Mr. Dooley (or Martin J. Dooley) is a fictional Irish immigrant bartender created by American journalist and humorist Finley Peter Dunne. Dooley was the subject of many Dunne columns between 1893 and 1915, and again in 1924 and 1926. Dunne's essays contain the bartender's commentary on various topics (often national or international affairs). They became extremely popular during the 1898 Spanish–American War and remained so afterwards; they are collected in several books. The essays are in the form of conversations in Irish dialect between Mr. Dooley, who in the columns owns a tavern in the Bridgeport area of Chicago, and one of the fictional bar's patrons (in later years, usually Malachi Hennessy) with most of the column a monologue by Dooley. The pieces are not widely remembered, but originated lasting sayings such as "the Supreme Court follows the election returns".

Mr. Dooley was invented by Dunne to replace a similar character whose real-life analogue had objected. By having the garrulous bartender speak in dialect and live in an unfashionable area of Chicago, Dunne gained a freedom of expression he often did not have in standard English. The first four years of the weekly column made Mr. Dooley popular in Chicago, but little noticed elsewhere. Dunne was a rapidly rising newspaperman, and the pieces mainly appeared in the Chicago paper which he worked for. During that time, Dunne detailed the daily life of Bridgeport through Dooley's lips, painting a portrait of ethnic urban life unparalleled in 19th-century American literature.

Dunne's bartender came to wider attention with the wartime columns, and the Dooley pieces were soon in newspapers nationwide. Both the columns and the books collecting them gained national acclaim. Beginning around 1905, Dunne had increasing trouble finding time and inspiration for new columns, and they ended in 1915, except for a brief resurrection in the mid-1920s. Even in Dunne's own time (he died in 1936), his work was becoming obscure in part due to his use of dialect, and the unusual spellings that it required have proved a lasting barrier for potential readers.

Chronology

Beginnings

Peter Dunne was born on July 10, 1867, in Chicago, the son of Irish immigrants; he added the first name "Finley", his mother's last name at birth, in his early twenties. A precocious boy, he did well in elementary school but finished last in his high school class of 50, possibly because of the death of his mother, and was sent to work at about age 17 in 1884.  Dunne got a menial job on the Chicago Tribune, where superiors soon noticed his street smarts, and made him police reporter. Over the next few years, Dunne worked for several Chicago papers, gaining in salary and responsibility, and by 1888 at age 21 was city editor and a political writer for the Chicago Times.

While at the Times, Dunne may have made his first experiments in Irish dialect: an anonymous police reform series published in January 1889. "Officer Quinn and his Friends" features an Irish-American policeman who digs up a suspicious footprint in the snow. Quinn means to take it to the station but is sidetracked at a saloon, emerging several hours later to find the evidence melted. The writer of the Quinn pieces uses unneeded Irishisms, and his spelling is often awkward. When Dunne took a new job with the Tribune later in 1889, the use of Irish dialect in stories followed him; one account of a conversation between two Irish-American members of the city council is rendered as they would have spoken it. He first signed his name to Irish dialect pieces in the second half of 1890, in a series about real-life Colonel Thomas Jefferson Dolan, a small-time Democratic hanger-on. The series, which ended when Dunne left for the Chicago Herald in late 1890,  contains elements of the Dooley stories, including mostly being told from a single perspective (an alter ego for Dunne), as well as painting a detailed portrait of the Irish-American scene.  By then, Dunne had polished his use of Irish dialect.

The early 1890s saw an increasing use of dialect in Chicago's newspapers, sometimes to mock, but more often to give voice to the immigrant communities that filled Chicago's neighborhoods, and whose worth was being appreciated. By 1892, Dunne, who was still only aged 25, was editorial chairman of the Chicago Evening Post. Its management was marketing (unsuccessfully, as it proved) a smaller-size weekly edition to compete with the large Sunday papers. Cornelius McAuliff, Dunne's editor, asked him to write a humorous piece for each edition of the new periodical. Accordingly, Dunne wrote for the Sunday Post on December 4, 1892, a piece in Irish dialect called "Frank's Visit to Grover", concerning the efforts of former congressman Frank Lawler to gain appointment as Chicago's postmaster, a political plum to be awarded by the new president, Grover Cleveland. Lawler's visit to New York to see Cleveland is described by another Irishman, Alderman Johnny Powers—Cleveland promises the post (Lawler did not in real life receive it) before Lawler and the president-elect settle down to drinking and shooting pool.

In the December 11, 1892 Sunday paper, Dunne wrote another dialect column, this time set in the upscale Dearborn Street saloon of Colonel Malachi McNeary (in all columns but the first spelled McNeery). That barkeeper was based on James McGarry, owner of a saloon near Chicago's newspaper district; Dunne and other journalists would drink there and write their stories. Beginning in the second McNeery column, the listener for his monologues is Johnny McKenna, a real-life figure, who was a Republican in a mostly Democratic Irish community, and who often received government jobs as a token of bipartisanship. The World's Columbian Exposition was the major event of 1893 in Chicago, and McNeery was used as a mouthpiece for Dunne's commentary on the events and sights of the fair. For example, McNeery views a meeting of the fair's Board of Lady Managers, chaired by Bertha Palmer, who in the column proves incapable of stopping an argument between the members.

When the Sunday Post was discontinued because of financial losses, the McNeery columns were moved to the Saturday edition because of their popularity.  This local fame came with some annoyance to McNeery's real-life analogue, McGarry, who found himself called McNeery, and even stared at by a Swedish immigrant, a nationality held in disdain by Chicago Irish. One afternoon, when Dunne was in McGarry's tavern, the journalist found him uncommunicative, until his sudden explosion, "You can't put printer's ink on me with impunity," announcing that he intended to see Dunne's publisher, John R. Walsh. According to Grace Eckley in her volume on Dunne's works, the political positions McNeery was made to espouse were contrary to those of some of McGarry's customers, placing him in an uncomfortable position. The following day, Walsh asked Dunne to change the name, but the writer decided this would not be enough if the fictional saloon was kept as is; instead a humbler establishment (and bartender) in some remoter part of Chicago seemed called for. McKenna, unlike McGarry, was enjoying the attention, and, hearing of the problem, took Dunne to his heavily Irish neighborhood of Bridgeport, introducing him to locals there. Moving the venue to Bridgeport had advantages. A "shanty Irish" barkeeper could be permitted greater freedom of expression than McNeery, for to more urbane Chicagoans, Bridgeporters were unsophisticated, humorous hicks. As Dunne later put it, "while it might be dangerous to call an alderman a thief in English no one could sue if a comic Irishman denounced the statesman as a thief". McGarry's heavy brogue featured in McNeery's speech, and was retained in the move to Bridgeport.

Dunne introduced the change in his column on October 7, 1893. McNeery was depicted as having gone home to Ireland, and the bereft McKenna, seeking companionship, enters the Bridgeport saloon of Martin J. Dooley, located on Archer Avenue (to become famous as "Archey Road"), in which he had not been in some years, but where Mr. Dooley greets him as if they had parted the day before. Dooley serves him two drinks and an earful on local affairs—McKenna speaks only two brief sentences, one of which is his greeting. Dunne later stated that at first, he viewed the Dooley pieces as just another weekly feature, done hurriedly in an hour without much attempt at polish.

Local man of wisdom (1893–1898)
Over the first few months of weekly Mr. Dooley columns, in 1893 and 1894, the character of Dooley began to take shape. The backstory that Dunne gave Dooley began with the future bartender's birth in County Roscommon, Ireland (where McGarry was born), about sixty years previously. Dooley was one of the roughly 2,000,000 Irish people who emigrated to North America during the Great Famine (1845–49), coming across on one of the coffin ships, and later spoke of the hardships and deaths on the journey. Arriving in New York, he tried Pittsburgh and St. Louis, and settled in Chicago in the early 1850s. He worked in the typical occupations available to Irish of the time, as a laborer swinging a pickaxe and then driving horse-drawn wagons; but found these employments not to his liking, as each was dominated by Irishmen from counties other than Roscommon. He remains suspicious of, or even hostile towards, men from certain other counties, with "sheep-stealin' Mayo men" heading the list. Tiring of employed labor, he established a bar on Archer Avenue, spending the Civil War there. His bar became the sort of community tavern around which, together with home and church, Irish life revolved. He interested himself in Democratic Party politics, and after a successful two-year term as a precinct captain between 1873 and 1875, was mentioned for the post of city alderman but was not selected to be a candidate. He remains a bachelor, running his bar which caters to rolling mill workers employed nearby, and dubs himself a "saloonkeeper and Doctor of Philosophy".

Although Mr. Dooley would become famous for his commentary on national affairs, the columns of the first years were generally more local in scope. Through the lips of Dooley, Dunne built a detailed view of Bridgeport, a vibrant community with its own idiosyncrasies and with important local figures. According to historian Charles Fanning, this made Bridgeport "the most solidly realized ethnic neighborhood in nineteenth-century American literature". In the first year, less than half of the columns were political in nature, but this proportion increased as Dunne used Dooley as a weapon for reform of the corrupt city council; according to Dunne's biographer, Elmer Ellis, "over the eight years from 1892 to 1900 there was no single force for improvement more important than the Dooley essays". Dunne depicted Bridgeport as a community whose Irish nature is on the verge of dissolution as other ethnic groups move in, an evolution to which Dooley reacts in various ways ranging from resignation to near-panic.

Commerce from the Columbian Exposition had helped shield Chicago from the gloom of the economic Panic of 1893, which enveloped much of the rest of the nation, but after the exposition closed, the winter of 1893–94 saw much unemployment, suffering and starvation. As Irish immigrants were disproportionately employed as laborers, and had less education than other ethnic groups, Bridgeport was hit especially hard by the depression, and this was reflected in the columns. Dunne's anger especially focused on George Pullman, whose wage cuts for his workers (while not cutting the rents of their houses, which his company owned) helped provoke the Pullman Strike of 1894. In his column of August 25, Dunne wrote,

Dunne brought this column into the Post composing room to be set in type. When he returned later to check the proof, the typesetters began to drum their sticks on their cases, and then burst into lengthy applause, an experience Dunne described as the most moving of his life.

Mr. Dooley would become known for his humor, which was present in many of the Bridgeport columns, but the Pullman pieces were not the only ones to be serious. One had the drunkard Grady's little girl come shivering to Dooley's door on a winter's night with a can to be filled with beer for her father. Dooley accompanies her home, and tries to beat some decency into the sodden Grady. Another, with Dooley's recollections of a long-ago Christmas in Roscommon, caused Dunne to be brought to tears by his own writing. In another, Dooley joins with Father Kelly, the parish priest, in getting relief for "the man Carey down the street that nobody likes, him being a notorious infidel". Dooley and the priest gather provisions for the atheist, later getting him a job, and endure his speech against the Bible until Kelly cuts him off, "What talk have ye? Go an' starve no more." Although he applauded such acts of individual charity, Dunne through Dooley denigrated charitable organizations, wondering that "a man can square himself with his conscience by giving one thousand dollars to a policeman and telling him to distribute it! Why don't they get the poor up in a cage in Lincoln Park and hand them food on the end of a window pole, if they're afraid they'll bite[?]"

Among the comic themes during the Chicago years was that of courtship and marriage, with much humor made from the supposed aversion of many Irish males to the altar. The local plumber, Dacey, does not fall to matrimony until he enters the wrong city building and comes out with a marriage license rather than one for a dog. The fireman Hannigan's courting of Dolan's daughter is broken off after fifteen years when he is embarrassed by her giving him a wig as a Christmas present to cover his bald head; but for that she would be courted still. With Danny Duggan too shy to propose, Father Kelly acts on his behalf, resulting in "the dear little colleen trembling and crying, but holding on to him like a pair of ice tongs".

By 1895, the Mr. Dooley columns had attracted a large following in Chicago, though because he did not sign them, few knew the name of the author outside the newspaper trade. The two Democratic morning newspapers in Chicago at that time were the Herald, owned by James W. Scott, and the Times, which like the Post was owned by Walsh. In early 1895, Scott bought Walsh's two papers, and merged the Times and Herald. The new Times-Herald promised to be a powerful progressive force, with the Post its afternoon auxiliary; but Scott almost immediately died. Both the Post and the merged paper were bought by H. H. Kohlsaat. One of the main supporters of the campaign of Ohio Governor William McKinley, a Republican, for the presidency, Kohlsaat soon announced a new editorial policy: the papers would be strictly nonpartisan, except that they would be for McKinley, for protectionism (which McKinley supported), "and for anything he wants". The new policy cramped Dunne's style not only in his editorial writing, but in the Mr. Dooley pieces as well. Both major candidates, McKinley and Democrat William Jennings Bryan, were the butts of Mr. Dooley's wit about equally, and the bartender noted with regret the partisan anger that filled the nation. That rancor led to the effective end of McKenna's role in the column, as he (a Silver Republican) differed with McKinley over the gold standard, and as its opponent would not let his name be used in a paper that backed it. The fictional Malachi Hennessy, more typical of Bridgeport than McKenna as a rolling mill worker with a large family (McKenna was a bachelor), became his replacement. Hennessy had first appeared in the column on June 22, 1895, making an ill-fated decision to umpire a baseball game, and had been brought back in June 1896 as a Democrat and a "free silver" supporter, a foil to McKenna, who was depicted as backing the gold standard. McKenna regretted his decision, but was infrequently mentioned thereafter. Hennessy, stolid, patient, and not very bright, was often the butt of Dooley's jokes, but Dunne dedicated his third collection of Dooley stories "To the Hennessys of the world who suffer and are silent."

Mr. Dooley in war: sudden fame (1898)

During 1897, Dunne sometimes set his sights overseas,  discussing Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. Dooley noted that while the sun never set on her domains, the original owners did not get to "set" [sit] there either, "bein' kept movin' be the polis [police]".  Late that year, Dunne moved to the Chicago Journal as managing editor and Mr. Dooley began to comment at his new venue in early 1898. Dunne had been limited at his old position by Kohlsaat's insistence that his papers support President McKinley's efforts to settle differences with Spain over Cuba short of war.  At the Journal, where the journalism was yellow and shrill appeals for war the norm, Dunne labored under no such inhibitions. He had always turned away praise of the Dooley pieces from those aware of his authorship, wishing to be known as a serious writer. Because of the dialect, the Dooley columns were more difficult for him than writing editorials and columns in plain English. He had ended his last Dooley piece at the Post with the barkeeper bidding farewell, locking the saloon door (as Dunne put it) "perhaps for the last time", possibly meaning that Dooley was done. Dooley had been depicted as in favor of war against Spain in the Post, and Dunne favored military intervention to free Cuba.  On February 19, 1898, four days after the USS Maine sank in Havana harbor, Dunne restored Dooley to his arsenal against the Spanish.  Fanning wrote of Mr. Dooley's subsequent howls for war: "[A]bandoning his usual stance as a cool and neutral ironist, Mr. Dooley becomes one more loud, irrational voice expressing cruelly simplified hatred of Spain and anger at President McKinley. These new pieces mark the low point in the Dooley canon, for in them Dunne shatters the persona that he has built up so consistently."

By the time war was declared in late April 1898, Mr. Dooley had moderated his position, even if the Journal had not.  On April 16, Dunne had Dooley paint a mocking portrait of Fitzhugh Lee, the U.S. consul in Havana whose belligerent reports were fueling the drive to war, in a column printed while the Journal'''s editorial page was praising Lee. But the real breakthrough was after the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1. That a battle had taken place was known, but as the American commander, Admiral George Dewey, was believed to have severed the cable lines, no word came to the United States, and the nation waited in suspense, fearing defeat.  Then, news that Dewey had destroyed the dilapidated Spanish fleet arrived, but the details, and the fate of Dewey and his ships and men, were unknown. Before word came from Dewey that he had not lost a ship or man appeared the May 7 Mr. Dooley piece, "On His Cousin George", that is the admiral, for "Dewey or Dooley, 'tis all th' same". Dooley predicted that "he'll write home and say he's got the islands; and he'll turn them over to the government and go back to his ship, and Mark Hanna'll organize the Philippine Islands Jute and Cider Company, and the revolutionists'll wish they hadn't. That's what'll happen. Mark my word."

"On His Cousin George" was an immediate success, reprinted in over 100 newspapers.  The columns had not been copyrighted; the Journal quickly acted to protect new essays, and thereafter collected reprint fees. Anecdotes poured in; a recitation of the column had calmed a savage meeting of the Texas Bar Association; another brought down the house at a meeting of California's Bohemian Club; the U.S. ambassador in London, Joseph Choate, read it to an audience of Britons. Mr. Dooley even reached the seats of power; Dunne's June 25, 1898 piece imagining a chaotic meeting of the president's cabinet was read to that body by Treasury Secretary Lyman Gage, a Chicagoan. Dunne struck a chord with his columns as people came to realize how badly bungled were many aspects of the war effort.  A repeated target of Dunne's wit was commanding general Nelson A. Miles, noted for having designed his own uniforms, which arrived at the embarkation point in Tampa "mounted on a superb specyal ca-ar",  and "his uniforms are coming down in special steel-protected bullion trains from the mine, where they've been kept for a year. He has ordered out the gold reserve for to equip his staff, numbering eight thousand men, many of whom are clubmen; and, as soon as he can have his pictures took, he will crush the Spanish with one blow". When Miles invaded Puerto Rico in July without much resistance by the Spanish, Mr. Dooley reported on the general's experience of combat: "He has been in great peril from a withering fire of bouquets, and he has met and overpowered some of the most savage orators in Puerto Rico; but, when I last heard of him, he had pitched his tents and ice-cream freezers near the enemy's wall, and was gradually silencing them with proclamations".

The Journal supported the retention of the Spanish colonies taken during the war, including the Philippines, but Mr. Dooley dissented, anticipating that there would be far more advantage for Americans who would exploit the islands than for the Filipinos whose lot imperialists said they were anxious to improve. "'We can't give you any votes, because we haven't more than enough to go around now, but we'll treat you the way a father should treat his children if we have to break every bone in your bodies. So come to our arms,' says we".

 Mr. Dooley in peace (1898–1900)

Friends had long urged Dunne to collect the Dooley pieces in book form, but he was reluctant, considering them lightweight. With the barkeeper now nationally known, Dunne finally agreed, and Mr. Dooley in Peace and in War appeared in November 1898. The book's preface was signed "F.P.D." the only time he would make even a slight acknowledgement of authorship in the eight Dooley books published in his lifetime, a gesture in vain as he was already becoming well known. It was an immediate bestseller, gaining favorable reviews from the critics. Dunne had selected almost all of the wartime pieces for the second half of the book (in War).  At the time, he could not get copies of his columns from before 1895, and may have felt that non-Chicagoans would not appreciate Bridgeport; thus, just 5 of the 31 "peace" essays dealt only with the affairs of that neighborhood. He did include a piece that featured Molly Donahue, the new woman of the neighborhood, and also a moving tribute to a heroic local fireman. When Dooley reached Britain in 1899, first in pirated editions and then in an official one, the reception was again warm.  In June 1899, the Journal wrote:

Dunne travelled to New York and to London in 1899, taking leave from the Journal.  He was treated as a celebrity in both places. Even as he was feted for Mr. Dooley, he privately gave his creation little worth, telling the publisher of the second Dooley collection, Mr. Dooley in the Hearts of His Countrymen (1899) that he was free to make changes, or even exclude one of the pure Bridgeport stories. Dunne had been able to secure copies of most or all of his work, and the second volume contains "The Irishman Abroad", the fifth Dooley piece published; more than half are stories of Bridgeport, including some of Dunne's character studies of its denizens. The volume was well received by critics.

In 1900, Dunne moved to New York. Dooley's musings, since the war, had been entirely on affairs outside Chicago, with no Bridgeport columns, as Dunne needed to satisfy the demands of a national audience. In January 1900, just before he left the Journal, he wrote a Bridgeport piece, in which many of the earlier ones were recalled. This was the last Dooley piece written for a newspaper not to be syndicated; it appeared exclusively in the Journal.

 National sage (1900–1904)
Dunne had hoped that by moving to New York to write full-time, he would be able to greatly expand his output, and he signed to do several projects, including a play featuring Mr. Dooley, and for a series of third-person stories featuring Molly Donahue, Bridgeport's resident suffragist. But Dunne found that he could not increase his production, and that some of the Dooley projects were ill-suited to the character: the play went unwritten and the Molly Donahue stories were abandoned after four pieces. Dooley appears as a character in some of them. Fanning found them unsatisfactory, with a misplaced Dooley, deprived of his bar and control of the dialogue. Dunne was not happy with them either: a note from the author appeared in the Ladies' Home Journal after the fourth piece was published there, alleging ill-health and dissatisfaction with the product.

A third Dooley collection, Mr. Dooley's Philosophy, appeared in 1900. The lead story was "A Book Review", that is, Mr. Dooley's discussion of New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt's wartime memoir, The Rough Riders. In Mr. Dooley's version, Roosevelt wins the whole war by himself, a role slightly greater than that in his actual book. Dooley's conclusion: "No man that bears a grudge against himself'll ever be governor of a state.  And if Teddy done it all he ought to say so and relieve the suspense.  But if I were him I'd call the book Alone in Cuba." Somewhat to Dunne's surprise, "Rosenfelt" (as Dooley called him) took the sting in good humor, and when the two met, told Dunne of a young female admirer of his, who told the governor that she had read all of his books, with her favorite Alone in Cuba. Roosevelt was elected vice president on McKinley's ticket in 1900, and when he succeeded after the president was assassinated the following year, Dunne wrote of the new chief executive, the youngest to hold that position, "a man is ... old enough to be president when he becomes president. If he ain't, it'll age him."

Dunne also supported Roosevelt in late 1901 when the president invited Booker T. Washington, an African American, to the White House for a meal—the president's action caused outrage among white Southerners, who overwhelmingly voted for the Democratic Party. Dooley described Washington's visit as "going to be the ruination of President Teddy's chances in the South. Thousands of men who wouldn't have voted for him under any circumstances has now declared that under no circumstances would they now vote for him."

Another 1901 piece led to one of Mr. Dooley's most famous quotations. A number of lawsuits brought in the wake of the 1898 war dealt with the issue of whether the Constitution applied with full force in the former Spanish colonies annexed by the United States, none of which had been granted an organized government by Congress. This question was known as whether the Constitution follows the flag. In 1901, the United States Supreme Court decided these lawsuits, known as the Insular Cases. The justices' written opinions were difficult to understand, and the court deeply divided, but the net effect was to hold that the Constitution did not follow the flag. The decisions gave Mr. Dooley an opportunity to puncture the court's ivory-tower reputation, "no matter whether the constitution follows the flag or not, the Supreme Court follows the election returns". The phrase has often been quoted, sometimes by people who have never heard of Mr. Dooley.

The year 1902 saw a steady stream of high-quality Dooley pieces written by Dunne, with the barkeeper philosopher commenting on the events of the day, including King Edward's coronation, Arthur Conan Doyle's tales of Sherlock Holmes, and Arctic exploration. But most were on American politics. That Dunne was often a guest of Roosevelt at the White House did not spare the president from being skewered by Dooley, nor was the former Rough Rider's aggressive foreign policy spared. Dunne disliked imperialism, and was outraged by the actions of U.S. forces in the Philippine insurrection against American rule; he satirized Governor William Howard Taft's glowing report on progress there, "We are giving hundreds of these poor benighted heathen the well-known old-fashioned American water cure ... Everywhere, happiness, content, love of the step-mother country, except in places where there are people."

The presidential campaign of 1904, as Roosevelt sought election in his own right, brought Mr. Dooley ample opportunity to comment. The bartender mocked those who wished to be vice presidential candidate on Roosevelt's ticket, alleging that the Republicans "found a man from Wisconsin who was in drink and almost nominated him when his wife came in and dragged him away. They got Senator Fairbanks to accept ... by showing him a picture of our great and noble president trying to jump a horse over a six-foot fence". The president's enthusiastic campaigning attracted Mr. Dooley's attention: "And when Theodore Roosevelt kisses a baby thousands of mothers in all corners of the land hear the report and the baby knows it's been kissed and bears the honorable scar through life. Twenty years from now the country will be full of young fellows looking as though they'd graduated from a German college."

 Slow decline, apparent ending and brief resurrection (1905–1926)

Dunne had never found the actual writing of the Dooley pieces difficult, once he got started—it was finding that initial inspiration, and putting himself in a suitable frame of mind to compose, that he found increasingly hard after 1905. Aware that the columns were reaching an audience of millions and would be reviewed by critics when placed in book form, Dunne was reluctant to release pieces he considered substandard, and defended his position strongly in correspondence with the syndicators. In 1906, he joined with Ida Tarbell and Lincoln Steffens in forming The American Magazine, a project that occupied time and energy, especially since his regular column, "In the Interpreter's House", contained musings like Mr. Dooley's but without brogue or barroom. This allowed Dunne to make his points without tedious dialect. Thus, the Dooley columns continued only irregularly, occupying parts of each year from 1905 to 1915.

When Mr. Dooley could be found behind his bar, his sayings remained at a high standard. Roosevelt remained a target, friend, and White House host, one who took seriously what Mr. Dooley said and corresponded with Dunne about it. In 1906, after the publication of Upton Sinclair's muckraking The Jungle, about the unsanitary horrors of the meatpacking trade, Dooley summed up the objections of the packers to the book, "if they had a blind man in the Health Department, a few competent friends on the Federal Bench, and [corrupt Illinois senator] Farmer Bill Lorimer to protect the cattle interests of the Great West, they cared not who made the novels of our country." In June 1907, Dooley and Hennessy speculated as to what Roosevelt would do when his term expired in 1909. Dooley stated that were he an ex-president, the publican would try to do something really hard and likely to take up the remainder of his days, "I'd thry to be President again".

None of the columns after Dunne joined The American Magazine attracted the attention the earlier ones had, but Mr. Dooley continued to comment on the issues of the day.  Andrew Carnegie was a repeated target, as was John D. Rockefeller, whom Dooley summed up with "he never done anything wrong, save in the way of business" In 1909, during the debates over the Payne–Aldrich Tariff, Dunne examined the bill and came out of it with an exotic item called "divvy-divvy", which Mr. Dooley allowed, "was let in as a compliment to [Finance Committee chairman] Senator Aldrich. It's his motto." A seventh Dooley book was published in 1910, but given disappointing sales, the publishers abandoned plans for another in 1911. Although Dunne was a strong supporter of Roosevelt in the contentious 1912 presidential election, Mr. Dooley retained his customary above-the-fray attitude, mocking Roosevelt's excited oratory with Dooley feeling there was a large fire somewhere, a mystery solved when he opens the newspaper and learns "much to my relief, that it was not my pants but the Republic that was on fire".

Sickened by the carnage of World War I, and by the growing suspicion and intolerance with which Americans regarded each other, Dunne ended the Dooley series in 1915. The last of the original series of Mr. Dooley was "On Going to See the Doctor", which appeared in the February 1915 Hearst's magazine.  Mourned critic Gilbert Seldes, "We needed him badly during the war". Dunne was by then editor of Collier's, but was left unemployed, though with a financial cushion, when the magazine was sold in 1919. He was urged by many to resurrect the Dooley series, but was reluctant, as the publication of the eighth Dooley collection that year, Mr. Dooley on Making a Will and Other Necessary Evils gained only lukewarm sales and reviews; Francis Hackett of The New Republic accused Dunne of "scor[ing] hard and often—on a newspaper target".

It was not until 1922 that Dunne, driven by financial need, began to work on Dooley again, first by shortening old columns for re-syndication, and then, during the 1924 presidential campaign, writing new ones for the newspapers, with Mr. Dooley's tavern transformed by Prohibition into a speakeasy. Beginning early in the year, these appeared on a weekly basis but ended in the final days of the campaign, and conflict with the syndicator when Dunne was unable to produce expected columns put an end to original Mr. Dooley in newspapers. Although prominently featured, these new columns did not generate a great deal of interest. Nevertheless, Dunne was encouraged enough to agree, in 1926, to do a regular Dooley piece for the weekly Liberty magazine.  These appeared regularly for six months, and then Dunne ended the arrangement. Ellis speculated that Dunne may no longer have been in financial need, or knew that the pieces were not up to the standards he had earlier set. Dunne's friendship with some of the figures associated with the scandals of the Harding administration, such as Harry Daugherty and Edward Doheny, made it difficult for Mr. Dooley to keep up his pose of disinterested outsider, and Dunne indirectly defended Daugherty in one piece. Dunne's last Mr. Dooley column was "On the Farmer's Woes", appearing in the July 3, 1926 issue.

Soon after the series with Liberty ended, Dunne received a large bequest from his friend Payne Whitney, relieving him of the need to work.  Thereafter, Dunne gave up professional writing, with the exception of an infrequent guest editorial or column, and did not write any more Dooley pieces; he died in 1936.

 Language and technique

Over 500 columns and thirty years, Dunne's use of Irish dialect remained fairly consistent.  He avoided stereotypically Irish words like begorrah. Among the vowel shifts Dunne used is that from ē (as in the first vowel sound in "easily") to ā (thus, it becomes "aisily"). The word "my" becomes "me" in the mouth of Dooley, and "by" becomes "be", but these are more grammatical distortions than vowel shifts. The letter "y" is often used to begin constructions beginning with multiple vowels, like "-ious" and "-iate", thus they become "-yus" (gloryus) and "-yate" (humilyate) and when added next to consonants or diphthongs can distort the word in a way confusing to the reader (villain becomes villyan; giant becomes joynt). Some of the puns that Dunne made transcend language barriers, as when Dooley renders Émile Zola's famous admonition in the Dreyfus case, J'Accuse…! (I Accuse!), as "jackuse" (jackass). Pronouncing it at Dreyfus's trial gets Zola "thrun ... out" for "a hell of a mane thing to say to anny man".

The authenticity of Dunne's use of dialect was controversial even in his own lifetime.  Dunne's partisans claimed that it was genuine Roscommon dialect, phonetically transcribed. But Dunne never called it such, making it clear in the columns that Mr. Dooley had been in America for many years, and so his dialect would have been modified by decades of exposure to an Archey Road wherein was known every way of speaking heard from Armagh to Bantry Bay, and more besides. Dunne was not always consistent in his usages, and spells Dooley's favorite subject, "polytics", "polliticks", "pollytics" and correctly. According to Ellis, while Dunne was no philologist, he had a good ear, and the biographer considered the Dooley pieces the outstanding use of Irish-American dialect in written form. Paul Green, though, in his introduction to the 1988 edition of Mr. Dooley in Peace and in War, averred that scholars in Ireland have stated that Dunne did not capture the dialect, and have written that the Dooley pieces were not popular there. According to Dunne's son Philip, except in a few of the early pieces, Dooley "spoke always as an American, dealing with American and world issues. Eliminate the brogue and the pieces stand out as what they were: pure Americana."

Scholars have differed on the issue of what is to be made of Mr. Dooley and the often bizarre things Dunne placed in his mouth: whether Dooley is intended to believe that he is a cousin of Admiral Dewey, or that "Mack" (as he calls President McKinley) has actually said the seemingly unlikely things that the barkeeper relates. Walter Blair, in his 1942 volume on American humor, considered Mr. Dooley too much of a provincial innocent to grasp that referring to the president so familiarly might be a solecism. Many Dooley pieces commence "I see by the papers", that is, the newspapers Dooley subscribes to for his customers to read and which the bartender peruses at slack times, constituting a major source of information for him. Blair contended that Dooley knows only what he reads in the Evening Post and other papers, and gullibly believes quotations he has heard without attribution from his customer Hogan were made up by that bookish patron. Dunne wrote in 1898 that Dooley "reads the newspapers with solemn care, heartily hates them, and accepts all they print for the sake of drowning Hennessy's rising protests against his logic".

Norris Yates, in his The American Humorist (1964), argued that Dooley is entirely reliant on the papers for information, and has understood them badly. He wrote that Mr. Dooley is intended to be the opposite of the well-informed citizen sought by the Progressive Movement, and that his comments contain more truth than he knows. John O. Rees, in his journal article on Mr. Dooley, suggested that the barkeeper is intended to act in full awareness of how fantastic his words can be; he is expanding on what he has seen in the papers, turning it into a pointed story for the entertainment and edification of Hennessy, and himself. Dooley's apparent misrenderings of the literary quotations Hogan has supposedly regaled him with are, most frequently, too pointed to be mere muddling from the uneducated mind, for example alluding to Gray's Elegy in stating, while discussing high-society gossip, "No one wants to hear what Hogan calls, 'The short and simple scandals of the poor'." Although Mr. Dooley claims not to read books, this is not true as he reviews at least two, Roosevelt's tale of his time in Cuba and Sinclair's The Jungle. Occasionally Hennessy is fooled into believing what Dooley has spoken is literally so, forcing the publican to explain to his customer that what he has said was "a joke. I med it up."

 Legacy and remembrance

For Dunne, the Dooley pieces were a burden, but one that brought him fame and money, neither of which was enough to keep him at his desk once he gained the Whitney legacy. Before he died in 1936, Dunne knew that interest in the Dooley pieces was fading, which saddened him.  Understanding that readers were having trouble with the Irish dialect, he experimented with translating the columns into ordinary English, but published none in that form. In 1938, The New Republic noted in an article, "if you try quoting Mr. Dooley's brogue to the average listener you will be rewarded with a look of intense pain. But if you translate Mr. Dooley into ordinary English nearly everything precipitates out as pure wisdom." Ellis, writing in 1941, argued, "that the Dooley essays are journalism of the finest type few will dispute; that they are literature in the more permanent sense may not be so clear. Were the American-Irish brogue of Mr. Dooley still a living and growing language there might be no doubt about it, but Mr. Dooley's language has become at least obsolescent, and that puts the future of the Dooley essay in serious question." Ellis noted that attempts to imitate Dunne's success with other Irish-dialect columns failed, and suggested the brogue was not essential to the originals'  popularity, "Dunne's essays lose nothing today when translated into ordinary English words".

Author J. C. Furnas regretted that "a Presidential year always makes Dooleyites feel frustrated.  In 1960 we need Mr. Dooley to deal adequately with such things as public-opinion polls; Mr. Truman's opinion of primaries; the spring swarming of the Kennedys in Minnesota; [and] the problem [of]  whether Mr. Nixon should invite Checkers back into the act". Writing again in 1991, Furnas suggested potential Dooley targets might include the Bork and Souter confirmation hearings, and the omnipresence of blue jeans; but that an impediment to a revival of interest in Dooley was the present-day view of dialect works as demeaning. English professor John W. Lowe stated that Dooley "set the model for an ethnic spokesman who could be entertaining and informative at the same time using humor to mask a subversive form of humor and get a message across. Then, the Irish made it, and they found his brogue and dialect embarrassing."

Historian Richard Hofstadter deemed Dunne through Dooley "one of [the Progressive Era's] shrewdest commentators". Louis Filler wrote in 1954 that "any lively mention of the Progressive Era is bound to evoke recollections of Dooley, usually in the form of one of his aphorisms". Dunne is closely associated with that era, and worked with several of the muckrakers during the first decade of the 20th century. Scholars have not agreed on the extent to which Dunne through Dooley influenced the era: Ellis believed that the Dooley columns paved the way for public acceptance of the realistic writing of the muckrakers, but Filler disagreed, noting that Dunne's was one of many voices calling for reform in the 1890s. Journalism professor John M. Harrison argued that though Dunne's progressivism, of a non-Marxist sort, placed him at odds with others who urged change, "he was as effective as any writer of his time in keeping before the public mind those issues and questions that were the moving forces in the Progressive movement".

According to Chase Madar in his 2012 article on Dooley, "though Mr. Dooley has been nearly forgotten since the 1930s, in his prime he was the subject of comic strips and pop songs and quoted widely by presidents and Parliaments". As well as the adage about the Supreme Court following the election returns, other Dooleyisms that survived Dunne's time include "politics ain't bean-bag" and that a purpose of newspapers was to "comfort the afflicted and afflict the comfortable". In July 2016, Kevin D. Williamson used "politics ain't beanbag" (as he put it) to excuse the failure of unsuccessful contenders for the Republican presidential nomination to fulfill their promises and endorse the winner, Donald Trump.

Contrasting with Dooley's present obscurity is the fame of Dunne's friend Mark Twain. Furnas argued that Dooley was read and accepted by a far wider audience in his time than was Twain, thus rousing "the suspicion that as between the two, Dunne better fitted the notion of a national humorist". Fanning wrote, "Dunne's expansion of the literary uses of the vernacular dialect voice is comparable, though on a smaller scale, to Mark Twain's decision to let Huck Finn tell his own story." According to author and entertainer Max Morath:

 Books
 Mr. Dooley in Peace and in War (1898)
 Mr. Dooley in the Hearts of His Countrymen (1899)
 Mr. Dooley's Philosophy (1900)
 Mr. Dooley's Opinions (1901)
 Observations by Mr. Dooley (1902)
 Dissertations by Mr. Dooley (1906)
 Mr. Dooley Says (1910)
 Mr. Dooley on Making a Will and Other Necessary Evils'' (1919)

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

 Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt: Mr. Dooley

Fictional Irish people
Fictional characters from Chicago
Literary characters introduced in 1893
Fictional bartenders
Fictional immigrants to the United States
Male characters in literature


Van Zuylen van Nijevelt  ( is a noble family from the region of Rotterdam, town and region where several members of the family played a significant role. The head of the family is the Count van Zuylen van Nijevelt; the rest of the family bears the title baron or baroness.
This family must not be confused with the old noble family from Utrecht, Van Zuylen van Nievelt.

Origins
During the 19th century members of this family tried to prove that they were descendants of the Utrecht noble family. This has later been found impossible to prove.

Their genealogy starts with a merchant in hosiery trade Van Zuylen. Later they added 'Van Nijevelt' at the time when they had become affluent and accomplished important duties in Rotterdam. In 1848 they added "Van De Weyer", because of a familial marriage.

Philip Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt, senator, was made comte de l'Empire dd. 17 maart 1811. Several of his brothers were made baron de l'Empire in 1813 (not formally confirmed).

Under the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, several royal decrees, between 1815–1822, confirmed the noble status of the family. In 1822 the chief of the family was made a count and all other members baron and baroness.

Personalities
 mr. Jacob van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1699-1753), married in 1732 Aletta Johanna Timmers (1707-1775)
 mr. Jacob van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1739-1805), administrator of Rotterdam 1766-1805
 Jan Adriaan van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1776-1840), province governor.
 Arnout van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1780-1835), member of the reunion of notable citizens
 Jacob Pieter Pompejus van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1816-1890), prime minister
 Hugo van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1781-1853), minister.
 Philip Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1743-1826), gouvernor of Amsterdam.
 Pieter Hendrik van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1782-1825), commander of Limburg
 Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1819-1894), prime minister
 Robert van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1859-1911), mayor of Wassenaar.
 Philip Jules graaf van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1898-1940)
 Count Hugo Robert Johan van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1929-2018), founder of Duinrell
 Philip van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1962), CEO Duinrell
 Roderick van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1964), CEO Duinrell.

Arms
The family has canting arms: zuil is the Dutch word for column. Hence, the coat of arm depicts three columns. It seems to have been copied from the arms of the van Zuylen van Nievelt family from Utrecht.

Literature
 H. Obreen-La maison de Zuylen dans l'histoire des Pays-Bas, (Tongerloo, 1933).
 D.G. van Epen-Het geslacht van Zuylen van Nijevelt, ('s-Gravenhage, 1904).

Dutch noble families
Dutch patrician families
Barons of the Netherlands


The United States of America has conducted espionage against the Soviet Union and its successor state, the Russian Federation.

Soviet Union

Throughout the Cold War, acts of espionage, or spying, became prevalent as tension between the United States and Soviet Union increased. Information played a crucial role in the Cold War and would be essential to a victory of either side. Both the United States and Soviet Union understood this fact and invested greatly in espionage missions and technology.

Russian Federation

According to U.S. government officials, as of 2016 the United States Intelligence Community had earmarked up to 10-percent of its budgets "to Russia-related espionage".

Incidents
 In 2000 a former U.S. naval intelligence officer was convicted of espionage by a Russian court and sentenced to 20 years in prison, however, was later pardoned by Russian president Vladimir Putin. At the time of his arrest, the man had been seeking to purchase technical details about a Russian rocket-propelled torpedo; he later claimed he had only been seeking unclassified information regarding the torpedo for his technical consulting business.
 In 2013 Ryan Fogle, the third secretary at the U.S. embassy in Moscow, was deported from Russia after Russian counterintelligence officers caught him carrying two wigs, three pairs of sunglasses, a Moscow street atlas, $130,000 in cash, and "a letter offering up to $1-million a year for long-term cooperation".
 In 2017 a cybersecurity specialist working in the Federal Security Service was arrested by Russian authorities on suspicion of passing information to U.S. intelligence.

See also
 Operation Ivy Bells
 Operation Lincoln
 1960 U-2 incident
 List of American spies
 Arrest of Mark Kaminsky and Harvey Bennett
 Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)
 United States intelligence operations abroad
 Soviet espionage in the United States
 Russian espionage in the United States
 List of Soviet agents in the United States
 Espionage Act of 1917

References

Soviet Union–United States relations
Espionage by period
Intelligence operations
Espionage in the Soviet Union


Bernard H. Siegan (July 28, 1924 – March 27, 2006) was a longtime law professor at the University of San Diego School of Law, libertarian legal theorist and a former federal judicial nominee to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The New York Times called Siegan's nomination "one of the most bitterly disputed judicial nominations of the Reagan Era."

Early life and education
Born in Chicago, Siegan attended Marshall High School in Chicago, and served in the United States Army during World War II. Siegan earned a J.D. degree from the University of Chicago Law School in 1949.

Professional and academic career
Siegan practiced law in Chicago from 1949 until 1973. In 1973, he became Professor of Law at the University of San Diego School of Law, where he taught for more than thirty years, becoming Distinguished Professor of Law. There, he taught constitutional law, and on the interaction of economics and the law, hosting guest lectures from such figures as former Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Warren Burger, Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, former U.S. Attorney General Edwin Meese, and Nobel laureate James M. Buchanan. A participant in numerous academic and professional conferences, in 1983, for example, he spoke at The Thomas Jefferson School, a conference of intellectuals discussing Objectivism organized by economist George Reisman.

Siegan served on the National Commission on the Bicentennial of the Constitution (along with figures such as Senator Ted Kennedy), as a member of President Ronald Reagan's Commission on Housing, and as a consultant to the U.S. Department of Justice, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, and the Federal Trade Commission. After withdrawing his name from nomination to the federal judiciary, he led the U.S. Advisory Team on Bulgarian Growth and Transition, authoring its recommendations for a proposed Bulgarian Constitution following the fall of the Iron Curtain.

Siegan's work has been favorably cited by legal scholars such as Richard Epstein.

Nomination to the Ninth Circuit
On February 2, 1987, President Ronald Reagan nominated Siegan, who was a close friend of then-Attorney General Edwin Meese, to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit to fill the seat vacated by Judge Warren J. Ferguson, who had taken senior status. Almost immediately, Siegan's nomination ran into opposition from liberals and even some conservatives because of his libertarian views on economic matters, and on property rights in particular. Siegan also had held the position that the U.S. Supreme Court had erred in major civil rights rulings. The nomination was followed by one of the longest delays by the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee in addressing any judicial nomination in U.S. history up to that point. One of the loudest opponents to Siegan's nomination was Harvard Law School Professor Laurence Tribe, whose view toward Siegan softened years later.

Siegan had confirmation hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee on November 5, 1987, and again on February 25, 1988, but his senatorial opponents were not satisfied by the answers that he gave. Although Reagan administration officials had told Siegan in early 1988 that he had no chance of being confirmed, Siegan refused to withdraw, preferring instead to proceed with a vote from the Senate Judiciary Committee. On July 14, 1988, his nomination was defeated by the Senate Judiciary Committee, which voted 8–6 not to report his nomination favorably (an almost unheard-of action), and deadlocked 7–7 on whether to forward the nomination to the full Senate without a recommendation. Siegan himself formally withdrew his nomination on September 16, 1988.

Reagan later nominated Ferdinand Francis Fernandez to the seat, although he did so after the traditional start date of the Thurmond Rule in a presidential election year, and Fernandez's nomination was not acted upon by senators before the 100th Congress adjourned. President George H. W. Bush opted not to renominate Siegan to the seat either, instead renominating Ferdinand Francis Fernandez to the seat in 1989. Fernandez was confirmed that same year.

Death
Siegan suffered a stroke in 2005 and died on March 27, 2006, in Encinitas, California, of complications from that stroke.

Selected works
 Land Use Without Zoning (1972) ()
 Regulation, Economics and the Law (1976)
 Other People's Property (1976) ()
 Economic Liberties and the Constitution (1981) ()
 "The Rise and Fall of Economic Due Process: When the Supreme Court Championed and then Curtailed Economic Freedom" (1983, original paper, International Institute for Economic Research)
 The Supreme Court's Constitution: An Inquiry Into Judicial Review And Its Impact On Society (1987) ()
 Drafting a Constitution for a Nation or Republic Emerging into Freedom (1994) (based on his work as a consultant to the Bulgarian government on the creation of a new constitution) ()
 Property and Freedom: The Constitution, the Courts, and Land-Use Regulation (Studies in Social Philosophy and Policy) (1997) ()
 Property Rights: From Magna Carta to the 14th Amendment (2001) ()

See also
 Classical liberalism
 Constitutional economics
 Constitutional law
 Economic freedom
 Law and economics
 Libertarian theories of law
 Libertarianism
 Ronald Reagan judicial appointment controversies
 Zoning

References

External links

1924 births
2006 deaths
American libertarians
20th-century American lawyers
University of Chicago Law School alumni
University of San Diego faculty


Bonanza Jr./Sr. High School is a junior/senior public high school located in Bonanza, Oregon, United States.

Background
The school serves students in grades 7 through 12 in the city of Bonanza, as well as the outlying communities of Sprague River, Dairy, Bly, Beatty, and Langell Valley, the Yonna and Poe valley areas, and the surrounding region. The school's bus drivers drive 520 miles a day, because the school's attendance area covers nearly 950 square miles, with students living as far as 55 miles from the school and having to travel on the school bus up to three hours a day.

The school building also houses Bonanza Elementary School, serving K through 6th grade. Collectively the school is called Bonanza School, and the high school portion is known as Bonanza High School.

Building
Construction of the current school building began in 1944, after a fire destroyed the previous school in 1943. The center and right wings of the school were set to be completed in early 1945, and the remaining wing was to be completed when more funds became available.

Athletics
The school's mascot is the "Antlers" and the team colors are scarlet, black, and white. The school belongs to the Oregon School Activities Association and participates in the Mountain View Conference. Sports teams play in Class 2A-3, based on school enrollment.

References

External links
 "Bonanza School: Then and Now", by Donald V. Philpott from Klamath Country History, Klamath County Historical Society, 1984

High schools in Klamath County, Oregon
Public high schools in Oregon
Public middle schools in Oregon


Dawid Kręt (born 2 August 1988 in Płońsk) is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

Club career
Dawid Kręt joined Tęcza 34 Płońsk at age 14 and spent one season there, before moving to the youth team of Amica Wronki. During the 2007–2008 season, he signed a contract with Lech Poznań.

External links

1988 births
Living people
People from Płońsk
Footballers from Masovian Voivodeship
Polish men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Amica Wronki players
Lech Poznań players
Tur Turek players
Jeziorak Iława players
Polonia Słubice players
II liga players
III liga players


Lost River Jr./Sr. High School is a junior/senior public high school serving Merrill, Oregon and Malin, Oregon United States. It is named after the Lost River in Southern Oregon and Northern California.

Academics
Lost River is climbing academically and has young new teachers excited and ready to teach their curriculum.  Lost River has a small student to teacher ratio, which allows more one on one time with the teachers.

Athletics
Lost River's high school athletic program began around the time the school did.  The mascot is known as the "Raider" and the team colors are black and gold.

The school is a member in good standing of the Oregon School Activities Association and participate in the Southern Cascade League.  All teams currently play in Class 2A, based on school enrollment.

See also
 List of school districts in Oregon

References

External links

MaxPreps.com - Lost River Raiders

High schools in Klamath County, Oregon
Education in Klamath County, Oregon
Public high schools in Oregon
Public middle schools in Oregon


Andarine (developmental code names GTx-007, S-4) is an investigational selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) developed by GTX, Inc for treatment of conditions such as muscle wasting, osteoporosis and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), using the nonsteroidal antiandrogen bicalutamide as a lead compound.

Andarine is an orally active partial agonist of the androgen receptor (AR). In intact male rats, 0.5 mg andarine daily was shown to reduce prostate weight to 79.4%, and non-significantly increased levator ani muscle weight. In castrated male rats, this dose restored only 32.5% prostate weight, but 101%  levator ani muscle weight  This suggests that andarine is able to competitively block binding of dihydrotestosterone to its receptor targets in the prostate gland, but its partial agonist actions at the androgen receptor  prevent the side effects associated with the antiandrogens traditionally used for treatment of BPH.

See also
 Acetothiolutamide
 Enobosarm

References

Carboxamides
Phenol ethers
Selective androgen receptor modulators
Trifluoromethyl compounds


Silent House () is Orhan Pamuk's second novel published in 1983 after Cevdet Bey and His Sons.  The novel tells the story of a week in which three siblings go to visit their grandmother in Cennethisar, a small town near Istanbul. The book has received positive retrospective reviews from critics.

General
Silent House has 32 chapters. Each chapter is narrated from a different narrator's point of view in the first person. The names of the five narrators in the novel in turn are Recep, Fatma, Hasan, Faruk and Metin. The narrator of the opening chapter is Recep and the narrator of the closing chapter is Buyukhanim.
Each of the narrators has a different number of chapters to tell. Hasan has eight, Buyukhanim seven, Recep six, Faruk six, and Metin has five chapters. The distribution of the chapters to the narrators are as following:

The novel makes use of stream of consciousness and internal monologue.

Time and Place
The book takes place in Cennethisar, a small town near Istanbul.
It is set in July 1980. Silent House takes place just one month before the military coup of September 12 in Turkey. Therefore, the novel carries the influence of the great political tension.

Plot

Behçet Necatigil summarizes the plot of the novel: One of the five narrators of Silent House, historian Faruk does some research on Ottoman History in an archive in Gebze which is a small town near Istanbul.

The novel starts in an old, big and silent house in Cennethisar which is a part of Gebze. The owner of the house is an old, lonely and depressed woman named Fatma Hanim who is also referred to as grandmother and Buyukhanim in the novel. Recep who is a dwarf is responsible for everything related to the house such as feeding Buyukhanim, taking her to and from bed, cleaning the house, washing the dishes, and doing the shopping for the house. The three grandchildren of Buyukhanim will come to visit her for a week the next day. All the preparation for their arrival has been made.

Fatma Hanim thinks about her grandchildren in her bed at night. She plans how and what she is going to talk to them when they arrive. Then she starts to think of the past. She remembers her late husband Selahattin Bey. Dr. Selahattin Bey is a man of free mind. He does not like the government of Committee of Union and Progress which is a political party. Therefore he is forced to go to an exile in Gebze leaving Istanbul behind. The house where Fatma Hanim lives now has been made in those days in exile. During their marriage, he dedicated his life to working on a massive encyclopedia that he claimed would enlighten the nation, freeing its people from, among other things, what he saw as a foolish belief in God. His behavior, as Fatma relates, ultimately drove away all of his patients.

The grandchildren arrive on the day they are supposed to come. The eldest one is Faruk who is a historian. He works as an associate professor at the university. Nilgun is a student of sociology. She is a revolutionist. Metin is a high school student. He dreams of going to America and getting rich there. While they talk, Recep prepares the dinner table. After the dinner, Faruk and Nilgun start a long conversation. Metin goes out and finds his friend Vedat. They join in a group of rich youths. Metin falls in love with a girl in this group whose name is Ceylan.

Next morning Fatma Hanim and her grandchildren go to Selahattin Bey's grave. They pray. Fatma Hanim can't help crying. She is offended by her grandchildren's insensitivity. Faruk starts to do some research in the archive of Gebze District. He starts to examine old newspapers, magazines and court files. He really enjoys it. He aims to shed light on the past of the town. In the evening, they talk about the documents he has worked on during the day. Metin has a lot of fun every day. Once when he is drunk he tells Ceylan that he loves her but she does not care.

After finishing her work at home, Recep goes out at night to walk around. He looks around on the streets by himself. He is concerned about young people's making fun of his being very short. Recep's cousin Hasan is a right-wing terrorist. He puts on display posters on the walls of the streets with his friends at night. They write slogans defaming communism and socialism. During the day, they exact money from town's artisans. Hasan is a childhood friend of Nilgun and he likes her. Nilgun realizes this but she does not encourage him. She goes to the beach every morning with a book in her hands. She buys a Republican Newspaper on her way back home. Hasan follows her and realizes that she is a leftist. He tells about it to his friends. They do not approve Hasan's feeling an interest for such a girl and get angry with him. They make a plan to do something bad to her. Hasan appears in front of Nilgun suddenly while she is going back home to tell her about the plan that his friends made for her. However, Nilgun does not listen to him. She cries out "You, fascist!". Hasan gets very angry with this behavior and beats Nilgun badly on the street and runs away. Recep and the woman from the pharmacy take Nilgun home. The pharmacy lady tells her that she needs to go to a hospital but she does not want to go. She has bruises all over her body and face.

Faruk, Metin and Nilgun talk about what has happened. They decide to go back to Istanbul in the morning. Recep tells their decision to Fatma Hanim in the morning. They will go to say goodbye to her after the breakfast. However, after the breakfast, Nilgun does not feel well and she goes to her room to lie down. She gets worse after a while. Then she dies from cerebral hemorrhage. Her brothers are in shock. They don't know what to do. Meanwhile, Fatma Hanim waits for them to come upstairs and say goodbye to her. She calls Recep but he does not go to upstairs, either. She tries to go downstairs but she can't. She lies down on her bed and pulls her cover on her head. The house is in complete silence. Hasan goes to the station and reads the newspaper with fear and curiosity. He checks if there is any news about Nilgun. He leaves from Cennethisar taking a train.

The Interpretations of Orhan Pamuk on Silent House

Orhan Pamuk's observations about the novel are very significant in terms of the novel's analysis. All of the quotation are taken from the first edition of his book "The Other Colors" in which he brings his various writings together.

 The author's approach to the novel
I know that young people like Silent House most among my books. Maybe it is because there is something about my youth and my spirit in it... Each of the young characters in Silent House was me. In each of them, I tampered a different aspect of the youth. ( p.132)

 On the families in the novel
I understand these families as I grew up in the neighbourhoods similar to this and as I knew grandmothers like this and to some , yes, as it was easy for me. (p.131)

 On the birth of Silent House
One of the inspirations of Silent House is the letters that my grandfather wrote to my grandmother... My grandfather goes to Berlin to study law in the beginning of the 20th century. before he goes, they engage with my grandmother, Nikfal. My grandfather writes many letters to his fiance in Istanbul while he studies in Berlin. The attitude of these letters are like Selahattin Bey's teachings of Fatma Hanim. I know that my grandmothers' attitude to these letters are of sin, forbidden things and indifference. When I tried to dream about their unhappy relationship I had started to fictionalize Silent House.

On the young people in Silent House
The details and the environment of the youth in the novel, their car racing, their getting drunk in house gatherings, their going to discos and going to the beach and killing time are from the real stories of my friends in Sahil neighborhood in the early 1970s. We went there some time during summers. I remember those young people who would take their father's cars and racing with their friends. I was among them and while I was writing this novel I remembered them with a smile on my face. (p.132)

 On the characters of Silent House
... Today there are  people who aim to change his country radically with culture. The encyclopedic grandchildren of Selahattin Bey cannot write their own encyclopedias like he did. I think today, we are not as radical as Selahattin Bey even as an idea importer. As a result, I don't want anybody to think that I look down on people like Selahattin Bey. (p.131)

A number of reviewers have compared the character of Selahattin to Edward Casaubon in Middlemarch. One reviewer argued that the book "inherits its tense atmosphere of conflicting ideologies" from Fathers and Sons, which Nilgun reads.

Reception
Silent House received various reviews in the 2010s after the release of the English translation by Robert Finn, which was praised by some (like Francine Prose) but criticized by others such as reviewers William Armstrong and The Washington Post's Marie Arana.

Armstrong, in Hurriyet Daily News, described the novel as "one of [Pamuk's] more successful balancing acts between ["his taste for lofty intellectual flights of fancy and the need to spin a good yarn"]. It successfully knits social, historical, and philosophical considerations". Calling it a gripping snapshot of a divided country, he described the use of interior monologues narrated by each character as "a Faulknerian touch that gives thrust and variety to the story". Armstrong also said Silent House is a good introduction to Pamuk for new readers. Arana wrote that "it will have you flipping back and forth constantly, wondering how the puzzle fits [...] it is a remarkable mirror on the din and dissonance of the day." Max Liu, in The Independent, praised "its immediacy, topicality, early signs of the inventiveness and conviction that would later distinguish novels such as The Black Book and The Museum of Innocence."

Asif Farrukhi argued in Dawn that "Pamuk focuses his attention on individual lives and their concerns, without indulging in political allegorisation or heavy symbolism to make them more 'representative' of what is happening in the country [...] With a sure and steady hand, he introduces larger questions which [characters] are confronted with". He also praised the story between Hilgun and Nasan as having a "moving Dostoveskyan [sic] conclusion". In The Independent, David Evans said the book succeeds as a commentary on contemporary Turkish politics, and also argued that "Pamuk nimbly shifts between these characters as they muse on the subjects close to them [...] demonstrating an early mastery of technique. [...] in dramatising a range of different perspectives, the book stresses the importance of listening to dissenting views".

Francine Prose described the experience of reading the book as "very pleasurable" and explained, "The book is dense, threaded through with ideas about history, religion, memory, class and politics. But it never seems didactic because the reader comes to realize that these reflections are aspects of the inner life: plausible components of the characters’ psyches." The Guardian's Mark Lawson implied that Silent House was not among Pamuk's finest works, and said some cultural tensions within the country are represented "perhaps a little schematically." Nonetheless, Lawson stated, "A novelist prescient enough to publish [Hasan's predictions about the involvement of Islamist young men in a terrible event] in 1983 proved himself fully deserving of the call from the Swedish Academy in 2006." A writer for Kirkus Reviews argued, "Using a repetitive, circular, incremental technique, Pamuk builds a multifaceted panorama distinguished by his customary intellectual richness and breadth."

A reviewer in Publishers Weekly was more unfavorable, saying, "While Pamuk deftly suggests the political strife that roiled Turkish society before the 1980 coup, this narrative never achieves the richness and depth of his later work. All but one of the eight major characters are neurotic, self-pitying, resentful, contemptuous of others—even while they yearn to assuage their loneliness—and filled with grandiose dreams of what they’ll never achieve." Emily Donaldson wrote in Toronto Star that "those new to his work [...] would do best to start elsewhere."

Awards

 1984 Madaralı Roman Ödülü
 1991 Prix de la découverte européenne (European Discovery Award)
 2012 Man Asian Literary Prize shortlist for the English translation
 Winner of Nobel Prize in Literature

Translations of Silent House
 Finnish Hiljainen talo, by Tuula Kojo (Helsinki: Tammi, 2011).
 French La maison du silence, by Münevver Andaç (Paris: Gallimard, 1988).
 Italian La casa del silenzio, by Francesco Bruno (Milano: Frassinelli, 1993).
 Portuguese A casa do silêncio, by Filipe Guerra (Lisboa : Editorial Presença, 2008)
 Dutch Het huis van de stilte, by Margreet Dorleijn (Amsterdam : De Arbeiderspers, 1995).
 Swedish Det tysta huset, by Dilek Gür (Stockholm : Norstedt, 1998).
 Spanish La casa del silencio, by Rafael Carpintero Ortega (Madrid : Metáfora Ediciones, 2001).
 Russian Дом тишины (Dom Tishiny), by Apollinarija Avrutina (Sankt-Peterburg : Amfora, 2007).
 Croatian Tiha kuća, by Marta Andrić (Zagreb : Vuković & Runjić, 2008).
 Polish Dom ciszy, by Anna Akbike Sulimowicz (Kraków : Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2009).
 German Das stille Haus, by Gerhard Meier (München : Hanser, 2009)
 Georgian მდუმარე სახლი, by Lia Chlaidze (Tbilisi : Bakur Sulakauri Publishing, 2012)
 Persian خانه‌ی خاموش, by Sara Mostafapour (Tehran: Markaz, 2014)
 English Silent House, by Robert Finn (New York : Knopf, 2012)

Bibliography
 Aksungur, Bilal
Orhan Pamuk'un Romanlarında Şahıslar Kadrosu, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çanakkale OnSekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Anabilim Dalı. Tez No: 160927.
Not: Sayfa 72-144 Sessiz Ev üzerinedir; özellikle roman kişileri üzerine ayrıntılı bilgiler içerir.
 → Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi adresinden PDF dosyasına ulaşılabilir.
 Aral, Fahri (yay. haz.)
Orhan Pamuk Edebiyatı. Sempozyum Tutanakları (İstanbul: Sabancı Üniversitesi, 2006).
 Ecevit, Yıldız
Orhan Pamuk'u Okumak (İstanbul: Gerçek, 1996).
Türk Romanında Postmodernist Açılımlar (İstanbul: İletişim, 2006).
 Güllü, Nuray
"Sessiz Ev" Üzerine Bir Metindilbilim Çalışması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, On Dokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Anabilim Dalı. Tez No: 32187.
 → Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi adresinden PDF dosyasına ulaşılabilir.
 Karakaşoğlu, Yasemin
Fünf Stimmen im lautlosen Haus (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1993). [kaynakça: s. 107-112]
 Kılıç, Engin (der.)
Orhan Pamuk'u Anlamak (İstanbul: İletişim, 1999).
 Kırkoğlu, Serdar Rifat
"Bir Zaman Romanı: Sessiz Ev", Çağdaş Eleştiri Dergisi, 1984.
 Pamuk, Orhan
Öteki Renkler: Seçme Yazılar ve Bir Hikâye (İstanbul: İletişim, 2006).
Not: S. 130-133, Orhan Pamuk'un Sessiz Ev üzerine bir söyleşisini ve gözlemlerini içerir.
 Tezcan, Asuman
1980 Sonrası Toplumsal Değişimin Orhan Pamuk'un Romanlarına Yansıması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Gazetecelik Anabilim Dalı. Tez No: 62869.
Not: Hem Sessiz Ev, hem öteki Orhan Pamuk romanlarının tarihsel, toplumsal, yazınsal art alanını genel çizgileriyle vermesi açısından son derece yararlı bir çalışma.
 → Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi adresinden PDF dosyasına ulaşılabilir.
 Uğurlu, A. Ayşegül
Orhan Pamuk Romanında Atmosfer, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Mimarlık Anabilim Dalı. Tez No: 142641.
Not: Doğrudan Sessiz Ev üzerine olmamakla birlikte, son derece yararlı ve özenli hazırlanmış bir çalışma.
 → Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi adresinden PDF dosyasına ulaşılabilir.

References

External links
 Berman, Paul  "La Maison du Silence," The New Republic, 9 Eylül 1991, s.36-39 (English:February 10, 2008).
 Biçer, Boray  Orhan Pamuk'un Romancılığı ve Romanları
 Zand, Nicole  "La Maison du Silence," Le Monde, 9 Eylül 1991, s.36-39

1983 novels
Novels by Orhan Pamuk
Novels set in Turkey


Samara O'Shea (born September 22, 1979 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American author, blogger, and professional letter writer.

She has written two books published by HarperCollins: For the Love of Letters: A 21st-Century Guide to the Art of Letter Writing and Note to Self: On Keeping a Journal and Other Dangerous Pursuits.
She blogs for The Huffington Post, and has been a guest blogger for Powell's Books and TalkingMakeup.com. She also runs an online letter-writing service at LetterLover.net.

O'Shea spent her adolescent years in Mantua Township, New Jersey. She graduated from Clearview Regional High School in 1997 and from Duquesne University in 2001. In college, O'Shea wrote for the Duquesne Duke, was an intern at Pittsburgh Magazine, and presided as president of the Alpha Omega chapter of the national sorority Alpha Gamma Delta.

Following graduation, O'Shea moved to Manhattan to pursue a career in magazines before writing books, interning at O: The Oprah Magazine,  Harper's Bazaar, and Esquire. Her writing has since appeared in Country Living, Woman's Day, and All You.

Bibliography

For the Love of Letters: A 21st-Century Guide to the Art of Letter Writing Publisher: Collins Living (April 24, 2007)
Note to Self: On Keeping a Journal and Other Dangerous Pursuits Publisher: Collins Living (July 22, 2008)
Loves Me...Not: How to Survive (and Thrive!) in the Face of Unrequited Love Publisher: February Books (January 28, 2014)

References

External links
Official Web site
Huffington Post blog
Book trailer for the book "Note To Self"

1979 births
Living people
Writers from Philadelphia
Duquesne University alumni
American bloggers
HuffPost writers and columnists
People from Mantua Township, New Jersey


During President Ronald Reagan's presidency, he nominated two people for the Supreme Court and at least twelve people for various federal appellate judgeships who were not confirmed. In some cases, the nominations were not processed by the Democratic-controlled Senate Judiciary Committee before Reagan's presidency ended, while in other cases, nominees were rejected by the Senate Judiciary Committee or even blocked by unfriendly members of the Republican Party. Three of the nominees were renominated by Reagan's successor, President George H. W. Bush. Two of the nominees, Ferdinand Francis Fernandez and Guy G. Hurlbutt, were nominated after July 1, 1988, the traditional start date of the unofficial Thurmond Rule during a presidential election year. Eight of the thirteen seats eventually were filled by appointees of President George H. W. Bush.

List of unsuccessful federal judicial nominations
Reagan made 32 nominations for federal judgeships that were not confirmed by the Senate. Of these, one, Robert Bork, was rejected by the Senate and 9 were withdrawn by Reagan, while the other 22 expired at an adjournment of the Senate, including 16 that were pending at the close of the 100th Congress. Seven of his unsuccessful nominees were subsequently nominated to federal judgeships by other presidents, and all 7 were confirmed.

Failed nominees

Supreme Court of the United States
Seat 1 – Robert Bork (rejected 42—58 by Senate)
Seat 1 – Douglas Ginsburg (withdrew before nomination was submitted; seat later filled by Reagan nominee Anthony Kennedy)
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
New York seat – Stuart A. Summit (judgeship later filled by George H. W. Bush nominee John M. Walker, Jr.)
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
Louisiana seat – David C. Treen (judgeship later filled by Reagan nominee John Malcolm Duhé, Jr.)
Louisiana seat – Jacques L. Wiener, Jr. (judgeship later filled by George H. W. Bush; Wiener was renominated for the seat by Bush)
Texas seat – Lino Graglia (judgeship later filled by Reagan nominee Jerry Edwin Smith)
United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
Indiana seat – William F. Harvey (judgeship later filled by Reagan nominee Kenneth Ripple)
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
California seat – Bernard Siegan (judgeship later filled by George H. W. Bush nominee Ferdinand Francis Fernandez)
California seat – Ferdinand Francis Fernandez (judgeship later filled by George H. W. Bush; Fernandez was renominated for the seat by Bush)
California seat – Pamela Ann Rymer (judgeship later filled by George H. W. Bush; Rymer was renominated for the seat by Bush)
Idaho seat – Guy G. Hurlbutt (judgeship later filled by George H. W. Bush nominee Thomas G. Nelson)
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
Seat – Judith Richards Hope (judgeship later filled by George H. W. Bush nominee Clarence Thomas)
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
Seat – Susan Liebeler (judgeship later filled by George H. W. Bush nominee S. Jay Plager)
Seat – Sherman Unger (judgeship later filled by Reagan nominee Jean Galloway Bissell)

Others who were considered for nomination

In 1981, Reagan strongly and publicly had considered nominating Hallmark Cards attorney Judith Whittaker, who is the daughter-in-law of the late Supreme Court associate justice Charles Evans Whittaker, to a vacancy on the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit that had been created by the decision by Floyd Robert Gibson to take senior status. Whittaker, a Republican, was dropped from consideration in December 1982 before being formally nominated, amid grassroots concerns among conservatives about Whittaker’s support of the Equal Rights Amendment and published rumors suggesting that she favored abortion rights. Ultimately, the White House nominated John R. Gibson in 1982 to the seat, and he was confirmed by the United States Senate.

In 1982, Reagan strongly and publicly had considered nominating New Orleans lawyer Ben C. Toledano to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit to replace Robert A. Ainsworth Jr., who had died in 1981. Toledano was recommended for the position by Louisiana’s Republican leadership, including then Governor David C. Treen. However, Toledano’s nomination was opposed by local and state chapters of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and a local group of African-American attorneys, who cited Toledano’s involvement in his twenties as an active supporter of racial segregation and his efforts to organize the segregationist States' Rights Party of Louisiana. (A number of prominent Louisiana blacks supported the nomination.) In December 1982, Reagan’s Counsel to the President, Fred Fielding, wrote in a memo that the joint White House-Justice Department working group “has identified Benjamin C. Toledano ... as a well-qualified candidate for nomination to the existing vacancy on the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals. However, we believe the facts described below should be brought to your personal attention before further action occurs on the part of this prospective nominee.” Fielding’s memo described Toledano’s past and the opposition to his nomination by a committee of the American Bar Association. Several days later, the White House informed Toledano that it would not proceed with his nomination, and evidence shows that Reagan himself personally made the decision. Reagan wound up nominating W. Eugene Davis to the seat, and he was confirmed in 1983.

Failed nomination of Jeff Sessions to district court
In 1986, Reagan nominated Jeff Sessions to be a judge of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Alabama. Sessions' nomination was recommended and actively backed by Alabama Republican Senator Jeremiah Denton. A substantial majority of the American Bar Association Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary, which rates nominees to the federal bench, rated Sessions "qualified", with a minority voting that Sessions was "not qualified".

At Sessions' confirmation hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee, four Department of Justice lawyers who had worked with Sessions testified that he had made several racist statements. One of those lawyers, J. Gerald Hebert, testified that Sessions had referred to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) as "un-American" and "Communist-inspired" because they "forced civil rights down the throats of people". Thomas Figures, a black Assistant U.S. Attorney, testified that Sessions said he thought the Ku Klux Klan was "OK until I found out they smoked pot". Sessions later said that the comment was not serious, but apologized for it. Figures also testified that on one occasion, when the Civil Rights Division sent the office instructions to investigate a case that Sessions had tried to close, Figures and Sessions "had a very spirited discussion regarding how the Hodge case should then be handled; in the course of that argument, Mr. Sessions threw the file on a table, and remarked, "I wish I could decline on all of them,"" by which Figures said Sessions meant civil rights cases generally. After becoming Ranking Member of the Judiciary Committee, Sessions was asked in an interview about his civil rights record as a U.S. Attorney. He denied that he had not sufficiently pursued civil rights cases, saying that "when I was [a U.S. Attorney], I signed 10 pleadings attacking segregation or the remnants of segregation, where we as part of the Department of Justice, we sought desegregation remedies." Figures also said that Sessions had called him "boy". He also testified that Sessions "admonished me to 'be careful what you say to white folks.'" Sessions was also reported to have called a white civil rights attorney a "disgrace to his race".

Sessions responded to the testimony by denying the allegations, saying his remarks were taken out of context or meant in jest, and also stating that groups could be considered un-American when "they involve themselves in un-American positions" on foreign policy. Sessions said during testimony that he considered the Klan to be "a force for hatred and bigotry". In regards to the marijuana quote, Sessions said the comment was a joke but apologized.

In response to a question from Joe Biden on whether he had called the NAACP and other civil rights organizations "un-American", Sessions replied "I'm often loose with my tongue. I may have said something about the NAACP being un-American or Communist, but I meant no harm by it."

On June 5, 1986, the committee voted 10—8 against recommending the nomination, with Republican Senators Charles Mathias of Maryland and Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania voting with the Democrats. It then split 9—9 on a vote to send Sessions' nomination to the Senate floor with no recommendation, this time with Specter in support. A majority was required for the nomination to proceed. The pivotal votes against Sessions came from his home state's Democratic Senator Howell Heflin. Although Heflin had previously backed Sessions, he began to oppose Sessions after hearing testimony, concluding that there were "reasonable doubts" over Sessions' ability to be fair and impartial. The nomination was withdrawn on July 31, 1986. Sessions became only the second nominee to the federal judiciary in 48 years whose nomination was killed by the Senate Judiciary Committee. The seat would be filled by another Reagan nominee Alex T. Howard Jr.

Sessions was later elected to the U.S. Senate in 1996, and re-elected in 2002, 2008 and 2014, and in November 2016 became President Donald Trump's nominee for Attorney General.

See also
 Ronald Reagan Supreme Court candidates
 United States federal judge
 Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts
 Deaths of United States federal judges in active service

References

judicial appointments
Reagan, Ronald


Øvrevoll Galoppbane  is the only gallop racecourse in Norway

It is located at Øvrevoll between Østerås (west), Jar (south) and Eiksmarka (north) in Bærum. It has both a turf track and an all-weather track. It was officially opened in 1932 by King Haakon VII and Queen Maud.

The biggest event of the year is the Derby Day, one Sunday at the end of August every year. Øvrevoll Galoppbane has a grandstand with a restaurant, as well as the Stallkroen Restaurant on the north side of the track. Sherryhaugen Café has a good view of the paddock.

In the late 1980s there were plans to build a hotel and a shopping mall near the circuit, to generate more traffic at the racecourse. This was rejected by local authorities. There were talks about moving the entire racecourse to rural Lier in protest, but this did not happen, partly because Norsk Rikstoto did not have finances to back it up. In 1990 the owners announced plans to stay at Øvrevoll, but expand by building a golf course.

Notable races
 Marit Sveaas Minneløp
 Polar Cup
 Walter Nilsens Minneløp

See also
 List of Scandinavian flat horse races

References

Sports venues in Bærum
1932 establishments in Norway
Horse racing venues in Norway


Several Native American tribes within the United States register motor vehicles and issue license plates to those vehicles.

The legal status of these plates varies by tribe, with some being recognized by the federal government and others not. Some nations issue plates for both tribal and personal vehicles, while others issue plates only for official tribal vehicles.

Some nations' plates indicate the U.S. state with which they are most closely associated, while others do not. This variation may even exist among the nations associated with one particular state.

Federally recognized tribes may also lease vehicles through the U.S. General Services Administration under certain circumstances. Such vehicles carry U.S. government license plates.

Alaska
Chickaloon: legal status unknown
Gold Creek-Susitna: legal status unknown

Maine
 Wabanaki Confederacy (Maine license plates inscribed "Wabanaki," restricted to members of the Confederacy.)

Michigan
Keweenaw Bay Indian Community
Bay Mills Indian Community

Minnesota
Red Lake Indian Reservation
White Earth Indian Reservation
Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe

North Dakota

Spirit Lake Tribe
Three Affiliated Tribes
Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa

Oklahoma

Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
Caddo Nation of Oklahoma
Cherokee Nation
Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes
Chickasaw Nation
Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
Citizen Potawatomi Nation
Comanche Nation
Delaware Nation
Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma
Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma
Kaw Nation
Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma
Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
Miami Tribe of Oklahoma
Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma
Muscogee Creek Nation
Osage Nation
Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma
Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians
Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma
Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
Quapaw Tribe of Indians
Sac and Fox Nation
Shawnee Tribe
Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma
United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma
Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Wichita, Keechi, Waco & Tawakonie)
Wyandotte Nation

South Dakota
All tribal plates in South Dakota are issued by the state.  There are nine tribes recognized.  All nine have non-graphic, tax exempt plates beginning with a tribe-specific prefix, for use on official vehicles.  Seven of the nine tribes also have graphic plates available for private vehicles.  The graphic plates are available to all South Dakota residents (no tribal affiliation is required.)
Cheyenne River Lakota: official vehicles only; South Dakota Exempt plates with "CRT" prefix.
Crow Creek Dakota
Lower Brule Lakota
Flandreau Santee Dakota
Oglala Lakota: official vehicles only; South Dakota Exempt plates with "OST" prefix.
Rosebud Lakota
Sisseton Wahpeton Dakota
Standing Rock Dakota & Lakota
Yankton Dakota

Washington

Official, tribally owned vehicles bearing plates issued by tribes are allowed to use public roads under Washington state law. The Yakama tribe began issuing plates to all members in 2011.
Puyallup
Colville
Lummi
Muckleshoot
Quinault Indian Nation
Spokane Tribe
Tulalip Tribes
Yakama Nation

Wisconsin

Wisconsin Department of Transportation has reciprocal recognition of vehicle registration with the indicated Tribal organizations. It allows for unrestricted use and operations of vehicles registered with either the State of Wisconsin or the Tribal jurisdictions as per Wisconsin Statutes Section 341.409.
Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians
Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians
Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin
Oneida Indian Tribe of Wisconsin, with variations for different clans
Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa

References

External links

Indian tribes
Native American law
American Indian reservations


Sevenless (sev) is a gene in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster that encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase protein essential to the development of the R7 photoreceptor cells in the Drosophila embryonic eye. The Drosophila ommatidium contains 8 distinct retinula or R cells, each of which has a different spectral sensitivity. The R7 photo receptor, located in each of several ommatidium in the fly's compound eye, is used to detect ultraviolet light. The R8 photoreceptor contains an activator of the RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase) for on a precursor R7 cell, called the bride of sevenless (BOSS). The binding of BOSS to sevenless stimulates a complex series of reactions involving the RTK (sevenless), MAP kinases, Ras and many more molecules to differentiate that precursor R7 photo receptor to a fully functional R7 photo receptor that can see UV light. Much of this knowledge was gained by examining flies with a mutant sevenless which still produced a fully functional R7 photoreceptor when a dominant Ras was injected into the mutant R7 precursor.

References

Drosophila melanogaster genes


The Christmas Valley Sand Dunes are a natural sand dune complex covering  of public lands east of Christmas Valley in Lake County, Oregon, United States, about  southeast of Bend. The area is accessible via the Christmas Valley National Back Country Byway. The dunes are up to  high. It is the largest inland shifting sand dune system in the Pacific Northwest. The dunes are composed mostly of ash and pumice from the eruption of Mount Mazama that formed Crater Lake 7,000 years ago. Approximately  of dunes are open to vehicles.

Administration
The Christmas Valley Sand Dunes area is administered by Bureau of Land Management.  The Bureau of Land Management also oversees the Lost Forest Research Natural Area, east of the dunes as well as the land around nearby Fossil Lake to the west  In 1983, the Bureau of Land Management joined the Christmas Valley Sand Dunes, Lost Forest Research Natural Area, and Fossil Lake into a single Area of Critical Environmental Concern.  There are vehicle restrictions in much of the consolidated Area of Critical Environmental Concern.  However, approximately  of dune area remains open to vehicle use.  Off-road vehicles are allowed only on specific routes and in designated areas.  Camping is restricted to designated sites within the Area of Critical Environmental Concern.  All of the camp sites are primitive with no water or restrooms.  The nearest public facilities are located in the unincorporated community of Christmas Valley, approximately  away.

Recreation

The dunes are available for off-road and ATV recreational use in designated areas.  All Oregon state laws and regulations pertaining to off-highway vehicles apply. Vehicle operators must have a valid driver's license, state-issued all-terrain vehicle operator's permit, or be accompanied by someone 18 or older with a valid driver's license.  In addition, all off-road vehicles must have a red or orange flag on an extended antenna while driving on the dunes.  State alcohol and drugs laws also apply to all vehicle operator and passengers.  A $10 Oregon ATV operator permit may be required.  A valid driver's license in addition to an Oregon DOT helmet for persons under 18 years of age.

The Bureau of Land Management Road 6121 has been improved with gravel allowing access to the dunes during most of the winter and spring months.

See also
Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area

Gallery

References

External links
Christmas Valley Back Country Byway from the National Scenic Byways Program

Dunes of the United States
Bureau of Land Management areas in Oregon
Landforms of Lake County, Oregon
Protected areas of Lake County, Oregon


Epsom is a town in Surrey, England.  Related to that are:
Epsom railway station, serving Epsom
Epsom College, an independent school in Epsom
 Epsom Downs, an area of chalk upland near Epsom
Epsom Downs Racecourse, on Epsom Downs
Epsom Derby, a prestigious horse race run on Epsom Downs Racecourse
Epsom Oaks, another horse race run on Epsom Downs Racecourse
Epsom Downs (play), set on Epsom Derby day
Epsom Downs railway station, serving Epsom Downs
Epsom salts (magnesium sulphate), named for a saline spring in Epsom
Epsom and Ewell, the borough including Epsom
Epsom riot, a disturbance by Canadian soldiers in 1919
Epsom Wells, a play written by Thomas Shadwell in 1673

Other places

Australia
 Epsom, Queensland, a locality in the Isaac Region
 Epsom, Victoria, Australia
 Epsom Handicap, a Group 1 Australian Thoroughbred horse race run at Randwick Racecourse, Sydney

New Zealand
 Epsom (New Zealand electorate)
 Epsom, New Zealand

United States
Epsom, Indiana, United States
Epsom, New Hampshire, United States

Other uses
 Operation Epsom, the British attempt of the capture of Caen

See also
 Epson, a Japanese electronics company


The Federated States of Micronesia requires its residents to register their motor vehicles and display vehicle registration plates. Current plates are North American standard 6 × 12 inches (152 × 305 mm).

The designs of the plates vary by state, with Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Yap each issuing their own plates.

Although the history of the license plates of these islands is not well-documented, Chuuk, then known as Truk, had license plates as early as 1964.

References

Micronesia
Transport in the Federated States of Micronesia
Federated States of Micronesia-related lists


Nicotiana tomentosiformis is a perennial herbaceous plant.  It is a wild species of tobacco native to the Yungas Valley region in the eastern piedmont of the Andes Mountains, primarily in Bolivia.

Recent genetic evidence suggests it is one of the parent species of the common domesticated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), which was hybridized along with the species Nicotiana sylvestris, and possibly Nicotiana otophora

References

External links

tomentosiformis
Tobacco
Flora of Bolivia
Flora of the Andes


The 1997 Asian Super Cup was the 3rd Asian Super Cup, a football match played between the winners of the previous season's Asian Club Championship and Asian Cup Winners Cup competitions. The 1997 competition was contested by Pohang Steelers of South Korea, who won the 1996–97 Asian Club Championship, and Al Hilal of Saudi Arabia, the winners of the 1996–97 Asian Cup Winners' Cup.

Route to the Super Cup

Pohang Steelers

1Pohang Steelers goals always recorded first.

Al Hilal

1 Al Hilal goals always recorded first.
2 Al Qadisiyah withdrew
3 Al Nasr withdrew after 1st leg

Game summary

|}

First leg

Second leg

References
Asian Super Cup 1997

Asian Super Cup
Super
1997
1997
S
Al Hilal SFC matches