The antagonists of the Reborn! anime and manga series, known in Japan as Katekyō Hitman Reborn!, are created by Akira Amano. Set in a fictional town called Namimori in modern Japan, the series' main protagonists are of Japanese descent. However, their connection to an Italian Mafia family results in a majority of other characters introduced being mainly of Italian descent, including most of its antagonists.

The story centers on middle school student Tsunayoshi "Tsuna" Sawada, who finds out that he is the heir to the Vongola crime family. Reborn, the titular character and infant hitman, is sent to train him, and slowly recruits members into Tsuna's own Mafia family. They eventually attract attention from those who want to annihilate the future boss of the Vongola Family. Enemies such as the Kokuyo Gang, a group of Mafia criminals, and The Varia, an elite team of assassins, prove to be formidable challenges for Tsuna and his comrades. When some of the characters are later transported into an alternate future, nine years and ten months later, they have to adapt to a world where every Vongola member, as well as their allies, is being hunted down by a powerful rival family, the Millefiore. After returning from the future, they have to fight against an allied Family of Vongola since first generation who's seeking revenge to Vongola, Simon Family who turned out to be manipulated by Vongola Primo's Mist Guardian, Demon Spade who intended to rebuild the Vongola that he desire. Later, Tsuna and the others participate in Representative Battle of the Rainbow under request from the Arcobaleno with the winner will be able to have his or her curse removed. However, things started to get worse once an Arcobaleno with a clear pacifier, Bermuda von Veckenschtein appears with his team and participate the Representative Battle in order to get his revenge on Checker Face at the cost of the Arcobaleno's lives.

Kokuyo Gang

The Kokuyo Gang is a group led by Mukuro Rokudo, who formed the group after escaping from a special, high security jail in Italy which housed heinous criminals who have even committed crimes against the Mafia. Along with the two comrades he escaped with, Ken Joshima and Chikusa Kakimoto, he recruited other Mafia criminals who were able to break out from the same jail some time later. After their defeat at the hands of Tsuna and his friends, they were all once again imprisoned, though Chikusa and Ken are later able to escape, while Mukuro strikes a deal with the Vongola for their safety.

Mukuro Rokudo

 is a 15-year-old Mafia criminal who escaped from an Italian prison, which held some of the most dangerous Mafia criminals, before he was to be executed. Not long after, he, along with his two subordinates, came to Japan, enrolled in Kokuyo Junior High, and started the Kokuyo Gang, which consists of heinous criminals who have recently escaped from prison. Skilled in casting illusions as well as mind control, he attempts to take his revenge on the Mafia by taking over Tsuna's body and using him to wreak havoc. When his plan fails due to Tsuna's interference, he is once again imprisoned. However, later on in the series, after possessing the body of Chrome Dokuro, he takes on a more supportive role for the series' main characters, though still prefers to not associate with them. He is voiced by Toshinobu Iida in the anime.

Ken Joshima
 is a 14-year-old loyal friend and follower of Mukuro. Born on July 28, he was also experimented on by the Estraneo Family, and decided to follow Mukuro when the boy killed their captors. The experimentation on him resulted in his ability to gain the attributes of certain animals, like wolves and lions, when he changes to different sets of teeth, increasing his agility, strength, and senses. He was Chikusa's cellmate in jail and often calls him "Kakipi". He is defeated by Takeshi Yamamoto and later defeated once again by an injured Kyoya Hibari. He is taken away by the Vendicare, but later escapes. Ken returns for the Vongola Tournament, serving as a bodyguard for Chrome Dokuro, whom he is fond of despite he often mocks and berates. He is voiced by Ryō Naitō in the anime.

Chikusa Kakimoto
 is a 14-year-old loyal friend and follower of Mukuro. Born on October 26, he, along with Mukuro and Ken, was experimented on by the Estraneo Family, and accepted Mukuro's offer to come with him when the latter killed their captors. He uses a pair of metal yo-yos that shoot poisonous needles as his primary weapons. After arriving in Namimori, he loses a battle against Hayato Gokudera, though finds out the identity of the tenth Vongola boss. Later, after sustaining further injuries by Kyoya Hibari, he is taken away and imprisoned by the Mafia's guardians, the Vendicare, along with the rest of the gang. He and Ken are able to successfully escape, with Mukuro ensuring their safety by striking a deal with Iemitsu Sawada. He returns for the Vongola Tournament, serving as a bodyguard for Chrome Dokuro, whose well-being is of concern to both him and Ken despite his open dislike for her. He is voiced by Toshiyuki Toyonaga in the anime.

Chrome Dokuro
Chrome Dokuro is a loyal 13-year-old vessel of Mukuro and one of the newest members of the gang. She is originally a girl named Nagi who was found by Mukuro when on the verge of death after her attempt to rescue a cat from traffic accident at the cost of her right eye and several of her organs. Mukuro allowed her to live by creating illusionary organs for her with his illusion, intertwining their existence. She became co-Mist Guardian of Vongola, fighting against Mammon in the Ring Conflict, which result on her lost until Mukuro switched place with her and defeats Mammon. A week after Mukuro's release from Vendicare prison, she was kicked out from the gang by Mukuro and begins living on her own in Namimori with Tsuna and his friends. The reason of her discard was revealed during the third day of Representative Battle; it was because of her own dilemma between wanting to be acknowledged as individual and wanting to keep living with Mukuro's illusionary organs, causing her health deteriorating. This left Mukuro no choice but to keep her at distance from him. However, she's able to overcome her dilemma and recreate her organs with her own power, defeating two Vindices with hers and Mukuro's combined power. As she and Mukuro shared one body, she's able to use two of Mukuro's six skills. However, once Mukuro was freed from Vendicare Prison, she can no longer use this ability. She used to use the same trident like Mukuro as her main weapon, but after Mukuro was released, the spikes of her trident reduced to one. She is voiced by Satomi Akesaka in the Anime.

M.M.
 is a 15-year-old Mafia criminal who broke out of prison after Mukuro escaped. Born on July 3. She believes that money is the most important thing. After her defeat at the hands of Bianchi, she is later taken away by the Vendicare, but later rejoined the gang after Mukuro is released from prison. Her weapon is a clarinet that is constructed like a microwave oven. When played, the clarinet creates special sound waves that cause atoms to vibrate at an incredible rate which results in the substance the clarinet is aimed at to boil instantly. She calls the attack Burning Vibrato. When in close range combat, her clarinet splits, becoming a pair of nunchaku. She is voiced by Shōko Ishii in the anime.

Lancia
 is a 25-year-old Mafia criminal initially mistaken as Mukuro Rokudo. Born on December 15, as a child, he was adopted by the leader of a Mafia family in Northern Italy. The same family would later take in a young Mukuro, who periodically mind controls Lancia, and even makes him slay his entire family. Lancia eventually falls under Mukuro's complete control, losing his will to fight and forgetting his own name, and is soon captured and jailed. After Tsuna defeats him and Mukuro, he is freed from the latter's control, and is taken away by the Vendicare. He returns to Japan during the Vongola Tournament, defeating most members of the Varia's lower members, and being revealed as the strongest person in Northern Italy. Apparently, he became sensitive to Mukuro's thoughts due to being possessed by him so many times. He leaves for Italy after giving Tsuna his own family's ring. Lancia uses a giant steel ball and chain as his primary weapon, which he launches at the enemy using palm thrusts. Due to the ball's snake-like engravings on the surface, it can track and redirect air currents that create a vortex, sucking in whatever is near, and allowing Lancia to change its rotation in mid-air. He is voiced by Takeshi Maeda in the anime.

Birds
Birds is one of dangerous criminals that assisted Mukuro on finding Tsuna. He is accompanied by yellow birds that always followed him around and double as a signal to Mukuro if he was defeated. He is an old man who finds pleasure in suffering of others, as he has nosebleeds when he ordering Tsuna's friends to beat him up. He ordered the Bloody Twins to follow Kyoko and Haru and threatened Tsuna and his friends that they will kill them if they didn't listen to what he said. However, his plan was foiled due to Shamal, Future Lambo and I-Pin's interference, resulting with his defeat and he was later arrested. He was voiced by Takahiro Hirano in the anime.

Bloody Twins
Gigi and Didi are a pair of brutal serial killers that loyal to Birds. They are ones of criminals that Mukuro had freed along with him, becoming part of Kokuyo Gang members. They are used as a blackmail, following Kyoko and Haru and threatened to kill them if Tsuna and his friends don't listen to Birds' order. However, they were defeated by Shamal and Future I-Pin who have been asked by Reborn to act as the two girls' bodyguards. They were arrested along with the other members afterwards.

The Varia

The Varia is the Vongola Family's elite, independent assassination team. They are composed of genius assassins who work in the deepest recesses of the Mafia. Each member takes on missions that are said to be impossible to accomplish by humans, however, they do not accept a mission unless they believe there is a 90% chance of success. Those that see them work often say that their high level assassination skills are demonic. Despite lacking loyalty and respect for other members, they are extremely loyal to their leader, Xanxus. The Varia also appear to have more than fifty subordinates ranged under the command of the main members. The Varia is apparently reclusive, only showing themselves after Iemitsu Sawada disappeared.

During the alternate future arc, a 32-member Varia squad led by Xanxus attack a Millefiore base in Italy in accordance with the Vongola's plan to eliminate the Millefiore. Despite their fierce loyalty to the Vongola Family, the Varia only consider themselves as the Vongola IX's assassination team, still not acknowledging Tsuna to be the rightful Vongola X.

Xanxus
 is the leader of the Varia and adopted son of the Vongola IX. For a long time, his mother convinced him that he was the son of Timoteo, Vongola IX, but after discovering that he was adopted, Xanxus develops a bitter hatred towards him. His anger only grew after discovering that him being outside the Vongola bloodline exempts him from claiming the title of Vongola boss, and that Tsuna was going to be appointed as the next boss instead. This inspires Xanxus to stage a coup d'etat, which came to be known as the "Cradle Affair", and is defeated by the IX. The incident left him with his trademark burns, and was frozen in ice for many years. After he awakens, he kidnaps the IX, places him within Gola Moska's armor, and uses the Vongola Tournament as a means to eliminate Tsuna's guardians and take control of the Vongola. His campaign comes to an end after being defeated by Tsuna, and the Vongola Rings rejecting him for not possessing Vongola blood. In the future, during the attack on the Millefiore, he defeats Sil and Olgelt with his animal box weapon containing a liger that possesses the Sky and Storm Flames. Xanxus possesses exemplary human strength and mental fortitude, but also possesses a particularly rare and destructive Deathperation Flame called the "Flame of Rage", which were once wielded by Vongola II. Xanxus also owns two guns, and can compress his flame into its bullets, utilizing the skill originally developed by Vongola VII to amplify their penetrative and destructive capability. He also grows in power from uncontrollable rage when his defeat by Tsuna is mentioned. He is voiced by Masanori Ikeda in the anime.

Superbia Squalo
 is a gifted swordsman extremely loyal to Xanxus and also Dino's schoolmate from childhood. Squalo was actually the next candidate for Varia leadership, after defeating its leader Tyr. He had cut off his own left hand to better understand Tyr, who did not have a left hand. As such, Squalo has an artificial hand in its place which can flip into very severe angles, as to make up for his blind spots in sword-fighting. He submitted to Xanxus due to his "fury" and ambition, pledging to make Xanxus the next head of the Vongola Family. He battles and loses to Takeshi Yamamoto during the Vongola Tournament, and though he appears to be eaten by a shark, he had apparently been rescued by Dino in order to get Squalo to reveal information on Xanxus.

In the future, Squalo and Belphegor appears in an encoded video for Tsuna and his family, warning them not to move from their current location and that instructions will be arriving shortly. In videos he sent to the adult Yamamoto for boasting rights and also as a way to draw the latter back to the sword, Squalo is shown to have continuously fought 101 battles in order to secure his title as the "Second Sword Emperor". He is later shown to be the battle commander during the attack against the Millefiore base in Italy. He wields Rain-Class flames and his special box unleashes a shark. He is voiced by Hiroki Takahashi in the anime.

Belphegor
, Belphegor is an assassin working for the Vongola's independent assassination squad, the Varia. He is known as "Prince the Ripper" (Purinzu za Rippa). Once a prince of an unknown country, at the age of eight, he stabbed his identical twin brother, Rasiel, presumably to death. It was later revealed during the Future Arc although he did stab his brother Rasiel, Rasiel still lived. Bel has a crescent-shaped birthmark on the right side of his stomach which mirrors Rasiel's. He is known as a battle genius, but his abilities only truly present themselves when he sees his own "royal" blood, which reminds him of the time he stabbed his brother. His eyes are never shown, but in Volume 24, Lussuria says in his interview that his eyes are both cool and loyal. In the future, during the Varia raid on a Millefiore base, he unleashes a storm-attribute mink from his special box. He is nicknamed Bel or Prince the Ripper. He is voiced by Yūki Fujiwara in the anime.

Lussuria
 is a martial arts master whose favored style is Muay Thai. His knee is covered with a steel plate, making it ideal for defense, as well as deadly when used for offense. During the Vongola Tournament, he battles Ryohei in a brightly lit boxing ring, and initially has the advantage as he habitually wears sunglasses. After Ryohei destroys the lights and shatters his knee plate, the rest of the Varia assume his loss, and Gola Moska shoots him in the back, making him unable to continue the fight. Lussuria reappears during the tournament's final battle and is saved by Ryohei. In the future, along with retaining his combat abilities, he uses a special box that can unleash a sun-based peacock that can heal wounds while also accelerating a person's hair and nail growth. He is voiced by Kōichirō Yuzawa in the anime.

Levi A Than
, known as 'Levi' for short, is an extremely loyal subordinate to Xanxus who cares little about promotions. It is said that his speed in accomplishing his work is the best in the Varia. He carries eight umbrellas which are each capable of discharging electricity. He battles Lambo during the Vongola Tournament, and though he had no problem defeating the 5 and 15-year-old Lambos, he is easily outmatched by the 25-year-old Lambo. After Lambo reverts to his 5-year-old self, Levi prepares to deliver the final blow to the unconscious Lambo, but Tsuna's intervention disqualifies Lambo. During the tournament's final battle, he is defeated by Gokudera. In the future, he is shown to unleash a lightning-based stingray from his special box during the raid on the Millefiore base. He is voiced by Yuto Nakano in the anime.

Mammon (Viper)

 is an Arcobaleno whose real name is Viper. He owns the mist pacifier. Known as the Arcobaleno's best spellcaster, Viper has the ability to cast illusions, as well as being able to locate any person by sneezing into a piece of paper; the spit or mucus that sticks to the paper shows a map leading to the desired person. He also has a black frog named Fantasma that can give him the ability to fly in combat when it turns into a salamander. During the Vongola Tournament, he defeats Chrome, however, he is defeated by Mukuro once the latter takes possession of Chrome's body. He is said to be dead in the future, thus his position in the Varia has been replaced by Fran, who unwillingly wears a frog hat as homage. He is voiced by Rumi Shishido in the anime.

Gola Moska
 is a killing machine sold to the Varia on the black market by the Italian government, and is powered by the life of a human. It battles Hibari during the Vongola Tournament, but it is easily defeated with one strike. After it goes berserk, Tsuna destroys it by slicing it in half, revealing that Vongola IX has been unwillingly powering it.

Fran
 is Mukuro's disciple and the newest officer member of the Varia in the future who uses a Hell Ring with the numbers "666" imprinted on it. Introduced during the Varia attack on a Millefiore base in Italy, Fran is Mammon's replacement as the group's illusionist and is thus forced to wear a large frog hat to symbolize this. He is usually the target of Belphegors knives due to constant mocking. Although generally calm, Fran is openly antagonistic to the other Varia members on many occasions, mocking and verbally attacking them as they work. He later helps the Kokuyo Gang in freeing Mukuro Rokudo, his master, from his imprisonment. During the Representative Battle of the Rainbow, he was recruited and joined Mukuro's team. He is voiced by Kokuryu Sachi in the anime.

Millefiore Family
The  is the Mafia family that is engaged in battle against the Vongola Family in the future. The Millefiore is a result of the merging of two separate Mafia families: the up-and-coming  Family led by Byakuran, and the family with as much history as the Vongola, the  led by Uni. They are organized into two groups to distinguish their old families, which are then further separated into 18 different squads, each named for a plant or flower. Those originally from the Giglio Nero are the Black Spell and have the tendency to engage in direct combat, while those from the Gesso are the White Spell and specialize in cunning battle tactics. There appears to be animosity between members of the White Spell and the Black Spell, resulting in a lack of communication and sabotage by individual squads. Their organization also possesses the Mare Rings, a set of seven rings on par with the Vongola Rings originally belonging solely to the Giglio Nero. The holders of which, save the holder of the Sky, are known as the six Funeral Wreaths.

Byakuran
 is the former boss of the Gesso Family, and the incumbent leader of the Millefiore Family whose aim is to obtain "ultimate power" Trinisette (7³) by gathering the Vongola Rings, Mare Rings, and Arcobaleno pacifiers together in one place; he has a portrait that has a slot for each item. To achieve his goals, Byakuran has ordered the complete extermination of the Vongola Family, even targeting their friends and allies. He also had special radiation released into the atmosphere in order to specifically kill all Arcobaleno members. Though he possesses the Sky Mare Ring, he has purposefully hidden his true abilities, and maintains a carefree attitude, even during his fight with Mukuro Rokudo, whom he critically injures. Despite his ruthlessness toward his enemies, he has a cheerful disposition when around his subordinates, especially toward Shoichi Irie, despite knowing of the latter's betrayal. According to Irie, Byakuran's power is the ability to share thoughts and experiences with versions of himself in all possible parallel worlds, giving him a power similar to omniscience, the ability to know everything. Byakuran's realization of his abilities was brought about when a young Irie continuously time-traveled into different futures and came in contact with two versions of Byakuran. His other selves have used this ability to become the dictator of their world, with the world the story is set in being the only one where he is not.  However, his power is also weakening over time, which is why he needs Uni, to replenish his abilities but in the end he is defeated and incinerated by Tsuna's flames. During Tsuna's original time, Byakuran is shown to be different from his future counterpart, healing Yamamoto's wounds, expressing his desire to protect Uni out of sincerity, and assist Tsuna to defeat Team Bermuda, showing that he has truly becoming their ally. He is voiced by Takanori Ohyama in the anime.

Uni
 is a young girl who is the former leader of the Giglio Nero Family as a result of the early death of her mother, Aria, whom she did not know was a Mafia boss.  She is known to be the daughter of Aria and the granddaughter of Luce, the original Sky Arcobaleno. She also inherited the orange Arcobaleno pacifier from her grandmother. Known as the "princess", Uni was originally kindhearted and warm, and in order to prevent all out war with the Gesso Family, she started negotiations with their leader Byakuran. However, the latter forcefully drugged her during their private meeting. In addition to becoming cold and emotionally detached, the drug made her unable to speak up against Byakuran, resulting in the merger of their two families. She later regains her original personality, stating that she too has the power to travel to different worlds. When Byakuran denies her request for the Six Funeral Wreaths to have a rematch with the Vongola Guardians, she withdraws from the Millefiore Family and requests for Tsuna to protect her. She shows that she also has the other Arcobaleno pacifiers. According to Reborn, she is the Arcobaleno's boss. In the final battle with Byakuran, before he can complete the Trinisette, Uni, along with Gamma, sacrifices herself in order to revive the Arcobaleno. During the Representative Battle of the Rainbow, the present Uni once again becomes Arcobaleno, inheriting the title from her mother who decided to retire so Uni will get the chance to be freed from her curse. She is now on friendly terms with Byakuran. She is voiced by Yoshino Nanjō in the anime.

Shoichi Irie
 is initially an unsuspecting Japanese middle school kid who becomes caught up in the antics concerning Tsuna and his friends early on in the series, and ends up in possession of some Bovino family weaponry, including the Ten-Year Bazooka. However, in the story's alternate future story arc nearly ten years later, he is thought to be an enemy working for the Millefiore Family, but is in fact a spy for the Vongola. He is the captain of the White Spell's 2nd Rose Squad, and is also one of the Millefiore's six A rank members. He reports directly to Byakuran, and has been secretly researching the Ten-Year Bazooka in order to find a way to time travel. After confronting Tsuna and his friends, he reveals that he is on their side, with his past self being the one who has been bringing them into the future with the Ten-Year Bazooka, in accordance with a strategy that he, and adult Tsuna and Hibari have been planning. In the tournament against the Six Funeral Wreaths, he explains to Tsuna and the others of how his continuous attempts to change his future resulted in Byakuran realizing his powers; when a young Irie had time-traveled into the future twice, he had bumped into two versions of Byakuran, with the latter one remembering who Irie was despite never having bumped into him before (in that universe at least). Despite Irie's attempts to the change the future, his following trips all resulted in him seeing a ravaged world in which Byakuran was the dictator of the world. He is voiced by Toshiyuki Toyonaga in the anime.

Gamma
Gamma is an A ranked member of the Millefiore Family, who commands the 3rd attack squad of the Black Spell. According to Lal Mirch, Gamma is responsible for wiping out many of the allies of the Vongola Family. Gamma defeats Hayato Gokudera and Takeshi Yamamoto later interrogating Gokudera. Before Gamma killed them however, Kyoya Hibari arrived and defeated him. When Tsuna's group infiltrates their base, he runs into Gokudera and Ryohei. It is evident that he received a substantial power boost and succeeds defeating Ryohei. He and Gokudera then fight to a stalemate. He later returns to protect Uni from the Real Six Funeral Wreathes and later both of them sacrifice themselves so the Arcobaleno can be reborn. It is revealed that Gamma has a deep hatred of Byakuran and members of the White Spell, believing that the former did something to Uni that caused her to become who she is now. Gamma is the wielder of the Lightning Mare Ring that is later revealed to be a fake, and can use his lightning attribute flame to hover in the air as well as create electromagnetic barrier that can defend against attacks. He carries a billiard cue and a series of electrically charged billiard balls. Gamma also uses an animal box weapon, in the form of two foxes made of lightning, which can be enhanced using a third box. He is voiced by Kazuhiko Inoue in the anime.

Genkishi
, also known as the "Phantom Knight", is a Millefiore illusionist and swordsman, carrying four swords, as well as the Mist Mare Ring that is later revealed to be a fake and one of the six Hell Rings. He is sent to Japan by Byakuran in order to protect Shoichi Irie, so during the Vongola's raid on their base, he defeats Yamamoto and battles adult Hibari until the latter is replaced with their past self. It is revealed that despite being a former Giglio Nero member, he devoted himself to following Byakuran when he saved him from an incurable disease, and had even instigated the Giglio Nero/Gesso merger by faking his defeat at the hands of Squalo. However, when Byakuran had requested him to steal the Mare Rings and Sky Pacifier from the Giglio Nero, he was unable to do so due to Uni. This leads him to go to great lengths to prove his loyalty to Byakuran, even being consumed by his Hell Ring, which changes him physically and mentally, in order to defeat Tsuna in battle. Though his transformation grants him greater power, he loses to Tsuna and escapes by using one of his box weapons. He resurfaces during the Vongolas' battle with the Six Funeral Wreaths disguised as Saru, one of Torikabuto's subordinate. There, he is defeated in a rematch with Yamamoto and killed off by Kikyo, under orders of Byakuran. He is voiced by Daisuke Hosomi in the anime.

Glo Xinia
 is a captain of the White Spell's 8th Wisteria squad and is the holder of the Rain Mare Ring that is later revealed to be a fake. He encountered the younger Chrome Dokuro. He fights with a box of the rain element, an owl covered in the Dying Will Flame, later revealed to be playing host to Mukuro.  After his battle with Chrome he was hospitalized with severe injuries and a broken jaw, but it is later discovered that he planted a tracking device on Chrome. He is voiced by Yoshihisa Kawahara in the anime.

Rasiel
 is Belphegor's older twin brother and possesses the Storm Mare Ring that is later revealed to be a fake. He and Bel fought constantly as children, but he always won, so to beat him, Bel put laxatives in Sil's food to incapacitate him. Originally thought to have been killed by Bel, Sil reveals himself as the one responsible for the Millefiore defense in Italy, and uses a box weapon containing multiple bats that emit invisible storm flames to assault his enemies in battle. His personality is no different from Bel's, except that he states that he is a king rather than a prince. He is accompanied by his family's former butler, Olgelt, who claims to only follow the one who would be king and can unleash elephants from multiple boxes. He is voiced by Ryuji Kamiyama in the anime.

Ginger Bread
Though primarily known as  within the story, he claims that he no longer goes by that name. He is also known as the Magician's Doll, primarily due to his usage of similar looking dolls that are clothed in a wizard's hat and cape, and have stars in their eyes, to fight. In addition, he uses spiders, summoned by what he calls sorcery. He is the vice-captain of the Millefiore's eighth squad, and claims to have had a hand in the death of Colonnello. As such, Lal Mirch engages him in battle, but after he loses, it is revealed that she was only fighting one of his dolls. Another one of his dolls, paired with another Millefiore member, Iris Yoka, and her Death Stalk squad, shows up soon after to incapacitate Tsuna and Spanner, but it is then defeated by the former. Later, it's revealed that he's actually dolls created by a Vindice, Alejandro to destroy families from within. He is voiced by Yumiko Kobayashi in the anime.

Spanner
 is a member of the Black Spell. He belongs to the family's tech department and is responsible for the creation of the family's Moska robots, which are giant humanoid robots created for combat. He was told by Irie to locate and eliminate Tsuna. After Tsuna defeats King Moska, Spanner takes the unconscious Tsuna back to his workroom where he manages to perfect Tsuna's X Burner, as he wished to see its full power. He does so by inventing a pair of contact lens for Tsuna that allows him to regulate the power output level of each glove while using the X Burner. He is considered to be a traitor to the Millefiore and joins Tsuna's family. He later takes part in the tournament against the Six Funeral Wreaths. He is voiced by Kenjiro Tsuda in the anime.

Real 6 Funeral Wreaths

The  are Byakuran's six strongest subordinates, and are thus in possession of the Mare Rings, the Millefiore's top class rings that are said to be on par with the power of the Vongola Rings, and are a corner of the Trinisette policy. At first, it was thought that Shoichi Irie, Gamma, Genkishi, Glo Xinia, and Rasiel were part of the six as they supposedly possessed Mare Rings, but Byakuran reveals that the rings that they possess are fake; he hid the true identities of the real Funeral Wreaths as he suspected Shoichi's betrayal. The known members are , the rough-looking Storm Funeral Wreath, his Carnage Box transforms him into part T-Rex; , (voiced by Kazuki Kato in the anime) the ruthless Cloud Funeral Wreath and leader of the real Funeral Wreaths; his Carnage Box transforms him into part-Spinosaurus; , the Millefiore's immortal sun guardian who possesses facial scars and is apparently obsessed with slaughter, his Carnage Box transforms him into part-lizard; , a young girl who is the Rain Funeral Wreath and is able to dissolve into water, her Carnage Box transforms her into part-Shonisaurus; , the Mist Funeral Wreath and a colossal figure who utilizes multiple flame elements and illusions in battle, his Carnage Box transforms him into a disgusting merge of human and moth; and , the Lightning Funeral Wreath who is in fact a parallel double of Byakuran himself, able to absorb flames from nearby sources due to his unique composition. All of the members (excluding Ghost) shown so far have displayed a number of shared traits: they use box weapons containing prehistoric beings such as dinosaurs as opposed to regular animals, they have their box weapons embedded in their bodies to maximize their fighting ability, and they use their Dying Will flames as projectiles in combat when their box weapons are dormant. An interesting point about Bluebell and Zakuro is that their hair colour matches their flame colour.

Simon Family
 The Simon Family is a Mafia group that has been allies with the Vongola since Giotto's time, but has grown weak over the years. Seven of its members  transfer into Namimori Middle School in order to attend Tsuna's inheritance ceremony. These members are Shitt P., Adelheid Suzuki, Kaoru Mizuno, Large Ooyama, Kouyou Aoba, Julie Kato, and the tenth Simon boss, Enma Kozato. Their true motive is to take revenge on the Vongola, who supposedly betrayed the Simon Family during the first generations' time. Their power comes from the Simon Rings, which are fully activated by Vongola's Sin, a vial which is said to contain the blood of the first Simon boss, Simon Cozzato. Their rings use Flames of the Earth as opposed to Vongola's Flames of the Sky. Tsuna and his friends face the Simon in battles which they stake their pride and the loser is imprisoned in Vindice forever. It is later revealed that the Simon Family was being manipulated by Vongola Primo's Mist Guardian, Demon Spade, who plans to take possession of Mukuro Rokudo's body and rebuild the Vongola family in his image. After Demon was defeated, Simon Family reconciled their bond with Vongola.

Enma Kozato
 is the leader of the Simon Family and a descendant of the first Simon boss, Simon Cozzato. When he is introduced, he is shown as a similarly pathetic young boy to Tsuna. Enma had some concerns about whether to go through with the plan to overthrow Vongola, but eventually decides to do so after Tsuna unknowingly fails a test he had set up. After throwing away his concerns, they attack the Vongola Inheritance Ceremony and steals Vongola's Sin, using it to enhance their Simon Rings and destroy the Vongola Rings. Aside from the Simon's pride, he has a personal grudge against Tsuna since his parents and sister were apparently killed by Tsuna's father, Iemitsu. He is brought to insanity due to Demon Spade's manipulation, but he is saved by Tsuna who gets through to him. Despite being declared the loser by Vindice, he is allowed to stay to watch the final battle between Demon Spade and Mukuro Rokudo. After the final battle with Demon, he and his Family peacefully live their normal lives along with Tsuna and his Family in Namimori. His Simon Ring gives him the ability to control gravity, allowing him to produce powerful black holes. In Reborn! VOMIC, he is voiced by Kōki Uchiyama.

Kouyou Aoba
 is the Simon Guardian of the Forest. He has incredible vision which allows him to pinpoint flowing weak points in his opponent's body and exploit them. However, this vision causes great stress which can eventually lead to blindness, so he usually wears a special pair of pitch-black glasses. He battles against Ryohei in a boxing match which ends in a tie, and both he and Ryohei are imprisoned by Vindice. After final battle against Demon, he, and the other Simon Guardians are freed and reconciled with Vongola. He possesses similar traits to Ryohei and even has a catchphrase, which is, "in the end". In Reborn! VOMIC, he is voiced by Ryōhei Kimura.

Large Ooyama
 is the Simon Guardian of the Mountain who gives off the impression of liking kids, not minding Lambo bossing him around all the time. In the battle against Vongola, he's shown to be ruthless towards Lambo and even challenged the child to a sumo match, though he was defeated by 15 year-old Lambo and imprisoned by Vindice. Large claims to follow Enma because he has strong eyes. After the final battle against Demon, he, and the imprisoned Simon Guardians are freed from the Vindice and he reconciled with Lambo. His Simon Ring forms volcanic rocks which form horns like a stag beetle that anchor his legs to the ground.

Adelheid Suzuki
 is the Simon Guardian of the Glacier who has a no-nonsense demeanor and uses metal fans as weapons. She is deeply devoted to Enma and the Simon. Adelheid was head of the Liquidation Committee in Simon Middle School, and fights with Hibari after she decides that the order of the Disciplinary Committee is no longer needed and that her Liquidation Committee should replace it. She later loses to him during a duel on the Simon Island. After the final battle against Demon, she, and the other Simon Guardians are freed and she later continue her role as the head of Liquidation Committee in Namimori Middle School. Like Hibari, Adelheid uses force to get what she wants. Her Simon Ring allows her to freeze massive bodies of water. In Reborn! VOMIC, she is voiced by Aira Yūki.

Shitt P.
 is the Simon Guardian of the Swamp. She has a single patch of hair on her forehead and is always seen wearing two large inflatable rings around herself, prompting Gokudera to label her an "UMA" (Unidentified Mysterious Animal). Her pride is fighting for herself, and she mocks Gokudera's dedication to Tsuna on the basis of Tsuna's poor academic and athletic abilities. Her ring flames allow her to break down any inorganic substance into a swamp-like pit. She challenges Gokudera into a battle in which they must pop the other person's balloons. Gokudera ends up as the winner leaving her to be taken away. After the final battle against Demon, she, and the other Simon Guardians are freed and reconciled with Vongola. She developed fondness for Gokudera and began to stalk him ever since, much to Gokudera's dismay. In Reborn! VOMIC, she is voiced by Lyrian.

Kaoru Mizuno
 is a Simon Guardian who sports a pompadour. He is initially shown to be a shy person interested in sports. However, upon Yamamoto's discovery of his ring wrapped in paper with the Vongola emblem crossed out, he attacked Yamamoto, resulting in Yamamoto getting hospitalized. When he later learns of Demon Spade's manipulation of the Simon family, he battles against him but is easily outmatched and imprisoned along with Adelheid because he no longer has any capability to fight the Vongola. After the final battle against Demon, he, and the other Simon Guardians are freed, and he reconciled with Yamamoto. His Simon Ring allows him to form a powerful drill around his arm. In Reborn! VOMIC, he is voiced by Kōhei Kurihara.

Julie Kato
 is the Simon Guardian of the Desert, who takes a keen interest in Chrome and constantly pushes Enma's to carry out the fight. In reality, he is actually possessed by Vongola Primo's Mist Guardian. After Demon seemingly defeated by Mukuro, Julie was freed from Demon's possession without any memories of what are happening. He was sent to the illusionary world along with Gokudera, Yamamoto, Lambo, and Hibari by Demon and was trapped there until Tsuna defeated Demon. After the final battle against Demon, he and his Family lives peacefully with Vongola. In Reborn! VOMIC, he is voiced by Makoto Ōzaki.

Individual

Demon Spade
 is the Vongola Primo's Mist Guardian. He used to be an aristocrat who hated his own status for he had no social standing in public. He joined Vongola after his lover, Elena, introduced him to Vongola Primo and dedicated himself to the Family. However, after Elena's death due to Primo's reckless decision to throw away his military forces, leaving Vongola territory open to attack, Demon changed and decided to make Vongola a Family that everyone feared to prevent the same thing from happening again. He betrayed Primo since he believed that the latter was no longer capable being the boss, deeming him far too soft. He set a trap for Simon Cozzato in the past and using Julie Kato's body, arranged the present battle between Vongola and Simon so he could destroy the Vongola and rebuild it in his image. During Tsuna's inheritance ceremony, he kidnapped Chrome and controlled her mind in order to lure out Mukuro so he could take over his body. Though he is seemingly defeated by Mukuro, Demon turned out to be using the opportunity to possess Mukuro's soulless body in the Vindice's prison before Mukuro did.

In the final battle with Tsuna, he was defeated by Tsuna who had acquired Flame of Oath, mortally wounding him in the process. As he was dying, he dropped his pocket watch that picked up by Tsuna, revealing it contains old photograph of himself with the Vongola Primo Family and Elena. At this time he finally revealed his past and his motives behind his entire action for all those years; all for Elena's sake. After knowing this, Tsuna, not wanting Demon to die while still bearing hatred and regret, lied that he understand through his Hyper Intuition that Elena is grateful and knew that he'd never forgot her, making Demon whole-heartedly accept his fate despite knowing that Tsuna was lying. Afterwards, he dies, finally at peace as he accepted Tsuna and his Family, entrusting Vongola in their hands.

By acquiring Mukuro's body, he obtained all the six Simon Earth rings, excluding Enma's that allows him to use all the abilities of the Simon family along with the special eight attribute Flame, Flame of Night that Vendice use that far exceeding his previous power to the point where Mukuro stated that he's no longer a human but a monster. In the anime, Demon was voiced by Atsushi Kousaka.

Vindice
Vindice are the masked keepers of Mafia law who punish those who cannot be judge by normal law. Those who defy their law are arrested without any hesitation and imprisoned in inescapable prison known as the Vindice Prison. The Vindice has been around for as long as the Mafia exist. Their reputation among Mafia world precedes them, as they are said to show no mercy even to devils. They are said to have no emotions other than hatred. They possesses the Flame of Night that governs by a set of law that allows them to transport anywhere they want. The Vindice are revealed to be the previous Arcobaleno who were in the past, tricked and cursed by Checker Face. They, who had their Pacifier removed from them were mostly dead and even the ones who managed to survive had a cursed lives afterwards that only desiring for revenge, making them the way they are now. All the Vindice, aside from Bermuda, are unable to create their own flames and merely survived by the flames provided by Bermuda. After they were defeated by Tsuna and his friends, they agreed to protect the Tri-ni-set for eternity that had been place in jars specifically created by Talbot with Bermuda's Flame of Night as support to prevent another generations of Arcobaleno.

Bermuda von Veckenschtein
A mysterious Arcobaleno and the founder of Vindice organization with clear pacifier who first appeared alongside Jager in front of Giotto, Simon Cozzato, and G., becoming focal point of the oath made by both Giotto and Cozzato. He later reappeared alongside seven Vindices at the second day of Representative Battle and officially participate the battle after defeating Team Skull and steal their watches with his team. He is said to be once the absolute strongest Arcobaleno until certain incident and due to a little blunder, he is under the same curse as the other Arcobaleno. Like other Vindice, he was an Arcobaleno who was tricked and cursed by Checker Face. However, when Checker Face tried to remove his flame from his pacifier, Bermuda resisted and able to survive by filling his pacifier with a new flame, Flame of Night and through generations, recruiting those who experience the same fate as him and taught them how to use the flame. He created the Vindice in order to keep watch the Tri-ni-set in hope he able to track Checker Face who administrates it. He plans to kill Checker Face to achieve his revenge by winning the Representative Battle, at cost of the Vindice and the current Arcobaleno's lives. After defeated by Tsuna, he and the Vindice agreed to protect the Tri-ni-set with his flames to take control over it, away from Checker Face, as well as in order to prevent another generation Arcobaleno to be born ever again. Being the founder of the Flame of Night and formerly the strongest Arcobaleno, Bermuda is a powerful fighter with the ability to short warp an infinite number of times, strong enough to corner Reborn in his adult form.

Jager
Bermuda's partner who always appeared alongside the latter. He also witnessed the oath made by Giotto and Cozzato. He reappeared again when Demon able to break out from Vendice water prison and promised both Tsuna and Enma that he will free Ryohei and Simon Guardians who were imprisoned in their prison if they able to defeat Demon. During the Representative of the Rainbow, he and his team joined the battle as Bermuda's Representative with him as the Boss. According to Bermuda, he is the strongest Vindice warrior, able to overpower Tsuna in a matter of seconds as well as Squalo, Xanxus, and Byakuran. Even Reborn himself made it clear that Tsuna won't stand a chance against him and couldn't see any possibility for him to win against him in any way. During the fourth day of Representative Battle, however, he was defeated by Tsuna and his remaining team members' cooperation.

Jack
One of the Vindice who partake the Representative Battle of the Rainbow as part of Team Bermuda. During the third day of Representative Battle, he appears with other two Vindices in front of Tsuna's and Mukuro's team, which resulting a temporary alliance between the two. During the battle, he was the one who indicated that they are not human being. He is defeated by Tsuna shortly after his other two teammates were defeated by Mukuro and Chrome.

Alejandro
One of the Vindice who partake the Representative Battle of the Rainbow as part of Team Bermuda. He has been in Vindice almost around the same time as Bermuda. During his fight with Tsuna, Enma, and Basil, it's revealed that he's the creator of Ginger Bread puppets to destroy Families from within, referring them as his children. His battler watch was destroyed by Tsuna after his attention was distracted when witnessing his Ginger Bread puppets' defeat by Tsuna, Enma, and Basil's combination, disqualifying him from the Representative Battle.

Small Gia
One of the Vindice who partake the Representative Battle of the Rainbow as part of Team Bermuda. He, along with Big Pino ambushed Team Verde's decoy puppets and then fought illusions created by Chrome and Flan with Gokudera and Yamamoto mixed among them to buy times until Tsuna, Enma, and Basil arrives. He was able to locate Chrome's and Flan's illusions and almost had Big Pino kill them, but Tsuna, Enma, and Basil arrive in time to save them. He uses weapons that carried by Big Pino and able to switch them whenever he wanted. Unlike other Vindice in common, he's rather expressive, showing clearly his joy and emotions even though Jager has once said that Vindice has no emotion other than hatred. He is also sadistic, stating that his hobby is slaughtering. He seemed to be the only one able to understand Big Pino's words. He and Big Pino was defeated when Yamamoto restrained him while his movements were stopped by Enma's manipulation and Chrome and Flan protected him and Gokudera with their illusions right before the dynamites that Yamamoto was holding explode, destroying his battler watch.

Big Pino
One of the Vindice who partake the Representative Battle of the Rainbow as part of Team Bermuda. He, along with Small Gia ambushed Team Verde's decoy puppets and then fought illusions created by Chrome and Flan with Gokudera and Yamamoto mixed among them to buy times until Tsuna, Enma, and Basil arrives. He's powerful enough to destroy Gokudera's Sistema C.A.I and Yamamoto's swords, and nearly killed them if only Tsuna, Enma, and Basil didn't arrive on time to stop them. Aside from his cannon, he carries various weapons with him behind his coat that used by Small Gia. Unlike other Vindice, he's unable to talk and can only say "pipipupo" that only Small Gia could understand. He and Small Gia was defeated when Gokudera distracts and able to reach his arm near enough to his battler watch while Enma stopped his movements and Chrome and Flan protected him and Yamamoto's bodies with their illusions right before the dynamites that Gokudera was holding explode, destroying his battler watch.

Reception
Due to not having any recurring antagonists or villains in the first seven volumes, the series was initially termed to be an "episodic comedy series," with even the would-be killers turning out to be good guys. The series introduces its first set of recurring villains in volume eight. Still, Leroy Douresseaux of Comic Book Bin points out that despite Tsuna and company facing the "biggest threat" they have ever faced, the series retains its comedic factor; describing the villains as "really strange adversaries – Naruto meets the defunct FOX TV comedy, Arrested Development." In IGN's review of volume nine, A.E. Sparrow describes the new villains as the "super-powered cadre of bad guys," with Manga Life's David Rasmussen commenting that Mukuro is an evil being. Manga News criticized the Simon Family for being shown able to overpower Tsuna and his friends when Tsuna already defeated Byakuran, as well as lacking originality for exception of Shitt.P. The Simon possessing Seven Flames of Earth is also criticized, considering the flames ruining the already established formula of Dying Will Flames. Manga News praised Demon Spade's role as antagonist, likening his transformation to that of Frieza from Dragon Ball. While finding Demon's motivation similarly lacking originality, the flashback in which it was shown gives nobility to the character. The Vindice is criticized because for despite having powerful introduction, the last fight makes them pale in comparison to the previous antagonists, finding them disappointing in the end.

References

Reborn!
Antagonists


Changamwe Constituency is an electoral constituency in Mombasa county, Kenya. It used to be one of the four constituencies in Mombasa district. With the promulgation of the new constitution in August 2010, it saw a creation of two more constituencies in Mombasa County. These are Jomvu and Nyali Constituencies which were curved out from Changamwe and Kisauni Constituencies respectively thereby bringing a total of six constituencies in 2012.

Before the curving out of Jomvu constituency from Changamwe, the constituency used to have eight wards electing Councillors for the Mombasa municipal council.It has a population of 131,882 people (2019 census).

Promulgation of New Constitution

With the promulgation of the new constitution in August 2010, the districts were renamed to Counties thus bringing a total of 47 counties in the country and the wards renamed to county assembly wards. This also saw the remapping of Changamwe Constituency boundary by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission - IEBC as mandated by the New Constitution.

Changamwe Constituency has five county assembly wards namely: Airport; Chaani; Kipevu; Miritini and Port Reitz

High Court Ruling

Following the petitions made by the Changamwe constituents against the manner in which IEBC handled the delimitation of the constituency, the High Court ruled in favor of the people on 9 July 2012. In the ruling carried out by the 5 High court sitting judges, they ordered IEBC to rename Magongo ward as Changamwe ward and move it to Changamwe Constituency; at the same time the IEBC was ordered to move Miritini ward to Jomvu Constituency.

Changamwe now has the following county assembly wards: Changamwe ward, Chaani ward, Airport ward, Kipevu ward and Port Reitz ward.

Historical Perspective

Members of Parliament

Locations and wards

References

Constituencies in Coast Province
Constituencies in Mombasa County


Ekoball Stal Sanok is a Polish football club based in Sanok.

They reached the 1/4 of final in the Polish Cup in the 2008/2009 season, and notable cup exploits include giant-killing Legia Warsaw. The club spent majority of time at third and fourth levels of Polish football pyramid, only once winning the promotion to the 2 division. Stal Sanok is one of the most well-known and supported clubs in the region. Their main rivals are Karpaty Krosno. The best goalscorer in history of Stal Sanok and one of the most legendary players was Jerzy Pietrzkiewicz.

There used to be an ice-hockey section, but the section became an independent club STS Sanok.

The club rebranded in 2016 due to financial problems to Ekoball Stal Sanok.  Current head coach is Piotr Kot while his assistant coach Damian Niemczyk is also one of the most important players of the first team. Robert Ząbkiewicz who used to be the head coach of the team before is now the team manager, and Adrian Terkała is the head of marketing.

External links
  Official club website
  Unofficial club website
  Official fans website
  Stal Sanok at the 90minut.pl website (Polish)

Football clubs in Poland
Association football clubs established in 1946
1946 establishments in Poland
Association football clubs disestablished in 2016
Sanok
Sport in Podkarpackie Voivodeship


In South Australia, Highway 1 is a  long route that follows the coastline of the state, from the Victorian border near Mount Gambier to the Western Australian border near Eucla. Highway 1 continues around the rest of Australia, joining all mainland state capitals, and connecting major centres in Tasmania. All roads within the Highway 1 system are allocated a road route numbered M1, A1, B1 or R1, depending on the state route numbering system. In South Australia, most of the highway is designated as route A1, with multi-lane, dual-carriage-way sections generally designated route M1, and the alignment around the Adelaide CBD designated route R1. South-east of Tailem Bend, it is designated route B1.

History

Highway 1 was created as part of the National Route Numbering system, adopted in 1955. The route was compiled from an existing network of state and local roads and tracks.

Route description
In South Australia, the highway connects:
 from the SA/VIC border
via  Princes Highway to
 Mount Gambier
via  Princes Highway to
 Tailem Bend
via  Princes Highway to
 Murray Bridge
via  South Eastern Freeway to
 Glen Osmond
via  Glen Osmond and Fullarton Roads to
 Dulwich, on the eastern edge of the Adelaide city centre
via  City Ring Route to
 Medindie, on the northern edge of North Adelaide
via  Main North Road to
 Gepps Cross
 via  Port Wakefield Road and Port Wakefield Highway to
 Port Wakefield
via  Augusta Highway to
 Port Augusta
via  Eyre Highway to
 Eucla

Major intersections
  Riddoch Highway (A66/B66)
  Dukes Highway (A8)
  Portrush Road (A17)
  Salisbury Highway (A9)
  Northern Expressway (M2)
  Stuart Highway (A87)
  Lincoln Highway (B100)
  Tod Highway (B90)
  Flinders Highway (B100)

References

See also

 Highway 1 (New South Wales)
 Highway 1 (Northern Territory)
 Highway 1 (Queensland)
 Highway 1 (Tasmania)
 Highway 1 (Victoria)
 Highway 1 (Western Australia)

Highways in South Australia


Three ships of Britain's Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Trompeuse, after the French word for "deceptive":

  was a former French 16-gun brig-sloop, launched in July 1793, that  captured on 12 January 1794 near Cape Clear Island and that grounded off Kinsale on 15 July 1796. At the time of her loss all her crew were saved.
  was a former French 18-gun privateer originally called Mercure, captured in 1799. She was commissioned in September 1799 and foundered on 17 May 1800 in the English Channel. All her crew were lost.
  was the French privateer Coureur captured on 4 March 1800 and broken up in 1811.

See also

Royal Navy ship names


Mahasena, also known in some records as Mahasen, was a king of Sri Lanka who ruled the country from 277 to 304 CE. He started the construction of large tanks or reservoirs in Sri Lanka, and built sixteen such tanks. After becoming king, Mahasena discriminated the Buddhists belonging to the Theravada-school and destroyed several of their temples including the Mahavihara (the main Theravada temple) before his chief minister led him to realise his mistakes. He mended his ways and built the Jethavana stupa. Mahasena's countrymen regarded him as a god or deity (deva) after the construction of the Minneriya tank, he became known as Minneri Deviyo (God of Minneriya).

Discrimination against Theravada Buddhism
Mahasena was the younger son of King Gotabaya, who ruled the country from 253 to 266 CE. His elder brother and predecessor to the throne was King Jetthatissa, who was the king from 266 to 275. Mahasen and Jetthatissa were educated by a Buddhist monk named Sanghamitta, who was a follower of the Vaitulya doctrine. Mahasen also became a follower of this doctrine, which was associated with Mahayana Buddhism. Theravada Buddhism was traditionally the official religion of the country. However when Mahasen acquired the throne, he ordered the Bhikkhus of Mahavihara, the largest Theravada temple in the country, to accept Mahayana teachings. When they refused, Mahasen prohibited his countrymen from providing food to the Theravada Bhikkhus, and established a fine for violating this. As a result, the Buddhist monks abandoned Anuradhapura and went to the Ruhuna municipality in the South of the country.

Mahasen destroyed the Mahavihara, and the materials obtained from there were used for building the Jethavanaramaya. Lovamahapaya, which belonged to the Mahavihara, was also destroyed. After this incident, the king’s chief minister and friend, Meghavannabaya, rebelled and raised an army in Ruhuna against him. The king came with his army to defeat Meghavannabaya and camped opposite the rebel camp. On the night before the battle was to be fought, Meghavannabaya managed to enter Mahasen’s camp and convinced him to stop the violence against Theravada Buddhists. Mahasen agreed to stop the violence and made peace with Meghavannabaya, and later reconstructed the Mahavihara.

Constructions

The Jethavana stupa was built by Mahasen in the land belonging to Mahavihara. This is the highest stupa in Sri Lanka, and is among the tallest in the world. He also built other temples such as Gokanna, Minneriya and Kalandaka.

The Mahavamsa,  chronicle of Sri Lanka, states that Mahasen constructed sixteen large tanks and two irrigation canals. The largest among these is the Minneriya tank, which covers an area of . The tank has a circumference of , and its  high bund is  long. The Minneriya tank provides water for a large area, and its water supply is maintained by the Elahara canal. Henry Ward, a governor of Sri Lanka when it was a British crown colony, had stated;
No wisdom and no power in the ruler can have forced such efforts even upon the most passive oriental nations, without general persuasion that the work was one of paramount necessity and that all would participate in its benefits
The sixteen tanks given in the Mahavamsa as built by Mahasen are as follows. Some of these tanks have been identified, and the present names of the ones that have been identified are given in brackets.
Manihira (Minneriya)
Mahagama
Challura
Khanu
Mahamani
Kokavata
Dhammarama
Kumbalaka
Vahana
Ratmalakandaka (Padawiya)
Tissavadamanaka (Kawudulla)
Velangavitthi
Mahagallaka
Cira
Mahadaragallaka (Nachchaduwa)
Kalapasana

In addition to these, Mahasen also built the canal Pabbathantha ela, and also completed the canal Elahara ela, which was started by King Vasabha.

Relations with the countrymen
During Mahasen’s anti-Theravada campaign, his countrymen turned against him and this opposition even led to rebellions against him. Even the Commander of his army Meghavarnabaya turned against him. These led to the killing of several royal officials, including the monk Sanghamitta, the teacher of the king who led him to this campaign.

However, after Mahasen reconstructed the Mahavihara and constructed and repaired several tanks in order to improve agriculture in the country, the people’s opposition toward him was reduced. After the construction of the Minneriya reservoir, Mahasen was regarded as a god or deity, and was called Minneri Deviyo (God of Minneriya). After his death, a shrine was built for him near the Minneriya reservoir, the remains of which can be seen to this day.

Mahasen died in 301, and with his death, the Mahavamsa written by the Buddhist Monk Mahanama also ends.

See also
 Mahavamsa
 List of Sri Lankan monarchs

References

Further reading

M
301 deaths
M
Year of birth unknown
M
M
M


Clan Innes is a Highland and Lowland Scottish clan. The clan takes its name from the lands of Innes in Moray, Scotland. The de facto chief of the clan is the Duke of Roxburghe, directly descended in the male line from the Innes Baronets, chiefs of the name.

History
Clan Innes claims descent from a Berowald, a Flemish knight, who was given the lands of Innes by Malcolm IV of Scotland in 1160. Berowald's grandson, Walter, assumed the surname Innes and was granted a charter of confirmation by Alexander II of Scotland in 1226. In 1452, Robert Innes, the eleventh laird, fought under the Earl of Huntly at the Battle of Brechin. He later founded the Greyfriars of Elgin in an attempt to repay for his sins. The twentieth chief of Clan Innes, Sir Robert, was a Member of Parliament for Moray and was made a baronet of Nova Scotia in 1625. The third baronet, Sir James, married Lady Margaret Ker (whom through the sixth baronet inherited the Ker dukedom of Roxburghe. The twenty-fifth chief (and sixth baronet), Sir James Innes, claimed the dukedom of Roxburghe in 1805 when the previous duke died without a direct heir. Later, in 1812 the House of Lords ruled in favour of Sir James, rejecting claims by the heir female of the second earl and heir male whatsoever of the first earl. Because of the ruling Sir James took the surname Innes-Ker and was titled James Innes-Ker, 5th Duke of Roxburghe. The present duke of Roxburghe is heir to the chiefship of the clan, however since he bears the surname Innes-Ker the Lord Lyon King of Arms will not recognise him as chief of the name Innes.

Heraldry
The crest badge suitable for clan members to wear contains the heraldic crest of a boar's head erased Proper, and the heraldic motto of BE TRAIST.

Tartans
Clan Innes has two historical tartans, They are called "Innes Red" and "Innes Hunting", Innes Red is the first Tartan discovered, However, there are many variations of the Innes Red, The most known version is titled in the Scottish Register of Tartans as "Innes (Of Moray)" other versions are called "Innes (D C Stewart)" and "Innes" the one most commonly used is "Innes (of Moray)"

The Innes Hunting tartan is the newest found tartan, It was registered on the Scottish Register of Tartans by Colin Innes of Tulchan with agreement of The Duke of Roxburghe in the Lyon Court Books 19, April, 1969. It is identical to the "Innes (miniature)" tartan taken from a miniature of Georgina Innes at Edingight.
There are many other Tartans registered to Clan Innes, These include "Innes of Cowie", "Innes Dress" and "Innes Red, Dress (Dance)".

See also
Innes Baronets

References

External links
Innes Clan Society

Scottish clans
Armigerous clans
Scoto-Norman clans
Boars in heraldry


Shigenobu is a Japanese name.  It is usually a male given name but can be a surname or the name of a place.  As with most personal names, the meaning of the name is derived from which kanji (Chinese characters) are used, and there are several different kanji that are pronounced "shige" and a few which can be pronounced "nobu."

Possible spellings
 重信 – "heavy faith"
 重靖 – "heavy diligence"
 重陳 – "heavy maturity"
 茂信 – "abundant faith"
 茂伸 – "abundantly influential"
 繁信 – "abundant faith"
 繫信 – "joined in faith"
 薫信 – "aroma of faith"
 滋信 – "nourishing faith"
 滋延 – "nourishing longevity"

Phonetic spelling
The following are spellings of the name "Shigenobu" in the two phonetic syllabaries of written Japanese, and thus have no intrinsic meaning:
 しげのぶ
 シゲノブ

People

Surname
, a leader of the Japanese Red Army
, the daughter of Fusako Shigenobu
, Japanese baseball player

Male
, a Japanese daimyō
, a Japanese ukiyo-e artist
, a Japanese ukiyo-e artist who may have been Ishikawa Toyonobu
, an ukiyo-e artist better known as Hiroshige II
, a Japanese statesman
, a Japanese religious leader
, a Japanese composer and music teacher
, a Japanese athlete

See also
 Shigenobu, Ehime, a town in Japan

References

Japanese-language surnames
Japanese masculine given names
Masculine given names


Abdulkareem Elemosho (born August 10, 1977 in Ilorin) is a Nigerian football (soccer) player currently with Kwara United F.C. of Nigeria.

Trivia
His favourite jersey number is 22 and his boot size is 10, his ambition is to become a coach.

He played for Kwara United F.C. of Ilorin (1998–1999), Shooting Stars Sports Club (3SC) of Ibadan (2000–2001), Sunshine Stars F.C. of Akure (2003–2004) Kwara United F.C. of Ilorin 2001–2003, 2004 to date). He is a National Challenge Cup champion in 2000.

References

1977 births
Living people
Nigerian Muslims
Nigerian men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Kwara United F.C. players
Sunshine Stars F.C. players
People from Ilorin


The BBÖ 113 was a class of 40 express train, 4-8-0 tender locomotives operated by the Federal Railway of Austria (Bundesbahnen Österreichs, BBÖ).

History

After World War I new locomotives had to be built for the Austrian Western Railway due to increasing train loads and the replacement of old, wooden, passenger coaches with steel-bodied coaches. A 4-8-0 design was chosen which was based in many respects on the  of the Austrian Southern Railway, but which, at the same time, had numerous improvements. Between 1923 and 1928 40 locomotives of this new Class 113 were taken into service with the BBÖ.

This class was very powerful and much liked by locomotive crews. It was employed on the most importance passenger train duties and in front of express and fast trains (Eilzüge) and fulfilled its role on main lines well until the end of the steam era, when its top speed of 85 km/h was no longer considered enough. In 1939, the Deutsche Reichsbahn took these locomotives over as DRG Class 33 101–140. In 1953 there were still 33 engines left in the ÖBB, their Reichsbahn numbers being retained. All were retired by 1968.

50 close copies were of Class 570 were built in Poland by Fablok and StEG, as . Class 113 was further developed in Hungary, where 514 MÁV Class 424 were built for Hungary, Yugoslavia and North Korea.

Preserved locomotives
Number 33.102 has been preserved for the Austrian Railway Museum (Österreichische Eisenbahnmuseum) and is based today at the Strasshof Railway Museum (Eisenbahnmuseum Strasshof) in Lower Austria. In the 1980s a preserved example in Yugoslavia was bought by private firm and restored to operational status. Today this engine has the fictitious number 33.132 and is available for heritage trips. A single Os24 locomotive exists in Poland, which can be regarded more as a Polish copy of the Class 570 predecessor.

See also
 Deutsche Reichsbahn
 List of DRG locomotives and railbuses

References

External links
 The Class 33 at dampflok.at
The locomotive database

4-8-0 locomotives
131
Railway locomotives introduced in 1923
Standard gauge locomotives of Austria
Lokomotivfabrik der StEG locomotives
Floridsdorf locomotives
Passenger locomotives


Nikolai Mikhailovich Golushko (; ; born 21 June 1937 in the village Andreyevka in Kokshetau region, Kazakh SSR) is a former minister and KGB officer.

Biography
He was born to a family of Grey Klin Ukrainians. In 1959 he graduated from the law faculty of Tomsk university. He worked in KGB from 1963 on (for many years as an officer in the Fifth department, that aimed at suppressing 'ideological diversions' and political dissent).

From 1987 to 1991 Golushko was the chairman of the Committee for State Security of the Ukrainian SSR (KDB). He was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1963 to 1991. Following August 1991 independence of Ukraine Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia.

From 1992 first deputy of the minister of security of the Russian Federation. From July to December 1993 Golushko as acting minister of security of the Russian Federation. From December 1993 to February 1994 he was the director of the Federal Service of Counter-intelligence of the Russian Federation. According to Yevgenia Albats, Golushko was forced to step down in 1994, after he had refused Yeltsin's request to bar State Duma from granting amnesty to the October 1993 rebels.

Golushko's military rank is Colonel General.

References

Bibliography

Голушко Н. М. В спецслужбах трех государств. М., 2009.
 Голушко Николай Михайлович. История Современной России

1937 births
Living people
People from Akmola Region
People from Kokshetau
Kazakhstani people of Ukrainian descent
Tomsk State University alumni
People of the KGB
KGB officers
Directors of the Federal Security Service
Republican KGB chairmen (Ukraine)
Directors of the Security Service of Ukraine
Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union) members
Eleventh convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Recipients of the Order "For Personal Courage"
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the Order of the Red Star


is a train station located in Chikushino, Fukuoka.

Lines

Nishi-Nippon Railroad
Tenjin Ōmuta Line

Platforms

Nishi-Nippon Railroad

Adjacent stations

|-
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center;" |Nishi-Nippon Railroad

References

Railway stations in Fukuoka Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1924


Kisauni Constituency is an electoral constituency in Kenya. It is one of six constituencies in Mombasa County. The constituency has seven wards electing councillors for the Mombasa municipal council. With the promulgation of the new constitution in August 2010, Nyali Constituency was carved out from Kisauni Constituency.

Members of Parliament

Locations and wards

References

External links
Map of the constituency

Constituencies in Mombasa County
Constituencies in Coast Province


Toyoshige is a masculine Japanese given name.

Possible writings
Toyoshige can be written using different combinations of kanji characters. Here are some examples:

豊重, "bountiful, heavy"
豊茂, "bountiful, luxuriant"
豊繁, "bountiful, prosperous/complexity"
登代重, "climb up, generation, heavy"

The name can also be written in hiragana とよしげ or katakana トヨシゲ.

Notable people with the name
 Utagawa Toyoshige (歌川 豊重, 1777–1835) a Japanese ukiyo-e artist also known as Toyokuni II (二代目 歌川 豊国).
, a Japanese daimyō.

Japanese masculine given names
Masculine given names


Sir Alexander Crichton (2 December 1763 – 4 June 1856) was a Scottish physician and author.

Medical career
Born in Newington, Edinburgh, Crichton received his M.D. from Leiden University, The Netherlands, in 1785. He developed his medical skills through studies at Paris, Stuttgart, Vienna, and Halle. He returned to London in 1789, becoming MRCS but by 1791 he had moved from surgery, becoming a member of the Royal College of Physicians, and a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London in 1793, holding the post of physician at Westminster Hospital between 1794 and 1801.

In 1803, Crichton was invited to become the emperor of Russia's personal physician, and between 1804 and 1819 was appointed Physician in Ordinary (personal physician) to Tsar Alexander I of Russia and to Maria Feodorovna, the Dowager Empress. He was also head of medical services in that country, receiving several Russian and Prussian honours.

Crichton married Frances Dodwell in 1800. She was the granddaughter of Henry and Dulcibella Dodwell and co-heiress of the Morant estate in Jamaica, which formed part of her marriage settlement. The list of assets for the Morant estate in 1832 included 247 enslaved people. When slavery was abolished in 1834, compensation was awarded to previous owners of enslaved people, based on the asset lists of their holdings.

He encouraged his nephew, Archibald William Crichton to follow him to Russia. Archibald went on to have a long and successful career there, where his descendants constituted an influential family.

Geological studies
Retiring to England, Crichton wrote several books dealing with medical and geological subjects, becoming a member of the Royal Geographical Society in 1819. Crichton's extensive collection of minerals consisted mainly of specimens from Siberia, Russia, Norway, Hungary, Germany, the UK, the US and India. These were acquired during his tenure as physician to Alexander I of Russia and during his travels throughout Europe when he was studying medicine.

CDS & ADHD pioneer
He was the first person to distinguish between at least two kinds of disorders of attention, one a disorder of distractibility, lack of sustained attention, and poor inhibition resembling present-day combined presentation of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). And the other a disorder of low power, arousal, and alertness closely resembling that of cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS), in his book An inquiry into the nature and origin of mental derangement: comprehending a concise system of the physiology and pathology of the human mind and a history of the passions and their effects (1798). Crichton was the second person to describe ADHD and made the first mention to and description of CDS.

Death
Crichton died at The Groves, near Sevenoaks, and was buried at West Norwood Cemetery, where his monument is a gabled granite slab.

See also
History of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

References

Further reading

External links
  1798

1763 births
1856 deaths
18th-century Scottish medical doctors
19th-century Scottish medical doctors
Mental health professionals
Medical doctors from Edinburgh
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
Physicians from the Russian Empire
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
Court physicians
British emigrants
Immigrants to the Russian Empire


Likoni is among the six constituencies in Mombasa County with five wards which include Timbwani which is the largest, Bofu, Mtongwe, Likoni and Shika Adabu.

The current Member of Parliament for Likoni is Hon Mishi Juma Mboko   who is a member of the Orange Democratic Movement party and took over from Mwalim Masoud Mwahima in 2017 who ran on a jubilee ticket.

Inspire of many cases of insecurity in the constituency, the member of Parliament is working with the national government to make likoni a safe place for the Likonians

Members of Parliament

Locations and wards

References

External links
Map of the constituency

Constituencies in Mombasa County
Constituencies in Coast Province


Fouldes v Willoughby (1841) 8 M&W 540 is a leading English law case on the tort of conversion.

Facts
The owner of two horses had come on board a ferry from Birkenhead to Liverpool. The ferryman refused to carry the horses. The owner refused to take them back on shore, and so the ferryman took the bridle from the owner turned the horses loose at the landing. The owner stayed put on board, and did not try to get the horses back. He sued the ferryman for conversion.

The judge at the trial told the jury that the defendant ferryman, by taking the horses from the plaintiff and turning them out of the vessel, had been guilty of a conversion. The ferryman appealed.

Judgment

The Exchequer Court held that the ferryman was not guilty of conversion, because there was no interference with the plaintiff's "general right of dominion" over the horses. “In my opinion,” said Lord Abinger CJ,

“he should have added to his direction, that it was for them to consider what was the intention of the defendant in so doing. It is a proposition familiar to all lawyers, that a simple asportation of a chattel, without any intention of making any further use of it, although it may be a sufficient foundation for an action of trespass, is not sufficient to establish a conversion. It has never yet been held that the single act of removal of a chattel, independent of any claim over it, either in favour of the party himself or any one else, amounts to a conversion of the chattel.”

Rolfe B gave a now well recognised definition of conversion that it is,

"a taking with the intent of exercising over the chattel an ownership inconsistent with the real owner's right of possession".

Instead, the ferryman was liable for trespass.

See also
Trover
English tort law

English tort case law
Court of Exchequer Chamber cases
1841 in case law
1841 in British law


Miles Peter Richmond (19 December 1922 – 7 October 2008) was a British artist.

Born Peter Richmond, in Isleworth, Middlesex, he added the name Miles in the 1980s, and became generally known as such. From 1940 to 1943 he attended Kingston School of Art, and then, as a conscientious objector during World War Two, he worked on the land. This caused a rift with his father, an Admiralty engineer, and was thought by his intimates to account, at least in part, for the palpable emotional depth and passion of his paintings.

In 1946, he began training at the Borough Polytechnic in Southwark (now London South Bank University), under David Bomberg, and in the same year he became a founder member of the influential Borough Group of artists. Fellow members included the Group's founding president, Cliff Holden, Dorothy Mead and Dennis Creffield. In 1952, he and his first wife, Eleanor (later Susanna) Richmond moved to Aix-en-Provence, France, and in 1954 he followed David Bomberg to Ronda, Andalusia, Spain. He lived and worked there for over twenty years.

Richmond returned to the Britain in 1979, residing for a time in Camden Town, London, where he painted his breakthrough work, 'The Red Studio'. According to the artist, he worked on the painting non-stop for three days, during which time he experienced a quasi-mystical experience when he seemed to travel through the sun; as he emerged, he heard a voice saying, "Now you are connected."

At various times he taught art at Portsmouth Polytechnic and Morley College in London, where his students included Tatiana Litvinov, daughter of Joseph Stalin's one-time Foreign Minister. Other students included Nigel Caple (whom Richmond met at Portsmouth Polytechnic, and where Richmond came into severe conflict with Marxists who were then dominant in the art department) and Rosie Skaife d'Ingerthorpe, who had graduated from Goldsmiths College. He later moved near the town of Richmond in North Yorkshire, where he painted, exhibited and continued to teach. Students came to train with him on study leave, especially from St Albans College of Art, later part of Hertfordshire University. In 1992 he was invited to paint a 36-foot-wide mural to celebrate the centenary of Borough Polytechnic. When unveiled in 1999 it would be described by another former Bomberg pupil, Frank Auerbach, as 'a brave and ambitious enterprise;' the art historian Richard Cork would call it a 'millennial tour de force'.

In 1994, he moved to Middlesbrough with his second wife Miranda, where he painted until his death. His final exhibition of paintings opened on 7 November 2008 at the Boundary Gallery in north London; it included a room of his early works and a room of his last paintings. His estate is represented by the Mayfair dealer, David Messum Fine Art.

Richmond had a strong spiritual sense, regarding painting as similar to prayer, and nurtured a lifelong determination never to become what he called a "dealer's artist". A month before his death he published a letter in The Guardian very critical of a materialistic ethos in contemporary western art, provoked by the auction at Sotheby's of work by Damien Hirst. According to his obituary in The Guardian, published the following month, 'He carried with him to the grave the reputation of remaining a follower of Bomberg, and for the promoters of fashion and fortune in art there is no future in being behind. That is the modern heresy, but without fame or fortune Miles Richmond's work rises above it.'

References

External links
Laurie Stewart, Notes on the Borough Group of Artists
Cliff Holden, The History of the Borough Group of Artists, 2004
Michael McNay, Miles Richmond: Artist for whom imagination linked the philosopher's view with the painter's (Obituary), The Guardian, 15 October 2008
Angus Reid, Miles Richmond, Obituary, The Scotsman, 15 October 2008
Paul Trewhela, Miles Richmond: Painter who followed his teacher David Bomberg on an uncompromising artistic path, The Independent, 1 November 2008
Miles Richmond's website

1922 births
2008 deaths
People from Isleworth
Alumni of London South Bank University
20th-century English painters
English male painters
21st-century English painters
Academics of the University of Portsmouth
English conscientious objectors
Borough Group
English contemporary artists
20th-century English male artists
21st-century English male artists


Ishk may refer to:

 Institute for the Study of Human Knowledge, the educational charity founded by the psychologist Robert E. Ornstein in Los Altos, California, US.
 Ishkashimi language, the language spoken in Afghanistan and Tajikistan.
 Ichthyological Society of Hong Kong, an organization for the professional analysis about ichthyological-based biodiversity and the fish-related knowledge education in Hong Kong.
 Island School Hong Kong, a secondary school


Master Sergeant Ralph Lee Bowerman (US Army, retired; August 14, 1934 in Red Deer, Alberta, Canada – October 19, 2015), was a composer, songwriter, musician and entertainer. A saxophone player since childhood, Ralph Bowerman is best known for winning the US Army Bicentennial Army hymn competition on June 14, 1975, and for the memorial service at Arlington National Cemetery, during which SFC Ralph Lee Bowerman's composition "Mighty Is Our Army,"
 the winning selection from over 1,200 entries in the Army Chaplains' Bicentennial Army Hymn Composers Competition, was presented. Ralph has also performed in a honky tonk band with country singer Loretta Lynn during the early 60's.

A prolific composer, Ralph Bowerman was credited with numerous marches and songs, including the "TDY Blues", the US Army V Corps March "It Will Be Done"
, and the US 3rd Armored Division's "Spearhead March". Ralph had also written poetry, which he shared with his family and close friends. On October 19, 2015, Ralph died at home, following a period of declining health. He was buried with full military honors, including a U.S. Army flag and honor guard detail, at the Albert E. Horton Memorial Veterans Cemetery in Suffolk, Virginia.

Education
He received a bachelor's degree in music from St Leo College under the US Army College Program and a master's in Music from Norfolk State University, Norfolk, Virginia.

Childhood and Early Adulthood
Ralph grew up in Alberta, Canada. The son of John and Thelma Bowerman (née Weaver), Ralph helped raise his younger brother John during the Second World War, while his father fought with the Canadian Army's decorated Calgary Highlanders and Black Watch regiments in Europe. Ralph served briefly with the Royal Canadian Navy at Cornwallis, Nova Scotia. After working as a telegraph operator with the Canadian Pacific Railway in British Columbia, Ralph immigrated to the United States.

US Army career
In 1957, Ralph was drafted into the US Army, where he decided to make his career. While assigned to the 2nd Armored Division Band at Fort Hood, Texas, he was a member of a jazz quartet that won 1st place in an Army-wide competition. His quartet then performed on The Ed Sullivan Show, Episode #580 on August 30, 1959. Later, while assigned to the US Army in West Germany, Ralph met and married his wife, Rosemarie Schwenk. Ralph Bowerman also served with the US Army Transportation Corps in Vietnam during the 1969 Tet Offensive, and briefly worked as a personal assistant to US Army General William Westmoreland. After returning from Vietnam, Ralph was assigned to a series of posts in CONUS and Europe, including 3 years in West Germany (1972–74), where SFC Bowerman's responsibilities included establishing emergency deployment march tables for the US Army V Corps in event of a Warsaw Pact offensive.

Ralph's final deployment back to the US took him to the US Armed Forces School of Music, located at the US Naval Amphibious Base (Little Creek), Norfolk, VA. Promoted to Master Sergeant, MSG Bowerman was assigned to the joint services school as Senior Enlisted Director, Training Development, US Army Element. Ralph retired in 1980 after 23-year's service, a decorated veteran and recipient of the Meritorious Service Medal and Bronze Star Medal.

Following a period of declining health, Ralph died at home in Norfolk, VA on October 19, 2015.

References

Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian male songwriters
American male songwriters
American male composers
American composers
American male saxophonists
United States Army soldiers
Saint Leo University alumni
Norfolk State University alumni
1934 births
2015 deaths
20th-century American saxophonists


The County of Lecce was a semi-independent Italo-Norman entity in Apulia, in south-eastern Italy, which existed from 1055 until 1463. Its capital was at the city of Lecce, and it was bounded by the territories of Brindisi to the north, Oria and Nardò to the west, and Soleto and Otranto to the south.

The county was founded by the Normans after their conquest of Apulia in the 1050s. Several Norman monarchs held their court at Lecce, and Tancred of Hauteville, who was Count of Lecce from 1149 to 1194, was born here. His daughter Elvira Maria Albina married Walter III of Brienne, whose family held the duchy of Lecce in the following centuries. In 1384 Mary of Enghien, a granddaughter of  Isabella of Brienne, became Countess of Lecce. When she married Raimondo Orsini del Balzo, Count of Soleto and (from 1393 to 1406) Prince of Taranto, all of the Salento was united into one of the largest fiefdoms in the Kingdom of Naples and Italy. Raimondo improved the administration of the county and the city.

After his death, the county went to his son, Giovanni Antonio Orsini Del Balzo, who had also inherited the Principality of Taranto in 1420. At his death in 1463, Ferdinand I of Naples named himself as the heir to Giovanni Antonio's rich legacy, annexing the county to the royal estates of the Kingdom of Naples.

States and territories disestablished in 1463
States and territories established in 1055
Medieval Apulia
Lecce
Norman conquest of southern Italy


Zabrinski were an alternative rock band from Carmarthen and Cardiff, Wales. They formed in the late 1990s and released four albums before splitting up in 2007.

History
Misnamed after the 1970 film Zabriskie Point, the band was formed by school friends Matthew Durbridge (vocals, guitar), Iwan Morgan (electronica/keyboards), and Gareth Richardson (guitar) in Carmarthen. They relocated to Cardiff and took on further members, Rhun Lenny (bass) and Owain Jones (drums), both of the band Topper. Their debut album, Screen Memories was released on their own Microgram label, and led to a deal with Ankst. In March 2001, the band's Ankst debut, Yeti was released, described by the South Wales Echo as "a collection of 10 tracks just bristling with ambition", and the band also recorded a session for John Peel's BBC Radio 1 show. Yeti drew comparisons with such varied artists as New Order, Aphex Twin, and Flaming Lips. The same year, they supported Gorky's Zygotic Mynci on their UK tour, and they also toured several times with Super Furry Animals. They were nominated for three Welsh Music Awards in 2001. The band's third album, Koala Ko-ordination was issued in 2002 now with Kris Jenkins on keyboards, with comparisons again to Flaming Lips, and also to Super Furry Animals and Gorky's Zygotic Mynci. The album was described as "Very strange. Rather marvellous" by the Sunday Times, and "a beguiling album that is both smart and warm" by the Daily Express. The band's last album, Ill Gotten Game was released in 2005, and was described by the BBC as "a many faceted work of wonder", but disappointing sales contributed to the band splitting up in 2007. The band's final performance was at the Gwyl Macs Fest in Carmarthen on 1 September 2007.

In February 2018, the band tweeted that they will be releasing new music later in the year.

Discography

Albums
Screen Memories (2000) Microgram
Yeti (2001) Ankst
Koala Ko-ordination (2002) Ankst
Ill Gotten Game (2005) Ankstmusic

Singles
"Freedom of the Hiway" (2001) Booby Trap
Executive Decision EP

Compilations
"Celwyddwalt" on Kat Vox:A CD To Celebrate 20 Years of timmi-kat ReCoRDS (2011) timmi-kat ReCoRDS

References

External links

Welsh rock music groups
Musical groups disestablished in 2007


Detroit Receiving Hospital in Detroit, Michigan, is the state's first Level I Trauma Center. Receiving's emergency department treats more than 105,000 patients annually, and nearly 60% of Michigan's emergency physicians are trained at Receiving. Receiving also features the state's largest burn center, Michigan's first hospital-based 24/7 hyperbaric oxygen therapy program, and Metro Detroit's first certified primary stroke center. In addition, the hospital has a comprehensive neurosurgical unit. It is one of the eight hospitals and institutions that comprise the Detroit Medical Center.

History
Detroit Receiving Hospital (DRH) was founded in 1915 as a city-owned hospital, dedicated to caring for everyone, regardless of ability to pay. In 1965, the hospital was renamed Detroit General, and maintained that mission. In 1980, Detroit General moved to a new 320-bed facility, and reclaimed the name Detroit Receiving Hospital.

DRH was the first American College of Surgeons verified Level I Trauma Center in Michigan, and one of the first in the nation. Focusing on adult medical care for emergency, trauma, and critically ill patients, the majority of DRH patients arrive through the emergency department. The University Health Center clinics adjacent to Detroit Receiving treat more than 250,000 patients annually, making it one of the busiest ambulatory facilities in the country.

Approximately 95% of the physicians on staff at the hospital also serve on the faculty of Wayne State University School of Medicine. In 1976, before emergency medicine was recognized as a specialty, Detroit Receiving began a postgraduate emergency medicine training program. Nearly half the physicians currently practicing in Michigan have received some of their training at Detroit Receiving Hospital. On May 2, 2018, Tenet decided to terminate its century long contract with Wayne State University School of Medicine. Tenet CEO cited a letter sent April 27, 2018 in which Wayne State threatened to sever ties if a deal was not reached on May 15, 2018. Anonymous members of Wayne State University Physician Group said that Tenet had already had plans to sever ties prior. Many conflicts arose during the tumultuous relationship including Tenet's unwillingness to contribute to medical student education and reinvest profits to medical research which is typical of true academic research centers.

Clinical specialties
Specialties at Detroit Receiving include emergency medicine, orthopaedic traumatology, neurosurgery, cardiology, trauma surgery, and burn treatment, earning national and international recognition for the hospital. DRH was also the site of the first cranioplasty, using a pre-cast replica of missing bone to repair a skull.

Detroit Receiving, along with Harper University Hospital, is home to Cardio Team One, a cardiac care program designed to improve the response time for patients presenting at an emergency department with severe cardiac disease.

Training programs
Detroit Receiving is the site of Wayne State University School of Medicine affiliated residency and fellowship training programs, including anesthesiology, emergency medicine, general surgery, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, neurology, orthopedic surgery, pathology, podiatry, psychiatry, radiology, and urology.

Established in 1976 by Brooks Bock and Judith Tintinalli, Detroit Receiving Hospital Emergency Medicine Residency Program is one of nation's first training program in emergency medicine and the first program of its type to be established in the state of Michigan.

Detroit Trauma Symposium
Detroit Receiving hosts the longest-running, annual trauma conference in the country, the Detroit Trauma Symposium.

Art collection
The facility received an award from the American Institute of Architecture for design, and houses an art collection, composed of donations to DRH over a 30-year period. The collection features more than 1,200 pieces, estimated at more than $3 million, one of the largest hospital-based collections in the nation.

Accreditation
Detroit Receiving Hospital is listed in The Leapfrog Group’s 2008 Top Hospital list for patient quality and safety. The Leapfrog group identified 33 hospitals, (26 adult and 7 pediatric) which have achieved the highest level for quality and safety practices. Detroit Receiving Hospital also received Magnet Status in 2009

References

External links

 Detroit Medical Center
 Detroit Receiving Hospital
 Detroit Trauma Symposium
 Detroit Receiving Hospital Emergency Medicine Residency Program
 Detroit Medical Center Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Program

Hospitals in Detroit
Midtown Detroit
Teaching hospitals in Michigan
Hospital buildings completed in 1915
Hospital buildings completed in 1980
1915 establishments in Michigan
Detroit Medical Center
Tenet Healthcare
Trauma centers
Privatization in the United States


was a long-distance runner from Japan, who won the 1956 edition of the Fukuoka Marathon, clocking 2:25:15 on December 9, 1956. He represented his native country at the 1952 Summer Olympics, finishing in 26th place (2:38:11) and won the 1953 Boston Marathon. He retired on July 18, 2009. He was born in Odate, Akita.

International competitions

References

External links

1927 births
2020 deaths
Sportspeople from Akita Prefecture
Japanese male long-distance runners
Japanese male marathon runners
Olympic male marathon runners
Olympic athletes for Japan
Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Japan Championships in Athletics winners
Boston Marathon male winners