Dietmar Otto Schönherr (; 17 May 1926 – 18 July 2014) was an Austrian film actor. He appeared in 120 films between 1944 and 2014. He was famous for playing the role of Major Cliff Allister McLane in the German science fiction series Raumpatrouille. He was born in Innsbruck, Austria. He was married to the Danish actress Vivi Bach from 1965 until her death in 2013. In 2011 he was awarded with the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class.

Selected filmography

  (Young Eagles) (1944) - Theo Brakke
 Les Amours de Blanche-Neige (1947) - Joe Burton
 Das Fräulein und der Vagabund (1949) - Gerhard Renken
  (1951) - Vigo, Leutnant der Grenzpolizei
 Love's Carnival (1955) - Leutnant Hans Rudloff
 Bonjour Kathrin (1956) - Duval
  (1956) - Müller-Staen jr.
  (1956) - Ferry Singer
 Das Mädchen Marion (1956) - Günter Legler, Turnierreiter
 Made in Germany (1957) - Dr. Roderich Zeiss
 Die verpfuschte Hochzeitsnacht (1957) - Alexander Schulze
 Just Once a Great Lady (1957) - Stefan Riehl
 Spring in Berlin (1957) - Hannes Delk
 Doctor Bertram (1957) - Kurt Losch
 The Elephant in a China Shop (1958) - Clemens
  (1958) - Peter Benrath
  (1958) - Herbert Thanner
 Sehnsucht hat mich verführt (1958) - Albert Hermann
 Frauensee (1958) - Ferry Graf Chur
 Die unvollkommene Ehe (1959) - Rolf Beckmayer
 Every Day Isn't Sunday (1959) - Mitja Burganoff
 Jons und Erdme (1959) - Direktor der Seifenfabrik
  (1959) - Willi Schultz
 Beloved Augustin (1960) - Franz von Gravenreuth
 Darkness Fell on Gotenhafen (1960) - Gaston
  (1960) - Fritz Merlin
 Brainwashed (1960) - Rabbi
 Ingeborg (1960) - Peter
  (1960) - Michael Böhm
 Beloved Impostor (1961) - David Ogden
  (1961) - Dr. Georg Holst
 Melody of Hate (1962) - Dr. Elmer
 The Longest Day (1962) - Häger's Aide (uncredited)
 Commando (1962) - Petit Prince
 The Happy Years of the Thorwalds (1962) - Martin Thorwald
 His Best Friend (1962) - Marius Melichar
 Kohlhiesel's Daughters (1962) - Günter Krüger
  (1963) - Inspektor Eric Harvey
  (1963) - Richard
 Mystery of the Red Jungle (1964) - Ted Barnekow
  (1964) - Klaus Petermann
 The Monster of London City (1964) - Dr. Morely Greely / Michael
 Victim Five (1964) - Dr. Paul Bryson
 The Secret of the Chinese Carnation (1964) - Dr. Cecil Wilkens
  (1965) - Hans Rothe
 Coast of Skeletons (1965) - Piet Van Houten
 Mozambique (1965) - Henderson
 A Holiday with Piroschka (1965) - Alfi Trattenbach
 Come to the Blue Adriatic (1966) - Walter Thomas
 Raumpatrouille (1966, TV series, 7 episodes) - Cliff Allister McLane
  (1966) - Toni
 Kommissar X – Drei grüne Hunde (1967) - Allan Hood / George Hood
  (1968) - Christian Bongert
 April - April (1969) - Ambassador
 Come to Vienna, I'll Show You Something! (1970) - Narrator
 The Man Who Sold the Eiffel Tower (1970, TV film) - Bredford King
  (1978, TV film) - Police Lieutenant Anderson
  (1984) - Talk show host
 The Death of the White Stallion (1985) - Caspar von Schenkenstein
 A Crime of Honour ( A Song for Europe, 1985, TV film) - Junger
 Raffl (1985) - Pfarrer
 Tanner (1985) - Steiner
 Torquemada (1989)
 Reporter (1989, TV series) - Chief Editor Herbst
  (1989) - Brasser
 Journey of Hope (1990) - Massimo
 Mirakel (1990)
  (1992) - Gustav Hohenstein
 By Way of the Stars (1992, TV miniseries) - Friedrich Brunneck
  (1992) - Joshua Jordi
 Family Passions (1993–1994, TV series) - Jürgen Haller
 Rosen aus Jericho (1994)
 Jeden 3. Sonntag (1995)
 Es war doch Liebe? (1995)
 Eine fast perfekte Scheidung (1997) - Dr. Hofbauer
 Back in Trouble (1997) - Dinkelmann
 Am I Beautiful? (1998) - Juan
 The Cry of the Butterfly (1999) - Paulina's Grandfather
 Leo & Claire (2001) - Anwalt Dr. Richard Iphraim Herz
  (2001, TV film) - Jon Kamphoven
 Handyman (2006) - Dr. Meyer

References

External links

 Interviews with Dietmar Schönherr in the Online Archive of the Österreichische Mediathek (in German). Retrieved 29 July 2019

1926 births
2014 deaths
Austrian male film actors
Austrian male television actors
20th-century Austrian male actors
21st-century Austrian male actors
German television talk show hosts
Actors from Innsbruck
Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class


Najsłabsze ogniwo was the Polish version of the game show Weakest Link aired from 1 March 2004 to 22 December 2005 on TVN. The show was hosted by Kazimiera Szczuka. The show pitted eight contestants against each other for a pot of 27,000 złotys (PLN). This show was watched usually by 3 million viewers (average 1,5 million).

The game's prizes for questions
 1. question correct • 100 zł
 2. question correct • 300 zł
 3. question correct • 600 zł
 4. question correct • 900 zł
 5. question correct • 1,300 zł
 6. question correct • 1,800 zł
 7. question correct • 2,400 zł
 8. question correct • 3,000 zł

References

Polish game shows
2004 Polish television series debuts
2006 Polish television series endings
TVN (Polish TV channel) original programming
The Weakest Link


Carlos Emilio Juan Zurita y Delgado, Duke of Soria and Hernani (born 9 October 1943 in Antequera), is a Spanish physician and the husband of Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria. He is a brother-in-law of King Juan Carlos I and the uncle of the current Spanish king, Felipe VI.

He was born to Carlos Zurita y González-Vidalte and wife María del Carmen Delgado y Fernández de Santaella in Antequera, Málaga, Spain.

The Duke of Soria is a retired medical doctor, as his father, and was a specialist in the respiratory and circulatory system. He studied at the medical faculty of the University of Seville, where he obtained a licentiate in medicine with accompanying award "Premio Extraordinario de Licenciatura" for extraordinary merit in 1967. He received his doctorate with a scholarship at the Spanish College in Bologna, Italy. In 1971, the duke gained the position of teacher service manager of the Spanish National College of the Thorax Illness.

He married Infanta Margarita, on 12 October 1972 in Estoril at St. Anthony's Church. They have two children:

 Don Alfonso Juan Carlos Zurita y de Borbón (b. Madrid, 9 August 1973).
 Doña María Sofía Emilia Carmen Zurita y de Borbón (b. Madrid, 16 September 1975). She has a son, Carlos, born on 28 April 2018 in Madrid.

In 1989, the Duke and the Duchess of Soria created the Fundación Cultural Duques de Soria (The Duke and Duchess of Soria Cultural Foundation), its objective is to stimulate the Spanish language and culture. The Foundation cooperates with universities and Spanish cultural institutions to contribute to the cultural and scientific development in Spain.

The Duke of Soria is President of the Spanish Federation of the Museums Friends Associations and President of the Friends of Prado Museum Foundation. He is also a member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Medicine.

In 2003, the Duke and Duchess of Soria were awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Alfonso X the Wise for their work in promoting science and culture.

In 2013, Queen Sofia presided over an act of homage to Carlos, for his 25 years at the head of the Friends of the Prado Museum Foundation. The event was attended by his wife, the Infanta Margarita, and his two children, Alfonso and María.

Honours

In 2003, the Duke and Duchess of Soria were appointed Grand Cross of the Order of Alfonso X the Wise of Spain.

References

External links
 Royal Household of HM the King official website (English and Spanish)
 The Duke and Duchess of Soria Cultural Foundation website (Spanish)

1943 births
Living people
People from Antequera
Spanish physicians
University of Seville alumni
Recipients of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise


Darwell Wood is a  biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north-west of Battle in East Sussex.

Species
Most of the wood is made-up of coppices of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) with oak (Quercus robur) standards.
Under the dense tree canopy, mosses mainly grow with a few patches of bluebells (Hyacinthoides nonscripta),also blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) and wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) can be found. On the higher grounds, the woodland becomes more open, with silver birch (Betula pendula) and hazel (Corylus avellana) and some
sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) coppice areas.
The ground flora of the woodland has wood sage (Teucrium scorodonia), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) and sanicle (Sanicula europaea).
On the west of the site, calcareous (chalky) soils help support an ash (Fraxinus excelsior) growth underplanted by mosses, ramsons (Allium ursinum), bee and pyramidal orchids (Ophrys apifera) and (Anacamptis pyramidalis).
The streams which pass through the site have eroded deeply into the rock layer to produce steep sided valleys. These valleys have alder (Alnus glutinosa), with local abundances of grey willow (Salix cinerea) above a ground flora of pendulous sedge (Carex pendula), water mint (Mentha aquatica), opposite-leaved golden saxifrage (Chrysosplenium oppositifolium) and ragged robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi).

References

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in East Sussex


Howard Williams Johnson (born November 28, 1956, in Miami, Florida) is a former American soul/disco singer, and founder of the group Niteflyte. He charted two songs on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart during the 1980s – "So Fine", which spent one week at No. 1 in 1982, and "Let This Dream Be Real," which reached No. 19 in 1983.

Career
R&B vocalist Howard Johnson started out in Miami, performing in local bars and clubs until the appearance of a life-changing business contact. That was Sandy Torano, a guitarist and producer associated with performers such as the Commodores and Phyllis Hyman. Johnson was his choice for a new vocalist and thus began the singer's recording career in 1977, as the group Niteflyte under Ariola records. The project lasted for only two albums but A&M later signed Johnson to a solo contract.

A trio of close associates; Kashif, Paul Laurence Jones, and Morris Brown produced Keepin' Love New (1982), Johnson's first album. Both "So Fine" and the title track did very well in the UK Singles Chart. The singer recorded two more albums for the label: Doin' It My Way (1983), produced by the System, and The Vision (1985), some of which was handled by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. In 1986 Johnson recorded the ballad "Perfect Timing" with singer Donna Allen which appeared on her debut album of the same name. In 1989, the singer returned to A&M as part of the duo Johnson & Branson with Regis Branson.

Throughout the 1990s, Johnson did not record any new albums. He returned in the new millennium collaborating again with Regis Branson. He released Packed and Waitin''' on Soul Japan Records in 2002. Roughly a decade later, Johnson's A&M albums were reissued by the Netherlands' PTG label.

Discography
Studio albums
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Peak chart positions
|-
! style="width:45px;"|US
! style="width:45px;"|US R&B
|-
| 1982
| Keepin' Love New
| align=center | 122
| align=center | —
|-
| 1983
| Doin' It My Way| align=center | —
| align=center | 61
|-
| 1985
| The Vision| align=center | —
| align=center | 46
|-
| 1989
| Johnson and Branson (with Regis Branson)
| align=center | —
| align=center | —
|-
| 2002
| Packed and Waitin' (Japan only, with Regis Branson)
| align=center | —
| align=center | —
|-
| 2010
| Howard Johnson| align=center | —
| align=center | —
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-size:9pt;"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart.
|}

CompilationsHoward Johnson – Doin' It My Way / The Vision'' (2007)

Singles

References

External links
Howard Johnson Discography at Discogs.
Official website

Living people
Singers from Miami
American soul singers
American boogie musicians
American dance musicians
1956 births
20th-century African-American male singers


Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award is an award conferred annually by the Government of Karnataka for excellence in painting.

Civil awards and decorations of Karnataka
Indian art awards
Indian painting
Year of establishment missing


Nicholas Burgess Farrell (born 2 October 1958) is an English journalist and the author of Mussolini: A New Life.

Early life
Farrell was born in London, on 2 October 1958. He attended The King's School, Canterbury, and studied history at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, earning his B.A. on 20 June 1980. He completed his apprenticeship and his National Certificate Examination exam in October 1984.

Career
He worked as journalist for the Sunday Telegraph from 1987 to 1996, later moving to The Spectator from April 1996 to July 1998. Farrell then moved to Forlì, Italy, married an Italian woman and joined the Italian journalist association, at first working for the local newspaper La voce di Romagna and later for the national publication Libero.

Farrell's most famous article is a 2003 interview with Silvio Berlusconi for The Spectator, where the Italian prime minister made statements which sparked criticism in Italy.

Today he writes mainly for Libero, which is a liberal conservative newspaper supportive of centre-right politics.

His 2003 book, Mussolini: A New Life, described Benito Mussolini as an unfairly maligned leader whose “charisma” and Machiavellian adroitness were “phenomenal”; it was acclaimed by British novelist and academic Tim Parks as a "welcome" revisionist biography.

References

Works
 "A Chip off the Old Block?", the Independent, 25 June 2003.
 Mussolini: A New Life (2003)    (cloth)  (paper)

Living people
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
English male journalists
1958 births
The Spectator people
English emigrants to Italy


Radio y Televisión de Hidalgo is the state television and radio agency of the Mexican state of Hidalgo.

RTVH was founded in 1982 and began broadcasting on TV that year, signing on XHPAH channel 3. Its Pachuca radio station came to air in December 1985. As a result of a legal error, the state radio network lost most of its coverage in 2022.

Radio stations
As of August 2023, only XECPHH-AM (the former XEHGO-AM) and XHAPU-FM on the air. The Jacala and Tlanchinol stations, formerly XHAWL-FM and XHIND-FM, are projected to return at the end of 2023 and at an unspecified future date. XHAPU-FM will leave the air in November 2023.

The state network previously covered most of the state's population. However, it lost all of its radio concessions in 2022 (except for XHAPU, to expire without renewal in 2023) due to failure to renew. As a result of federal laws that protect 10 percent of FM spectrum for community and indigenous radio stations, the Federal Telecommunications Institute denied attempts to open the allotments for the state government to bid on. Of the five made available, plus the additional FM for Huejutla de Reyes, two received competing applications from the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, delaying their award to either applicant. The failure to renew also resulted in the arrest of the former director of RTVH.

Television transmitters

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

In March 2018, in order to facilitate the repacking of TV services out of the 600 MHz band (channels 38-51), XHPAH (21), XHTHI (14) and XHTUH (22) were assigned new channels for continued digital operations.

References

External links

Public radio in Mexico
Public television in Mexico
Television channels and stations established in 1982
Television stations in Hidalgo


Kaminey () is a 2009 Indian Hindi-language action film written and directed by Vishal Bhardwaj and produced by Ronnie Screwvala under UTV Motion Pictures, featuring Shahid Kapoor, Priyanka Chopra and Amole Gupte in the lead roles. Set against the backdrop of the Mumbai underworld, Kaminey follows a rivalry between a pair of twins, one with a lisp and the other with a stutter, over the course of a single day.

Bhardwaj co-wrote the script with Sabrina Dhawan, Abhishek Chaubey, and Supratik Sen. He bought the original script for  from Kenyan writer Cajetan Boywhom he had mentored at a scriptwriting workshop in Uganda. Kaminey was released on 14 August 2009 and became a box-office success worldwide, grossing over  against a production and marketing budget of . The film's soundtrack album, composed by Bhardwaj, also became a commercial success, with the song "Dhan Te Nan" topping the charts on various platforms.

Kaminey received widespread critical acclaim, with several critics and media publications placing it at number one on their listings of "Best film of the year". Since its release, the film has attained cult status. It received several awards and nominations at ceremonies across India. At the 55th Filmfare Awards, it received ten nominations, including Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Supporting Actor; it won the award for Best Special Effects. At the 57th National Film Awards, Kaminey won two awards — Best Audiography for Subash Sahoo and Special Jury Award for its editing by A. Sreekar Prasad.

Plot

Charlie Sharma and Sanjay Kumar Sharma (Guddu) are twins who were raised in Mumbai. Charlie lisps while Guddu stutters. Charlie likes to take shortcuts to fulfill his dream of becoming a bookmaker at the racecourse where he works for three criminal brothers who fix races. He is closer to the youngest brother Mikhail than to Guddu, to whom he is hostile. A jockey deceives Charlie when he bets  on a horse during a fixed race, losing all of his savings. Seeking revenge, Charlie locates the jockey in an upmarket city hotel.

At the same hotel, policemen Lobo and Lele kill three drug dealers and collect a guitar case containing cocaine, which they must deliver to drug lord Tashi. Charlie and his men invade the jockey's hotel room and take all his possessions. The ensuing chase leads to the hotel car park where Lobo and Lele are placing the guitar case in their van. Charlie and his men seize the van to escape from the jockey's men and realise they have stolen a police vehicle, whilst also discovering the cocaine, which Charlie steals to sell. The policemen, upon returning, discover that the cocaine is missing and set out to find Charlie.

Meanwhile, Guddu's lover Sweety, sister of the politician Sunil Bhope, reveals that she is pregnant with Guddu's child and expresses her wish to marry Guddu. They marry later that night. Bhope hears about his sister's actions and sends his men to apprehend the lovers. Bhope's men gatecrash Guddu's wedding and beat him, then realise that he is a migrant from Uttar Pradesh. This enrages Bhope, who orders his men to kill Guddu and return Sweety to his house so he can arrange a marriage for her. Sweety fights off her brother's henchmen and escapes with Guddu.

Charlie tells Mikhail about the cocaine, who is delighted. When Charlie returns to retrieve the case, Bhope and his men are waiting inside the van. One of Bhope's men recognises Guddu as Charlie's twin and Bhope demands that Charlie reveal Guddu's whereabouts. An inebriated Mikhail interrupts their conversation and is killed by Bhope.

On the way to the airport, Guddu realises that Sweety has faked her stutter. At a petrol station, Lobo and Lele notice the pair. Mistaking Guddu for Charlie, they arrest him. They assault Guddu, refusing to believe that he is Charlie's twin brother until Guddu's mobile phone rings; the caller is revealed to be Bhope. Lobo and Lele agree to exchange Charlie for Guddu and Sweety on a train. The policemen take Guddu and Sweety to Bhope's house, where Bhope reveals that a local builder will pay him  to marry Sweety to the builder's son. Guddu bargains with Bhopeif he retrieves the cocaine-filled guitar case for Bhope, he will get Sweety. Bhope sends his henchmen with Guddu to retrieve the guitar case from Charlie's house.

The policemen assault Charlie, who refuses to negotiate, realising that the policemen are in as much trouble as himself. Charlie outwits the policemen, takes them hostage and negotiates with Tashi to exchange the guitar case for . Charlie sends the policemen to deliver the details to Tashi and returns to his house to retrieve the cocaine. At Charlie's house, Guddu arrives with Bhope's men. Sweety hears about Bhope's plans to kill Guddu and shoots at the members of her household. Guddu finds the case and fights Charlie, who lets Guddu go. Guddu takes the cocaine to the police, who bug him. Guddu arrives at Bhope's house the same time as Tashi and his gang, with Charlie as their hostage. Bhope and Tashi negotiate to trade the drugs, but Charlie snatches the guitar case and threatens to destroy it if Guddu and Sweety are not released. The lovers escape as the police arrive, leading to a shooting spree in which the cocaine is destroyed. Charlie's bosses arrive to avenge Mikhail's death but are killed along with Bhope, Tashi and their henchmen. Charlie is shot and wounded.

Sweety gives birth to Guddu's twins and Charlie opens a bookmaking counter at the racecourse. Charlie is engaged to Sophia, a woman earlier featured in his dream.

Cast
 Shahid Kapoor as Charlie Sharma & Sanjay Kumar 'Guddu' Sharma (Double Role)
 Priyanka Chopra as Sweety Shekhar Bhope
 Amole Gupte as Sunil Shekhar Bhope a.k.a. Bhope Bhau, Sweety's brother
 Deb Mukherjee as Mujeeb
 Shiv Kumar Subramaniam as Lobo
 Chandan Roy Sanyal as Mikhail
 Shashank Shende
 Tenzing Nima as Tashi
 Hrishikesh Joshi as Lele
 Rajatava Dutta as Shumon
 Harish Khanna as Afghani
 Carlos Paca as Cajetan
 Eric Santos as Ragos
 Vishal Bhonsle as Steve
 Satyajit Sharma as Francis
 Adil Hussain as Flight Purser
 Neha Shitole as Sweety's friend
 Aakash Dahiya

Production

Development

During a scriptwriting workshop held by Mira Nair in 2005, Cajetan Boy, a Kenyan writer from Nairobi, showed Vishal Bhardwaj a script about twin brothers from the city's slums and the events that occur in their lives during a 24-hour period. Bhardwaj liked Boy's approach to the script; Nair and Bhardwaj discussed it and thought it was a typical Bollywood masala film. Boy sent Bhardwaj another draft of his script. Three years later, Bhardwaj asked Boy to sell him the idea, and he later bought the script for US$4,000. Bhardwaj revisited the idea and added some Bollywood elements and a dark, serious side to the script. He worked on the original idea with writers Sabrina Dhawan, Abhishek Chaubey and Supratik Sen. He included Dhawan in writing the screenplay because as he thought she would give it a "solid structure". Bhardwaj said that during the writing of the screenplay, most of the original ideas were changed and the climax was "Indianized". His re-worked version now included one brother with a stammer and the other with a lisp. Bhardwaj said that despite the complicated structure, Kaminey is "anything but arty" and could not alienate audiences in any part of India, and that it is a simple story but with a complicated structure. Dhawan said that the film's script was complex and has multiple stories which required excessive writing and rewriting to make each character sound distinct.

The media showed concern over the film's title, deeming it "odd", and some people were shocked because of the title, which can be translated into English as "mean". However, the makers said that "kaminey" is not a negative term and is actually a term of endearment. According to Bhardwaj, the idea for the title came from a scene from Gulzar's Ijaazat (1987), in which the lead actor (Naseeruddin Shah) refers to the actress in a loving manner; it was the first time that he heard the word used that way. Bhardwaj told Rediff, "when the script of this film was written, it was like discovering your own mean side. The format of the film is of a caper and all the characters in this film, excluding one, has an agenda. So I thought it was an apt title for the film".

Casting

Shahid Kapoor was cast in the film's lead role. Several media outlets reported that Bhardwaj considered many actors before casting Kapoor in the role, which he refused. Bhardwaj refuted the claims, saying, "There is a huge difference between discussing and narrating and offering someone a film and I would like to clear up the rumour by saying that Kaminey was never offered to anyone else and so no one rejected it." Kapoor said that he accepted the role after reading the script. Priyanka Chopra was cast to play Sweety, the lead female role. She initially turned down the role, saying she felt it was a boys' film and her eight-scene part did not seem good enough. However, Bhardwaj persuaded her to accept the role.

The idea for casting the screenwriter Amole Gupte came from the casting director Honey Terhan. Gupte said that when he received a call from Terham, he thought it was a joke. He stated, "A man named Honey introduced himself as Vishal Bhardwaj's casting director and offered me a very important role. I banged the phone down not believing a word of what he said". However, after meeting Bhradwaj and hearing a script reading, he loved the story and accepted the offer. The actors Chandan Roy Sanyal, Shiv Subramnayam, Hrishikesh Joshi, Rajatava Dutta and Deb Mukherjee were cast in supporting roles. For the role of drug dealer Tashi, Bhardwaj chose his friend Tenzing Nimaa tour operator in Mussooriesaying he had the character and attitude he wanted, and a weird sense of humour.

Characters

Bhardwaj instructed the film's entire cast and crew to watch caper classics such as Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998), Snatch (2000), Pulp Fiction (1994) and True Romance (1993) to study the nuances and become familiar with the genre. Shahid Kapoor played both Charlie and Guddu, twin brothers with speech impediments; Charlie has a lisp and Guddu stammers. The producers did not want them to look like caricatures, so Kapoor prepared for both roles by meeting and interacting with speech therapists and people with these impediments. According to Kapoor, the producers wanted to find out about the medical reasons for the impediments and their mental effects. They met specialists and thoroughly researched stammering and lisping. Kapoor said that each role had its own challenges. Charlie's physique was very different from Kapoor's and it took him nearly a year to change the look of his body. He found changing from one character to the other difficult.

Chopra described her character Sweety as "feisty and vivacious". She said, "Sweety is very busy, and does not have time to take care of her looks and apply make up. Her only aim in life is to bunk her lectures and visit her boyfriend's college or stay in his hotel, and eventually marry him." Chopra described both her character and herself as being "outspoken and fun-loving" as well as honest and unable to "hide something that is wrong". She said she had a different cultural background to Sweety, and found it challenging to convincingly portray a Maharashtrian Marathi girl. She had to adopt body language and a Maharashtrian accent to suit the character. She learnt the Marathi Language to make the character as authentic as possible, which she found difficult. Chopra said: "I am speaking a lot of Marathi in the film. It was difficult for me because it's a difficult language and I am not good at Marathi. But I think it's my luck that through Kaminey I got to learn one more language."

Gupte described his character as mercurial and found playing him a physical delight. Gupte said his character keeps the frame unpredictable and that it provided him with a foil to express rage and anguish. He worked a lot on his characterisation and tried to bring in his own references from European and Japanese cinema. Chandan Roy Sanyal described his character Mikhail as provocative, mad, wicked and humorous. Subramnayam and Joshi, who played Lobo and Lele respectively, described their characters as the most corrupt policemen in their department at the Anti-Narcotics Bureau. They said that to prepare for the roles they followed the script and Bhardwaj's instructions to get the characters right. Mukherjee prepared for his role as Mujeeb by reading the script and understanding the characters and discussing it with Bhardwaj. Dutta, who played Shumona Bengali criminal involved in fixing horse races and arms dealingsaid that he did not have much time to prepare for his role because he was given the script after he arrived in Mumbai, where Bhardwaj briefed him.

Filming
Principal photography commenced in mid-2008, and the film was mostly shot in Mumbai. During a late night shoot for a scene in Pune, Chopra received minor injuries. Chopra was supposed to ride a motorcycle with Kapoor seated on the pillion seat. Both fell off the motorcycle as it skidded on mud. Kapoor was unhurt but Chopra received scratch marks and bruises. It was reported that Kapoor suffered from several injuries while shooting. During filming, Chopra became hoarse because she had to scream her lines; an essential part of her role as an "extremely vocal Maharashtrian girl." Some important railway sequences were shot at Wadi Bunder Yard near Sandhurst Road. Kapoor found filming for both of his characters at nearly the same time very difficult; he would shoot them on alternate days.

Themes and influences
According to the Hindustan Times, Kaminey "is the first attempt to deal with reality in a mature, matter of fact manner." Unlike other Hindi films, in which the female lead is Sita, the protagonist is Rama and the antagonist is Ravana, the characters in Kaminey are nuanced humans in "layered and complex" situations. Namrata Joshi from Outlook wrote that Kaminey reflects Bhardwaj's "enduring fascination for underdogs, characters on the margins of society and the morally compromised". Bhardwaj told Rediff.com that the film deals with "themes that affect our lives directly", and "is a reminder that we all have a dark side, and often we are not fully aware of that side". Rakesh Bedi from The Economic Times wrote, "Bhardwaj presents the two warring brothers with speech defects. In today's world of logorrhea, communication is fraught with many dangers: misunderstandings, paranoias, recriminations, conflicts. Everyone speaks but no one understands. Bhardwaj gave the twins verbal impediments to show that the world has now been so hardwired to convoluted and calamitous communication that it needs silence or a speech defect to hash things out." He continued, "[w]ith some glitches, Bhardwaj has almost re-birthed the Hindi film". The film also explores sex and sexuality, which according to Bedi were explored in a "radically different and refreshing" way, and the director "daringly takes it a step further". When Sweety becomes pregnant, the couple "decide to carry the pregnancy to term after a bit of hesitation. So she literally pushes her man into marriage. (Had Bhardwaj abjured marriage, it would have been a complete break but the nuptials were essential to the drama of the film.)" The Daily Beast said that "for aficionados of the Hindi-language genre, Kaminey is a revolutionary manifesto. It takes classic Bollywood tropes—estranged brothers, a case of mistaken identity, high drama approaching slapstick comedy—and presents them with Hollywood-style realism instead of Bollywood's wink-nudge mix of melodrama and posturing.

Bhardwaj has been influenced by many directorsincluding Manmohan Desai, Subhash Ghai, Quentin Tarantino and Francis Ford Coppolaand combines these influences in his work. Rakesh Bedi wrote that "Bhardwaj keeps displaying his vision throughout the film". Reviewers have compared the film's multi-plot narrative to those of several films by Tarantino, Guy Ritchie and the Coen Brothers. Reviewers said that the film mostly belongs to the level of Pulp Fiction; Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express called it "Bollywood's first all-the-way-out-to-there pulp fiction". Bedi wrote, "there's Buñuel in the Bengali dons, there's Kurosawa ... in that surreal train car in which Charlie lives, there's Ray in money-floating dreams that Charlie has". Keshav Chaturvedi of the Hindustan Times compared the apocalyptical gang war in the climax to Apocalypse Now (1979). He said, "Bhardwaj just demolishes the cliches of Bollywood. In ripping apart the stereotype, he gives us a prototype: a Bollywood that deals with alienation, ... angst, ...  and atrocity." A review in The Times of India said that the film's climax reaches the level of Reservoir Dogs, and described it as "absolutely riveting stuff, with the camera going on a hitherto unexplored journey in Indian cinema."

Soundtrack

Vishal Bhardwaj composed the music soundtrack for Kaminey and Gulzar wrote the lyrics. The album contains five original songs, two remixes and one theme song; it was released on 6 July 2009. The song "Dhan Te Nan" is a rehashed version of a song originally composed by Vishal Bhardwaj for an episode of the Zee TV series Gubbare. The soundtrack album was commercially successful after its release, especially "Dhan Te Nan", which topped the charts across various platforms.

The soundtrack album received positive reviews from music critics. Rediff.com rated the album 4.5 out of 5, labelled it a "masterpiece" and wrote, "Bhardwaj has delivered a soundtrack that is lethally explosive. Not that we expected anything less. And trust Gulzar to artfully craft a really long fuse for the Kaminey bomb, making sure the tracks stay afire long before and after they actually go boom." Joginder Tuteja from Bollywood Hungama gave a rating 4 out 5 and wrote, "Kaminey is certainly not a run of the mill album and this is where its prime strength lies. The album boasts of at least three chartbuster tracks'Dhan Te Nan' (sure shot superhit), 'Thode Bheege' (must for the hearts in love) and 'Raat Ke Dhai Baje' (for some 'masti' and 'hungama'). Songs like 'Fatak' and 'Kaminey' are innovative and situational which showcase the range of Vishal Bhardwaj. Add to that the 'Go Charlie Go – Theme Music' and you know that Kaminey is yet another addition to some excellent albums that have hit the stands during last one month." Planet Bollywood rated the album 8.5 out of 10 and said it is the best soundtrack released that year, and that "[i]t has experimentations with both music and lyrics". Indo-Asian News Service praised the soundtrack and said that " ... "Kaminey" is easily among 2009's finest scores. Experimental in its sound, yet very mainstream in appeal. Vishal Bhardwaj has proved his mettle yet again."

Marketing and release

The teaser poster of Kaminey was received positively by critics. The trailer, which introduces four characters; one lisping, one stuttering, a woman yelling about having raped a man and one jeering at the lisper, received positive reviews. Critics kept their expectations high due to Bhardwaj's previous films, and said the trailer was like a comic book which introduces the characters of Kapoor and Chopra differently. The theatrical trailers and the music generated interest for the film. The film's marketing also involved public appearances by Chopra and Kapoor.

The makers of the film were disappointed by the Censor Board for Film Certification's decision to grant the film an "A" certificatemeant for viewers 18 years or olderinstead of a "U/A" certificate that they had expected. Bhardwaj said, "It was an injustice to us. There is no abusive language used in the film and the violence is of 'comic book kind'." The Censor Board asked him to replace dialogue which mentioned the city of Pilibhitwhich they said was a sensitive constituencywith a fictitious city name. He replaced Pilibhit with Barabanki." The film was subject to some controversies. A First Information Report was filed by Jagannath Sena Sangathan at a police station in Puri against the film for allegedly denigrating Lord Jagannath. According to them, a scene in which the text "Apna Hath Jagannath" is seen in a toilet on a semi-clad model had hurt religious sentiments. The objectionable portion of the scene was removed from the prints released in the state of Orissa. A complaint supported by a caste group backed by a Samajwadi Party MP about the use of the name of a community "teli" in the song "Dhan Te Nan"which was considered derogatory to the Teli communitywas filed with the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. The Censor Board reacted to the complaint, insisting on the replacement of the word, which was later replaced with "Dilli".

Kaminey was scheduled to release on 5 June 2009. However, the release was postponed because of problems between the producers and multiplexes in India. The film was released on 14 August 2009 on 1,200 screens worldwide. Because of the 2009 flu pandemic, the film was not released in the Maharashtra regionincluding Mumbai and Punebecause the multiplexes in these cities were closed by the Maharashtra government for three days as part of precautionary measures against swine flu. Moser Baer Home Videos released Kaminey on DVD in October 2009 across all regions in a two-disc pack complying with the NTSC format. One disc contains the film and additional content including a "making of the film" documentary, the original beginning and deleted scenes, while the other contains a random free film. VCD and Blu-ray versions were released at the same time. Bollywood Hungama critic Joginder Tuteja rated the DVD 4 out of 5, praising the bonus features and the packaging. Airtel Digital TV premièred the film on its Pay Per View service on 12 September 2009. The satellite rights for Kaminey were syndicated between Star India & Viacom 18 before being internalized by the former in 2020, and a world television première of the film was broadcast on Colors on 28 February 2010. The film is also available on Netflix.

Indiagames also released a maze mobile video game based on the film.

Critical reception

Kaminey received widespread critical acclaim from critics who praised many aspects of the film. Raja Sen of Rediff.com rated the film 4.5 out of 5 and wrote, "Kaminey is startlingly clever, an innovative film with genuine surprises. A kind of film whose success we ought all pray for because it'll prove smart cinema works." The Indian Express gave a rating of 4 out of 5, calling it "Bollywood's first all-the-way-out-to-there pulp fiction". Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN gave the film 4 stars out of 5, called it a "must watch" and wrote, "[i]t's an unpredictable crime drama that combines violence and dark humor in a manner that's reminiscent of the films of Quentin Tarantino, Guy Ritchie and the Coen Brothers. And yet Kaminey is so original and inventive in the manner in which it takes Bollywood's favorite formulatwin brothersand turns it on its head." He praised the writingwhich he said was the film's real strength, the non-linear screenplay and the dialogue, and wrote that the film has "the best performance you will see by an ensemble cast in a long time". Nikhat Kazmi from The Times of India rated the film 4 out of 5, and said it is "Bollywood's first film which is full of brains, brawn and belligerence besides being a bravura attempt to rewrite the tried and tested idiom of desi movielore. Kaminey is a smart and balsy film that brings Hollywood to Bollywood which catapult the viewer into the dark, violent world of crime and criminals, leaving you no time to blink or breathe easy ... Tarantino, take a bow. Brave new Bollywood is here."

Anupama Chopra gave a rating of 4 out of 5 and wrote "Kaminey is the best Bollywood film I've seen this year. It's an audacious, original rollercoaster ride. Written and directed by Vishal Bharadwaj, Kaminey requires patience and attention but the pay off is more than worth it." Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama rated the film 4 out of 5 and wrote "Kaminey is bold, stark, funny and unpredictable and is a film with an attitude. Like it or leave it, but you'd never be able to ignore it. Word from the wise: Go for this hatke (different) experience!" Zee News also rated the film 4 out of 5 and said, "Bhardwaj has once again delivered a powerful film that completely bowls you over with its splendid script, riveting narrative and stellar performances by lead pairShahid and Priyanka [who] have a cracking on-screen chemistry that certainly reminds you of yesteryears  on-screen couples." The review also said, "Kaminey is an engrossing flick that does not let you move from your seat!" Kaveree Bamzai of India Today rated the film 4 out of 5 and said it "is dark, melodramatic, poetic and ultimately operatic". He also said, "Its lyrics are the blow-up-your-brains-out kind ... and its music, composed by the multi-talented Bharadwaj is perfectly in sync with a narrative that doesn't pause for breath." Namrata Joshi from Outlook gave a rating of 4 out 5 and called Kaminey "a strikingly anarchic, unusually energetic, quirky and frenetic film". Sudhish Kamath of The Hindu gave the film 4 stars and wrote, "Kaminey takes the post-postmodern noir genre to a whole new level, to a sophistication the Indian audience isn't used to. Watch it at least twice to fully appreciate this masterpiece." Writing for Variety, critic Joe Leydon described the film as a "tasty cinematic masala that is energetically entertaining, if not consistently coherent".

Box office

Kaminey was successful throughout India, with occupancy around 90% across multiplexes. The film was successful across most single screens, and collected  in India during the opening weekend. In its first week of release, the film collected  in India. Because of the delayed release in Maharashtra, it lost about . However, the film profited in Mumbai after its release in Maharashtra on Monday and during its run, and it had earned  within four weeks. Kaminey earned  worldwide; Box Office India declared it a hit and it became a commercial success.

Overseas, the film grossed around  in North America, the UAE, the UK and Australia during the opening weekend. The film's most successful overseas market was North America. It collected around  in 10 days from international markets and proved to be a commercial success outside India.

Legacy
Film director Shekhar Kapur praised the film, saying, "Kaminey catapults Indian Cinema in modernity beyond Tarantino". He said that Kaminey would be able to compete with any film in the world in terms of its design, performances, inherent narratives, editing and pace. Filmmaker Karan Johar labelled it a cult film, describing it as "edgy ... cult and geniusely performed and executed! Go get a shot of new age cinema and cinematic bravery!" The film became the most widely debated and dissected Bollywood film after Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra's 2006 film Rang De Basanti. Rajeev Masand, and Rediff.com rated it as the best film of the year. Raja Sen said the performances were among the best performances of 2009. Gupte, Roy Sanyal and Kapoor were placed at numbers six, three and one respectively as the best performances of 2009 by a Hindi actor by Rediff.

Rediff.com placed Chopra at number one as the best performance of 2009 by a Hindi actress. Chopra said, "[y]ou don't get to work in a fantastic movie like Kaminey and play someone like Sweety every day". Hindi Film News said Kaminey was the best Bollywood film of the decade. It ranked Shahid Kapoor's performance at number four for the finest performance by a Bollywood actor for the decade, and in a public poll the song "Dhan Te Nan" was voted the thirteenth-best Bollywood song of the decade. Rediff.com also included the film on its list of "Top 25 Hindi Action Films of all Time". Since its release, the film has gained a cult following and is regarded as a cult film of the 2000s decade of Bollywood.

Awards and nominations

Kaminey has received several awards and nominations in categories ranging from recognition of the film itself, to its cinematography, direction, screenplay, music and cast performances. At the 55th Filmfare Awards, the film received ten nominationsmore than any other filmfor awards including Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Supporting Actor. However, it won only the award for Best Special Effects. The film also won two National Film Awards; Best Audiography for Subash Sahoo and Special Jury Award for Film Editing at the 57th National Film Awards for A. Sreekar Prasad. It received eleven nominations at the 5th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Award and won two, one of which was Best Actress for Chopra.

References

External links

2009 films
2000s Hindi-language films
Films about organised crime in India
Films directed by Vishal Bhardwaj
Indian action films
Films set in Mumbai
Indian nonlinear narrative films
Films scored by Vishal Bhardwaj
UTV Motion Pictures films
Films that won the Best Audiography National Film Award
Films with screenplays by Sabrina Dhawan
2009 action films
Film censorship in India
Film controversies in India
Religious controversies in film
Hinduism in pop culture-related controversies
Race-related controversies in film
Films adapted for other media


Douglas M. Sloan is a curriculum theorist and author. He was a professor of history and education at Teachers College, Columbia University for three decades. He is a proponent of anthroposophy-based education.

Works
His 1971 book The Scottish Enlightenment and the American College Ideal argued that American education owed its roots to influential Presbyterian Scots who never feared an educated populace unlike their counterparts in the Anglican church. It contributed to a larger ongoing intellectual discussion about Scottish and American relations (e.g., Ian Charles Cargill Graham's 1956 Colonists from Scotland: Emigration to North America, 1707–1783 and Andrew Hook’s 1975 Scotland and America: A Study of Cultural Relations, 1750–1835).  In the mid-1980s Sloan edited the collection of essays published as The Computer in Education: a Critical Perspective (Columbia University Press, 1985).  His 1993 book, Insight-Imagination: The Emancipation of Thought and the Modern World  "argues that a fundamental transformation of our ideas about knowing, our selves, and our world is not only possible, but necessary. The key to this transformation lies in an understanding of 'insight-imagination'--the involvement of the thinking, feeling, willing, valuing person in knowing." Resource Center for Redesigning, . His 1994 book Faith and Knowledge: Mainline Protestantism and American Higher Education focuses on the rise and fall of various mainline American Protestant churches' engagements with higher education, noting that this now almost forgotten and often overlooked  theological renaissance—begun by evangelicals of neo-orthodoxy in the 1930s—would fully blossom in March 1953 with the launch of an essentially new journal The Christian Scholar. Its morph into the journal Soundings fifteen years later would signal the renaissance's abrupt end.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Columbia University faculty
Teachers College, Columbia University faculty


The Tithe Barn at Cumhill Farm in Pilton, Somerset, England, was built in the 14th century as a tithe barn to hold produce for Glastonbury Abbey. It is a Grade I listed building and Scheduled Ancient Monument.

The barn, of coursed and squared rubble, was originally built in the 14th and 15th centuries to hold the produce from farms in the area who paid one tenth of their produce to Glastonbury Abbey as the landowner. It is one of four surviving monastic barns built by the Abbey, the others being the Tithe Barn, Manor Farm, Doulting, the West Pennard Court Barn and the Glastonbury tithe barn, now the Somerset Rural Life Museum.

During the Second World War, farms in Pilton were used to train the Women's Land Army, including Cumhill Farm and the medieval barn.

Despite being commonly referred to as the tithe barn, little evidence exists to suggest the barn actually stored tithes. It is possible that it was instead built to store produce farmed from land owned by Glastonbury Abbey, rather than that offered as tithes, but may have stored tithes at a later date. Literature produced by the Pilton Barn Trust in the 1990s referred to it as "Pilton Barn" or the "Abbey Barn" and in 1963 a reverend local to the area claimed in the Cheddar Valley Gazette that another barn, since demolished, was actually responsible for storing tithe payments in the village.

Restoration
On 9 June 1963 lightning set fire to the thatched roof, and it remained a wreck until Michael Eavis, organiser of the Glastonbury Festival, bought it in 1995, and presented the barn to the Pilton Barn Trust.

The project was made possible with a grant of £400,000 from English Heritage. The Glastonbury festival contributed a further £100,000.

A new roof structure replicating the original, using a combination of traditional carpentry techniques and modern technology, has been built by Peter McCurdy, with skills used when recreating the Globe theatre in London, from English oak which came from Northumberland. The roof frame consists of a cruck construction which sits high in the walls, with an arcade plate then carrying the apex of the roof above.

McCurdy was also assisted by a local team run by Jon Maine who designed and erected the complex scaffolding both internally and externally, and then used 8000 36"-long oak hand-split (riven) battens to tile the roof with over 30,000 hand-made plain tiles.

In addition to the new roof a new floor was laid, including a  wide strip in Blue Lias Stone and 44 cubic metres of lime concrete used to fill the expanses either side. It is said to be the largest expanse of lime concrete flooring anywhere in Europe.

The restoration was nominated for the annual Wood Awards, which recognise and encourage outstanding design, craftmanship and installation in joinery and structures in wood. It was awarded the prize as the Best Use of British Timber Award and Structural Timber Award in 2005. It also received the Royal Institute of British Architects Town and Country Design Award in the same year.

It was officially opened on Friday 1 April 2005 by local historian Sir John Keegan, and is now used for public events such as medieval fairs, dances, weddings, parties, Somerset Arts Week and village events.

References

External links

Buildings and structures completed in the 14th century
Buildings and structures completed in 2005
Barns in England
Grade I listed buildings in Mendip District
Scheduled monuments in Mendip District
Tithe barns in Europe


RMS Atrato was a UK steamship that was built in 1888 as a Royal Mail Ship and ocean liner for the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company. In 1912 she was sold and became the cruise ship The Viking. Late in 1914 she was requisitioned and converted into the armed merchant cruiser HMS Viknor. She sank in 1915 with all hands, a total of 295 Royal Navy officers and men.

Building
In the 1880s RMSP introduced a series of larger new ships to improve its scheduled services between Southampton, South America and the Caribbean. The first was the  , built by Caird and Company and launched in 1886. She was RMSP's first new ship to have a hull of steel rather than iron.

After Orinocos success RMSP ordered two more ships to an improved and enlarged version of the design from Robert Napier and Sons of Govan. Atrato was launched on 22 September 1888, followed by , which was launched in 1889. Before these were completed RMSP ordered two more from Napier: the slightly larger  in 1889 and  launched in 1890.

Atratos registered length was , her beam was  and her depth was . Her tonnages were  and .

Orinoco had only a small amount of deck housing, and was the last square-rigged sail-steamer to be built for RMSP. The four Napier-built ships were more modern, each with a full superstructure deck and rigged as a three-masted schooner. Atrato was the first RMSP ship to be built without yards. The smaller sail plan was based on the increasing economy and reliability of their engines.

Atratos boilers had a working pressure of 150 lbf/in2. She had eight of them, supplying steam to one three-cylinder triple expansion steam engine that was rated at 687 NHP and drove a single screw. This gave her a top speed of  on trials and a service speed of .

Atrato was designed to meet the standards for an armed merchant cruiser, for which the UK Government would pay a subvention. However, in April 1888, before she had been launched, the Admiralty deemed that she her engine was not powerful enough, and she lacked enough capacity for armament, for the subvention to be paid for her.

Atrato had berths for 176 passengers in first class staterooms, 42 people in second class, and nearly 400 emigrants in steerage class. Her cargo capacity was 2,524 tons and her coal bunkers 1,109 tons. She had  of refrigerated storage space for provisions, using a dry-air refrigeration system with a discharge rate of  of air per hour. She had tanks for  of fresh water.

Atrato was launched on 22 September 1888, named after the Atrato River in Colombia. RMSP named all of its ships after rivers; many of them with Hispanic names to reflect its trade with Latin America. RMSP registered her in London. Her UK official number was 95512 and her code letters were KWSH.

Civilian service

Atratos maiden voyage began from Southampton on 17 January 1889. As well as her passengers, mails and a full cargo she carried in her strong room £120,000 in sovereigns, jewellery worth £2,000 and silver bars worth £400. She called at Carril, Vigo and Lisbon, and then crossed the Atlantic to South America. There she worked her way down the east coast, calling at Pernambuco, Maceió, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Montevideo and Buenos Aires. Magdalena, Thames and Clyde joined the same South American route over the next 18 months, but after her maiden voyage Atrato was switched to join Orinoco on RMSP's Caribbean route. All five ships had long and successful careers.

The five ships' furnaces suffered from heat damage, so in 1891 they were lined with zinc. In 1899 Day, Summers and Company of Southampton raised the boats on Atrato, Magdalena, Thames and Clyde "to a boat deck clear of the promenade" at a cost of more than £5,000. In 1903 Atrato, Magdalena and Clyde were fitted with bronze propellers costing another £5,000. In 1901 Atratos hull was painted white. This was short-lived as the new colour showed any grime, rust and soot, and white paint was three times the price of black. In 1902 RMSP reversed the policy and the ship was returned to her original colour. In May 1905 RMSP ordered insulation and refrigeration to be fitted to part of their cargo space to enable Orinoco and Atrato to carry fresh fruit.

By 1910 Atrato was equipped for submarine signalling and wireless telegraphy. The Marconi Company supplied and operated her wireless equipment.

In October 1912 the Viking Cruising Company of London bought Atrato and renamed her The Viking. She became a cruise ship, touring the waters of northern Europe. By 1913 her wireless call sign was MVK.

Naval service and loss

Despite having rejected Atrato as an armed merchant cruiser in 1888, the Admiralty requisitioned her after the UK entered the First World War in 1914. She was fitted out, armed, and commissioned as HMS Viknor. She was placed under the command of Commander EO Ballantyne with a complement of 22 officers and 273 ratings and assigned to the 10th Cruiser Squadron.

On 28 December 1914 Viknor went on patrol from the River Tyne, and on 1 January she joined "B" patrol off the north coast of Scotland. The patrol was ordered to find and stop the neutral Norwegian America Line ship , which the UK Government believed was carrying a suspected German spy. Viknor found Bergensfjord, detained her and escorted her to Kirkwall in Orkney. There the suspect and a number of other prisoners were transferred to Viknor, which then left for Liverpool.

Viknor never reached her destination. On 13 January 1915 she sank with all hands in heavy seas off Tory Island, County Donegal, Ireland. She sent no distress signal. Some wreckage and many corpses washed ashore on the northern coast of Ireland.

It is thought she struck a German naval mine, possibly one of those laid by the German  auxiliary cruiser Berlin. Her wreck was found in 2006, and in 2011 a scuba diver placed a White Ensign on it in memory of her complement.

References

Bibliography

External links

  – includes detailed composition of Viknors crew numbers
  – includes underwater photograph of part of Viknors wreck.

1888 ships
Maritime incidents in 1915
Ocean liners of the United Kingdom
Protected Wrecks of the United Kingdom
Ships built in Govan
Ships lost with all hands
Ships of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company
Ships sunk by mines
Shipwrecks of Ireland
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Victorian-era passenger ships of the United Kingdom
World War I Auxiliary cruisers of the Royal Navy
World War I shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean


Margot Trooger (2 June 1923 – 24 April 1994) was a German film actress. She appeared in 50 films between 1952 and 1976. She was born in Rositz, Germany, and died in Mörlenbach, Germany.

Selected filmography

 Ich mach dich glücklich (1949) - Waitress at store bar (uncredited)
 When the Heath Dreams at Night (1952) - Helga
 Shooting Stars (1952) - Herta Wernicke
 The Confession of Ina Kahr (1954) - Margit Kahr
 Secrets of the City (1955) - Paula
 Roses in Autumn (1955) - Johanna
  (1962, TV miniseries) - Marian Hastings
  (1962) - Katharina
 Eleven Years and One Day (1963) - Fanni Gruber
 Ein Frauenarzt klagt an (1964) - Lotte Hartmann
 Tre per una rapina (1964) - Margot Weimer
 Der Hexer (1964) - Cora Ann Milton
 Traitor's Gate (1964) - Dinah
 Neues vom Hexer (1965) - Cora Ann Milton
  (1965) - Margret Brinkmann
 Heidi (1965) - Fräulein Rottenmeier
 The Doctor Speaks Out (1966) - Frau Sidler
  (1967) - L'Américaine
 Das Rasthaus der grausamen Puppen (1967) - Marilyn Oland
 Jet Generation - Wie Mädchen heute Männer lieben (1968)
 I'm an Elephant, Madame (1969) - Mrs. Nemitz
 Pippi Longstocking (1969) - Mrs. Prysselius
  (1969) - Jertrude
 Van de Velde: Das Leben zu zweit - Sexualität in der Ehe (1969) - Elisabeth
  (1969, TV film) - Queen Isabella
 Pippi Goes on Board (1969) - Mrs. Prysselius
 Wir hau'n den Hauswirt in die Pfanne (1971) - Lenchen Kleinschmidt
 Bleib sauber, Liebling! (1971) - Frau Stubenrauch
 Auch ich war nur ein mittelmäßiger Schüler (1974) - Fräulein Landgraf

References

External links

1923 births
1994 deaths
German film actresses
German television actresses
People from Altenburger Land
20th-century German actresses


The Confederate Memorial Gates in Mayfield are historical monuments at the entrances to Maplewood Cemetery in Mayfield, Kentucky. The monuments were the second monument in Mayfield established by the United Daughters of the Confederacy; the first being the Confederate Memorial in Mayfield in downtown Mayfield.  The gates were the third choice for monuments, chosen mostly due to their relatively low cost.  The UDC intended them to not only be a monument to the residents of Graves County who served the Confederate States of America, but also a civic improvement.

Description

The monuments are three pairs of stuccoed poured concrete gateposts, six in total, each. When closed. the main pair's gates read "The United Daughters of the Confederacy Memorial". The main pair have bronze plaques. The main pair of gateposts are each two feet wide and ten feet tall, with 27 feet between them. The center pair has no road between them; they are three feet wide, ten feet tall, and 285 feet away from the main gates. The third set are 330 feet away from the center gates, two feet wide and ten feet tall.

National Register of Historic Places

On July 17, 1997, the posts and gates were one of sixty-one different monuments to the Civil War in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places, as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission. One other monument on the list, the Confederate Memorial in Mayfield, is nearby in downtown Mayfield; the only other one in Graves County is the Camp Beauregard Memorial in Water Valley. In Maplewood Cemetery are the Wooldridge Monuments, also on the National Register. The only other gateway on the list is the Confederate Memorial Gateway in Hickman.

Gallery

References

Civil War Monuments of Kentucky MPS
Gates in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Graves County, Kentucky
United Daughters of the Confederacy monuments and memorials in Kentucky
1924 establishments in Kentucky
Buildings and structures completed in 1924


Mark Bassin is a geographer and specialist on Russian and German geopolitics. He is currently employed as a professor in historical and contemporary studies at Södertörn University.

Life
Mark Bassin was born in 1953. Bassin gained his Ph.D. at the University of California, Berkeley in 1983.

He has received personal fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation, the Remarque Institute at New York University, the American Academy in Berlin, the Slavic-Eurasian Research Center in Sapporo, and the Leibniz Institute of European History in Mainz. Between 1 July 1988 and 1 December 1988, he was a research scholar at the Kennan Institute working on challenges to Siberian development.

His research has also been supported by grants from the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC), the British Academy, the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), NCEEER, the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), and the Ford Foundation.

In 1995, he was a recipient of the Chester Penn Higby Prize from the American Historical Association.

From 1996 to 2004, he served as Secretary for the Commission for the History of Geographic Thought of the International Geographical Union.

From 2006 to 2009, his research was supported by a Major Research Fellowship from the Leverhulme Trust.

Since 1999, Bassin has been Associate Editor for the journal Geopolitics.

He has been a consultant for the World Economic Forum, and is a founding member of the Valdai Discussion Club in Moscow, in which capacity he meets yearly with the Russian President and members of his government.

In 2017, he was awarded the Reginald Zelnik Book Prize in History from the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies.

He is an Associate Fellow of the Swedish Institute.

Teaching positions
He has taught at UCLA, the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and University College London, and held visiting positions at the Universities of Chicago, Copenhagen, and Pau in France. In March 2005, while a visiting professor of geography at University College London, Bassin was invited to Russia as part of a UK expert group to meet with Vladimir Putin.

Until 2010, he was a professor in Human Geography at the University of Birmingham. In 2010, he became a professor at Södertörn University. His teaching and research interests include political, cultural and historical geography, as well as contemporary politics in Russia, Germany and Poland. He has also been a visiting professor at Uppsala University.

He has also been a speaker at the Centre of European Studies at Harvard University.

Publications

Books
Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East 1840-1865. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Soviet and Post-Soviet Identities. Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Between Europe and Asia: The Origins, Theories, and Legacies of Russian Eurasianism - Russian and East European Studies. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2015.
Space, Place, and Power in Modern Russia: Essays in the New Spatial History - NIU Series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. Publisher: Cornell University Press, 2018.

Journals and articles
Classical Eurasianism and the Geopolitics of Russian Identity
Eurasianism “Classical” and “Neo”: The Lines of Continuity
“Civilizations and their Discontents: Geography and Geopolitics in the Huntington Thesis,” article in Geopolitics
“Ethno-Landscapes and Ethno-Parasites: Lev Gumilev’s Ecology of Ethnicity,” chapter in Ethnosymbolism: Critical Approaches to Ethnicity and Nationalism.  Essays in Honor of Anthony Smith; Athena Leoussi and Stephen Grosby, eds; Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
“Geographies of Imperial Identity,” chapter in The Cambridge History of Russia, Vol. II, Dominic Lieven, ed, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
“The Morning of our Motherland (painting by Fedor Shurpin)” chapter in The Russian Visual Documents Reader, Valerie Kievelson and Joan Newberger, eds, New Haven: Yale University Press
2006 “Mackinder’s Heartland and the Politics of Space in post-Soviet Russia” (with   K.E. Aksenov), Geopolitics 11: 1
2005 “Blood or Soil? The volkisch movement, the Nazis, and the legacy of Geopolitik,” chapter in How Green were the Nazis?  Nature, Environment, and Nation in the Third Reich, Franz-Josef Brüggemeier, Marc Cioc, and Thomas Zeller, eds, Athens OH: Ohio University Press: 204-242
2005 “The Political Spaces of Modernity,” Conoscere il mondo: Vespucci e la modernitè (Memoire Geografiche, Nuova Serie, 5): 163–176.
2005 «Россия между Азии и Европы: идеологическое конструирование географического пространства» chapter in Российская империя в современной зарубежной литературы  [The Russian Empire in Contemporary Foreign Literature] Paul Werth, Aleksei Miller, and Pavel Kabytov, eds.  Moscow: Зарубежная Литература, pp. 277–310.
2004 “Historical Geography: Locating Time in the Spaces of Modernity” (with Vincent. Berdoulay), chapter in Human Geography: A History for the 21st Century, Georges Benko and Ulf Strohmeyer, eds.  London: Arnold: 64–82.
translated as: “La Géographie historique: localiser le temps dans les espaces de la modernité” (with Vincent Berdoulay), chapter in Horizons géographiques, Georges Benko and Ulf Strohmeyer, eds.  Paris: Brèal: 291–338.  Translation of 2004a.
2004 “The Two Faces of Contemporary Geopolitics,” Progress in Human Geography 28: 620-626
2004 “Tristes Toponymies: What’s Wrong with Eurasia,” Ab Imperio 1: 178–183.
2003 География и Идентичность в Постсоветской России [Geography and Identity in Post-Soviet Russia]; Edited (with Konstantin E. Aksenov).  St. Petersburg.  Геликон-Плюс: 2003, 271pp.
2003 “Between Realism and the ‘New Right’: Geopolitics in Germany in the 1990s,” Transactions IBG 28:3 New Series: 350-366.
2003 “Politics From Nature: Environment, Ideology, and the Determinist Tradition,” chapter in A Companion to Political Geography, John Agnew, Katherine Mitchell, and Gerard Toal, eds.  Basingstoke: Blackwell; 14-29
2003 “The Greening of Utopia: Nature, Social Vision, and Landscape Art in Stalinist Russia,” chapter in Architectures Of Russian Identity, 1500–Present, James Cracraft and Dan Rowland, eds.  Ithaca: Cornell University Press; 150–171.
2003 "Siberia as discursive space: The geo-psychology of nationalism in 19th century Russia", Годишњак за друштвену историју/Annual for Social History (Belgrad) 10: 1-2: 27-50
2003 “Classical Eurasianism and the Geopolitics of Russian Identity,” Ab Imperio 2: 257–267.
Translated as: «Классическое евразийство и геополитки русской идентичности» chapter in Новая Имперская История Постсоветского Пространства [New Imperial History of Post-Soviet Space], Ilya Gerasimov, Sergei Glebov, Aleksandr Kaplunovskii, Marina Mogil’ner, Aleksandr Semenov, eds.  Kazan: Центр Исслед. Нац. и Империи, 2004: 563–572.
2003 «К вопросу о географии национальной идентичности» [Questioning the Geography of National Identity], in 2003a: 10–17.
2002 “Imperialer Raum/Nationaler Raum: Sibirien auf der kognitiven Landkarte Rußlands im 19. Jahrhundert“ [Imperial Space/National Space: Siberia on the Cognitive Map of Russia in the 19th Century], Geschichte und Gesellschaft: Zeitschrift für Historische Sozialwissenschaft 28:3, pp. 378–403 [in German]
2002 “Мыслить пространством: Eurasia And Ethno-Territoriality In Post-Soviet Maps,” chapter in S.K Frank and I.P. Smirnov, eds, Zeit-Räume. Neue Tendenzen in der historischen Kulturforschung aus der Perspektive der Slavistik  (Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, Bd. 49): 15–35.
2001 “Renaissance der Geopolitik” [The Renaissance of Geopolitics], Der Tagesspiegel (Berlin) No. 17523 (9 September), p. B4  [in German]
2001 `“Reading the Natural and the Social,” Intro. to Nature as Space: (re)understanding Nature and Natural Environments, Guven Sargen, ed, Ankara: MfY/METU; pp. 1–11.

References

External links
"River of Dreams: Fleeting Visions of a Siberian Mississippi", Review of Bassins's book Imperial Visions, by Ilya Vinkovetsky.

American geographers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Geopoliticians
Academic staff of Södertörn University


Adrian Wichser (born March 18, 1980) is a retired Swiss ice hockey winger, who played for different clubs in the Swiss National League A (NLA), including EHC Kloten, HC Lugano, ZSC Lions and Rapperswil-Jona Lakers. He won the Swiss national championship in 2003 and 2008 as well as the Champions Hockey League in 2009. Wichser was the leading scorer of the NLA in the 2002-03 campaign.

Internationally, he won 99 caps for the Swiss men's national team, participating in the 2006 Winter Olympics and five World Championships.

He announced his retirement in April 2018 and became a skill coach.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Florida Panthers draft picks
GCK Lions players
HC Lugano players
HC Thurgau players
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
EHC Kloten players
Olympic ice hockey players for Switzerland
Sportspeople from Winterthur
Ice hockey people from the canton of Zürich
Swiss ice hockey centres
SC Rapperswil-Jona Lakers players
ZSC Lions players


Alberto Martín was the defending champion, but lost in the first round.

Fernando Vicente won the title, defeating Sébastien Grosjean 6–4, 4–6, 7–6(7–3) in the final.

Seeds

  Younes El Aynaoui (quarterfinals)
  Karim Alami (second round)
  Hicham Arazi (quarterfinals)
  Sébastien Grosjean (final)
  Marc Rosset (first round)
  Fernando Vicente (champion)
  Mariano Puerta (semifinals)
  Arnaud di Pasquale (semifinals)

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

External links
 Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 2000 Grand Prix Hassan II Men's Singles draw

2000 ATP Tour
Singles


Vis Unda 20000? (ვის უნდა ოცი ათასი?, Who Wants Twenty Thousand?) is a Georgian game show based on the original British format of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. The show is hosted by Mamuka Gamkrelidze and later Dmitry "Duta" Skhirtladze. The main goal is to win 20,000 ₾ by answering 15 multiple-choice questions correctly. There are four lifelines - 50:50, Phone a Friend, Ask the Audience and Switch the Question. Vis Unda 20000? is shown on the Georgian TV station Rustavi 2. When a contestant gets the fifth question correct, they will leave with at least 100 ₾, or at least 1,600 ₾ (earlier 1,000 ₾) from the tenth question onwards.

2009 reboot
After a four-year absence, the show returned on September 23, 2009.

Money Tree

Winners
The first winner is Manana Maisuradze, who won 20,000 ₾ in 2001. On February 22, 2011, the grand prize was won by Garry Kasparov and his wife, Daria Kasparova. This episode was mainly in Russian with Georgian subtitles.

External links
 Official website

Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
2000 Georgia (country) television series debuts
2005 Georgia (country) television series endings
2009 Georgia (country) television series debuts
2011 Georgia (country) television series endings
Georgia (country) television series
2000s Georgia (country) television series
2010s Georgia (country) television series
Rustavi 2 original programming


Japanese people in the Netherlands include expatriates from Japan and their descendants, as well as Dutch citizens of Japanese ancestry.

As of 2009, there were 7,524 persons of Japanese origin living in the Netherlands, according to the figures of the Statistics Netherlands office. In general, they are transient foreign residents employed by Japanese companies.

Demography and distribution
According to a 1996 survey, 80% of Japanese in the Netherlands consisted of Japanese company employees and their families. Another 10% were Japanese civil servants on overseas postings, researchers, and students. The remainder were long-term residents, largely Japanese women married to Dutch men. Most live in Amsterdam. However, there are also about 150 living in Maastricht, mostly employees of Mitsubishi and their spouses and children.

Statistics Netherlands' 2009 figures with regards to persons of Japanese background show:
5,985 persons born in Japan (2,691 men, 3,294 women)
1,539 locally born persons of Japanese background (783 men, 756 women), of which:
1,140	had one parent born outside of the Netherlands (582 men, 558 women)
399 had both parents born outside of the Netherlands (201 men, 198 women)
For a total of 7,524 persons. This represented growth of about 2.4% over the previous year's total, and about 18% over the total for 1996, the earliest year for which statistics are made available. However, they still form only a minute proportion, little over two-tenths of a percent, of all persons of foreign background in the Netherlands.

Education

Amsterdam has one Japanese-medium day school, The Japanese School of Amsterdam. There is also the Japanese School of Rotterdam.

The Saturday Japanese supplementary schools in the Netherlands include: Japanese Saturday School Amsterdam (JSSA; アムステルダム日本語補習授業校 Amusuterdamu Nihongo Hoshū Jugyō Kō), The Hague-Rotterdam Japanese Saturday School (ハーグ・ロッテルダム日本語補習授業校 Hāgu Rotterudamu Nihongo Hoshū Jugyō Kō) in Rotterdam, Stichting the Japanese School of Tilburg (ティルブルグ日本語補習授業校 Tiruburugu Nihongo Hoshū Jugyō Kō), and Stichting Maastricht Japanese Supplementary School (ティルブルグ日本語補習授業校 Tiruburugu Nihongo Hoshū Jugyō Kō).
 The Maastricht school was founded in 1992 as an outgrowth of the Joppenhoff International School. It began with 15 students, and grew as large as 30, but declined in concert with the economy, and as of 2004 enrolled just 20 students. The Saturday School of The Hague and Rotterdam was formed in 1996 from a merger of the two separate Saturday Japanese schools of those cities.
 The Tilburg school is held at Beatrix College, and formerly at .

Employment
The workplace is one of the most important sites of cross-cultural encounters for Japanese working in the Netherlands. Japanese company offices in the Netherlands are generally small in size, numbering less than 100 employees. The decision-making processes in Japanese and Dutch corporate cultures are superficially similar, both relying on achieving consensus from stakeholders and subordinates rather than devolving decision-making authority to a single person. The need for Japanese expatriate middle-managers to refer plans back to headquarters in Japan, in addition to the emphasis on collective responsibility for the results of plans agreed to by consensus, means that decision-making in Japanese companies proceeds more slowly than in Dutch companies. Nevertheless, Dutch employees in Japanese companies perceive the decision-making process as achieving better and more thorough results despite its slow pace.

Japanese expatriate employees in the Netherlands put in longer hours than local employees. Dutch employees feel that their Japanese superiors and colleagues put in such long hours because they use their time inefficiently; furthermore, they feel little pressure to adopt those same working hours, asserting that the Japanese managers simply receive more benefits and salary in line with their increased responsibility. However, their Japanese colleagues resent this attitude, feeling that Dutch colleagues "leave work undone on their desk and go home", leaving it for the late-working Japanese to complete. Japanese managers find they have to delineate job requirements and responsibilities more explicitly for Dutch employees than they would for Japanese employees in Japan, due to the local cultural emphasis on individual responsibility above collective responsibility.

Cuisine
As of 2000, when eating outside the home, Japanese expatriates in the Netherlands most commonly patronised Chinese restaurants (29% of meals eaten out); Japanese restaurants run a close second at 25%, Italian restaurants at 19%, and French restaurants at 10%. However, they derided the Japanese restaurants of the Netherlands as low-quality and expensive. They also cook Japanese food at home, though in a pattern different from that in Japan; they consumed less fish and more meat dishes (especially nikujaga), and often have to find substitutes for preferred vegetables which are unavailable locally. Preparing Japanese food was often viewed as troublesome due to these limitations, and many Japanese wives expressed that they only prepare such dishes because their husbands prefer them; when the husbands are away, they cook Western-style food instead. However, the community in Amsterdam at least had some Japanese-style grocery stores available locally. For the community in Maastricht, fewer such options were available; many crossed the border to Germany to do their shopping in Düsseldorf and took advantage of the many specialised grocery shops which have popped up to serve the city's significant Japanese community, or banded together and order groceries—especially fish prepared in the Japanese style—to be shipped down from Amsterdam. Another common option was to grow herb seasonings, especially garland chrysanthemum, perilla, and cryptotaenia, in one's own back garden.

Notable individuals

 Cornelia van Nijenroode, merchant
 Mariko Peters, politician, civil servant, lawyer
 Saartje Specx
 Kai Verbij

See also
 Japan–Netherlands relations

References

Notes

Sources
  (Archive)

Further reading

External links
 Japanners in Nederland

Asian diaspora in the Netherlands
Ethnic groups in the Netherlands

Japanese diaspora in Europe


Mount Washington Transit Tunnel is an important public transportation link in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.  The  tunnel connects Station Square to South Hills Junction, and is used only by Pittsburgh Light Rail cars and buses of the Port Authority of Allegheny County. The tunnel changes 204.54 feet in elevation from its north portal at 750.36 feet above sea level to its south portal at 954.90 feet above sea level, resulting in a grade of 5.86%. With the cessation of bus service in the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel in 2019, the Mount Washington Transit Tunnel is the only tunnel in the United States shared by bus and rail services.

History

The tunnel was built by Booth and Flinn for Pittsburgh Railways to overcome the barrier of Mount Washington to the development of electric streetcar services to points south. Excavation was started October 6, 1902, and the tunnel was officially opened December 1, 1904. The tunnel was paved around the rails to allow for joint use by bus and trolley traffic in 1973.

The Transit tunnel is located almost in line with the Pittsburgh and Castle Shannon Tunnel, which was at a much higher elevation. That tunnel was originally a coal mine accessed from the top of an incline on the river side. It was later opened at the back and used to  run through to other coal mines in the Saw Mill Run valley. The  Pittsburgh and Castle Shannon Railroad operated passenger service through the tunnel from 1873 until 1892, after which passengers journeyed instead via the new Castle Shannon Incline, while coal trains continued to use the old route through the tunnel. From 1909 the main passenger service became Pittsburgh Railways streetcars running from the Transit Tunnel into the Castle Shannon route at South Hills Junction. Because of the related nature of the two tunnels, an urban legend persists that the Transit Tunnel was originally a coal mine.

Accidents

Two spectacular runaway accidents are associated with the tunnel, which is on a steep gradient averaging over 6 percent, and curves as the north portal is reached.

On December 24, 1917, Knoxville service car 4236 ran away downhill after becoming detached from the wire and derailed and overturned on the curve into Carson Street. The car slid on its side until hitting a telegraph pole which ripped the roof off. Twenty-one people were killed and 80 were injured; the claims from the accident sent Pittsburgh Railways into receivership.

On October 29, 1987, a 1700-series all-electric PCC car began to exceed the tunnel's speed limit as it entered the south portal after departing South Hills Junction. The operator, realizing the car could neither stop nor take the sharp curve from the transitway to the Panhandle Bridge ramp, ordered all the passengers to move to the back, and radioed the PAT central dispatcher to clear Station Square. The car left the rails and took Smithfield Street instead (the trolleys' original route downtown, until 1985), crossing Carson Street, sideswiping a PAT bus and a truck, and knocking out a fire hydrant. Miraculously, the car stayed on its wheels, and finally stopped next to the Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation, the former Pittsburgh and Lake Erie station building at Station Square. Thirty-seven people were injured, four seriously, but there were no fatalities. All three braking systems on the car had failed: the drum, dynamic, and magnetic rail brakes. Most of the 1700 series cars were found to have electrical defects, prompting PAT to retire all of their remaining PCC's that had not been rebuilt as 4000 series cars.  Consequently, PAT was left with a shortage of cars, which contributed to the closure of the Overbrook line in 1993.

See also
 Pittsburgh Railways
 Pittsburgh Light Rail
 South Busway
 Pittsburgh and Castle Shannon Tunnel

References

External links

 - Southern portal
 - Northern portal

Railroad tunnels in Pennsylvania
Tunnels in Pittsburgh
5 ft 2½ in gauge railways in the United States


Charles "Tal" Harris (4 February 1903 - 1 October 1963) was a Welsh international rugby union scrum-half who represented Wales and played club rugby for Aberavon.

Rugby career
Harris played for Aberavon during their 'golden era' which saw the team crowned Welsh Club Champions four consecutive years from the 1923/24 to the 1926/27 season. While playing for Aberavon, Harris was awarded his one and only Welsh cap against the touring Australian Waratahs. The match took place on 26 November 1927 at the Cardiff Arms Park, and although the Welsh forwards showed strength and commitment, were out-classed by the tourist back play.

In 1931, while still with Aberavon, Harris was part of the joint Neath / Aberavon team that narrowly lost to the 1931 touring South Africans. Harris was challenged to the position by Neath's Cliff Evans, but Harris was considered more experienced and tougher. The match was a close contest, and with three minuted left on the clock the score line was 3-3 after the Welsh side had taken an early lead; but the tourist fought back and scored a try with the last move of the game. During the match, Harris and his Aberavon team mate Wilf Selby were considered the better pairing than the South African duo of Danie Craven and Bennie Osler, but the Welsh team's threequarter line was believed to have let them down with slow distribution.

International matches played
Wales
  New South Wales Waratahs 1927

The Tal Harris Appreciation Society
The Tal Harris Appreciation Society was formed in 1994, dedicated to the memory of Tal Harris. They journey to Dublin every two years on the occasion of the Ireland v Wales rugby union match.

Bibliography

References

Wales international rugby union players
Welsh rugby union players
Rugby union scrum-halves
1903 births
1963 deaths
Rugby union players from Cardiff
Neath RFC players
Aberavon RFC players
Maesteg RFC players


"William Hickey" is the pseudonymous byline of a gossip column published in the Daily Express, a British newspaper. It was named after the 18th-century diarist William Hickey.

The column was first established by Tom Driberg in May 1933. An existing gossip column was relaunched following the intervention of the Express's proprietor Lord Beaverbrook. It was titled "These Names Make News". Driberg described the new feature as "...an intimate biographical column about...men and women who matter. Artists, statesmen, airmen, writers, financiers, explorers..."

Historian David Kynaston calls Driberg the "founder of the modern gossip column", which moved away from genteel chit-chat towards commentary on social and political issues. The tone of the column was described by biographer Richard Davenport-Hines as "wry, compassionate, and brimm[ing] with...open-minded intelligence". Driberg continued to write the column until 1943.

The column has been written by numerous anonymous journalists over the decades. In the 1960s, it was written by columnist Nigel Dempster.

References

External links
 Daily and Sunday Express website

Gossip columnists
British columnists
Daily Express


Björn Vleminckx (; born 1 December 1985) is a Belgian former professional footballer who played as a forward.

Career
Born in Boom, Antwerp, Vleminckx began his career with Beveren and joined in July 2005 Oostende on loan. In summer 2006 he signed with KV Mechelen.

In June 2009, he signed a four-year contract until July 2013 with N.E.C. who paid a transfer of €1.8 million to Mechelen for the 23-year-old striker. At N.E.C. he became the top goalscorer in the Eredivisie during the 2010–11 season, with 23 goals.

In March 2011, Vleminckx signed a contract starting from June 2011 at Club Brugge. Brugge paid €3.3 million to NEC as transfer sum.

In January 2013, Vleminckx signed a loan contract until end of season 2012–2013 at Gençlerbirliği. In his first match with the club, he had a successful debut in scoring four goals in a 5–3 win against Antalyaspor.

In June 2013, he signed a two-year contract with Kayseri Erciyesspor.

In August 2016, he agreed to the termination of his contract with Göztepe.

In August 2016, Vleminckx moved to the Belgian Second Division team Antwerp agreeing a two-year contract. A year later, after the club had reached promotion to the Belgian First Division A, it was announced he was no longer part of the club's plans and that he would be allowed to train with the first team.

He trained with the reserve team of Antwerp in nearly two years but however decided to stay at the club until his contract ran out in July 2019. Already in February 2019 it was confirmed, that Vleminckx would join FC Oppuurs ahead of the 2019/20 season. The transfer was also confirmed by Vleminckx himself on 29 May 2019.

Career statistics

Club

Notes

Honours
Individual
 Eredivisie top scorer: 2010–11
 Best sportsman of Nijmegen 2011

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
People from Boom, Belgium
Belgian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Belgium men's international footballers
K.S.K. Beveren players
K.V. Oostende players
K.V. Mechelen players
NEC Nijmegen players
Club Brugge KV players
Gençlerbirliği S.K. footballers
Kayseri Erciyesspor footballers
Göztepe S.K. footballers
Royal Antwerp F.C. players
Challenger Pro League players
Belgian Pro League players
Eredivisie players
Süper Lig players
Belgian expatriate men's footballers
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Footballers from Antwerp Province


Nikolai Petrovich Gorbunov (; 21 June 1892 – 7 September 1938) was a Soviet politician, chemist, engineer and  academic; at one time personal secretary to leader Vladimir Lenin.

Biography
Born in Krasnoye Selo, in Saint Petersburg, his parents were Pyotr Mikhailovich Gorbunov and Sofia Vasilievna Gorbunova. Pyotr was an honoured citizen who worked as an engineer and later as a director of a paper factory not far from Saint Petersburg. Sofia Vasilievna descended from the Pechatkin family and was a joint owner of the factory, of which her husband was a director. Both Gorbunov's parents owned a number of middle-sized houses. In 1911, they bought an estate of about  in Yamburg. Pyotr Mikhailovich was a liberal who founded a school for the children of workers at his factory. His brother was the naturalist Grigoriy Petrovich Gorbunov. Gorbunov graduated from the Petrograd Institute of Technology and received a diploma in chemistry and technology. From his student years he was a convicted ed Marxist and actively participated in the February Revolution.

Gorbunov joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour (b) in July 1917 and quickly started to work in the apparatus of the Soviet government with the recommendation of Vladimir Bonch-Bruevich.

Gorbunov was secretary of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and wrote of the period immediately following the Bolshevik seizure of power:

On 17 July 1918, Gorbunov received a coded telegram from Alexander Beloborodov, the Chairman of the Presidium of the Ural Regional Soviet, regarding the shooting of the former Tsar Nicholas II and his family, with instructions to pass on the message to Yakov Sverdlov without delay. Sverdlov announced the tsar's death to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets the following day.

He served in his role as Administrator of Affairs of the Council of People's Commissars  until 1930, continuing to serve under the Premierships of Alexei Rykov and Vyacheslav Molotov after the death of Lenin.

From 1923 to 1929 he was rector of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. From 1935 he was a full member and In 1937 he was secretary of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.

During the Great Purge, Gorbunov was indicted for espionage, sentenced to death and executed in 1938.

He was rehabilitated in 1954.

References

External links
 Gorbunov, Nikolai Petrovich in The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979)

1892 births
1938 deaths
People from Krasnoye Selo
Soviet politicians
Old Bolsheviks
Great Purge victims from Russia
People executed by the Soviet Union by firearm
Bauman Moscow State Technical University
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Soviet engineers
Soviet chemists
Soviet rehabilitations


Karl John (24 March 1905 – 22 December 1977) was a German film actor who appeared in more than 50 films between 1933 and 1977.

Early life
John was born in Cologne, Germany. He studied architecture at the Technische Hochschule in Danzig. But he soon discovered his love for the stage and moved to Berlin where he took acting lessons.

Career
At 26 he made his debut performance at a theater in Boleslawiec. John made his first film appearance in the 1932 thriller The White Demon which also starred Hans Albers in the lead role. Throughout the 1930s he played numerous roles at various theaters throughout Nazi Germany. In 1938, John came to the prestigious Deutsches Theater in Berlin.

At the outbreak of World War II John appeared in many German propaganda films made by the Reichs Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda under the auspices of Reich Minister Joseph Goebbels. He played soldiers and sailors, he also voiced information films on the role of dive bombers, tanks and submarines. However, in 1943 he was sentenced to death by the People's Court for espousing "defeatist views" after Goebbels became aware he had been making "jokes about Hitler". His sentence was commuted to service in Wehrmacht.

After World War II, John played several roles in various anti-war German films. In 1947 he starred in In Those Days and Love 47, an adaption of Wolfgang Borchert's play The Man Outside. John also played a Gestapo agent in Peter Lorre's only directorial outing, the German-language Der Verlorene in 1951.

Throughout the 1950s John often portrayed members of the Wehrmacht such as in Des Teufels General (1955), Hunde, wollt ihr ewig leben (1957) and Fabrik der Offiziere (1960). In 1962 John played a German general in Darryl F. Zanuck's international 1962 war epic The Longest Day.

In the 1960s, he appeared in several stage productions based on adaptation of the works of British writer and journalist, Edgar Wallace. In the 1970s John also made guest appearances on West German television crime shows including Derrick, Tatort and Der Kommissar.

Throughout his career John continued to do voice over work. In 1959 he became the voice of Paul Temple in an eight-part radio play based on the works of Francis Durbridge. The series was directed by future award winner Willy Purucker.

Death
On 20 December 1977, the 72-year-old John collapsed shortly before a performance of "Moon Over the River" by Pavel Kohout at the Theater Gütersloh in Gütersloh.  He died two days later at the city hospital from cardiovascular disease. He was buried at Friedhof Heerstraße in Berlin.

Selected filmography

 The White Demon (1932)
 When the Cock Crows (1936) - Piepers Gustav
  (1937) - Graf Kostja Wolfgoff
 Unternehmen Michael (1937) - Leutnant Hassenkamp
 Der Lachdoktor (1937) - Peter Karst, Lehrer
 Legion Condor (1939)
 Bal paré (1940) - Erstchargierter Franz Stanglmayer
 Die unvollkommene Liebe (1940) - Kristas Brudr Gustl
 Kora Terry (1940) - Chef der Kraftmännertruppe
 Fahrt ins Leben (1940) - Seekadett Gerhard Bartels
 My Life for Ireland (1941) - Raymond Davitt
 Above All Else in the World (1941) - Olt. Hassencamp
 Der Weg ins Freie (1941) - Fritz
 U-Boote westwärts! (1941) - Matrosenobergefreiter Drewitz
 Stukas (1941) - Oberleutnant Lothar Loos
 Two in a Big City (1942) - Bernd Birckhoff
 Andreas Schlüter (1942) - Martin Böhme
 Melody of a Great City (1943) - Klaus Nolte
 In Those Days (1947) - Peter Keyser / 1. Geschichte
 Unser Mittwochabend (1948) - Erik
 The Last Night (1949) - Harald Buchner, Oberleutnant
 Love '47 (1949) - Beckmann
 The Lost One (1951) - Hösch, alias Nowak
 The Smugglers' Banquet (1952) - Hans
 The Man Between (1953) - Inspector Kleiber
 No Way Back (1953) - Friedrich Schultz
 Des Teufels General (1955) - Ingenieur Karl Oderbruch
 Hotel Adlon (1955) - Herr von Malbrand
 Urlaub auf Ehrenwort (1955) - Köhler
 Stalingrad: Dogs, Do You Want to Live Forever? (1959) - Generaloberst Hoth
 Two Times Adam, One Time Eve (1959) - Wickström
 Sacred Waters (1960) - Seppi Blatter, Romans Vater
  (1960) - Major Frey
  (1961) - Debras
 The Longest Day (1962) - Gen. Wolfgang Häger
 Der Hexer (1964) - Shelby
 Neues vom Hexer (1965) - Dr. Mills
  (1968, TV miniseries) - Hohmann
 Sabine (1974) - Dr. Gerd Hesse
 Pusteblume (1974) - Ricks Vater
 Derrick (1976, Season 3, Episode 8: "Auf eigene Faust") - Euler
 Sorcerer (1977) - 'Marquez'

Notes
Citations

Sources
 Kay Weniger: Das große Personenlexikon des Films. Die Schauspieler, Regisseure, Kameraleute, Produzenten, Komponisten, Drehbuchautoren, Filmarchitekten, Ausstatter, Kostümbildner, Cutter, Tontechniker, Maskenbildner und Special Effects Designer des 20. Jahrhunderts. Band 4: H – L. Botho Höfer – Richard Lester.'' Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-89602-340-3, p. 230

External links

1905 births
1977 deaths
German male film actors
German male television actors
20th-century German male actors


is a former Japanese football player. His younger brother Seiji is also a footballer.

Club career
Koga was born in Okawa on September 8, 1978. After graduating from high school, he joined the Nagoya Grampus Eight in 1997. He became a regular player as a center back from 1998. The club won the 1999 Emperor's Cup. He moved to Kashiwa Reysol in 2007. Although he played as a regular player, he lost his place due to an injury in 2010. He then moved to Júbilo Iwata in August 2010. After playing for two seasons, he moved to his local club Avispa Fukuoka in 2012. He retired at the end of the 2015 season.

National team career
In August 1995, Koga was selected by the Japan U-17 national team for the 1995 U-17 World Championship and he played full time in all three matches. In June 1997, he was also selected by the Japan U-20 national team for the 1997 World Youth Championship, but he did not play in any matches.

Club statistics

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Association football people from Fukuoka Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
Japan men's youth international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Nagoya Grampus players
Kashiwa Reysol players
Júbilo Iwata players
Avispa Fukuoka players
Footballers at the 1998 Asian Games
Men's association football defenders
Asian Games competitors for Japan


Tlaxcala Televisión is a public television station operated by the Coordinación de Radio, Cine y Televisión de Tlaxcala (CORACYT) which serves the Mexican state of Tlaxcala. Tlaxcala Televisión's programming primarily consists of cultural and educational content, along with news and sports coverage.

TDT was founded in the early 1980s and traces its roots to the breakup of Televisión Rural de México, which operated a channel 12 in Tlaxcala.

In the 1990s, the state television station ceased all local production; this returned in 2000.

In the late 2000s through to 2017, the state network was known as "TDT, La Televisión de Tlaxcala", predating the conversion of the network to digital television, or televisión digital terrestre. All digital stations in Mexico carry the -TDT suffix. The state network renamed to Tlaxcala Televisión in 2017.

Transmitters
Tlaxcala Televisión uses a network of five terrestrial television transmitters to provide statewide coverage. Its transmitters are the only television stations licensed directly to Tlaxcala.

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Except for XHSPM and XHTCL, the state network went digital-only on December 31, 2015. The San Pablo del Monte and Calpulalpan stations converted on December 15, 2016.

In February 2017, XHTLX was approved to move from channel 22 to 23 by the IFT.

References

Public television in Mexico
Television channels and stations established in 1988
Mass media in Tlaxcala City
Television stations in Tlaxcala


Kutalli is a village and a former municipality in Berat County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Dimal. The population at the 2011 census was 9,643. The village is populated by Albanians & Aromanians.

Geography

Closest places to  Kutalli: Samaticë (2 miles), Pobrat (1 mile), Drenovicë (1 mile), Rërës (1 mile), Protoduar (2 miles), Sqepur (2 miles), Goricani Çlirimi (2 miles), Malas-Gropë (2 miles).

References

Administrative units of Dimal, Albania
Former municipalities in Berat County
Villages in Berat County
Populated places disestablished in 2015