional infrastructure since the building of the Interstate Highway System in the 1950s." However, he also emphasized his plans to "green" the federal government by updating heating and lighting systems in federal buildings, as well as significant investment in technology initiatives such as mandatory electronic medical records, improved computers in schools, and universal availability of broadband Internet access.

Additional funding for Medicaid was also being considered. A similar stimulus bill was passed by the House of Representatives on September 26, 2008, but never approved by the Senate. Obama promised to promote a stimulus bill early in his presidency if one was not passed before his inauguration on January 20, 2009.
In addition, Obama considered the request of the U.S. automotive industry for a cash infusion of $50 billion in addition to the $25 billion that had already been approved, but emphasizing that his support is "conditioned on them making significant adjustments."

Obama also planned to push for a program to spend $150 billion over 10 years to develop new renewable energy sources. This money would also be used to encourage energy conservation and help the auto industry develop fuel-efficient vehicles. However, Mother Jones reported that the Windfall Profits Tax on oil companies, which he frequently cited during the campaign, had been dropped from the agenda early in the transition.

According to the transition's website, Obama also hoped to rekindle volunteerism by expanding AmeriCorps and the Peace Corps and also creating a new Classroom Corps. Other volunteer efforts reportedly include a Health Corps, Clean Energy Corps, and Veterans Corps. Middle and high school students would be asked to do 50 hours of community service work a year. College students would be eligible for $4,000 in tuition tax credits in exchange for community service work. Improved volunteerism programs aimed at senior citizens were projected, as well as augmented Youth Build and Head Start programs.

Agenda on healthcare
On December 5, Tom Daschle, who was designated to lead Obama's efforts for health care reform, announced a month-long campaign to solicit public input on the shape of that reform. People were encouraged to hold community meetings to discuss the issue, and to post their thoughts on www.change.gov, where over 10,000 comments had already been posted. Although Democratic leaders had met in private for several months to prepare a legislative package for unveiling in January, Daschle was anxious to avoid the appearance that the transition was working behind closed doors to create a sweeping agenda for change.

This technique, developed by grass roots organizations like MoveOn.org, was designed to reinforce the notion that Obama intended to aggressively pursue his health care reform agenda despite the worsening economy. "President-elect Obama has made health reform one of his top priorities, and I'm here to tell you that his commitment to changing the healthcare system remains strong and focused", said Daschle.

During a news conference on December 11, 2008, Obama linked health care reform to the upcoming economic stimulus package, noting that "It's not something that we can sort of put off because we're in an emergency." "This is part of the emergency." He expected the stimulus legislation to include a $40 billion increase in Medicaid spending over two years, plus a massive investment in health information management technology. Consideration was also being given to funding for retraining medical workers, expansion of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), and expansion of the COBRA provisions, which allow unemployed workers to purchase health insurance through their previous employer's plan.

Foreign policy agenda

One of the principal foreign policy issues that Obama ran on during the presidential campaign concerned his promise to withdraw most American troops from the Iraq War within sixteen months of his inauguration.
Another issue concerned the three areas of foreign policy that President Bush had been focusing on during the final months of his term: Iran's nuclear development, North Korea's nuclear arsenal, and the Israeli-Palestinian peace talks. In all three cases, a diplomatic structure had already been established, although some of the Bush administration's goals might differ from those Obama would adopt as president.

In the Middle East, Bush began a new approach to the peace process, the so-called Annapolis process, which attempts to encourage Israeli and Palestinian leaders to agree on the outlines of a peace accord. Although both sides cite some success in these discussions, critics believe the talks have unduly ignored Hamas, which has been labeled as a terrorist organization, despite the fact that it holds an enormous amount of political power in the region.
Obama had not specified what his approach would be, although it was considered likely that he would appoint a high-level Middle East envoy, in part to free his Secretary of State so that other matters can also be addressed. Hamas expressed a willingness to talk to Obama, who has said that he will reciprocate only if it renounces terrorism, recognizes Israel's right to exist, and agrees to abide by past agreements. The Hamas leader in Gaza, Ismail Haniyeh, has said the Hamas government would accept a Palestinian state that followed the Green Line and would offer Israel a long-term truce if Israel recognises the Palestinians' national rights.

During his second term, Bush pursued an agreement with North Korea to end its nuclear weapons programs. To prevent a collapse in the process, Bush agreed to remove North Korea from the State Department's list of State Sponsors of Terrorism, which Obama supported. Obama has criticized Bush for taking so long to engage with North Korea, and has indicated that he would be eager to engage in a more proactive diplomatic effort to reach an agreement. A senior North Korean official recently told reporters that "we are ready to deal" with the incoming Obama administration.

Obama also deliberated on how to deal with Iran. Outgoing Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice had assembled a coalition of six states—the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Russia, China, and the United States—to confront Iran.
While the group won approval from the United Nations, Iran largely ignored its demands. While Obama had previously advocated carefully planned direct talks with Iran, he was now being seen as likely to build on the current coalition to broker an agreement with Iran.

In addition, Obama formulated a policy to deal with the U.S. missile defense shield that was under construction in Poland. He discussed the matter with both Polish President Lech Kaczyński and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev. While his advisors were working on a missile shield policy, his position at that time was simply that one might be deployed if and when it has been "proved to be workable".

Obama also planned to revoke a series of executive orders enacted by Bush that would have the effect of overturning a practice that many critics have labeled as torture against "detainees."

This would include requiring the CIA to abide by the Army Field Manual when interrogating prisoners. Resistance was expected, however, from some in the Intelligence Community, regarding the practicality of a complete revocation of these orders. He was also hoping to close the detention camp at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba, although issues were expected to arise in such a plan because many of the detainees have been held without evidence or have been coerced in their confessions, which would not be admissible in a federal court.

A November 20, 2008, Los Angeles Times article stated, "Antiwar groups and other liberal activists are increasingly concerned at signs that Barack Obama's national security team will be dominated by appointees who favored the Iraq invasion... 'It's astonishing that not one of the 23 senators or 133 House members who voted against the war is in the mix,' said Sam Husseini of the liberal group Institute for Public Accuracy."

National defense
Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, who was retained in the Obama Administration, outlined an agenda for reform of the Department of Defense. His ideas centered on a perceived need to shift purchasing priorities away from costly high tech weapons, and toward lower cost alternatives that are more appropriate for the wars the U.S. was currently fighting, as well as those he believed might lie in the immediate future. He noted that there are limits to U.S. military power, and believed that the emphasis should be shifted away from fighting, and toward training, advising and equipping allied forces to fight.

Specific areas Gates and Obama agreed on were said to include:
Improved coordination and cooperation between the military and the State Department, as well as other civilian agencies.
Improving the "security capacity" of US allies to allow them to increase their participation in the War on Terrorism.
Being attentive to the risk from conventional military forces, as well as insurgencies.
Shifting troops and other resources from Iraq to Afghanistan.
Continued expansion of the Army and Marine Corps.
Overhaul of the Pentagon's procurement system.

Energy policy
Obama made energy policy one of his topmost priorities in his 2008 campaign. Towards his energy goals of United States energy independence through investment in alternative energy production he has set the following objectives:
 Within ten years save more oil than current imports from the Middle East and Venezuela combined.
By 2015 put one million plug-in hybrid vehicles on the road.
By 2012, 10% of U.S. electricity shall come from renewable sources and 25% by 2025.
By 2050, 80% of currently emitted greenhouse gases shall be eliminated.

To achieve these objectives, Obama proposed the following measures

Over 10 years invest $150 billion for energy development with a lower  emissions including:
Transition to a digital electricity grid. Create a Grid Modernization Commission to facilitate adoption of smart grid practices.
Accelerate commercialization of plug-in hybrid technology.
Create 5 million green collar jobs involved in projects such as in construction, retrofitting buildings to make them more energy efficient or to generate their own power.
Develop and deploy clean coal technology.
Establish a national low-carbon fuel standard.
Weatherize one million homes annually.
Increase "CAFE" fuel efficiency standards for vehicles.
Set construction of the Alaska natural gas pipeline as a high priority.
Establish a "use it or lose it" approach to existing oil and gas leases granted for federal land.
Establish an economy-wide cap and trade program.

Appointees recruited by Obama with experience on energy policy included Peter Orszag, an expert on cap and trade programs, who was named as director of the Office of Management and Budget. John Podesta, transition chief, was an early advocate of Detroit's refocus on using lower carbon alternatives to gasoline.

Secret Service preparations

The Secret Service, of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, was the lead agency for both security and logistics for the Inaugural Ceremony. Their plan was to open the event to as many spectators as possible. Security was expected to be strict, and vast portions of downtown Washington would be closed to all traffic. Initially, it was thought that up to 4 million people would descend upon the area of the National Mall, but later reports from the Secret Service suggested that the number might not be that high. Arrangements for 8000 police officers were made, however, and parking for up to 10,000 tour buses was arranged. A Metro spokesperson warned that the subway system "will be utterly overwhelmed." Camping was not permitted on the mall.

On November 13, 2008, the Secret Service announced that Obama's codename would be "Renegade". In addition, his wife's is "Renaissance" and his daughters' are "Rosebud" and "Radiance".

Residential transition

The first family visited both Sidwell Friends School and Georgetown Day School before deciding on Sidwell. The residential transition began with the first of two interim stops at the Hay-Adams Hotel on January 4. The second interim stop was a move to Blair House on January 15, the traditional interim move date for residents-elect. The residential transition began earlier than for most incoming presidents because the daughters began school at Sidwell on January 5. During the campaign, Michelle Obama had stated that the residential transition would be planned to be as unified as possible for all members of the family. Michelle's mother, Marian Robinson, made plans to move into the White House to assist with child care. In the current real estate market, the Obamas did not intend to sell their South Side Chicago home that sits on the border between the Hyde Park and Kenwood community areas.

Jenna and Barbara Bush had much advice for Malia and Sasha Obama. The Bush twins sent the Obama daughters an open letter that was published in The Wall Street Journal.

The outgoing Bush family did not take much with them as they left the White House. Among the items they left behind was their official state china service, a Lenox gilt-edged style with a green basket weave border, estimated to be worth $492,798. However, what they did not take with them can be included in the collection of the presidential library.

Vice President Dick Cheney was injured moving out of his residence just before the inauguration and used a wheelchair during the ceremony.

Assessment of the transition
Experts have given the transition high praise. Numerous experts have referred to the transition between Bush and Obama as the "gold standard" for presidential transitions. Both the Bush and Obama ends of the transition have been praised.

The transition has been praised as "seamless", in part, for its adherence to Obama's insistence that there be "one president at a time", with Obama largely avoiding giving comment during the transition on matters Bush was handling, such as the ongoing financial crisis.

See also

Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign
Barack Obama election victory speech 2008
First inauguration of Barack Obama

Notes

Further reading

 (Initial likely appointments to the transition team.)

 (Pre-election meeting of the Obama transition team.)

External links

Presidential Transition Resource official General Services Administration (GSA)/National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) website
Change.gov archive of the Obama-Biden presidential transition project
Obama's Presidency from BBC News
The Obama Transition from the Financial Times
Lost in Transition from the National Journal
The Presidential Transition from the IBM Center for the Business of Government
The New Team from The New York Times'', profiles of potential members of the Obama administration
HLS and the new administration: Whom will Obama choose? from the Harvard Law Record, November 13, 2008
Joint Session of the 111th Congress for the purpose of certifying the Electoral College ballot count, January 9, 2009 (C-Span video)

November 2008 events in the United States
December 2008 events in the United States
January 2009 events in the United States
Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign
Presidential transition, Obama
Obama
John Podesta
Presidential transition, Obama
Presidential transition, Obama


Aromanian settlements can be found across the southern Balkan peninsula. They are populated solely by or a large proportion of Aromanians. Below is a list of the settlements that were either founded by Aromanians or are inhabited by a large number or strong Aromanian populations.

List of settlements

Muzachia region

The Muzachia region (, ) is an area in western Albania which encompasses parts of the Fier, Tirana and Durrës counties. It has a large Aromanian population spread across many villages. The Aromanian inhabitants of Muzachia are referred to as Muzachiars or Muzachirenji in Aromanian.
 Tirana (in the latest Albanian census, Tirana had the highest number of Aromanians in Albania, although Aromanians form a negligible percentage of the population)
 Kavajë
 Divjakë
 Elbasan
 Fier ()
 Patos
 Kosovë
 Ardenicë
 Portëz
 Perlat
 Beshisht
 Cerkovinë
 Çipllak
 Grabian
 Grabova e Sipërme ()
 Gradishtë ()
 Jubë ()
 Kalasë
 Koshova ()
 Kryegjatë
 Libofshë
 Moravë ()
 Përparim
 Pobrat ()
 Poshnjë
 Shtyllas
 Skrofotinë ()
 Stan-Karbunarë
 Xhyrinë
 Zhepë

Epirus region
The Epirus region encompasses northwestern Greece and southern Albania.

 Berat ()
 Vlorë ()
 Selenicë ()
 Kotë
 Gjirokastër
 Andon Poci ()
 Humelicë ()
 Palokastër ()
 Hundëkuq
 Labovë
 Karjan ()
 Kakoz ()
 Gjat ()
 Erind ()
 Nokovë ()
 Mingul
 Këllëz ()
 Dhoksat ()
 Qestorat ()
 Valare ()
 Stegopul  ()
 Suhë ()
 Saraqinisht
 Selckë
 Leusë
 Sqepur ()
 Poliçan ()
 Skore ()
 Zagoria ()
 Topovë ()
 Ndëran
 Xarrë ()
 Shkallë
 Delvinë ()
 Kardhikaq
 Bajkaj
 Stjar
 Igoumenitsa ()
 Paramythia ()
 Filiates
 Arta
 Agrinio
 Përmet ()
 Frashër
 Leshicë
 Badëlonjë
 Biovizhdë
 Çarshovë ()
 Draçovë
 Hoshevë
 Kosinë ()
 Kutal
 Vllaho-Psillotarë
 Gërmenj
 Ioannina ()
 Delvinaki
 Kefalovryso ()
 Vovousa ()
 Smenos
 Asproklisi

Pindus
One of the largest population of Aromanians in the Balkans is concentrated in the Pindus Mountains. These people are referred to as Pindians or Pindenji in Aromanian. The Aromanians have traditionally formed a majority population in this area. These populations were the subjects of two failed, Italian-sponsored attempts at creating an autonomous Aromanian statelet in the area, with the Principality of Pindus in World War I and the so-called "Roman Legion" in World War II.

 Agia Paraskevi
 Amarantos
 Ampelochori
 Anilio ()
 Anthousa
 Armata
 Avdella ()
 Chrysomilea
 Dessi
 Distrato ()
 Doliana
 Elatochori
 Elefthero
 Flampourari
 Fourka ()
 Fteri
 Gardiki
 Glykomilea
 Grevena ()
 Greveniti ()
 Haliki
 Iliochori ()
 Kalarites
 Tzoumerkon
 Kaminia
 Kastaniani
 Kastania
 Katafyto
 Kipourio
 Klino
 Konitsa ()
 Korydallos
 Kranea ()
 Laista ()
 Makrino
 Malakasi
 Matsouki
 Megali Kerasia
 Metsovo ()
 Milea ()
 Mouria
 Nea Zoi ()
 Orthovouni
 Palaioselli
 Panagia
 Parakalamos
 Pefki
 Perivoli ()
 Pertouli
 Pirra
 Samarina ()
 Skamneli
 Smixi ()
 Syrrako ()
 Tsepelovo
 Tristeno
 Trygona
 Vasiliko
 Vissani
 Votonossi
 Votnossi
 Vovousa ()
 Vrysochori ()
 Trikomo

Gramos
The Gramos Mountains (, , ) in the northern part of the Epirus region of the Balkan peninsula. Many Aromanian settlements are concentrated in this area which is shared by both Greece and Albania. Gramustians or Yrãmushcianji as they are referred to by Aromanians, make up a large proportion of the population there.

 Aetomilitsa ()
 Argos Orestiko ()
 Dendrohori
 Fousia ()
 Gramos ()
 Ieropigi
 Kleisoura ()
 Linotopion ()
 Milohorion
 Llëngë ()
 Grabovë e Sipërme ()
 Niçë ()
 Shipskë ()
 Nikolicë ()
 Dardhë
 Arrëz
 Veterniko
 Vlasti ()

Macedonia region
A large proportion of Aromanians can be found in the region of Macedonia, which is shared by Albania, Greece, North Macedonia, and Bulgaria (region of Pirin Macedonia).

The city of Moscopole () was once home to the largest Aromanian population in the world. It was the cultural and commercial center of the Aromanians with a population of over 60,000 people. The city was razed to the ground by Ali Pasha in 1788 causing an exodus of Aromanian people across the Balkans. Many of these ended up in what would become North Macedonia, Albania and Greece. The largest concentration of these were in the Pelister region of North Macedonia, the city of Kruševo and around the Prespa Lakes. The Moscopolitans of the Moscopoleanji as they are known in Aromanian form one of the largest populations of Aromanians today. They speak the Grabovean/Moscopolean dialect of Aromanian and the descendants of the Graboveans/Moscopoleans in Krusevo (, ) are today a fully recognised minority group under the constitutional law of North Macedonia.

 Moscopole (, , ,  or )
 Korçë ()
 Floq
 Vithkuq ()
 Drenovë ()
 Maliq
 Dishnicë
 Plasë ()
 Boboshticë ()
 Kamenice ()
 Kruševo ()
 Bitola ()
 Agios Germanos
 Arilevo
 Dolna Belica ()
 Drosopigi ()
 Marmaras
 Flampouro
 Gopeš ()
 Gorna Belica ()
 Jankovec
 Kallithea
 Kruševo ()
 Krystallopigi ()
 Magarevo ()
 Malovište ()
 Medovon
 Milohorion
 Moschochori
 Lechovo
 Nižepole ()
 Nymfaio ()
 Ohrid ()
 Patima ()
 Pili
 Resen
 Trnovo ()
 Vlasti ()
 Pipilista ()
 Vrontero
 Thessaloniki ()
 Kozani ()
 Kavala
 Ano Poroia ()
 Arzach
 Bratsigovo
 Bozhdovo
 Štip ()
 Kočani ()
 Čatal
 Dorkovo
 Emirica
 Gevgelia
 Irakleia ()
 Kalini Kamen
 Karamandra
 Vrbica ()
 Kratovo ()
 Kumanovo ()
 Lisec
 Lopen
 Lopovo
 Lozovo
 Ovcepole
 Pazardzhik
 Popovi livadi ()
 Peshtera
 Ponikva, Osogovo (Kočani Municipality)
 Radovistea
 Shatravo
 Sofia
 Strumski Chiflik
 Sveti Nikole ()
 Tito Veles
 Tsepina
 Vroica

Mount Vermion
 Agios Pavlos
 Ano Grammatiko ()
 Ano Vermio ()
 Kato Vermio ()
 Kedrona ()
 Naousa ()
 Polla Nera
 Seli ()
 Stenimachos ()
 Veria ()
 Megala Livadia ()
 Xirolivado ()

Thessaly-Mount Olympus area
This region is home to the most southerly population of Aromanians in the Balkans, with a prominent presence during the late Middle Ages. The Farsherots or the Fãrshãrots as they are known in Aromanian make a substantial percentage of the region's inhabitants.
 Larissa regional unit
 Farsala
 Trikala ()
 Kalabaka
 Volos ()
 Almyros ()
 Anthotopos ()
 Makrychori
 Mikri Perivoli ()
 Neriada ()
 Parapotamos
 Sesklo ()
 Tyrnavos
 Velestinon ()
 Vlachogiano
 Kalochori Larisa ()

Mount Olympus
 Argyropouli ()
 Falana
 Karitsa
 Kokkinopilos
 Leivadi
 Rodia

Romania
 Dobruja
 Constanța ()
 Săcele ()
 Ovidiu
 Castelu
 Medgidia
 Cogealac
 Tariverde
 Agigea
 Techirghiol
 Beidaud
 Sarighiol de Deal
 Tulcea
 Lăstuni ()
 Stejaru ()
 Caugagia
 Ceamurlia de Jos
 Ceamurlia de Sus
 Nicolae Bălcescu
 Camena
 Vasile Alecsandri ()
 Baia
 Lunca
 Casimcea
 Panduru
 Sinoe
 Mihai Viteazu ()
 Cobadin
 Slobozia
 Urziceni
 Călărasi ()
 Modelu ()
 Voluntari
 Vădeni

Maps

See also
 Vlachs
 History of Aromanians
 Aromanians in North Macedonia
 List of prominent Aromanians

References

Aromanian