Wallbox is a smart electric vehicle charging and energy management provider which designs, manufactures and distributes electric vehicle charging technologies.

History
Wallbox was founded in Barcelona, Spain by Enric Asunción and Eduard Castañeda in 2015 initially using the name Wall Box Chargers. In 2017, Wallbox came first in South Summit, a European startup competition. Wallbox then came in third place at the Startup World Cup in May 2018. In October 2019, Wallbox created Quasar, the world's first bidirectional charger for the residential segment. Quasar was named the Best of Consumer Electronics Show in January 2020.

On June 9, 2021, Wallbox announced a merger with the special-purpose acquisition company Kensington Capital Acquisition Corp. II. The company will raise about $330 million from a range of investors, including Janus Henderson Investors, Luxor Capital, Cathay Innovation and Kensington Capital Partners. The deal closed on October 4, 2021.  Wallbox's shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol WBX.

During Super Bowl LVI, Wallbox was the first electric vehicle charging company to ever run an ad during the game.

In October 2023, it was announced Wallbox had acquired the Lauf an der Pegnitz-headquartered smart electric vehicle charging and energy management company, ABL for €15 million.

Awards
 Red Dot Design Award 2019 – Red Dot GmbH & Co. KG
 Best of CES 2020 – Electrek
 Best of CES 2020 – Newsweek
 Best of CES 2020 – Robb Report
 Best Transportation Technology CES 2020 – Engadget
 2020 World Changing Ideas Finalist – Fast Company
 Edison Awards, Silver Winner 2020 – Edison Awards
 Good Design Award 2021 – The Chicago Athenaeum Museum of Architecture and Design
 Excellent Product Design – Automotive Parts and Accessories German Design Award 2021 – German Design Council
 2021 World Changing Ideas Finalist – Fast Company
 2021 Good Design Award

References

External links
Wallbox Official Website
Electric Vehicle Charging Cable

W
Electric vehicles


Darío Luis Felman (born 25 October 1951) is a retired Argentine football striker who won the Copa Libertadores and Intercontinental Cup with Boca Juniors in 1977.

Club career
Felman started his career at Gimnasia y Esgrima de Mendoza in 1970 and is considered to have been one of the best footballers ever to play for the club. In 1974, he joined Independiente Rivadavia.

In 1975, he joined Boca Juniors and in 1976 he was part of the team that won back to back championships. The following season Boca went on to win the Copa Libertadores 1977 and he scored a goal in their 3–0 win over Borussia Mönchengladbach to win the Copa Intercontinental.

In 1978 Felman joined Valencia of Spain where he played alongside fellow Argentine Mario Kempes. In 1979, he was part of the Valencia squad that won the Copa del Rey and in 1980 the club won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and the UEFA Super Cup.

In 1984 Felman returned to Argentina and his first team Gimnasia y Esgrima de Mendoza.

International career
In 1976 Felman joined up with Menotti's Selección del Interior and in 1977 he played against Hungary alongside a young Diego Maradona who was making his international debut.

Managerial career
Felman had a brief spell as manager of Independiente Rivadavia, since then he has worked as assistant to Chino Benítez at Boca Juniors and Municipal of Guatemala.

Titles
Boca Juniors
 Argentine Primera División: Metropolitano 1976, Nacional 1976
 Copa Libertadores: 1977
 Intercontinental Cup: 1977

Valencia
 Copa del Rey: 1978–79
 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1979–80
 UEFA Super Cup: 1980

Notes

External links

Informe Xeneize biography
Es un Lobo de raza at Olé

1951 births
Living people
Footballers from Mendoza, Argentina
Argentine men's footballers
Argentina men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Independiente Rivadavia footballers
Boca Juniors footballers
Valencia CF players
Copa Libertadores-winning players
Argentine Primera División players
Argentine people of German descent
La Liga players
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Argentine football managers
Independiente Rivadavia managers


Seven Hills Halt railway station was a railway station in Suffolk, England on the branch line between Thetford and Bury St Edmunds. It was closed in 1953, along with the rest of the branch.

History
The railway line between Bury St Edmunds and Thetford was proposed by the Bury St Edmunds and Thetford Railway (B&TR) and authorised on 5 July 1865; but the company had problems in raising the necessary money. After assistance was given by the Thetford and Watton Railway (T&WR), the plan was modified, and instead of running to the main station at , a curve was built so that T&WR trains from  could run directly to the Bury St Edmunds line without reversing at Thetford. The B&TR line between  and  was opened on 1 March 1876. The B&TR was purchased by the Great Eastern Railway (GER) in 1878.

Trains on the B&TR were operated by the T&WR until 1879, when operation was taken over by the GER; after this, trains from Bury began to run to Thetford; the east to south curve at Thetford Bridge was not used after 1880. Thetford Bridge was then the last station before .

References

External links
 Seven Hills Halt station on navigable 1946 O. S. map

Disused railway stations in Suffolk
Former Great Eastern Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1922
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1953
Borough of St Edmundsbury


The Odd Egg is a children's picture book written and illustrated by British illustrator Emily Gravett.

Plot
An odd duck finds an old egg. He is jealous of mother birds having eggs. So he adopts the big egg that has green spots that matches his feathers. The other birds make fun of him about it. When each egg breaks open, only the odd duck's egg remains. The egg hatches later and it is an alligator. The alligator acts like a duck.

Reception
Amanda Craig, of The Times reviewed the book saying, "With her exquisitely expressive style of drawing animals, this was bound to be a winner. Children will feel for her poor Duck as he (not she) sits patiently, ignoring the sneers, waiting for an enormous green-spotted egg to hatch into an enormous and sinister surprise".
A Publishers Weekly review says, "There is mild ambiguity—not everyone is shown getting out of its way and feathers do fly—yet the gator seems amiable. A parting view shows it waddling after skinny Duck, saying “Mama,” wearing a scarf Duck has knitted and booties that resemble a duck's webbed feet. A witty salute to both nature and nurture".
A review from NATE Classroom says, "Aimed at an older early reader than Orange Pear Apple Bear but much simpler than Meerkat Mail, this book is perfect for sharing with children aged 3+. I would highly recommend this hardback version because this is simply a beautiful picture book that you can feel proud to own for a very long time at any age".

References

2008 children's books
British children's books
British picture books
Children's books about ducks
Children's books about crocodilians
Macmillan Publishers books


Mount Raukūmara is a 1413-metre (4636 ft) mountain that is the northernmost major peak in the Raukūmara Range in the northeast of New Zealand's North Island. It is part of the backbone of the range, which forms part of a line of mountains extending along the eastern side of the North Island between the Gisborne District and Wellington.

Mount Raukūmara is clearly visible from a great distance at sea, being located only 25 kilometres from both Cape Runaway and East Cape. Several rivers have their sources on the slopes of Raukūmara, among them tributaries of the Raukokore and Tapuaeroa Rivers.

Rauk


Jack Webster (August 1923 – June 27, 2002), nicknamed Copper Jack, was a leading police officer, administrator and police historian in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Webster was born in Toronto to an immigrant family from Scotland.  At age sixteen, he lied about his age to join the Royal Canadian Engineers; he later said that he was afraid World War II would already be over if he waited until the legal age of eighteen.  Webster was in the army for five years, and served in France, Belgium and the Netherlands.

He joined the Toronto police force on the same day he was discharged from the army in 1945, and was assigned to a street patrol on Queen Street West.  He once identified a person he had seen on his beat as escaped German prisoner of war Wolfgang Friedlander, which nearly led to Friedlander's capture in Quebec (Friedlander later turned himself in, fearing his identity would be discovered).  Webster was the last constable to ride a bicycle on his beat, and was the last Toronto policeman to wear a bobby's helmet and tight-necked tunic on duty.  In 1958, he was appointed to the city's newly formed Robbery Squad.

Webster later became commander of Toronto's homicide squad, and is credited with solving 85 murders.  One of the murderers he helped capture was Detroit gangster Arthur Lucas, who was one of the last two criminals executed in Canada before abolition of capital punishment.  Webster recounted that before his execution, Lucas calmly thanked Webster and his partner for handling the case in a fair manner.  Webster said in a 1987 interview that he supported capital punishment, but did not believe it would be re-established in Canada.

Webster became chief of detectives, and was eventually chosen to lead the force in Scarborough.  In 1976, he became leader of the force in Etobicoke with the rank of Staff Superintendent.  He once declined an offer to become deputy police chief of Metro Toronto.  Had he accepted the offer, he could have become the city's Chief of Police.

He retired from the force in 1988, but returned to work as an official historian at the Toronto Police Museum.  In 1991, he published an autobiography entitled Copper Jack: My Life on the Force, co-written with mystery writer Rosemary Aubert.  He moved to Winnipeg in 2000 to spend more time with his family.  His daughter, Rosemary Vodrey, was a senior cabinet minister in the Manitoba provincial government of Gary Filmon during the 1990s.

Webster died in 2002, at age 78.  Veteran Toronto Star crime reporter Gwyn "Jocko" Thomas spoke at his funeral, and described him as a "superb police officer".

References

Gwyn "Jocko" Thomas, "Copper Jack leaves a legacy -- Custodian of police history made plenty of his own", Toronto Star, 12 September 2000, 1.
Ellis Quinn, "Police veteran 'Copper Jack' Webster", Toronto Star, 29 June 2002, B3.
Nicholas Keung, "Officer 'cast long shadow' --- Mourners remember Jack Webster's love of family, dedication", Toronto Star, 3 July 2002, B5.

Footnotes

1923 births
2002 deaths
Toronto police officers
Canadian Army personnel of World War II
Royal Canadian Engineers soldiers
Canadian Army soldiers


Alexander Riazantsev (Russian: Александр Рязанцев; born 12 September 1985) is a Russian chess grandmaster. In 2016, he won the Russian Chess Championship and the European Rapid Chess Championship. He is one of the coaches of the Russian women's national chess team.

Career
Riazantsev won the World Youth Chess Championship in the U12 section in 1997, and the European Youth Chess Championship in the U14 division in 1998. In 2005, he won the Stork Young Masters tournament in Hengelo on tiebreak from Andrey Zhigalko, Vladimir Belov and David Baramidze. The following year, he came first in the Moscow championship. In 2010, Riazantsev tied for 1st–7th places with Vitali Golod, Nadezhda Kosintseva, Leonid Kritz, Sébastien Feller, Christian Bauer, Sébastien Mazé in the Master Open at the 43rd Biel Chess Festival, winning the event on tie-break score.

He competed in the FIDE World Cup in 2011 and 2013.

In September 2011, Riazantsev was appointed Russian national team coach.

References

External links

Alexander Riazantsev chess games at 365Chess.com
Interview with Alexander Riazantsev at chesscafe.com

1985 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Russian chess players
World Youth Chess Champions
Chess coaches
National team coaches
Sportspeople from Moscow


East Coasting is an album by Charles Mingus, recorded and released in late 1957. It was reissued on CD with bonus takes in 1993.

Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow stated: "One of Charles Mingus's lesser-known band sessions, this set of five of his originals (plus the standard 'Memories of You') features his usual sidemen of the period (trombonist Jimmy Knepper, trumpeter Clarence Shaw, Shafi Hadi on tenor and alto and drummer Dannie Richmond) along with pianist Bill Evans. The music stretches the boundaries of bop, is never predictable and, even if this is not one of Mingus's more acclaimed dates, it is well worth acquiring for the playing is quite stimulating."

Track listing
 "Memories of You" [Take 7]  (Eubie Blake, Andy Razaf) - 4:27
 "East Coasting" [Take 4]  -  5:13
 "West Coast Ghost" [Take 6] - 10:28
 "Celia" [Take 5] - 7:54
 "Conversation"  [Take 16] - 5:28
 "Fifty-First Street Blues" [Take 4] - 5:48
 "East Coasting" [alternate take]  - 5:30
 "Memories of You" [alternate take] (Blake, Razaf) - 4:42
 "Revelations" - 12:05
 "Woody 'n' You" (Dizzy Gillespie) - 8:44
 "Billie's Bounce" (Charlie Parker) - 9:08

Tracks 1 through 6 comprise the original album; 7 and 8 are bonus tracks; 9 through 11 are taken from other 1957 sessions and included on a 2010 CD reissue.
Tracks 1 through 8 recorded August 16, 1957, in New York City.
Track 9 recorded June 18, 1957, in New York City.
Tracks 10 and 11 recorded October 1957, in New York City.

Personnel
 Charles Mingus –  bass
 Clarence Shaw - trumpet (1-8)
 Jimmy Knepper - trombone
 Shafi Hadi - alto saxophone (1-8, 10, 11), tenor saxophone (10, 11)
 Bill Evans - piano (1-9)
 Horace Parlan - piano (10, 11)
 Dannie Richmond - drums (1-8, 10, 11)

Track 9 was recorded by the Jazz Workshop, a larger ensemble organized and led by Mingus that included Knepper and Evans.

References

1957 albums
Charles Mingus albums
Bethlehem Records albums


The Hupmobile Touring – E was a vehicle produced by the Hupp Motor Company.

See also
 Hupmobile

References
Source:

Cars of the United States
Hupmobile


The Waipaoa River is a river of the northeast of New Zealand's North Island. It rises on the eastern slopes of the Raukumara Range, flowing south for  to reach Poverty Bay and the Pacific Ocean just south of Gisborne. For about half of this distance its valley is followed by State Highway 2. The river has several important tributaries, among them the Wharekōpae, Waikohu, Mangatu, Te Arai, Waingaromia and Waihora rivers. Major settlements along the banks of the river include Te Karaka, Ormond, and Patutahi.

The river has formed the fertile and highly productive Poverty Bay flats on the edge of Gisborne. The Waipaoa River Flood Control Scheme was built in the 1950s. Stopbanks are to be raised by 2031, as soil erosion, especially from the Waingaromia and Mangatu catchments, has built up the river bed, the annual flow of sediment being 15 million tonnes. Despite this pollution, many of the headwaters have indigenous fish. In the lower river, water quality is poor for E. coli, clarity, turbidity, ammoniacal nitrogen and total phosphorus. The sediment, building up at the rate of several centimetres a year, even many kilometres into Poverty Bay, shows that removal of trees such as rimu, matai and kaihikatea and then converting fern covered areas to farmland by the early 20th century, increased sediment flows by 2 to 3 times the former rate.

References

Rivers of the Gisborne District
Rivers of New Zealand


Marwin Jonathan Pita Mora (born April 17, 1985) is an Ecuadorian footballer currently playing for LDU Portoviejo. He plays as a striker for his team.

Club career
Pita has played for many teams in Ecuador, including Macará, L.D.U. Quito, and El Nacional.

Liga de Quito
In his youth years he played for L.D.U. Quito. Although he came out of the youth ranks of LDUQ, he made no appearances for his team. Liga was not interested with Pita and as a result he was loaned out to Macará.

Macará
In 2005, Marwin was loaned out to Macará. For two years he stayed in Macará scoring goals. He was a key player and was having marvelous performances. In a game against Azogues, he had a hat-trick and was the best player of that game. He caught the eye of several Ecuadorian teams primarily Emelec and El Nacional. His hard work and talent gave him a good result during the end of his contract with Macará in the 2007 winter transfer window.

El Nacional
In the winter transfer window of 2008, Marwin was granted a loan move to El Nacional. He was used as a substitute during his first days with his new club. However, he became an important player for the club and is now a regular starter being used as a midfielder or a striker. He has been scoring goals for Nacional and is one of the best players of his team.

LDU Portoviejo
On 21 January 2019, Marwin joined LDU Portoviejo.

References

External links
El Nacional profile

1985 births
Living people
People from Portoviejo
Men's association football midfielders
Ecuadorian men's footballers
L.D.U. Quito footballers
C.S.D. Macará footballers
C.D. El Nacional footballers
Mushuc Runa S.C. footballers
C.D. Clan Juvenil footballers
L.D.U. Portoviejo footballers
Ecuador men's international footballers


The William W. Early House is a Queen Anne-style house located at Brandywine in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States, and is privately owned. It was constructed in 1907. According to a 1989 Historic American Buildings Survey report on the house, "The William W. Early House is probably the best example of turn-of-the-century Queen Anne-style domestic architecture in the county."

History
William W. Early had the house built on the property of his childhood home which included 23 acres of land. He was the grandson of William H. Early, an important landowner and developer of the village of Brandywine. William W. Early was the general manager for the Southern Maryland Railroad; this house contained his business office. The family resided in the house until 1949.

There were minor changes to the house in 1940 and 1970 for modernization.

The William W. Early House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

Architecture
This Queen Anne style house is roughly square, with a hip-roofed -story main block, and asymmetrical gable-roofed extensions, projecting bays, and corner tower, all decorated with fine jigsawn and shingle detail. A two-story octagonal tower forms one corner of the house.

Present
The current house with 3,221 square feet of living space is on 3.27 acres. There was an extensive restoration in 2002. It has been featured on the Home and Garden Network's Old Homes Restored.

References

External links
, including photo in 1985, at Maryland Historical Trust website

Description of House: several current photos and a list of features of the William W. Early House
The Early Family: History and photographs of the Early family of Brandywine, Maryland

Houses completed in 1907
Houses in Prince George's County, Maryland
Queen Anne architecture in Maryland
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Historic American Buildings Survey in Maryland
Historic district contributing properties in Maryland
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Prince George's County, Maryland


The 1932–33 Montreal Canadiens season was the team's 24th season. The Canadiens again qualified for the playoffs, finishing third in their division. The club again met and lost to the New York Rangers in the playoffs.

The summer led to changes in the Canadiens organization. First, a change occurred in the team ownership. Louis Letourneau,  regarded as a positive influence on the team, "generous in his praise and encouragement" sold his interest in the Canadiens to his partners Leo Dandurand and Joe Cattarinich.

After the disappointing 1931–32 season, Cecil Hart faced pressure from fans to resign his position in favour of a French-Canadian. When Hart, an independent insurance broker, had signed on as coach, the season was four and a half months and 36 games. Now it was 48 games and seven months. A combination of the pressure, and the negative effects on his business, led him to resign in August 1932. Former Canadiens star Newsy Lalonde would take over as coach.

Regular season
Economic conditions in Montreal, part of the Great Depression caused attendance to decline. Over 40,000 families and 150,000 individuals were receiving social assistance. The team would lose $20,000 dollars on the season.

On the ice, the Canadiens under new coach Lalonde spent much of the season in last place, but managed to make the playoffs when they rallied to finish third. Howie Morenz, who had previously led the league in scoring, declined in production, and Aurel Joliat took over as the team leader in scoring.

Final standings

Record vs. opponents

Schedule and results

Playoffs
In the first round the Canadiens met the New York Rangers, who had placed third in the American Division. The Canadiens lost the two-games total-goals series 8–5.

 New York Rangers vs. Montreal Canadiens

Player statistics

Regular season
Scoring

Goaltending

Playoffs
Scoring

Goaltending

Transactions
 February 14, 1933. – Marty Burke was traded to Ottawa by Montreal with future considerations (Nick Wasnie, March 23, 1933) for Leo Bourgeault and Harold Starr.
 March 23, 1933 – Marty Burke was traded to Montreal by Ottawa for Nick Wasnie.

See also
1932–33 NHL season

References

Notes

Montreal Canadiens seasons
Montreal Canadiens
Montreal Canadiens


Andrew Ernest Robinson (27 November 1893 – 13 May 1964) was a Canadian farmer, businessman and politician. Robinson was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Kincardine Township, Ontario and became a farmer and insurance agent by career.

He was first elected at the Bruce riding in the 1945 general election and served in the 20th Canadian Parliament. In the following election in 1949, Robinson was defeated by Donald Buchanan Blue of the Liberal party, but reclaimed the Bruce riding in the 1953 election and was re-elected there for successive terms in the 1957, 1958 and 1962 federal elections. Robinson left federal office in 1963 after completing his term in the 25th Canadian Parliament.

External links

1893 births
1964 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs


Andrew or Andy Robinson may refer to:

Entertainment
 Andrew Robinson (actor) (born 1942), American actor
 Andrew Cornell Robinson (born 1968), American artist
 Andrew R. Robinson, writer of Kaijudo and other television shows
 Andrew Robinson, comic book artist on Superman/Batman
 Andrew Robinson (Neighbours), a fictional Australian soap opera character

Sports
 Andrew Robinson (cricketer) (born 1981), Australian cricketer
 Andrew Robinson (water polo) (born 1988), Canadian water polo player
 Andy Robinson (footballer, born 1966), English former footballer
 Andy Robinson (footballer, born 1979), British football player
 Andy Robinson (footballer, born 1992), English footballer with Southampton F.C.
 Andy Robinson (born 1964), rugby union coach
 Andrew Robinson (canoeist), New Zealand slalom canoeist in 2006 Canoe Slalom World Cup

Other
 Andrew Robinson Stoney (1747–1810), Anglo-Irish adventurer
 Andrew Ernest Robinson (1893–1964), Canadian Member of Parliament
 Andrew J. Robinson (builder) (died 1922), builder in New York City
 W. Andrew Robinson (born 1957), British non-fiction author
 Andy Robinson (design manager), curator and art manager
 Andy Robinson (loyalist), Northern Ireland paramilitary leader
 Andrew Robinson (UK politician), founder of the Pirate Party UK
 Andrew Robinson, statistician and director of Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis (CEBRA) in Melbourne


Coelemu is a Chilean commune and city in Itata Province, Ñuble Region. According to the 2002 census, the commune population was 16,082 and has an area of .

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Coelemu spans an area of  and has 16,082 inhabitants (8,086 men and 7,996 women). Of these, 9,845 (61.2%) lived in urban areas and 6,237 (38.8%) in rural areas. Between the 1992 and 2002 censuses, the population grew by 867% (14,419 persons).

Besides the city of Coelemu, within the commune of Coelemu are the following towns and localities (all of less than 1,000 inhabitants):

 Vegas de Itata
 Guarilihue
 Caleta Burea
 Cuadrapangue
 Conai
 Magdalena
 El Pellín
 Ranquelmo
 Perales
 Dinamapu
 Meipo

Administration
As a commune, Coelemu is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Laura Aravena Alarcón (ILE).

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Coelemu is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Jorge Sabag (PDC) and Frank Sauerbaum (RN) as part of the 42nd electoral district, together with San Fabián, Ñiquén, San Carlos, San Nicolás, Ninhue, Quirihue, Cobquecura, Treguaco, Portezuelo, Ránquil, Quillón, Bulnes, Cabrero and Yumbel. The commune is represented in the Senate by Alejandro Navarro Brain (MAS) and Hosain Sabag Castillo (PDC) as part of the 12th senatorial constituency (Biobío-Cordillera).

References

Communes of Chile
Populated places in Itata Province


Konrad Laskonogi (literally Spindleshanks; born 1146/57 – died by 17 January 1190), was a Duke of Głogów since 1177 until his death.

He was the third son of Władysław II the Exile by his wife Agnes of Babenberg, daughter of Margrave Leopold III of Austria. He was named after Conrad III of Germany, half-brother of his mother.

Life
Little is known about Konrad's first years of life. German historian Hermann Grotefend argued that if Conrad was named after his uncle, it means that he was born in Germany, where his parents were expelled in 1146. Epytaphia ducum Slezie (Nagrobki książąt śląskich) called him domicellus. This term means adolescent, but also an unmarried adult man. Polish genealogist Kazimierz Jasiński supposed that is very doubtful that a man around 40 years old could be called adolescent. Jasiński agreed with Grotefend that Conrad was born in Germany. He also stated that age difference between children of the same mother could not be more than 30 years. As Bolesław I the Tall, the oldest brother of Konrad was born in 1127, it means that he was born no later than in 1157.

Konrad was sickly. He probably suffered from paresis of the legs.

He was prepared by his parents for an ecclesiastical career, probably at the Benedictine Abbey of Waldsassen or at the Abbey of Fulda. He was probably still a minor in 1163, when his elder brothers Bolesław I the Tall and Mieszko I Tanglefoot, backed by the Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, returned to Poland and received the Duchy of Silesia from their uncle High Duke Bolesław IV the Curly. Konrad probably remained in Germany at that time.

Bolesław I the Tall and Mieszko I Tanglefoot first ruled jointly but soon came into conflict with each other and in 1173 divided the Duchy. Bolesław then ruled over the larger part of Lower Silesia including Wrocław and Głogów and Mieszko obtained Racibórz and Cieszyn. When Konrad came of age he return to Silesia and also claimed his rights, nevertheless as the quarrels between the brothers continued, it was not until 1177, when Bolesław I the Tall at the instance of the High Duke Casimir II the Just ceded the newly established Duchy of Głogów to him.

Konrad had never married and had no children. As he is not mentioned after 1178, he may have died shortly afterwards, although some sources ranked his death around 1190. His domains were inherited by his brother Bolesław.

According to older historiography Konrad resigned from his duchy and died on 19 February 1203 as a bishop of Bamberg. This mistake was explained in 1957 by German historian Hans Paschke, who pointed that bishop Konrad von Ergersheim was mistaken with Konrad, bishop of Passau, later duke of Głogów.

Footnotes

References

12th-century births
12th-century deaths
12th-century Polish nobility
Dukes of Silesia
Piast dynasty


Chillán Viejo is a city and commune (Spanish: comuna) in the Diguillín Province of Chile Region of Ñuble According to the 2002 census, the population of the commune was 22,084 and it has an area of .

History
Originally, Chillán Viejo was the location of a Spanish fort with the name of San Ildefonso, which was established in 1565, during the campaign of Pedro de Villagra against Loble and the Mapuche north of the Biobío River.  Ordered in 1579 to establish a city at the site by Governor Rodrigo de Quiroga, Martin Ruiz de Gamboa founded the city on June 25, 1580 after replacing Quiroga as governor following his death.  He gave it the name San Bartolomé de Chillán y Gamboa and populated it with 50 Spaniards and 60 more in the fort. It suffered a number of attacks before it was destroyed by the Mapuche in 1599 after the Disaster of Curalaba.  Governor Francisco de Quiñónez immediately repaired it in April 1599.  Later, in 1655, the same Mapuche and the neighboring Pehuenches forced the citizens to abandon it again.  When it was again reoccupied, it was demolished by an earthquake on March 15, 1657. It was repopulated again in 1663, under Ángel de Saldia. The earthquake of May 25, 1751, that ruined old Concepcion, also damaged the city, aggravated considerably by a simultaneous extraordinary flooding of the Chillán River.  This forced its transfer two years later to the site that it occupies today.

It acquired some fame during the Chilean War of Independence, especially in the Siege of Chillan from July 15 to August 12, 1813, after the death in her (May 21 of that year) of the Spanish leader, Antonio Pareja, and it was sacked by the royalist montoneras of Pincheira on September 18, 1819.  It became the capital of the Chillán Department and after it was ruined in the earthquake of February 20, 1835, most of its population was moved  to the northeast to form the present city of Chillán.

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Chillán Viejo spans an area of  and has 22,084 inhabitants (10,791 men and 11,293 women). Of these, 18,827 (85.3%) lived in urban areas and 3,257 (14.7%) in rural areas. Between the 1992 and 2002 censuses, the population grew by 32.1% (5,369 persons). The 2017 census showed that the total population for the commune was 30,907. The demonym for a person from Chillán Viejo is Chillanvejano or Chillanvejana for a woman.

 Notable Chillanvejanos
Chillán Viejo was the birthplace of Francisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán in 1607 and Bernardo O'Higgins in 1778.

Administration
As a commune, Chillán Viejo is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Felipe Alwin Lagos (Ind.). The municipal council has the following members:
 Pablo Pérez Arostizaga (PDC)
 Susana Martínez Cornejo (RN)
 Rodolfo Gasmuri Sanchez (ILF)
 Jorge Del Pozo Pastenes (PRSD)
 Verónica Knothe Badilla (PDC)
 Rodrigo Arzola Helo (RN)

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Chillán Viejo is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Carlos Abel Jarpa  (PRSD) and Rosauro Martínez (RN) as part of the 41st electoral district, together with Chillán, Coihueco, Pinto, San Ignacio, El Carmen, Pemuco and Yungay. The commune is represented in the Senate by Victor Pérez Varela (UDI) and Mariano Ruiz-Esquide Jara (PDC) as part of the 13th senatorial constituency (Biobío-Coast).

References

External links
  Municipality of Chillán Viejo

Communes of Chile
1565 establishments in the Spanish Empire
Populated places in Diguillín Province


The target strength or acoustic size is a measure of the area of a sonar target.  This is usually quantified as a number of decibels.  For fish such as salmon, the target size varies with the length of the fish and a 5 cm fish could have a target strength of about -50 dB.

Target strength (TS) is equal to 10 log10(σbs/(1 m2)) dB, where σbs is the differential backscattering cross section. Backscattering cross section is 4πσbs.

References

Further reading
 "Introduction to the use of sonar systems for estimating fish biomass, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 191, Revision 1, FAO 1982"
 Fisheries Acoustics Simmonds, E John and MacLennan, David N (2005)  Blackwell Publishing.
 C. S. Clay & H. Medwin, Acoustical Oceanography (Wiley, New York, 1977)

target strength formula:

e.g. for a sphere with radius :

TS m dB

Acoustics
Oceanography
Fisheries science
Sonar


Influenza-like illness (ILI), also known as flu-like syndrome or flu-like symptoms, is a medical diagnosis of possible influenza or other illness causing a set of common symptoms. These include fever, shivering, chills, malaise, dry cough, loss of appetite, body aches, and nausea, sneezing typically in connection with a sudden onset of illness. In most cases, the symptoms are caused by cytokines released by immune system activation, and are thus relatively non-specific.

Common causes of ILI include the common cold and influenza, which tends to be less common but more severe than the common cold. Less common causes include side effects of many drugs and manifestations of many other diseases.

Definition
The term ILI can be used casually, but when used in the surveillance of influenza cases, can have a strict definition. The World Health Organization defines an illness as an ILI if the patient has a fever greater than or equal to 38 °C and a cough, which began in the last 10 days. If the patient requires hospitalisation, the illness is classified instead as a severe acute respiratory infection (SARI). Other organisations may have different definitions. For instance, the CDC defines it as a  fever or greater, and a cough or sore throat.

Causes
The causes of influenza-like illness range from benign self-limited illnesses such as gastroenteritis, rhinoviral disease, and influenza, to severe, sometimes life-threatening, diseases such as meningitis, sepsis, and leukemia.

Influenza
Technically, any clinical diagnosis of influenza is a diagnosis of ILI, not of influenza. This distinction usually is of no great concern because, regardless of cause, most cases of ILI are mild and self-limiting. Furthermore, except perhaps during the peak of a major outbreak of influenza, most cases of ILI are not due to influenza. ILI is very common: in the United States each adult can average 1–3 episodes per year and each child can average 3–6 episodes per year.

Influenza in humans is subject to clinical surveillance by a global network of more than 110 National Influenza Centers. These centers receive samples obtained from patients diagnosed with ILI, and test the samples for the presence of an influenza virus. Not all patients diagnosed with ILI are tested, and not all test results are reported. Samples are selected for testing based on severity of ILI, and as part of routine sampling, and at participating surveillance clinics and laboratories. The United States has a general surveillance program, a border surveillance program, and a hospital surveillance program, all devoted to finding new outbreaks of influenza.

In most years, in the majority of samples tested, the influenza virus is not present (see figure above). In the United States during the 2008–9 influenza season through 18 April, out of 183,839 samples tested and reported to the CDC, only 25,925 (14.1%) were positive for influenza. The percent positive reached a maximum of about 25%. The percent positive increases with the incidence of infection, peaking with the peak incidence of influenza (see figure). During an epidemic, 60–70% of patients with a clear influenza-like illness actually have influenza.

Samples are respiratory samples, usually collected by a physician, nurse, or assistant, and sent to a hospital laboratory for preliminary testing. There are several methods of collecting a respiratory sample, depending on requirements of the laboratory that will test the sample. A sample may be obtained from around the nose simply by wiping with a dry cotton swab.

Other causes
Infectious diseases causing ILI include respiratory syncytial virus, malaria, acute HIV/AIDS infection, herpes, hepatitis C, Lyme disease, rabies, myocarditis, Q fever, dengue fever, poliomyelitis, pneumonia, measles, SARS, COVID-19, and many others.

Pharmaceutical drugs that may cause ILI include many biologics such as interferons and monoclonal antibodies. Chemotherapeutic agents also commonly cause flu-like symptoms. Other drugs associated with a flu-like syndrome include bisphosphonates, caspofungin, and levamisole. A flu-like syndrome can also be caused by an influenza vaccine or other vaccines, and by opioid withdrawal in physically dependent individuals.

Diagnosis

Influenza-like illness is a nonspecific respiratory illness characterized by fever, fatigue, cough, and other symptoms that stop within a few days. Most cases of ILI are caused not by influenza but by other viruses (e.g., rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, human respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, and human parainfluenza viruses). Less common causes of ILI include bacteria such as Legionella, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Influenza, RSV, and certain bacterial infections are particularly important causes of ILI because these infections can lead to serious complications requiring hospitalization. Physicians who examine persons with ILI can use a combination of epidemiologic and clinical data (information about recent other patients and the individual patient) and, if necessary, laboratory and radiographic tests to determine the cause of the ILI. The use of multiplexed point-of-care testing such as CRP (C-reactive protein) along with an examination by a doctor may help to identify a bacterial and avoid an unnecessary antibiotic prescription.

During the 2009 flu pandemic, many thousands of cases of ILI were reported in the media as suspected swine flu. Most were false alarms. A differential diagnosis of probable swine flu requires not only symptoms but also a high likelihood of swine flu due to the person's recent history. During the 2009 flu pandemic in the United States, the CDC advised physicians to "consider swine influenza infection in the differential diagnosis of patients with acute febrile respiratory illness who have either been in contact with persons with confirmed swine flu, or who were in one of the five U.S. states that have reported swine flu cases or in Mexico during the 7 days preceding their illness onset." A diagnosis of confirmed swine flu required laboratory testing of a respiratory sample (a simple nose and throat swab).

In rare cases
If a person with ILI also has either a history of exposure or an occupational or environmental risk of exposure to Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), then a differential diagnosis requires distinguishing between ILI and anthrax. Other rare causes of ILI include leukemia and metal fume fever.

In horses
ILI occurs in some horses after intramuscular injection of vaccines. For these horses, light exercise speeds resolution of the ILI. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be given with the vaccine.

See also
 Attack rate
 Disease surveillance

References

Influenza
Symptoms
Medical signs
Syndromes


A corrective colony (,  ИК/IK) is the most common type of prison in Russia and some other post-Soviet states. Such colonies combine penal detention with compulsory work (penal labor). The system of labor colonies and camps originated in 1929, and after 1953, the corrective penal colonies in the Soviet Union developed as a post-Stalin replacement of the Gulag labor camp system.

Soviet Union
In the Soviet Union, the labor colonies were governed by the Corrective Labor Law (Исправительно-Трудовой Кодекс).

The Corrective labor Law of 1933 defined different types of labor colonies (Фабрично-заводские и сельскохозяйственные исправительно-трудовые колонии, Исправительно-трудовые колонии массовых работ, Штрафные исправительно-трудовые колонии).

In the late Soviet Union, the labor colonies were governed by Article 11 of the Corrective Labor Law and were intended for adult (16 years and over) convicts. The colonies were classified according to the regimen of severity: ordinary, reinforced, strict, and special regimens (колонии общего, усиленного, строгого, особого режимов), as well as the "colony-settlements" (колонии-поселения). Only ordinary and strict regimens (and colony-settlements) were provided for female convicts.

"Colony-settlements" were establishments introduced in 1960s for convicts with good behavior who served at least half of the term for those eligible for parole and who served two thirds of the term and not eligible for parole. The inmates live without guard but under observation and may move relatively freely and have family.

Russia

Of the four types of facilities of prisons in Russia, the corrective colony ( or IK) is the most common, with 760 institutions in 2004 across the many administrative divisions of Russia. In 2012, the Russian Federal Penitentiary Service reported that 585,000 prisoners were serving sentences at penal colonies, more than the 260,000 prisoners held in detention centers.

Corrective colony regimes are categorized as very strict/special, strict, general, and open. The detachment ( or ) is the basic unit of the prison. When not in the detachment, prisoners are required to participate in penal labor, which is in the form of work brigades in colony production zones where prisoners earn a wage of which most is paid to the colony for their upkeep.

The detachment is largely self-organized, with the prison administration designating the "head monitor" with the job of keeping order and to liaise with the prison administration, and is supported by various prisoners' committees responsible for health and safety, cleanliness, energy saving, and also psychological counselling. Female detachments organize cultural and social activities, including annual beauty pageants (called by such names as "Miss Colony" and "Miss Personality").

The conditions of prisons have been criticized by former prisoners and human rights activists.

References

Further reading

Penal labour
Penal system in the Soviet Union
Penal system in Russia
Unfree labor in the Soviet Union


The Centre for Research into Freemasonry and Fraternalism at the University of Sheffield was founded in 2000. Its aim was scholarly research into freemasonry and related fraternal associations. The activities of the centre were suspended in 2010.

Directors
The Centre's founding director was Prof. Andrew Prescott, who was working at the centre between 2000-2007. In 2007, Dr Andreas Önnerfors was recruited and took up his position in January 2008.

Publications

Journal for Research into Freemasonry and Fraternalism
Together with Equinox Publishers, the centre launched the first ever academic journal in the area, the Journal for Research into Freemasonry and Fraternalism, an independent, international, peer-reviewed academic journal in the area of research into organized sociability in general and freemasonry in particular and as part of the former Academic Society for Research into Freemasonry and Fraternalism (ASRFF). The journal's editorial offices are in University of Sheffield, UK. The Journal was established in 2009 and is published by Equinox Publishers in the UK and edited by Dr. Andreas Önnerfors (Lund University and Malmö University College in Sweden) and Dr. Rob Collis (University of Sheffield, United Kingdom). Dr. Róber Péter (University of Szeged, Hungary) is review editor. Each issue contains academic research articles, reports on studies of freemasonry and book reviews on the subject. The Journal deals with various aspects of Freemasonry and Fraternalism and associated topics such as including politics, society, culture, art, history, music and other disciplines.

Other publications
The Centre also published a monthly newsletter about the activities of the Centre and its academic partners in Europe and the world.

The Centre also published working papers within its research area on their website.

See also
 Freemasonry

References

External links
Centre for Research into Freemasonry and Fraternalism homepage, archived before its removal in 2010

University of Sheffield
Freemasonry
Freemasonry in England


El Carmen is a Chilean commune and town in Diguillín Province, Ñuble Region.

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, El Carmen spans an area of  and has 12,845 inhabitants (6,567 men and 6,278 women). Of these, 4,426 (34.5%) lived in urban areas and 8,419 (65.5%) in rural areas. The population fell by 9.3% (1316 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

Administration
As a commune, El Carmen is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Juan Diaz González (Ind.).

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, El Carmen is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Carlos Abel Jarpa  (PRSD) and Rosauro Martínez (RN) as part of the 41st electoral district, together with Chillán, Coihueco, Pinto, San Ignacio, Pemuco, Yungay and Chillán Viejo. The commune is represented in the Senate by Victor Pérez Varela (UDI) and Mariano Ruiz-Esquide Jara (PDC) as part of the 13th senatorial constituency (Biobío-Coast).

References

External links
  Municipality of El Carmen

Communes of Chile
Populated places in Diguillín Province


The 2002 United States Senate election in Louisiana  was held on November 5, 2002. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Mary Landrieu won re-election to a second term, although she did not earn 50% of the vote in the first round and was therefore forced into a runoff election with Republican Suzanne Haik Terrell, the Louisiana Elections Commissioner.

During the runoff, Landrieu was outspent three-to-one by Terrell, who also had prominent Republicans including President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney visit Louisiana to campaign on her behalf. Republicans, confident of victory having gained seats in the elections to the House of Representatives and to the Senate, solidifying control of the former and taking control of the latter, publicly called the election "Operation Icing on the Cake". Some Democrats responded by calling their efforts "Operation Wipe that Smirk off of Bush's Face" and dubbed Landrieu's subsequent run-off victory, "Operation Pie in the Face".

Candidates

Democratic
 Raymond Brown
 Mary Landrieu, incumbent U.S. Senator

Republican
 John Cooksey, U.S. Representative
 Tony Perkins, State Representative
 Ernest Edward Skillman
 Suzanne Haik Terrell, Louisiana Elections Commissioner

Independents
 Live Wire Landry
 James Lemann
 Gary D. Robbins

Primary results

Runoff

Debates (Jungle primary & runoff)
Complete video of debate, October 24, 2002
Complete video of debate, October 28, 2002
Complete video of debate, October 29, 2002
Complete video of debate, November 17, 2002
Complete video of debate, November 21, 2002
Complete video of debate, November 25, 2002
Complete video of debate, December 2, 2002

Predictions

Results

Parishes that flipped from Republican to Democratic
Cameron (Largest community: Grand Lake)
Catahoula (Largest town: Jonesville)
East Baton Rouge (Largest city: Baton Rouge)
Evangeline (Largest city: Ville Platte)
Jefferson Davis (Largest city: Jennings)
Morehouse (Largest city: Bastrop)
Saint Martin (Largest city: Breaux Bridge)
Saint Landry (Largest city: Opelousas)
Washington (Largest city: Bogalusa)

Analysis
Landrieu pulled off what many considered to be an upset victory. The Republicans believed they would most likely win the race. Before the election, many Republicans called the race operation icing on the cake. After Landrieu won the runoff Democrats dubbed her victory operation pie in the face. The race was close. In terms of rural parishes, the vote was split fairly evenly. Landrieu did well in Caddo Parish home of Shreveport, and in East Baton Rouge Parish home of Baton Rouge. Ultimately though it was Landrieu's huge win in Orleans Parish home of New Orleans that pushed her over the finish line. Haik Terrell conceded defeat to Landrieu at 12:38 P.M. EST, congratulating Landrieu on her victory. Landrieu would go on to be reelected to a third term in 2008, but ultimately defeated in her bid for a fourth term in 2014.

See also
 2002 United States Senate elections

References

External links
 Elections Division from the Louisiana Secretary of State

2002 Louisiana elections
Louisiana
2002


Margot Elise Robbie ( ; born 2 July 1990) is an Australian actress and producer. Known for her work in both blockbuster and independent films, she has received various accolades, including nominations for two Academy Awards, five BAFTA Awards and four Golden Globe Awards. Time named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2017, and Forbes named her one of the world's highest-paid actresses in 2019.

Born and raised in Queensland, Robbie began her career in 2008 on the television series Neighbours, on which she was a regular until 2011. After moving to America, she led the television series Pan Am (2011–2012) and had her breakthrough in 2013 with Martin Scorsese’s black comedy film The Wolf of Wall Street. She achieved wider recognition with starring roles as Jane Porter in The Legend of Tarzan (2016) and Harley Quinn in the DC Extended Universe films, beginning with Suicide Squad (2016).

Robbie received critical acclaim and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of figure skater Tonya Harding in the biopic I, Tonya (2017). This acclaim continued for her performances as Queen Elizabeth I in Mary Queen of Scots (2018), Sharon Tate in Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019), and a Fox News employee in Bombshell (2019). She received BAFTA Award nominations for all three and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the last. Robbie has since starred as an aspiring actress in the period film Babylon (2022) and the titular fashion doll in the comedy Barbie (2023), which emerged as her highest-grossing release.

Robbie and her husband, filmmaker Tom Ackerley, co-founded the production company LuckyChap Entertainment in 2014, under which they have produced several films, including I, Tonya, Promising Young Woman (2020) and Barbie, as well as the Hulu series Dollface (2019–2022) and the Netflix miniseries Maid (2021).

Early life and education
Margot Elise Robbie was born on 2 July 1990 in Dalby, Queensland, to Doug Robbie, a former farm-owner and sugarcane tycoon, and Sarie Kessler, a physiotherapist. She is the second youngest of four; older siblings Anya and Lachlan and younger brother Cameron. Her parents separated when she was five. Robbie and her siblings were raised by their single mother and had minimal contact with their father. The family spent the majority of Robbie's upbringing on her grandparents' Currumbin Valley farm in the Gold Coast hinterland. An energetic child, Robbie often put on shows in her house.

She was enrolled in a circus school by her mother, where she excelled in trapeze, in which she received a certificate at age eight. In high school, Robbie studied drama at Somerset College. As a teenager, she worked three jobs simultaneously: she tended a bar, cleaned houses, and worked at Subway. After graduation, with a few commercials and independent thriller films on her résumé, Robbie relocated to Melbourne to begin acting professionally.

Career

2008–2012: Early work and Neighbours

Robbie's first acting roles came when she was in high school. She starred in two low-budget independent thriller films, called Vigilante and I.C.U., both released years later. She described the experience of being on a film set as "a dream come true". She made her television debut in a 2008 guest role as Caitlin Brentford in the drama series City Homicide and followed this with a two-episode arc in the children's television series The Elephant Princess, in which she starred alongside Liam Hemsworth.

With agent encouragement at the time and as Robbie recalled on The Graham Norton Show, she called FremantleMedia on a daily basis. "One day, I got put through by accident to the casting director for Neighbours," and she said, "I'm in town working on something." The casting director asked how old she was, and she responded "seventeen." She was told, "We're looking for exactly that, come in and audition" for the television soap opera Neighbours. In June 2008, she began playing Donna Freedman, a role that was meant to be a guest character, but Robbie was promoted to the regular cast after she made her debut. In her three-year stint on the soap, she received two Logie Award nominations.

Shortly after arriving in America, Robbie landed the role of Laura Cameron, a newly trained flight attendant in the period drama series Pan Am (2011). The series premiered to high ratings and positive reviews but was cancelled after one season due to falling ratings.

2013–2015: Breakthrough
Robbie next appeared in Richard Curtis' romantic comedy About Time (2013), co-starring Domhnall Gleeson and Rachel McAdams. It tells the story of a young man with the ability to time travel who tries to change his past in hopes of improving his future. To play Gleeson's unattainable teenage love interest, she adopted a British accent. The film was a modest commercial success. Robbie's breakthrough came the same year with the role of Naomi Lapaglia, the wife of protagonist Jordan Belfort, in Martin Scorsese's biographical black comedy The Wolf of Wall Street. In her audition for the role, Robbie improvised a slap on co-star Leonardo DiCaprio during a fight scene which ultimately won her the part. The film and her performance received positive reviews; she was particularly praised for her on-screen Brooklyn accent. Critic Sasha Stone wrote of Robbie's performance, "She's Scorsese's best blonde bombshell discovery since Cathy Moriarty in Raging Bull. Robbie is funny, hard and kills every scene she's in." The Wolf of Wall Street was a box office success, grossing $392 million worldwide, making it Scorsese's highest-grossing film to date. Robbie was nominated for the MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance and won the Empire Award for Best Newcomer.

She later said that the fame and attention the movie brought her led her to consider quitting acting, but her mother was philosophical about her profession and explained to her that it was probably too late to quit. She fully understood and stuck with it. With the aim to produce more female-driven projects, Robbie and her future husband, Tom Ackerley, and their respective longtime friends Sophia Kerr and Josey McNamara, started their own production company LuckyChap Entertainment. The company was founded in 2014 and its name was inspired by Charlie Chaplin.

Robbie appeared in four films released in 2015. The first of these was opposite Will Smith in Glenn Ficarra and John Requa's $158.8 million-grossing romantic comedy-drama film Focus. In the film, she played an inexperienced grifter learning the craft from Smith's character; she learned how to pickpocket from Apollo Robbins for the role. Reviews of the film were generally mixed, but Robbie's performance was praised; Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote, "Robbie is wow and then some. Even when Focus fumbles, [she] deals a winning hand."
She was nominated for the Rising Star Award at the 68th British Academy Film Awards. Her next appearance was alongside Michelle Williams and Kristin Scott Thomas in Saul Dibb's war romantic drama Suite Française, a film based on the second part of Irène Némirovsky's 2004 novel of the same name. In the film, she played a woman falling for a German soldier during the German occupation of France during World War II, a role which Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter found "underwritten".

She followed this with Craig Zobel's post-apocalyptic drama Z for Zachariah opposite Chris Pine and Chiwetel Ejiofor, in her first leading role. Partially based on Robert C. O'Brien's book of the same name, the film follows Ann Burden (Robbie) as she finds herself in an emotionally charged love triangle with the last known survivors of a disaster that wipes out most of civilization. In preparation for the film, Robbie dyed her hair brown and learned to speak in an Appalachian accent. The film received positive reviews, and Robbie's performance was widely praised, with Drew McWeeny of HitFix asserting that "Robbie's work here establishes her as one of the very best actresses in her age range today." Her fourth release of 2015 was a cameo appearance in Adam McKay's comedy-drama The Big Short, in which she breaks the fourth wall to explain subprime mortgages while in a bathtub. The Big Short was a commercial and critical success and Robbie's cameo became a trending topic six years later, in the wake of the GameStop short squeeze, as her explanation provided reference points for what was happening with the GameStop and related stocks.

2016–2018: Worldwide recognition
In 2016, Robbie reunited with Ficarra and Requa, playing a British war correspondent in the film adaptation of The Taliban Shuffle, called Whiskey Tango Foxtrot, co-starring Tina Fey and Martin Freeman. Later that year, Robbie took on the part of Jane Porter in David Yates's adventure film The Legend of Tarzan. She was adamant about not losing weight and ensuring the role was not a damsel in distress like in previous Tarzan adaptations. Reviews of the film were generally unfavourable, but Manohla Dargis of The New York Times credited Robbie for "holding her own" in her supporting role alongside the all-male cast with Alexander Skarsgård and Samuel L. Jackson.

Robbie became the first person to portray DC Comics villain Harley Quinn in live-action when she signed on to David Ayer's 2016 superhero film Suicide Squad alongside an ensemble cast that included Will Smith, Jared Leto and Viola Davis. She admitted to having never read the comics, but felt a huge responsibility to do the character justice and satisfy the fans. Robbie began preparing for the role of the supervillainess six months prior to the film shoot; her schedule consisted of gymnastics, boxing, aerial silk training and learning how to hold her breath underwater for five minutes. She performed the majority of her own stunts in the film. Suicide Squad was a commercial success and was tenth-highest-grossing film of 2016 with global revenues of $746.8 million, and Robbie's performance was considered its prime asset. Writing for Time, Stephanie Zacharek found Robbie to be "a criminally appealing actress, likable in just about every way" despite finding flaws in the character and Christopher Orr of The Atlantic called her performance "genuinely terrific". At the annual People's Choice Awards ceremony, she won the Favorite Action Movie Actress award and was also awarded the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress in an Action Movie.
In October 2016, Robbie hosted the season 42 premiere of NBC's late-night sketch comedy Saturday Night Live; her appearances included a parody of Ivanka Trump. The series logged its strongest season premiere ratings in eight years. Robbie collaborated with Domhnall Gleeson in Simon Curtis' Goodbye Christopher Robin (2017), a biographical drama about the lives of Winnie-the-Pooh creator A. A. Milne and his family. The film, and her performance, received modest reviews and was a commercial failure.

Her final release of 2017 and LuckyChap Entertainment's first release was Craig Gillespie's sports black comedy I, Tonya, based on the life of American figure skater Tonya Harding (Robbie) and her connection to the 1994 assault on rival Nancy Kerrigan. In preparation, Robbie met with Harding, watched old footage and interviews of her, worked with a voice coach to speak in Harding's Pacific Northwest accent and vocal timbre at different ages, and underwent several months of rigorous skating instruction with choreographer Sarah Kawahara. I, Tonya premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival to critical acclaim. James Luxford of Metro deemed it Robbie's best performance to date, and Mark Kermode of The Observer wrote, "Margot Robbie's performance in this satirical, postmodern tale of the disgraced star is a tour-de-force tornado that balances finely nuanced character development with impressively punchy physicality". She received numerous accolades for her performance, including nominations for an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award and a Critics' Choice Movie Award, all for Best Actress.

Robbie began 2018 with the voice role of Flopsy Rabbit in Peter Rabbit, a computer-animated comedy from director Will Gluck, which is based on the Beatrix Potter book series. The animated feature was a box office success, grossing $351.3 million worldwide against a production budget of $50 million. Her next two 2018 filmsthe neo-noir thriller Terminal and comedy-horror Slaughterhouse Rulezwere critical and commercial failures. The historical drama Mary Queen of Scots, directed by Josie Rourke, was her final release of 2018. The film featured Saoirse Ronan as the titular character and Robbie as her cousin Queen Elizabeth I, and it chronicles the 1569 conflict between their two countries. Robbie had initially turned down the role for being "terrified" of not living up to the history of portrayals of the Queen. Before each day of shooting, she spent three hours in the make-up chair while a prosthetic nose, painted on boils and blisters were applied. Critics dismissed the film for its screenplay and several historical inaccuracies, but praised the performances of Robbie and Ronan. Yolanda Machado of TheWrap wrote, "[B]ow down to Ronan and Robbie for taking two legendarily complex characters, [...] and completely owning both roles. Ronan's fiery Mary and Robbie's emotionally complex Elizabeth truly reign divine on screen." For her portrayal, Robbie received nominations for a BAFTA Award and for a Screen Actors Guild Award.

2019–present: Established actress and producer

Robbie's first release of 2019 was the LuckyChap Entertainment production Dreamland, a poorly received period crime thriller set during the 1930s Dust Bowl. She began executive producing the comedy series Dollface, which streamed on Hulu from 2019 to 2022. Robbie was filmmaker Quentin Tarantino's only choice to portray the late actress Sharon Tate in his period film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Brad Pitt. With the Tate–LaBianca murders serving as a backdrop, the film tells the story of a fading character actor (DiCaprio) and his stunt double (Pitt) as they navigate New Hollywood in 1969 Los Angeles. Feeling "an enormous sense of responsibility", Robbie prepared for the role by meeting Tate's family members and friends, watching all of her films and reading the autobiography by Tate's then-husband, Roman Polanski. Once Upon a Time in Hollywood premiered at the 2019 Cannes Film Festival to critical acclaim, and was a commercial success with a worldwide gross of $374.3 million. Despite many bemoaning Robbie's lack of lines in the film, Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph highlighted a scene with Robbie in the cinema, which he found to be the film's "most delightful" scene.

Also in 2019, she starred as Kayla Pospisil, a composite character based on several Fox News employees, in Jay Roach's drama Bombshell. Co-starring Charlize Theron and Nicole Kidman, the film recounts stories of various female personnel at the news network and their sexual harassment by the network's chairman Roger Ailes. Robbie based her character's accent on Katherine Harris. The film received positive reviews; Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Robbie [is] at her best, the arc of her story is so crushing that it stays with you the longest." For her performances in Once Upon a Time in Hollywood and Bombshell, she received two nominations for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role, and for the latter she received nominations for an Academy Award, a Golden Globe and a Screen Actors Guild Award; all in the Best Supporting Actress category.

Robbie began the new decade by reprising the role of Harley Quinn in Cathy Yan's Birds of Prey (2020). Determined to make a female ensemble action film, she pitched the idea for the film to Warner Bros. in 2015. Robbie spent the subsequent three years developing the project under her production company, making a concerted effort to hire a female director and screenwriter. Birds of Prey, along with Robbie's performance, gained generally positive reviews; Ian Freer of Empire wrote that "the MVP is Robbie, who lends Harley charming quirk and believable menace, hinting at Harley's inner life without reams of dialogue." She received two nominations at the 46th People's Choice Awards.

Robbie served as a producer on Promising Young Woman (2020), a comedy thriller by writer-director Emerald Fennell, starring Carey Mulligan as a woman who seeks to avenge the rape and death of her best friend. The film received acclaim, earning a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture. In 2021, Robbie reprised her voice role as Flopsy Rabbit in Peter Rabbit 2: The Runaway, which received mixed reviews and grossed $153.8 million worldwide. She also made her third outing as Quinn in the standalone sequel The Suicide Squad, written and directed by James Gunn. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the film was simultaneously released theatrically and on the streaming service HBO Max. Owen Gleiberman praised Robbie's "delectable performance" in it. She also served as an executive producer for the Netflix miniseries Maid.

In 2022, Robbie reprised her role as Donna Freedman for the final episode of Neighbours. She starred alongside an ensemble cast in David O. Russell's period comedy Amsterdam, based on the 1933 Business Plot. The film emerged as a critical and commercial failure. In her second film release of the year, she played Nellie LaRoy, an actress inspired by silent movie star Clara Bow, in Damien Chazelle's comedy-drama Babylon. In preparation, she studied the works of Bow and researched her traumatic childhood. She described LaRoy as "the most physically and emotionally draining character I've ever played". The film polarized critics and had poor box office returns, though her performance received praise; Caryn James of BBC Culture opined, "Robbie's bold, charismatic performance makes Nellie a daring, endlessly spiralling, sympathetic figure". She received another Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress.

In the following year, Robbie had a single scene in Wes Anderson's ensemble comedy film Asteroid City. Chris Hewitt of the Star Tribune described her "impassioned acting in her lone scene" as "perfectly judged". The fantasy comedy Barbie, co-starring Ryan Gosling as Ken, was her next film release. As producer, Robbie bought the rights from Mattel for a film about the eponymous fashion doll in 2018. She hired Greta Gerwig to write and direct the film, and took on the title role herself after Gal Gadot declined her offer. In preparation, Gerwig and Robbie watched old Technicolor musicals such as The Red Shoes (1948) and The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (1964). Variety reported that Robbie earned $12.5 million for the role, the highest for an actress in Hollywood that year. Vulture Alison Willmore took note of how much Robbie fit the part, and commended her for combining both "heartbreaking earnestness" and "humor" in her performance. With a worldwide gross of over $1.4 billion, Barbie emerged as Robbie's highest-grossing release.

Robbie will next star in and produce a prequel to the Oceans film series, once again opposite Gosling.

Personal life
Despite significant media attention, Robbie rarely discusses her personal life. Robbie moved from Melbourne to Williamsburg, Brooklyn in the early 2010s. During that period, she became an avid ice hockey fan, supporting the New York Rangers, and playing right wing in an amateur ice hockey league.

Robbie met British assistant director Tom Ackerley on the set of Suite Française in 2013. In 2014, she moved to London with Ackerley and LuckyChap Entertainment co-founders Sophia Kerr and Josey McNamara. Later that year, Robbie and Ackerley began a romantic relationship. They married in December 2016 in Australia and reside in Venice Beach, California.

Other work
Robbie has been a vocal supporter of human rights, women's rights, gender equality and LGBT rights. Through LuckyChap Entertainment, she and her co-founders focus on promoting female stories from female storytellers, whether it would be writers, directors, producers or all the above. In 2014, she was part of a fundraising event in support of the Motion Picture & Television Fund, which helps people in the film and television industries with limited or no resources; she joined the same event on two other occasions, in 2018 and 2020. In 2015, she helped raise $12 million through the BGC Global Charity Day fundraising event, which donates money to different charities around the world. In 2016, Robbie joined other celebrities and UN Refugee Agency staff in a petition aiming to gather public support for the growing number of families forced to flee conflict and persecution worldwide. Later in the year, she joined Oxfam's "I Hear You" project, which was designed to amplify the personal stories of the world's most vulnerable refugees and donated more than $50.000 to UNICEF's "Children First" campaign, in support of refugee children.

In October 2016, while hosting Saturday Night Live, Robbie made a stand for same-sex marriage in her native Australia wearing a T-shirt that read "Say 'I Do' Down Under", with a map of the country in rainbow colours. A year later, she joined fellow actor Chris Hemsworth in advocating for the same purpose. In 2018, she pledged to support the Time's Up initiative to protect women from harassment and discrimination. In April 2021, Robbie was announced as the recipient of the inaugural RAD Impact Award, for inspiring purpose with her philanthropy. She chose to share the prize with Youngcare, a charity she had previously worked with, and therefore an impact donation was made to fund a project benefiting young people with extensive care needs.

Public image

Robbie is known for starring in both high-profile, mainstream productions and low-budget independent films, in which she has been able to display both her dramatic and comedic range.

For her role in The Wolf of Wall Street, Vanity Fair named her one of its breakthrough actors of 2013. In 2017, she appeared on the annual Forbes 30 Under 30 list, a compilation of the brightest young entrepreneurs, innovators and game changers in the world and was included on a similar list compiled by The Hollywood Reporter. That same year, Time named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world; her The Wolf of Wall Street director Martin Scorsese penned the article in the magazine, referring to Robbie as having "a unique audacity that surprises and challenges and just burns like a brand into every character she plays. [...] Margot is stunning in all she is and all she does, and she will astonish us forever." In 2019, Forbes ranked her among the world's highest-paid actresses, with annual earnings of $23.5 million, and The Hollywood Reporter listed her among the 100 most powerful people in entertainment. In 2021, she was named one of the 100 most influential women in entertainment by The Hollywood Reporter.

Vogue has named her "one of the most glamorous starlets" and she was ranked as one of the best-dressed women in 2018 and 2019 by luxury fashion retailer Net-a-Porter. In 2014 and 2016, she featured on AskMen's Top 99 Women, ranking among the top ten each year. Also in 2016, Robbie was placed at number one on FHMs "100 Sexiest Women in the World" list. Since 2016, she has been chosen as the ambassador for brands such as Calvin Klein, Nissan and Chanel. She was the last brand ambassador picked by Karl Lagerfeld before his death in February 2019.

Filmography and awards

According to the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, Robbie's most critically acclaimed films are About Time (2013), The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), Z for Zachariah (2015), Suite Française (2015), Whiskey Tango Foxtrot (2016), I, Tonya (2017), Mary Queen of Scots (2019), Bombshell (2019), Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019), Birds of Prey (2020), The Suicide Squad (2021), and Barbie (2023).

Robbie has received two Academy Award nominations: Best Actress for I, Tonya (2018) and Best Supporting Actress for Bombshell (2019). She has also been nominated for five British Academy Film Awards, four Golden Globes and five Screen Actors Guild Awards. Robbie has won two AACTA Awards: Best International Lead Actress for I, Tonya and Best International Supporting Actress for Bombshell (2019).

References

Further reading

External links

1990 births
Living people
21st-century Australian actresses
Actresses from the Gold Coast, Queensland
Actresses from Los Angeles
Australian company founders
Australian expatriate actresses in the United States
Australian expatriate actresses in the United Kingdom
Australian expatriates in the United States
Australian film actresses
Australian soap opera actresses
Australian television actresses
Australian voice actresses
Australian women company founders
Australian women film producers
Australian feminists
Australian LGBT rights activists
Best Actress AACTA International Award winners
Best Supporting Actress AACTA International Award winners
People from Dalby, Queensland


Jordan requires its residents to register their motor vehicles and display vehicle registration plates. The country's international vehicle registration code is HKJ.

The current system was introduced in 2007, with the plates largely based on European specifications. The font used strongly resembles that found on present British registration plates.

For passenger cars, private plates are also available. As of August 2013, the normal series had reached 21-30000; however, private plates going up to a 35 prefix have been seen. Generally, the lower the suffix number, the more expensive they are, with plates from the 10 series having the most prestige. Suffix numbers on private plates can be as low as one digit and therefore technically the "first number" is 10-1. The format is: nn-nnnnn (usually 4 or 5 digits). Initial numbers include:

References

Jordan
Transport in Jordan
 Registration plates


was a Japanese literati painter (nanga in Japanese).  He originally trained as a Confucian scholar, but spent the second half of his life as a literati and artist.  The book Mountains of the Heart contains many of his most famous paintings.

References
 Addiss, Stephen, Kameda Bôsai’s Mountains of the Heart, Daruma Magazine, No. 60, 48-52, 2008.
 Addiss, Stephen, The world of Kameda Bôsai, the calligraphy, poetry, painting, and artistic circle of a Japanese literatus, New Orleans, New Orleans Museum of Art, 1984.
 Bôsai, Kameda Mountains of the Heart, New York, G. Braziller, 2007.

External links
Bridge of dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art, a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Kameda Bōsai (see index)

Japanese painters
1752 births
1826 deaths


Claus Pavels (8 January 1769 – 16 February 1822) was a Norwegian priest and diarist. His diaries from 1812 to 1822 are an important source for cultural and biographical history. He was the Bishop of the Diocese of Bjørgvin from 1817 until 1822.

Early life and family
Pavels was born in Vanse in Southern Norway on 8 January 1769. His father, a priest at Lista, died four months before Pavel's birth, and the boy grew up at his uncle's farm on Lista. He graduated from the school in Christanssand in 1785. He was a student in Copenhagen and member of The Norwegian Society there.

In 1799, he married Maren Fasland. The couple had two daughters. Their daughter Karen married Johan Lyder Brun, Sr., a grandson of Johan Nordahl Brun, who preceded Pavels as bishop of Bjørgvin. He was the grandfather of the author Claus Pavels Riis.

Career
Pavels was hired as a chaplain in Brevig in Telemark county from 1793 to 1796. He next was called to be the priest in Hirschholm in Denmark from 1796 until 1799. From 1799 to 1805 he was a chaplain for the Nikolai parish in Copenhagen. In 1805, Pavels was given a new job in the Norwegian capital of Christiania. He was called to be the vicar of the parish of Aker as well as the priest serving Akershus Fortress. He served in that post until 1817 when he was named the Bishop of the Diocese of Bjørgvin. He remained at this post until his death on 16 February 1822.

University
Pavels was host of the ceremony when the first Norwegian university, the Royal Frederick University of Christiania, was founded in 1811. The ceremony took place at Akershus Fortress 11 November 1811 when he was the priest for the Fortress. The ceremony included music, military parades, bell-ringing, and gun salute with people gathering in the Fortress Church.

Pavels was also present at the first defence of a doctorate thesis in Norway, at the University 18 June 1817, when Frederik Holst defended his thesis, "Morbus, quem  vocant, quinam sit, quanamque ratione e Scandinavia tollendus". Pavel's diary contains a detailed report from the ceremonious event. There were 13 opponents, and the language used was Latin. The thesis was not translated into Norwegian until 188 years later, and the book from 2005 contains also Pavel's diary comments.

Politics in 1814
From his position at Akershus Fortress, Pavels followed closely the political turbulence in 1814, with the Treaty of Kiel, the gathering of the Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll, the clash between Sweden and Norway, and the subsequent Union between Sweden and Norway. He wrote detailed reports from this period in his diaries.

References

1769 births
1822 deaths
Bishops of Bjørgvin
19th-century Norwegian Lutheran bishops
Norwegian diarists
19th-century Norwegian writers
Lutheran sermon writers


Pemuco is a Chilean town and commune in Diguillín Province, Ñuble Region.

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Pemuco spans an area of  and has 8,821 inhabitants (4,578 men and 4,243 women). Of these, 3,844 (43.6%) lived in urban areas and 4,977 (56.4%) in rural areas. The population grew by 4.8% (408 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

Administration
As a commune, Pemuco is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Julio Muñoz Salazar (PDC).

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Pemuco is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Carlos Abel Jarpa  (PRSD) and Rosauro Martínez (RN) as part of the 41st electoral district, together with Chillán, Coihueco, Pinto, San Ignacio, El Carmen, Yungay and Chillán Viejo. The commune is represented in the Senate by Victor Pérez Varela (UDI) and Mariano Ruiz-Esquide Jara (PDC) as part of the 13th senatorial constituency (Biobío-Coast).

References

External links
  Municipality of Pemuco

Communes of Chile
Populated places in Diguillín Province


Superplastic forming is an industrial process used for creating precise and complex components out of superplastic materials.

Process
The material is first heated up to promote superplasticity. For titanium alloys e.g. Ti 6Al 4V and some stainless steels this is around  and for aluminium alloys e.g. AA5083 it is between 450 and 520 °C. In this state the material becomes soft so processes that are usually used on plastics can be applied, such as: thermoforming, blow forming, and vacuum forming. Inert gas pressure is applied on the superplastic sheet forcing it into a female die.

Advantages and disadvantages
The major advantage of this process is that it can form large and complex workpieces in one operation. The finished product has excellent precision and a fine surface finish. It also does not suffer from springback or residual stresses. Products can also be made larger to eliminate assemblies or reduce weight, which is critical in aerospace applications. Lower strength required and less tooling costs.  McDonnell Douglas utilized SPF design and production technology into the F-15 in the 1980s, while in Europe an example of application can be found in some Eurofighter Typhoon assemblies (e.g. engine bays panels, foreplanes, slats).

The largest disadvantage of the process is its slow forming rate. Cycle times vary from two minutes to two hours, therefore it is usually used in low volume production applications. Another disadvantage is the non-uniformity of the produced part thickness. Several methods are used to improve the thickness uniformity of SPF parts. One is to apply a designed varying gas pressure profile instead of a constant pressure. Another approach is to tailor the contact friction between the die surface and the superplastic sheet.

See also
 Hot metal gas forming
 Superplastic forming and diffusion bonding

References

Metal forming
Metal heat treatments


Ahora y Siempre (Eng.: Now and Forever) is a studio album released by music group Alacranes Musical. This album became their first number-one set on the Billboard Top Latin Albums, and was released in a standard CD presentation and as a Deluxe Edition CD/DVD combo.

Track listing
The track listing from Billboard and Allmusic.

CD

Deluxe edition
On February 12, 2008 a Deluxe edition of this album was released, including the same track listing and a bonus DVD with 4 music videos.

Chart performance

Year-End charts

Sales and certifications

References

2007 albums
Alacranes Musical albums
Spanish-language albums