Technology is a key aspect of the fictional setting of the Dune series of science fiction novels written by Frank Herbert, and derivative works. Herbert's concepts and inventions have been analyzed and deconstructed in at least one book, The Science of Dune (2008). Herbert's originating 1965 novel Dune is popularly considered one of the greatest science fiction novels of all time, and is frequently cited as the best-selling science fiction novel in history. Dune and its five sequels by Herbert explore the complex and multilayered interactions of politics, religion, ecology and technology, among other themes.

The Butlerian Jihad, an event in the back-story of Herbert's universe, leads to the outlawing of certain technologies, primarily "thinking machines", a collective term for computers and artificial intelligence of any kind. This prohibition is a key influence on the nature of Herbert's fictional setting. In Dune, ten thousand years after this jihad, its enduring commandment remains, "Thou shalt not make a machine in the likeness of a human mind."

Atomics

Atomics is the term used to refer to nuclear weapons in the Dune universe. Like real-world nuclear weapons, atomics presumably derive their destructive force from nuclear reactions of fission or fusion, and Herbert notes that "radiation lingers" after their use. However, the author never delves into the specifics of the technology or explores in detail how it may have evolved by the time of Dune's far-future setting.

In the initial Dune novels, the Great Houses of the Landsraad own "family atomics" as heirlooms, keeping a secure, hidden cache as weapons of last resort in their wars. Though such possession is necessary to secure power, the use of atomics against humans violates the chief prohibition of the Great Convention, the "universal truce enforced under the power balance maintained by the Guild, the Great Houses, and the Imperium". Paul Atreides notes in Dune that "The language of the Great Convention is clear enough: Use of atomics against humans shall be cause for planetary obliteration." The atomics themselves act as a military deterrent—any House which violates the Great Convention flagrantly (such as using atomics openly in warfare) faces massive retaliation from any number of the other Houses. As Paul notes via epigraph in Dune Messiah (1969), "any Family in my Empire could so deploy its atomics as to destroy the planetary bases of fifty or more other Families".

A stone burner is a conventional weapon that uses atomics for fuel.  Whether they are covered by the Great Convention is discussed several times in the series, with the opinion that while they "skirt the intentions of the law" they do not warrant retaliation.  The explosion and radiation can be precisely adjusted depending on the desired effect. Stone burners emit "J-Rays", a form of radiation that destroys the eye tissue of anyone surviving the initial radiation blast. If of sufficient power, a stone burner can burn its way into the core of a planet, destroying it:

The original series
In Dune, Paul uses an atomic device on the surface of Arrakis to blast a pass through the Shield Wall, a desert mountain range protecting the planet's capital. He considers this act to be in accordance with the Great Convention because the atomics are not used against humans, but rather against "a natural feature of the desert". A stone burner is used in an attempt to assassinate Paul in Dune Messiah; he survives but is blinded for the rest of his life. In God Emperor of Dune (1981), the God Emperor Leto II notes that since his 3,500-year reign began he has "searched out all of the Family atomics and removed them to a safe place".

Prequels
In the Prelude to Dune prequel trilogy by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson (1999–2001) it is revealed that a renegade House of the Landsraad had devastated the capital of the Corrino Padishah Empire, Salusa Secundus, with atomics and rendered the planet essentially uninhabitable. Padishah Emperor Hassik Corrino III had relocated the Imperial throne to the planet Kaitain, and the attacking House had been subsequently exterminated. During the events of the series in 10,175 A.G., Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV uses atomics to destroy House Richese's artificial laboratory moon of Korona. Part of Shaddam's plan to ensure his own spice monopoly, the explosion causes a quarter of the planet Richese's population to go blind from the resulting light produced by the destruction of the Richesian mirrors stored on Korona. Finally, the persecuted Earl Dominic Vernius plans to use atomics to attack Kaitain; when his hidden base on Arrakis is discovered by the Padishah Emperor's Sardaukar army, Vernius ignites a stone burner to destroy himself and as many of the Sardaukar as he can.

The Legends of Dune prequel series (2002–2004) establishes that the first human victory of the Butlerian Jihad (the crusade against the thinking machines) is the 200 B.G. destruction of Earth and the Earth Omnius using atomics. "Pulse atomics" calibrated for use against the gel circuitry of the thinking machines are also used at the end of the war to systematically wipe out every single machine-controlled planet. It is this action, and the millions of human slaves who are killed in it, which ultimately leads to the ban on atomic warfare in the Great Convention. It also contributes to the development of the feud between the Harkonnens and Atreides.

Axlotl tank

Axlotl tanks are a fictional biological technology in the Dune universe created by Frank Herbert. Axlotl technology is also mentioned in Herbert's novels Destination: Void and The Jesus Incident but not elaborated upon.

A trade secret of the Tleilaxu, an axlotl tank is a "device for reproducing a living human being from the cells of a cadaver", a type of clone called a ghola. Axlotl tanks are eventually revealed to be semi-artificial uteri created by transforming women into biological factories. Later in the series, the Tleilaxu scientists also use the axlotl tanks to replicate the spice melange, previously only available on the desert planet Arrakis where it is created naturally as part of the life cycle of giant sandworms.

The original series
The tanks are briefly mentioned in Dune: Messiah (1969) as the source of the Duncan Idaho ghola. Their nature is a well-guarded Tleilaxu secret. During his 3500-year reign which ends in God Emperor of Dune (1981), Leto II purchases countless Idaho gholas produced for him in the tanks.

Within the 1500 years between the events of God Emperor of Dune and Heretics of Dune (1984), the Tleilaxu discover an artificial method of producing the spice melange in their axlotl tanks as well. Some melange users, like the Bene Gesserit, prefer the natural melange of Arrakis to the Tleilaxu substitute, claiming increased potency.

In Heretics of Dune, Miles Teg recalls how his Bene Gesserit mother Lady Janet had said that "No one outside of [the Tleilaxu] planets has ever reported seeing a Tleilaxu female." Wondering whether the Tleilaxu breed or simply rely on the tanks to reproduce, Miles had asked, "Do they exist or is it just the tanks?"  Janet confirmed that females do indeed exist. Later in Heretics, Teg's own daughter, Reverend Mother Darwi Odrade, theorizes that the axlotl tanks may be, in fact, "surrogate mothers"—Tleilaxu females somehow transformed. Soon, the current Duncan ghola recalls his repeated "births" from the tanks:

In Chapterhouse: Dune (1985), the last remaining Tleilaxu Master Scytale is coerced into revealing the means of creating the tanks to the Bene Gesserit Sisterhood.

Sequels
In Hunters of Dune (2006) and Sandworms of Dune (2007), the novels by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson which complete Frank Herbert's original series, the Bene Gesserit on the no-ship Ithaca use the captive Scytale's knowledge to create their own axlotl tanks from Bene Gesserit volunteers. The Rabbi, leader of the group of "secret" Jews on board, is upset when his follower Rebecca, a "wild" Reverend Mother, volunteers herself for the process.

Prelude to Dune
In the Prelude to Dune prequel trilogy (1999–2001) by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson (set immediately prior to the events of 1965's Dune), the Tleilaxu attempt to create artificial melange called ajidamal using axlotl technology; the best results are gained by using a Bene Gesserit sister to create an axlotl tank. However, the project ultimately fails.

Cymek

A cymek is a type of cyborg, or machine-human hybrid, in the fictional Dune prequel universe. They appear in the Legends of Dune prequel trilogy (2002–2004) by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson. The only organic part of a cymek is its brain; in the series, living humans willingly have their brains transplanted into large mechanized bodies with the intent of extending life indefinitely. The technology is later revived in the prequel novel Mentats of Dune (2014).

Legends of Dune
Over 11,000 years before the events of Frank Herbert's Dune (1965), a group of 20 ambitious humans see the stagnation of the Old Empire and realize that their small band can take control of it with the aid of thinking machines. Calling themselves the Titans, they rule humanity for a hundred years and rename themselves after famous historical and mythological figures, most notably Agamemnon, Ajax, Barbarossa, Dante, Hecate, Juno, Tlaloc and Xerxes.

Ten years into their reign, their leader Tlaloc is killed in a freak accident. Realizing their mortality and limited lifespans, they seek a way to extend their lives. Juno is inspired by the cogitors, ancient philosophers whose brains had been installed in fluid-filled canisters so that they might analyze the universe indefinitely; they are living and retain awareness and consciousness, and the ability to communicate should they choose. The Titan Agamemnon is the first to become a cymek, his brain transplanted into a canister which, through special interfaces, is installed into a large, fearsome, and weaponized body. In cymek form, the remaining 19 Titans are virtually unstoppable, and continue their tyrannical rule of the universe for another 90 years. Growing complacent, the Titans are themselves overthrown and enslaved by Omnius, a sentient computer network given too much autonomy; Omnius controls the universe for the next 900 years. The Titans recruit humans from the enslaved, Omnius-controlled "Synchronized Worlds" to become neo-cymeks, footsoldiers who could more fully understand human strategy and thought processes than machines.

A small group of worlds, united as the League of Nobles, resist the initial Titan rebellion and remain free from machine rule. With the thinking machines ever-persistent in their intent to enslave or destroy all humans, the League initiates the Butlerian Jihad, mankind's century-long crusade against the machines. The humans are ultimately victorious, destroying all but one hidden copy of Omnius as well as the Titans, the neo-cymeks and all thinking machine forces. With all thinking machine technology henceforth banned, new organizations arise, composed of humans who had developed specialized skills during the Jihad to replace and exceed technology, including the Spacing Guild, Mentats, and the Bene Gesserit.

Great Schools of Dune
In Mentats of Dune (2014), a group of new cymeks are created by the human Dr. Ptolemy using the brains of failed Guild Navigators. Funded by Josef Venport as a counter to Manford Torondo and his fanatical mobs of anti-technology Butlerians, these cymeks are more advanced than their predecessors; a team of them manages to destroy a sandworm on Arrakis, though they are destroyed themselves. Ptolemy himself later willingly undergoes the surgery to have his brain placed in a cymek.

Face Dancer

Face Dancers are a fictional servant caste of sterile humanoid shapeshifters in Frank Herbert's Dune universe. Created by the Bene Tleilax, they are able to physiologically change their appearance to impersonate other people. Face Dancers possess full sentience, but also genetically programmed loyalty to the Tleilaxu Masters. They are used by the Tleilaxu throughout the universe to replace people whom the Tleilaxu find useful, usually killing the originals. In this way they may infiltrate and control various groups in the universe. Face Dancers are "Jadacha hermaphrodites", able to change their gender at will. In Heretics of Dune (1984), Herbert describes a pair of Face Dancers in their natural state: "Two small men as alike as twins. Almost chinless round faces, pug noses, tiny mouths, black button eyes, and short-cropped white hair that stood up from their heads like the bristles on a brush." The Tleilaxu are able to control Face Dancers by forcing them into a hypnotic state with a predefined sound, often a specific humming or whistling noise. In Heretics of Dune, Master Waff attempts to control his Face Dancer duplicate of Hedley Tuek: "Humming sounds like the noises of angry insects came from his mouth, a modulated thing that clearly was some kind of language."

Original series
In Dune Messiah (1969), Tleilaxu Face Dancer Scytale enters into a conspiracy with the Bene Gesserit, Spacing Guild and House Corrino to remove Paul Atreides from the Imperial throne. Scytale is the architect of a multi-pronged plot against Paul centered on the Tleilaxu ghola Hayt, a reincarnation of Paul's friend Duncan Idaho who has been programmed to unwittingly destroy Paul psychologically, and failing that, kill Paul when triggered by an implanted command. Scytale also kills and replaces the Fremen girl Lichna to infiltrate Paul's household and lure him to an assassination attempt outside the safety of his stronghold. Paul's Bene Gesserit training allows him to detect the substitution, but he allows the plot to play out. All of these schemes fail to eliminate Paul, but set the stage for Scytale's final ploy: the unlocking of Duncan's memories in Hayt illustrates that the Tleilaxu can provide Paul with a fully realized ghola of his deceased concubine Chani, in exchange for his abdication. Paul refuses, and kills Scytale.

Over 3,500 years later in God Emperor of Dune (1981), Tleilaxu Face Dancers kill and replace nearly everyone in the Ixian embassy on Arrakis as part of an assassination attempt on Paul's seemingly immortal son, the God Emperor Leto II Atreides. Though these Face Dancers are more imperceptible than ever before, Leto and the Bene Gesserit Reverend Mother Anteac are able to detect the impostors thanks to the Bene Gesserit techniques of acute observation. Another 1,500 years later in Heretics of Dune (1984), the Tleilaxu have perfected their Face Dancers, who are now perfect mimics, able to copy the memories and consciousness of the people they imitate. Virtually undetectable to all but the Bene Gesserit, these Face Dancers begin to replace leaders in the Imperium as a means for the Tleilaxu to seize control. The plan fails as, over time, the Face Dancers come to believe they are the people they have copied, and elude their genetically-programmed loyalty to the Tleilaxu Masters. In Chapterhouse: Dune (1985), Duncan Idaho notes that the mysterious observers Daniel and Marty resemble Face Dancers, but atypically autonomous ones. Daniel and Marty later confirm that they are independent Face Dancers, noting "[The Tleilaxu] gave us the power to absorb the memories and experiences of other people... The Masters should've known we would gather enough of them one day to make our own decisions about our own future."

Sequels
In Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson's 2006 continuation of the original series, Hunters of Dune, the leaders of the Lost Tleilaxu have been killed and replaced by their own advanced Face Dancers, who cannot be detected by even the Bene Gesserit. The Face Dancer leader, Khrone, serves Daniel and Marty in their plot for domination of the universe, but has separate schemes of his own. Khrone's Face Dancers have secretly gained control of many power bases across the Empire, and Daniel and Marty are revealed to be new incarnations of mankind's ancient enemies, thinking machine leader Omnius and his second-in-command Erasmus, introduced in the Legends of Dune prequel trilogy by Brian Herbert and Anderson.

In the series finale, Sandworms of Dune (2007), it is revealed that Khrone and his legions of autonomous Face Dancers seek to overthrow their machine "masters". Secretly in control of Ix and its technology production, Khrone manipulates the Spacing Guild and New Sisterhood, setting them up for disastrous failure in their final battle against the thinking machine forces of Omnius. When Khrone asserts dominance over even the machine empire, a smug Erasmus activates a fail-safe built into all enhanced Face Dancers, instantly killing Khrone and all of his minions across the universe.

Ghola

A ghola is a fictional humanoid in the Dune universe created by Frank Herbert. Similar to clones, they are "manufactured" human duplicates grown in an axlotl tank from cells collected from a deceased subject. A true ghola is initially shown to be the resurrection of a corpse through regrowth of damaged tissues, while later gholas in the series are more accurately described as clones—grown from genetic material extracted from a few cells (e.g. a small scraping of skin taken moments before death). Through specific stresses, gholas can be made to recall the memories of the original, including their moment of death. In Herbert's Dune series, the technological process is developed and initially monopolized by the Tleilaxu; in later novels the process is also used by the Bene Gesserit.

The first ghola featured in the series—Hayt in 1969's Dune Messiah—is a resurrection of the corpse of Duncan Idaho. Later gholas are grown from a few cells, as in the case of subsequent Idaho gholas provided to Leto II, as described in God Emperor of Dune (1981). The Tleilaxu can control their creations by forcing them into a hypnotic state with some predefined sound (often a specific humming or whistling noise) that has been pre-conditioned into each ghola.

Csilla Csori analyzes the concept of recording and restoring memories in the essay "Memory (and the Tleilaxu) Makes the Man" in The Science of Dune (2008).

The original series
Before the events of Dune: Messiah, gholas are merely physical copies without the memories of their original incarnations. The ghola Hayt is programmed by the Tleilaxu to kill Emperor Paul Atreides under post-hypnotic suggestion. The attempt fails but, as hoped by the Tleilaxu, the stress of attempting to kill someone who was deeply loved in the ghola's previous life breaks the mental barrier between the ghola's consciousness and the life memories of the original. Hayt recovers the full memories of the original Duncan Idaho. The Tleilaxu are now able to offer Paul a similar ghola "resurrection" of his deceased beloved Chani to gain leverage over him, but he refuses.

In God Emperor of Dune, over Leto II's 3,500-year reign he has, as constant companions, a series of Duncan gholas with restored memories of the original Idaho but not the memories of the previous gholas. They are perfectly reconstructed incarnations made from a few cells, created as needed in the time span of one to two years. In this novel, one of the Duncans recalls how, as a blank ghola, he was tasked to kill a Face Dancer duplicate of Leto's father and Duncan's friend, Paul, and the psychological stress awakened his memories. Fifteen hundred years later in Heretics of Dune (1984), Leto is dead and the Bene Gesserit are the consumers of Duncan gholas. The current Idaho ghola recovers the memories of the original like his predecessors; however, the later attempt by the Honored Matre Murbella to sexually imprint him results in his recovery of the memories of all his ghola incarnations. It is later determined that the Tleilaxu had mixed the cells from multiple Idaho gholas to make this one—however recovery of genetic material from every incarnation would have been impossible for the Tleilaxu, indicating the development of some form of prescient or metaphysical awareness.

Though intense psychological trauma is the key to unlocking the memories of a ghola, the actual situation contrived to accomplish this is specific to each individual. When military genius Miles Teg is killed in Heretics of Dune, a ghola of him is born in Chapterhouse: Dune (1985) on orders from Teg's own daughter, Bene Gesserit leader Darwi Odrade. His former memories are unlocked using sexual imprinting.

The discovery of how to reawaken a ghola has tremendous consequences for the Tleilaxu Masters themselves; they subsequently use the technology of axlotl tanks and memory recovery to grant themselves effective immortality. Every Master is "recreated" upon his death with recovered memories, accumulating many generations of knowledge and experience and permitting planning on a timespan of millennia.

Dune games
There are also mentions of gholas in the Dune games. In Dune 2000 (1998), the Harkonnen Mentat is allegedly a ghola cloned from Tleilaxu flesh vats, and in Emperor: Battle for Dune (2001), House Ordos constantly deploy their own gholas in assassination and infiltration missions. This is particularly effective in tricking the Sardaukar and Fremen into allying with House Ordos. On a much larger scale, they plan to use a ghola of the now-deceased Corrino Emperor  to claim the Golden Lion Throne, with the Executrix as the true leaders behind the so-called "puppet Emperor".

Heighliner

A heighliner is a type of fictional starship used for interstellar travel in the Dune universe created by Frank Herbert. These enormous spaceships are the "major cargo carrier of the Spacing Guild's transportation system".

Duke Leto Atreides speaks of them in Dune (1965):

Heighliner operation requires a Guild Navigator, who uses a limited form of prescience (made possible by their use of the spice melange), to safely guide the ship across space at "translight" speeds. Navigators are confined to giant tanks, completely immersed in highly concentrated orange spice gas. Unable to land, heighliners jump from point to point, parking in planetary orbits, though the ship itself does not technically move. Special laws govern travel aboard a heighliner; heighliners are considered neutral territory and all acts of war aboard heighliners carry stiff penalties.  Leto notes that while they are traveling to Arrakis it is quite likely they will share cargo space with Harkonnen vessels, but neither will be aggressive to each other for fear of losing shipping privileges.

It is mentioned in God Emperor of Dune (1981) that while history books credit Aurelius Venport with designing the first Spacing Guild ship, it was actually Venport's mistress, Norma Cenva, who gave him the design. In the Legends of Dune prequel trilogy (2002–2004), Norma invents heighliners during the Butlerian Jihad. The Prelude to Dune prequel trilogy (1999–2001) establishes that in subsequent millennia, the ships are manufactured on the planet Ix. During the events described in the 2001 prequel Dune: House Corrino, a heighliner is expertly spacefolded into a cavern under the surface of Ix, incapacitating an occupying army during the Atreides-led liberation of the planet. In the novel, heighliners are noted to be more than 20 kilometers long.

Holtzman effect
The Holtzman effect is a fictional scientific phenomenon in the Dune universe created by Frank Herbert, beginning with the 1965 novel Dune. The effect is never explained in detail, but it makes (among other things) defensive force shields and instantaneous space travel possible through its application in Holtzman shields, foldspace or Holtzman drives, suspensors, and glowglobes. Herbert defined the Holtzman effect as "the negative repelling effect of a shield generator." Its discovery is explored in the Legends of Dune prequel trilogy by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson (2002–2004).

Holtzman shield
In Dune, the Holtzman effect has been adapted to produce personal defensive shields which permit penetration only by objects that move below a pre-set velocity. Paul Atreides notes in Dune, "In shield fighting, one moves fast on defense, slow on attack ... The shield turns the fast blow, admits the slow kindjal".

The interaction of a lasgun beam and a Holtzman field results in subatomic fusion and a nuclear explosion. The magnitude of this blast is unpredictable; sometimes it destroys only the shielded target and gunner, sometimes the explosion is more powerful than atomics. Using lasguns in a shielded environment can result in military and environmental catastrophe, though at one point in Dune, Duncan Idaho deliberately allows shield/lasgun contact as a discouragement to his enemies, and in Chapterhouse Dune Miles Teg directs the creation of lasgun/Holtzman-field shield drone-mines for use against the Honored Matres.
By the time of God Emperor of Dune (1981), God Emperor Leto II has banned shields throughout his empire "to avoid such explosive interactions."

The vibrations of an active shield will drive a sandworm on Arrakis into a killing frenzy, drawing them from across territorial lines to attack the shield. For this reason, the native Fremen eschew them. It is noted in Children of Dune (1976) that the Fremen have developed a small shield generator known as a "pseudo-shield" to attract and madden a worm, for use as an ersatz bomb.

Holtzman drive
The effect is used in this case to fold space at the quantum level, allowing the Spacing Guild's heighliner ships to instantaneously travel far distances across space without actually moving at all. However, the chaotic and seemingly non-deterministic quantum nature of "foldspace" requires at least limited prescience on the part of the human navigator; otherwise the absurdly complex mathematics involved in producing reliable physical projections of such events would only be possible with advanced computers, which are strictly prohibited because of mankind's crusade against thinking machines, the Butlerian Jihad. To this effect, the Guild produces melange-saturated Navigators who intuitively "see paths through foldspace" in this way. This stumbling block is overcome several thousand years after the events of Dune when Ixian scientists develop mechanical replacements for Guild Navigators.

Kevin R. Grazier analyzes the concepts of folding space and faster-than-light travel in the essay "Cosmic Origami" in The Science of Dune (2008).

Suspensors
Hovering devices called suspensors utilize the "secondary (low-drain) phase of a Holtzman field generator" to nullify gravity "within certain limits prescribed by relative mass and energy consumption." Suspensors are used in chairs, tables, and structures that are too massive to be physically sound, among other uses. In Dune, the grotesquely obese Baron Vladimir Harkonnen utilizes suspensor belts and harnesses to buoy his flesh and allow him to walk. In Dune, Jessica theorizes that suspensors, like shields, attract sandworms.

Kevin R. Grazier analyzes the concept of anti-gravity technology in the essay "Suspensor of Disbelief" in The Science of Dune (2008).

Glowglobes
A varied use of the Holtzman effect is the glowglobe.  This device is a small glowing sphere that floats gracefully above a surface like a portable, personal sun, and is typically tuned to a yellowish color. Herbert describes it as a "suspensor-buoyed illuminating device, self-powered (usually by organic batteries)."

Ixian Probe

An Ixian Probe is a fictional device in Frank Herbert's Dune universe used to capture the thoughts of a person (living or dead) for analysis. Ixian Probes are mentioned in Herbert's Heretics of Dune (1984).

As described in Heretics of Dune, the probe is an interrogation device of Ixian manufacture which "can raid the mind even of a dead person". However, the substance shere blocks the effects of the probe, and will protect a person who has taken it even in death. The probe itself or how it works are not described, but when Miles Teg sees a T-Probe for the first time, he believes it is an Ixian Probe. The T-Probe consists of a hood with a series of electrodes attached to the skull, controlled by an operator; the notable difference is that shere has no effect against a  T-Probe.

Lasgun

A lasgun (pronounced ) is a fictional directed-energy weapon, specifically a laser gun, in the Dune universe created by Frank Herbert. In Terminology of the Imperium, the glossary of the 1965 novel Dune, Herbert provides the following definition:

The interaction of a lasgun beam and a Holtzman field results in subatomic fusion and a nuclear explosion. The magnitude of this blast is unpredictable; sometimes it destroys only the shielded target and gunner, sometimes the explosion is more powerful than atomics. Using lasguns in a shielded environment can result in military and environmental catastrophe, though at one point in Dune Duncan Idaho deliberately allows shield-lasgun contact as a discouragement to his enemies. In God Emperor of Dune (1981), lasgun fire is described as "blue arcs"; a lasgun is noted to be "heavy" in Chapterhouse: Dune (1985). A cutteray is described in Dune as a "Short-range version of a lasgun used mostly as a cutting tool and surgeon's scalpel".

No-chamber/No-ship

A no-chamber is a fictional stealth technology in the Dune universe created by Frank Herbert. Originally called a no-room in Herbert's God Emperor of Dune (1981), it is a construct that hides anything inside from prescient vision and long-range instruments. A no-globe is a larger construction of no-chambers, and a no-ship is a no-chamber in starship form, with enough limited prescience to be capable of interstellar travel without the use of a Guild Navigator.

The original series
In God Emperor of Dune, Leto II deduces that the new Ixian Ambassador Hwi Noree had been "born" in what would come to be known as a no-room to shield her creation and upbringing from him. Hwi had been created by the Ixians from the cells of Leto's friend/nemesis Malky but as Malky's direct opposite–using Tleilaxu ghola technology–designed to be irresistible to Leto. The no-room is an improvement upon a device the Ixians had previously created for Leto to record his thoughts into a written journal and hide them from prescient vision.

In Heretics of Dune (1984), Miles Teg, the Bene Gesserit Lucilla and the Duncan Idaho ghola hide in a no-globe on Gammu, created by the Harkonnens millennia before when the planet had been called Giedi Prime. It is a sizeable complex, noted to be "very ancient but the chambers are still intact and functioning". The exact era of its creation is not specified, but it is written that "Gammu was Giedi Prime, a Harkonnen place ... They were rich ... Rich enough to accomplish the secret installation of a no-room ... even of a large no-globe ... Bribes, third-party purchases, many transshipments ... The Famine Times were very disruptive and before that there were all those millennia of the Tyrant ... When the Harkonnens kept their heads down or lost them."

No-ships are in use at the time of Heretics of Dune; like no-chambers, anything inside a no-ship is hidden from prescient vision and other means of detection, and the ship itself is invisible to sight or photography. However, a no-ship has much greater technological capability than a no-chamber, as it can perform the functions of a Guild Navigator. Specifically, a no-ship's navigation machine is capable of enough limited prescience to successfully navigate its way through foldspace. Teg steals a massive no-ship from the fierce Honored Matres on Gammu in Heretics of Dune, and its Great Hold alone is noted to be one kilometer in length, large enough to transport an adult sandworm. In Chapterhouse: Dune (1985), the Bene Gesserit initially confine Duncan and Murbella to this no-ship on Chapterhouse for their own protection from prescient spying. As Murbella becomes the leader of a New Sisterhood composed of both the Bene Gesserit and Honored Matres, Duncan and Teg flee Chapterhouse with Sheeana and other passengers on the no-ship.

In Heretics of Dune and Chapterhouse Dune it is suggested that certain characters of Atreides ancestry have the ability to use their prescient powers to "see" no-ships. This ability to nullify no-field invisibility is unleashed in Miles Teg after he is interrogated with a device called a T-Probe. Teg's subsequent ghola duplicate also retains that unique ability after his memories are re-awakened.

Sequels
In Hunters of Dune (2006) and Sandworms of Dune (2007), the novels by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson which complete Frank Herbert's original series, the fleeing no-ship is named the Ithaca by its passengers in homage to the long journey of the mythological Greek hero Odysseus to his home of Ithaca. Accompanying Duncan, Teg and Sheeana are some 150 refugees, including the (apparent) last Tleilaxu Master Scytale, some Bene Gesserit Sisters, and a group of secret Jews. They seek a new world onto which to introduce the captive sandworms on board, as well as a new home for the Jews, but are in constant pursuit by the Unknown Enemy who seek to ensnare the ship in an inescapable tachyon net. With the help of genetic material possessed by Scytale, the  passengers of the Ithaca begin growing gholas of historical heroes such as Paul Atreides and Lady Jessica to assist them in the final battle they know is coming against the Unknown Enemy.

Prelude to Dune
In the Prelude to Dune prequel trilogy (1999–2001) by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson, the creation of the Harkonnen no-globe is attributed to a man named Chobyn. He invents the technology and builds the no-globe for Baron Vladimir Harkonnen immediately prior to the events of Dune (1965). However, Chobyn is killed and the technology lost until it is reinvented by the Ixians millennia later during the reign of Leto II.

Ornithopter

An ornithopter (from  Greek roots ornithos- "bird" and pteron "wing") is an aircraft that flies by flapping its wings.

In the Dune universe, ornithopters (or thopters) are one of the primary modes of transportation on Arrakis. Herbert describes ornithopters as "Aircraft capable of sustained wing-beat flight in the manner of birds" in his 1965 novel Dune. The craft achieve takeoff primarily though the beat of their wings, with jet power assisting in propulsion and stabilization:

The wings themselves, consisting of "delicate metal interleavings", are adjustable in length through a "retractor bar" or manually. They are fully extended when the jetpods are used little or not at all:

The wings are shortened when more jet thrust is used or the 'thopter uses the "jet-boost" alternative mode of takeoff, and tip to assist in braking.

In the 1984 film adaptation, ornithopters are depicted with small, folding, non-flapping wings. According to the film's designers, propulsion is provided via an antigravity device called an "etherbender", which is shown but never mentioned in the film itself. In the 2000 Sci Fi Channel miniseries Frank Herbert's Dune, the craft have wings that appear to incorporate tiltrotor technology. In the 2021 film adaptation, ornithopters are depicted with four or eight foldable, flapping wings on either side, resembling those of a dragonfly, a design that director Denis Villeneuve had conceived when he read the novel at a young age. Villeneuve's VFX team used actual helicopters as placeholders, which they later replaced with computer-generated ornithopters. Two 12-ton practical ornithopters were built and taken to Budapest and the Jordanian desert for filming. VFX production supervisor Paul Lambert explained, "These machines had a fully hydraulic ramp to open and close, and were lifted by cranes for take off and landing. CG wings were added in post."

Stillsuit

A stillsuit is a fictional body suit in Frank Herbert's Dune universe, first introduced in the 1965 novel Dune and appearing in every subsequent novel in the series. Stillsuits of varying types are worn by the native Fremen of the desert planet Arrakis to maintain their body moisture in the harsh environment. The Science of Dune (2008) analyzes Herbert's stillsuit and its feasibility in the real world as described.

Description
As described in  Dune, a stillsuit is a "body-enclosing garment" of Fremen design which performs the "functions of heat dissipation and filtering bodily wastes" to reclaim moisture. Pumps actuated by movement of the chest (breathing), and others actuated in the heel, move the water through the filtration process and provide the necessary heat exchange. As the planetologist Liet-Kynes is assisting Duke Leto Atreides with the fitting of his stillsuit, he explains it in this manner:

Analysis
In his essay "Stillsuit" in The Science of Dune, John C. Smith suggests that "Stillsuits designed using strict literal interpretations from the Dune books probably would not work and most likely would cook the wearer like a Crock-Pot ... However, engineering solutions can be envisioned for all the suit's shortcomings."

T-Probe

A T-Probe is a fictional device in Frank Herbert's Dune universe used to capture the thoughts of a person (living or dead) for analysis. T-Probes appear or are referred to in Herbert's Heretics of Dune (1984) and Chapterhouse: Dune (1985), as well as the sequels Hunters of Dune (2006) and Sandworms of Dune (2007) by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson.

As described in Heretics of Dune, the probe is a non-Ixian interrogation device brought by the Honored Matres from the Scattering. It is attached to the body through a series of "medusa contacts" placed around the skull and on major nerve centers. An operator can increase or decrease the power supplied to the probe to maximize its efficacy while at the same time not overloading the nervous system of the subject. While being subjected to the probe, Miles Teg's Mentat thinking deduces that not only can it "command his body as though he had no thinking part in his own behavior",  but also "The whole spectrum of his senses could be copied into this T-probe and identified ... The machine could trace those out as though it made a duplicate of him." The probe builds a 'digital framework' of the person which can be subjected to stimuli, and will respond as the person would. The T-Probe also causes massive, virtually unendurable pain in a living subject. Shere only prevents the T-Probe from recovering memories directly (as it does for the Ixian Probe) and does not impede any of the other features.  Memories can still be guessed at from the model the probe constructs. The T-Probe is what causes Miles Teg's brain to change its structure, giving him the blinding speed and amazing abilities seen at the end of Heretics of Dune.  This mental alteration continues in Teg even after being 'reborn' as a Tleilaxu ghola in Chapterhouse Dune.

Weirding Module

A Weirding Module is a fictional sonic weapon introduced in and specific to Dune, the 1984 David Lynch film adaptation of Frank Herbert's 1965 novel of the same name. In the film, the device is a sonic beam weapon that translates specific sounds into attacks of varying potency, used by House Atreides and later by the Fremen armies. In the novel, Paul Atreides and his mother Lady Jessica teach the Fremen the Bene Gesserit martial arts called the "weirding way" by the Fremen; an indirect reference to this detail is made in the scene where Jessica physically overpowers Fremen leader Stilgar at their first encounter.

Lynch is said to have adapted the weirding way into the Weirding Module because he did not like the idea of "kung-fu on sand dunes". The change literalizes Paul's line "My own name is a killing word". In the novel, the Fremen shout his Fremen name, "Muad'Dib", as a battle cry; in the film, the Fremen are surprised to find that saying "Muad'Dib" is a powerful trigger for the Weirding Module.

The Weirding Module appears in the computer games Dune (1992) and Emperor: Battle for Dune (2001), and the concept is adapted into "sonic tanks" for the games Dune II (1992) and Dune 2000 (1998). There is no reference to this technology in the original novels.

Other technologies
In Dune Messiah, the ghola Hayt is provided by the Tleilaxu with metallic artificial eyes, which they boast "improved on the original." Survivors of atomic stone burner blasts are typically blinded, but the superstitious Fremen in Paul Atreides' armies tend to believe that Tleilaxu eyes "enslave their users", and that a union between metal eyes and human flesh "must be sinful." The Bene Tleilax also produce biological products other than gholas and Face Dancers. Chairdogs are living and partially sentient creatures used for seating which possess the ability to shape themselves to fit their occupant. Some characters dislike sitting on an animal and prefer normal chairs. A slig is a hybrid livestock animal—a cross between a large slug and a Terran pig—first mentioned in Heretics of Dune and considered a culinary delicacy. Despite being the producers of sligs, the Tleilaxu themselves do not consume the animals, having designed them to facilitate what they see as the degrading decadence and spiritual bankruptcy of all cultures but their own.

Herbert's series of Dune novels have numerous other technologically advanced devices. In Dune (1965), water is scarce on the desert planet Arrakis; the native Fremen use a type of air well called a windtrap to condense moisture from the air and collect it in vast catch basins. They also collect moisture from the dead using a device called a deathstill. The Fremen accomplish long-distance coded communication using a distrans, a steganographic device that produces a "temporary neural imprint" on the nervous system of bats or birds. The message imprint is carried within the animal's normal cry, and can later be separated out using another distrans. A palm lock is a lock or seal keyed to a specific human hand, a solido is a projected three-dimensional image, and a poison snooper is a device which can detect poisons by analyzing radiation in the "olfactory spectrum". In Dune, the Baron Vladimir Harkonnen employs a cone of silence, a sound-deadening field used for privacy, though it does not visually obscure lip movement. In Heretics of Dune (1984) Herbert mentions an Ixian damper, a similar, portable device described as a "black disc" which is buoyed midair by suspensors. It hides words from anyone without the proper coded translator, and projects distortions that hide the precise movements of lips and the sounds of voices. A filmbook is a shigawire imprint, used for training and education, which carries a mnemonic pulse that imprints information and corresponding images in the reader's mind.

Herbert mentions other unnamed technologies in the Dune series. In Dune, the Bene Gesserit Reverend Mother Mohiam "tests" young Paul Atreides using a box that inflicts pain through "nerve induction". It is described as "a green metal cube about fifteen centimeters on a side", with one open side revealing a blackness so dark that no light penetrates it. Paul is forced to place his hand into the box and not remove it until Mohiam allows him. He experiences first coldness, tingling, then itching, followed by "the faintest burning" which soon intensifies to the point that "he could feel skin curling black on that agonized hand, the flesh crisping and dropping away until only charred bones remained". The pain stops, and when he is permitted to remove his hand, it is unmarked and unharmed. This device is later referred to as the "agony box" in Heretics of Dune, and is noted to be used for interrogation as well. Carol Hart analyzes the concept of inflicting pain without injury in the essay "The Black Hole of Pain" in The Science of Dune (2008).

In God Emperor of Dune (1981), Moneo Atreides uses a memocorder, a tiny handheld device described as "a dull black Ixian artifact whose existence crowded the proscriptions of the Butlerian Jihad". In the same novel, the Bene Gesserit Reverend Mother Anteac writes a message to be sent to her Sisterhood:

In Heretics of Dune, Reverend Mother Lucilla  recognizes a device called a hypnobong in use on the street, witnessing a passerby lean into a concave basin and then lift his face "with a shudder ... staggering slightly, his eyes glazed". She notes that the device is "outlawed on all of the more civilized worlds".

See also

 Glossary of Dune (franchise) terminology

Notes

References

External links

Technology
Dune


is a former Japanese football player.

Playing career
Ezumi was born in Izumo on December 18, 1978. After graduating from Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, he joined the J2 League club Oita Trinita in 2002. Although Trinita won the championship of the 2002 season and was promoted to the J1 League, he played in fewer games than Hayato Okanaka and Riki Takasaki. He became a regular goalkeeper in April 2004. However he lost his position behind newcomer Shusaku Nishikawa in May. In 2006, he moved to the J1 club Omiya Ardija. He became a regular goalkeeper in place of Hiroki Aratani in June 2007 and played all 34 matches in 2008 and 2009. However he lost his position to Takashi Kitano in 2010 and he did not play again until 2014. In 2015, he moved to the newly demoted J3 League club, Kataller Toyama. Although he became a regular goalkeeper, he lost his position to Tatsumi Iida in July. He retired at the end of the 2016 season.

Club statistics

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences alumni
Association football people from Shimane Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
J3 League players
Oita Trinita players
Omiya Ardija players
Kataller Toyama players
Men's association football goalkeepers


Olympic Steel, Inc. is a metals service center based in Cleveland, Ohio. The company processes and distributes carbon, coated and stainless flat-rolled sheet, coil and plate steel, aluminium alloy, tin plate, and metal-intensive branded products primarily in the United States. Metals processing and value added services include tempering, stretch leveling, cutting-to-length, slitting, edging, shearing, blanking, burning, forming, shot blasting, laser punching, plate rolling, fabricating, machining, and welding. Its Chicago Tube & Iron subsidiary is a distributor of steel tubing, pipe, bar, valves & fittings, and fabricates pressure parts.

History
Olympic Steel was founded in 1954 by brothers Sol and Morris Siegal and Sam Sigel. Initially, it was a metals trading company and owned no facilities.

In 1956, it opened an  facility in Bedford Heights, Ohio. By 1966, the facility had grown to . The company offered multiple flat-rolled steel products, including coil and plate products.

In 1975, Michael Siegal, son of Sol Siegal, joined the company. The next year, the facility was again expanded to . By 1985, the company had founded a Southern sales office in Georgia and another office in Pennsylvania. Michael Siegal bought out his father's share of the company in 1984 and David Wolfort joined the team as the company's first General Manager.

In 1987, Olympic Steel acquired Viking Steel Company, based in Elk Grove Village, Illinois.

In 1988, the Philadelphia Division was formed by moving the Eastern sales office to a full warehouse facility in Lester, Pennsylvania.

In 1989, the Southern Division moved to Greenville, South Carolina, consolidating several sales offices in the region and Olympic Steel Trading was formed to sell steel in Puerto Rico and Mexico.

In 1990, the company acquired Eastern Steel based in Milford, Connecticut and Juster Steel of Minneapolis, Minnesota.

In 1994, the company became a public company, selling 4,000,000 shares in an initial public offering. In 1996, it offered 2,500,000 more shares.

In 1995, the company acquired Lafayette Steel & Processing based in Detroit, Michigan.

In 1997, the company acquired Southeastern Metal Processing for $17 million. It also broke ground on its second temper mill at a facility in Bettendorf, Iowa.

In 1998, the company entered the machining business by purchasing the assets of JNT Machining for $795,000 and opening a facility in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.

In June 2006, the company acquired the Siler City, North Carolina-based Tinsley Group for $10 million.

In 2008, the company announced fabrication facilities to be built in Dover, Ohio and Sumter, South Carolina.

In August 2010, the company acquired a 100,000 square foot facility in Mount Sterling, Kentucky for plate burning, machining, forming and shot blasting metals processing services.

In April 2011, the company acquired a 177,000 square foot facility on U.S. Steel's Gary Works site in Gary, Indiana to house its temper mill and cut-to-length line.

In May 2011, the company acquired Chicago Tube & Iron for $156 million. It also opened a 43,000-square-foot warehouse and distribution center in Kansas City.

In June 2012, the company was named 2012 Service Center of the Year by American Metal Market.

In May 2013, the founder, Sol Siegal, died.

In June 2015, the company announced the addition of a new cut-to-length stretcher leveler line at its Winder, Georgia facility.

In May 2017, the company shut its plant in Chatham County, North Carolina, resulting in 51 layoffs.

In April 2018, the company acquired the assets of Berlin Metals, one of the largest North American service centers processing and distributing prime tin mill products and stainless steel strip in slit coil form.

Effective January 1, 2019, Michael Siegal transitioned from CEO to Executive Chairman and Richard T. Marabito was elected CEO.

In January 2019, the company acquired the assets of McCullough Industries, a branded self-dumping hopper manufacturer in Kenton, Ohio.

In April 2019, the company opened a distribution facility in Hanceville, Alabama supplying steel plate and sheet product to the areas.

In August 2019, the company acquired assets related to the manufacturing of the EZ-Dumper hydraulic dump inserts.

In December 2020, the company acquired Action Stainless & Alloys.

References

1954 establishments in Ohio
1994 initial public offerings
Companies based in Cleveland
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Manufacturing companies based in Cleveland
Steel companies of the United States


Inklin is a locality situated at the confluence of the Inklin and Nakina Rivers in far northwestern British Columbia, Canada, which is the commencement of the Taku River.

References

Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia
Atlin District


Co-op Academy Failsworth, formerly Failsworth School, is a co-educational secondary school admitting children between 11 and 16 years of age. The school is located in Failsworth, Greater Manchester.

School history

New school buildings were opened in 2008 at a cost of £28 million.

In 2010 the school was found to be in deficit of £582,000.

In 2014 the school was judged Inadequate. In 2016 the judgement improved to Requires Improvement.

The school became an academy as part of the Co-operative Academies Trust in 2017. As of 2019 the school had not yet been inspected again since it became an academy.

Academic performance

In 2018 the school's Progress 8 benchmark was "well below average". 28% of pupils achieved grade 5 or above in English and math GCSEs, compared to 36% in the local authority area and 40% nationally. The school did not meet the government's minimum standards at GCSE ("floor target").

Notable former pupils
 Nathan Eccleston – Footballer, formerly of Liverpool and Blackpool.
 James Mudriczki – Singer, Puressence.
 Tony Szuminski – Musician, Puressence.
 James Tarkowski – England capped footballer currently playing for Premier League side Everton.
 Darren Wharton – Musician who is a member of Thin Lizzy and Dare.
 Ronnie Wallwork, Former professional footballer who won the Premier League with Manchester United. Wallwork also played for West Bromwich Albion and Sheffield Wednesday

References

Secondary schools in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham
Academies in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham
Failsworth


is a Japanese football player.

Playing career
A product of Gamba Osaka U-15 alongside the Japanese superstar Keisuke Honda, Tanaka started his professional career in Japan with Omiya Ardija. He remained at the club for five seasons being selected to the Japan National Team U-21 in 2006, before joining Yokohama FC on loan in 2009. Following an impressive first season with Yokohama, Tanaka's contract was purchased by his new club. He began the 2010 season with Yokohama, but at the mid-way point of the season was sent on loan to Sagan Tosu and remained at the club for the 2011 season.

He was scouted at the Japan Pro-Footballers Association (JPFA) Tryout in Japan, and in February 2012, he came to the United States as a trialist for the MLS club Real Salt Lake during their preseason camp.   On March 1, 2012, it was announced that Tanaka was signed by the club.  Tanaka made his MLS debut as part of the Starting XI in a match against the Montreal Impact on April 4, 2012, becoming the second Japanese player in Major League Soccer (after Kosuke Kimura of the Colorado Rapids).  On May 26 of the same year, his first assist in the MLS came on a goal by Alvaro Saborio in a match against FC Dallas.

Tanaka was released by the club following the signing of Kenny Mansally.

Following his departure from Major League Soccer he first signed with PTT Rayong F.C. in Thailand And in 2014, instantly was acquired by Sisaket F.C. in the Thai Premier League.

Club statistics

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Association football people from Osaka Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
People from Ibaraki, Osaka
J1 League players
J2 League players
Major League Soccer players
Omiya Ardija players
Yokohama FC players
Sagan Tosu players
Real Salt Lake players
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Japanese expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's footballers in Thailand
Footballers at the 2006 Asian Games
Men's association football defenders
Asian Games competitors for Japan
Men's association football midfielders


A flux transfer event (FTE) occurs when a magnetic portal opens in the Earth's magnetosphere through which high-energy particles flow from the Sun. This connection, while previously thought to be permanent, has been found to be brief and very dynamic. The European Space Agency's four Cluster spacecraft and NASA's five THEMIS probes have flown through and surrounded these FTEs, measuring their dimensions and identifying the particles that are transferred between the magnetic fields.

Formation
Earth's magnetosphere and the Sun's magnetic field are constantly pressed against one another on the dayside of Earth. Approximately every eight minutes, these fields briefly merge, forming a temporary "portal" between the Earth and the Sun through which high-energy particles such as solar wind can flow. The portal takes the shape of a magnetic cylinder about the width of Earth. Current observations place the portal at up to 4 times the size of Earth.

Simulations
Since Cluster and THEMIS have directly sampled FTEs, scientists can simulate FTEs on computers to predict how they might behave. Jimmy Raeder of the University of New Hampshire told his colleagues simulations show that the cylindrical portals tend to form above Earth's equator and then roll over Earth's winter pole. In December, FTEs roll over the north pole; in July they roll over the south pole.

Flux transfer events beyond Earth

Magnetic fields similar to Earth's are common throughout known space and many undergo similar flux transfer events.  During its second flyby of the planet on October 6, 2008, the NASA probe MESSENGER discovered that Mercury’s magnetic field shows a magnetic reconnection rate ten times higher than Earth's. Mercury's proximity to the Sun only accounts for about a third of the reconnection rate observed by MESSENGER and the cause of this discrepancy is not currently known.

Most recently, it has been found that the same phenomenon, also known as a 'magnetic rope', can be observed at Saturn. The findings prove that at times Saturn "behaves and interacts with the Sun in much the same way as Earth".

See also
Flux tube
Magnetic flux

References

 Magnetic Portals Connect Sun and Earth

External links

 Magnetic Portals Connect Sun and Earth
A Giant Breach in Earth's Magnetic Field

Planetary science
Space plasmas


The Clackamas Lake Ranger Station Historic District is a Forest Service compound consisting of eleven historic buildings located in the Mount Hood National Forest in the Cascade Mountains of northern Oregon.  It was originally built as a district ranger station for the Clackamas Lake Ranger District.  It was later converted to a summer guard station.  Today, the Forest Service rents the historic ranger's residence to recreational visitors.  The Clackamas Lake Ranger Station is listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.

History
In the 1920s and 1930s, forest road networks were not well developed.  To facilitate work in National Forests, the Forest Service built district ranger stations at strategic locations within the forest to house full-time employees and provide logistics support to fire patrols and project crews working at remote forest sites.  After World War II, the Forest Service greatly expanded its road network, allowing employees to get to most forest areas within a few hours. As a result, many of the more isolated ranger stations were closed or converted to summer guard station.

The Forest Service began using the Clackamas Lake site in 1905.  The original ranger cabin and barn were built by the district's first ranger, Joe Graham, in 1906.  The compound was expanded during the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps.  All of the historic buildings that exist at the site today are from that era.  The range station served as the summer administrative site for the Clackamas Lake Ranger District from 1906 until the 1952 when the compound was converted to a guard station for fire crews and work parties.  After a short period of disuse in the 1960s, the guard station was reopened in the early 1970s.  Since then, the site has remained in continuous use as a guard station, work center, recreation facility, and visitor center.

Because of the rustic architecture of the buildings and the site's unique historic value as an early Forest Service ranger station, the Clackamas Lake Ranger Station compound was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Place in 1981.  The historic area covers .

Historic structures

The ranger station is made up of eleven historic buildings and twelve other rustic, but non-historic, structures.  In addition, the original ranger station landscaping still exists including picnic tables, a horseshoe pit, and stone fire pit.  The historic district originally had twelfth historic building, but one ranger residence was destroyed by fire in 2003.

The ranger station's historic buildings include the district office, two ranger residences, a mess hall, a fire equipment warehouse, a separate road-and-trail warehouse, a gas station, garage, blacksmith shop, horse barn, and a pump house across the meadow.  The district office is now a visitor center and museum.  The ranger's residence can be rented by the public for $80 per night per on weekdays and $100 per night on weekends and holidays.  Volunteer caretakers live on site, and help maintain the historic buildings, staffs the visitor center, and provide interpretive tours of the compound.

The ranger station buildings are wood and log-frame structures with concrete foundations.  The exteriors are covered with wood shingles.  Wooden shingles are also used for roofing.  All the buildings are painted dark brown with dark brown trim so they blend into the surrounding forest landscape.

 The ranger station office was built in 1933.  It is a one-story, wood-frame building with a concrete foundation.  The high gable roof is covered with wood shingles.  The stone chimney is slightly off-center from the roof ridgeline. The windows are four-over-four panes in a double-hung sash.  The front entrance faces south and has a flagstone porch steps except for the final step, which is cut from a large peeled log.  The office interior is divided into two rooms. The office walls are covered by painted wood panels, and the floors are varnished fir.
 The ranger's residence was built the in 1933.  The residence plan was chosen by District Ranger Francis Williamson out of a group of Weyerhaeuser plans entitled Your Future Home.  With the exception of exterior building materials, the residence was constructed to the plan's specifications.  It is a -story, wood-frame building with a concrete foundation.  It has a wood-shingled exterior and high gable roof.  Windows are six-over-six panes in double-hung sashes with slab-wood frames giving the appearance of being notched and joined logs. There is a small front porch that protects the south-facing front entrance.  The interior rooms of the ranger's residence have varnished fir-paneling with a large stone fireplace and built-in book cases in the living room.  The residence has simple furnishings, including living room sofa, wooden chairs, kitchen and dining room tables, and beds for eight guests.

 The assistant ranger's residence was built in 1934.  It is a one-story, wood-frame building with a concrete foundation.  The structure is similar in style to the ranger's residence and office with a wood-shake exterior and high gable roof.  There is a rustic stone chimney on the east end of the building.  The front entrance faces north and is covered by a gable hood-type porch supported by peeled-pole brackets.
 The mess hall was built in 1934.  It is a one-story, wood-frame structure with two entrances on the north side of the building. The exterior siding, foundation, and gabled roof are the same as the office and ranger residences.
 The fire warehouse was built between 1934 and 1935.  It is a one-story, wood-frame structure with a concrete foundation covered with a rubble-stone veneer.  The first four feet of the exterior walls were constructed with slab-wood.  Above that level the exterior is covered with wooden shakes. The main entry is at the center of the north side of the building with a flagstone porch platform in front of a large wooden door.
 The road and trails warehouse was built in 1934.  It is a simple one-story, wood-frame building with double entrance doors and large sliding doors on the north side
 The gas and oil storage building was built at the same time as the fire warehouse, and its design details match the warehouse. It is one-story, wood-frame structure. On the north side, the gable roof projects out over the gas pumps and vehicle service area. The main entrance is on the north side.  There is also a loading dock on the east end of the building.
 A one-story, wood-frame garage next to the ranger's residence was built in 1933.  It has a concrete foundation with rubble-stone veneer and high gable roof.  The exterior walls are slab-wood on the lower level with wooden shakes above, similar to the fire warehouse exterior.  The garage has large double doors on the north side, and accommodates one vehicle.
 The ranger station's blacksmith shop was built in 1934.  It is a one-story, wood-frame structure.  On three sides of the shop, the exterior has horizontal slab-wood boards on the lower level with wooden shakes covering the upper walls.  On the south side the lower level is covered by horizontal wooden panels with wooden shakes above.  The shop has double sliding doors in the centered of the north side and a normal entrance door on the south side.
 The ranger station's horse barn was probably built in 1935.  The barn is a -story, wood-frame, structure.  It has a high gable roof with wooden shingles and a wood-frame cupola on top.  The exterior walls are covered by wood shingles.
 The pump house was built about the same time as the barn.  Both building are located across the meadow from the other historic buildings.  The pump house is small one-story, wood-frame building with a wood-shingle exterior and high gable roof.

There is also a Forest Service campground next to the historic Clackamas Lake Ranger Station.  The campground has 46 camp sites, potable drinking water, and several modern restrooms.  The ranger station and campground are only a short distance to Clackamas Lake, and just three miles (5 km) from the much larger and very popular Timothy Lake.  Trails for hiking, horseback riding, or mountain biking can easily be reach from the compound.

Location
The Clackamas Lake Ranger Station is located in the a remote area of the Mount Hood National Forest, fifty miles southeast of Sandy, Oregon and twenty-two miles south of Government Camp, Oregon.  The elevation at the site is .  The forest around the guard station is dominated by old growth Douglas fir.

To get to the Clackamas Lake Ranger Station from Sandy, travel east on U.S. Route 26 for approximately . Turn right onto Forest Road 42 (also known as Skyline Road) and travel south for  past the intersection of Forest Roads 42 and 57.  The historic Clackamas Lake Ranger Station is on the left, 1/4 miles past the junction.  The ranger's residence is on the east side of the road across from the visitor center.

References

External links
Mount Hood National Forest
Forest Service Recreational Rentals

National Register of Historic Places in Clackamas County, Oregon
Civilian Conservation Corps in Oregon
United States Forest Service ranger stations
Buildings and structures in Clackamas County, Oregon
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
Protected areas of Clackamas County, Oregon
1935 establishments in Oregon


The Nakina River is a river in northwestern British Columbia, Canada, rising southeast of Atlin Lake and flowing generally southeast to its confluence with the Inklin River at the locality of Inklin, where the two rivers combine to form the Taku River.

A major tributary of the Nakina is the Sloko River, which runs Northeast to meet it from the area of the Llewellyn Glacier of the Juneau Icefield.

References

Rivers of British Columbia
Atlin District
Taku Plateau


Cultural synergy is a term coined from work by Nancy Adler of McGill University which describes an attempt to bring two or more cultures together to form an organization or environment that is based on combined strengths, concepts and skills. The differences in the world's people are used in such a way that encourages mutual growth by cooperation.

In a more general sense, cultural synergy can be observed in the creation new or reproduced cultural forms that are distinct from the cultures from which those forms are derived. In either case, cultural synergy may be expected to be more prevalent as globalization takes place., and the concept and/or phrase can be found in discussions of globalization.

Cultural Assimilation
The concept goes back in the 1970s in the USA , at a time when the American management was thought to be the one and only business model. This is what is commonly known as the concept of Ethnocentrism , which some specialist consider to be cause of the general ignorance amongst American managers towards the influence of culture on management. It was only a matter of time (after the postwar economic success of other foreign countries) until American management realised that Ethnocentrism cand have negative consequences and started to incorporate different approaches for their management.

Moreover, the flow of immigrants coming to work in the USA contributed to the change of conducting management, as the managers started to consider Cultural Pluralism , a completely different view from what they were used to have, known as the "melting-pot", which was based on forcing the immigrant workforce to adapt to the American culture.

Definition of Synergy
The word comes from ancient Greek: synergia means working together. Andrew Campbell and Michael Goold, two British academics, define it as “links between business units that result in additional value creation”. It is, they go on to say, “a Holy Grail for large multi-unit companies”. It is something akin to the philosopher's stone: seeming to create extra value without consuming resources.

Synergy means cooperation that occurs between diverse groups of people with different viewpoints that work together. The aim of synergy is
to increase effectiveness by combining various knowledge, perceptions and viewpoints together. It is a common belief that “when solving problems, groups are often smarter than the smartest people within them”. Synergy is extremely important in business, as it gathers resources needed for successful operations and it complies with our present society where diversity is considered to be a value.

Organizational Change
Organizational Change has a very broad meaning and it can be major or minor, depending on the number or individuals from a specific organization it affects. From changing the water supplier to completely transforming the marketing strategy, every change is important and has consequences.

On one hand, cultural synergy can be understood as a major organizational change, as it merges cultures and customs within a company and presumably finalises with a change of the better, creating a more solid company culture, bonding the employees.

On the other hand,  the phenomenon has not been sufficiently studied and researched, and it is also known that it can be chaotic for the employees, as they are being put through unfamiliar circumstances.

High Synergy Organizations vs. Low Synergy Organizations
High Synergy Organizations have employees that cooperate for mutual advantage and usually tackle their problems by following a very simple structure that focuses on identifying the problem, culturally interpreting it and finally, increasing the cultural activity. Contrary to this, there are Low Synergy Organizations that work with employees that are ruggedly individualistic and insist on solving any problem alone.

Synergy and Cross-Cultural Communication Competence
Individuals from multinational organizations who follow the cultural synergy concept in today’s global economy must be aware and competent in cross-cultural communication. Previous research indicates that the effectiveness of global corporations is highly influenced by the cross-cultural competence. A more culturally diversified workforce creates a large variety of capabilities, perspectives and attitudes ) and develops more skills in problem solving, generating more creative solutions. The present postmodern society is transitioning towards a
high-synergy era where the win-win and the all triumph concepts are adopted. The
key-points of this system are the mutual advantage and the strong connection that people are building with each other. Commonwealth has become the main focus of social institutions which promote individual and group development. In
order to give in into this postmodern era, acceptance of the high-synergy
society which leads to way to better international business practices is required. “Synergy takes on increasing importance as multinational
organizations, non-profit agencies, and governmental activities become more
global in scope, more complex in practice, and more sophisticated in technology.”

Examples of organizations and companies that follow the Cultural Synergy concept
 Shell
 Microsoft
 Autolive
 The University of Melbourne
 Deutsche Bank
 Disney Parks and Resorts
 BP
 Cadbury Schweppes
 AmBank Group
 Sara Lee
 Telstra
 Baker Hughes Inteq

Further reading
 Eisenhardt, K.M. and Galunic, D.C., “Co-Evolving: At Last a Way to Make Synergies Work”, Harvard Business Review, January–February 2000
 Goold, M. and Campbell, A., “Desperately Seeking Synergy”, Harvard Business Review, September–October 1998
 Hagel, J. III and Singer, M., “Unbundling the Corporation”, Harvard Business Review, March–April 1999

References

Business terms


Neighbours Boulevard in Blythe, California contains two designations:

California State Route 78
Interstate 10 Business (Blythe, California)

Streets in Riverside County, California
Blythe, California


is a Japanese former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He is the current first-team coach J2 League club of Omiya Ardija.

Playing career
Kanazawa was born in Saitama on 9 September 1983. He joined J2 League club Omiya Ardija from youth team in 2002. He played many matches as defensive midfielder from first season and became a regular player in 2004. Ardija also won the 2nd place in 2004 season and was promoted to J1 League first time in the club history. However his opportunity to play decreased in 2005. He was loaned to newly was relegated to Tokyo Verdy in 2006. He played many matches in 2 seasons and Verdy was returned to J1 end of 2007 season. He returned to Ardija in 2008. He played many matches for the club for a long time. However Ardija repeated relegation to J2 and promotion to J1 from 2015. His opportunity to play decreased from 2017.

After the 2019 season, Kanazawa announced his retirement from professional football.

Club statistics

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Omiya Ardija players
Tokyo Verdy players
Men's association football midfielders
Association football people from Saitama (city)


The Reese's Cup Classic was a golf tournament on the Nationwide Tour from 1997 to 2004. It was played at the Hershey Country Club, East Course, in Hershey, Pennsylvania. It was played as the Hershey Open from 1997 to 2002.

Winners

Bolded golfers graduated to the PGA Tour via the final Nationwide Tour money list.

References

Former Korn Ferry Tour events
Golf in Pennsylvania
Recurring sporting events established in 1997
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2004
1997 establishments in Pennsylvania
2004 disestablishments in Pennsylvania


Voodoo DJ Soul Essentials is an EP by R&B and neo soul musician D'Angelo, released in 2000 on Virgin Records. As part of the promotional efforts by the Cheeba Sound label and Virgin Records America for D'Angelo's second studio album Voodoo, the 12" vinyl EP was issued in order to attract DJs and airplay. Voodoo DJ Soul Essentials consists of three tracks taken off of the Voodoo album "Chicken Grease", "Feel Like Makin' Love", and "Spanish Joint" in their original versions (on the A-side), as well as instrumental versions (on the B-side). The cover art for the album was originally featured in the Voodoo album liner notes.

Track listing

Side one
"Chicken Grease" – 4:38
"Feel Like Makin' Love" – 6:22
"Spanish Joint" – 5:44

Side two
"Chicken Grease" (Instrumental) – 4:35
"Feel Like Makin' Love" (Instrumental) – 6:09
"Spanish Joint" (Instrumental) – 5:44

Notes

References

D'Angelo albums
Albums recorded at Electric Lady Studios
2000 remix albums
Virgin Records remix albums
2000 EPs
Virgin Records EPs


Seelaratna Senarath (born September 2, 1944) is the director programming of CRI Sri Lanka. He is a commercial program announcer of Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation and former director editorial of Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited. He is also the incumbent chairman of State Radio Advisory Board of Arts Council of Sri Lanka.

Teaching career
Seelaratna Senarath began his career as a trained teacher after graduating from the Teachers' Training College in Giragama. He served in several areas in Sri Lanka including Ampara District, Batticaloa District and Gampaha District before he joined as the media adviser at Mahaweli Center in the late 1980s.

Journalist career
He was the media secretary to Ratnasiri Wickramanayaka former prime minister of Sri Lanka (2005-2010) and Mahinda Rajapaksa former opposition leader of Sri Lanka (2002-2004). He served as a 'language expert' and 'advisory broadcaster' at the Sinhala Service of China Radio International during 2003-2005) in Beijing, China. He was a freelance broadcaster at Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation and also in various radio-dramas. He did several television programs as well such as 'Shanida Ayubowan', 'Shanida Wasanawa Ganitha Getaluwa'.

In November 2013, the Sri Lankan expatriate association in Melbourne Australia 'Mihindu Lama Padanama' felicitated Mr. Senarath for the lifetime contribution he made for the media industry in Sri Lanka.

In April 2014, he represented Sri Lanka at the Heads of Media Institutions Roundtable of Boao Forum for Asia.

He was appointed as the chairman of State Radio Advisory Board in February 2020

The novel "Ada Mahattaya" written by journalist Ashoka Piyaratne reflecting the real life experience of Seelaratna Senarath when he served as the headmaster of a remote village school in Sippimaduwa, Batticaloa District during late 1970s was launched on 6 October 2016.

A book titled ‘Mata Den Hathalihai’ (Now I'm forty), comprising Seelaratna Senarath's experiences in the media, written by journalist Ashoka Piyaratne, launched on 1 November 2018 at the Western Province Aesthetic Resort, Colombo 7, under the patronage of Uruwarige Vannila Aththo, the leader of the indigenous community.
The book launch marked Senarath's 40th year in the profession of journalism and the media field.

Senarath received 'Kalabhooshana' state honours  at the 34th Kalabhooshana State Awards 2018 held on 29 January 2019 at Nelum Pokuna Theater under the patronage of the President of Sri Lanka Maithreepala Sirisena.

References

1944 births
Living people
Sinhalese people
Sri Lankan Buddhists
Sri Lankan journalists
Sri Lankan radio personalities


Taku, also known as Taku Landing, is a locality on Graham Inlet of the Taku Arm of Tagish Lake in the Atlin District of far northwestern British Columbia, Canada.  It was the transshipment point for passengers and freight from Carcross, Yukon bound for Atlin, British Columbia and was the start of a tramway connecting Taku Arm to Atlin Lake, where another steamer ferried passengers and cargo to Atlin.

See also
Atlin Gold Rush
Klondike Gold Rush

References

Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia
Atlin District


is a former Japanese football player.

Playing career
Uchida was born in Komono, Mie on July 10, 1983. After graduating from high school, he joined J2 League club Yokohama FC in 2002. He got an opportunity to play from first season and became a regular player as offensive midfielder in summer 2003. Although the club results were sluggish every season, Yokohama won the champions in 2006 season and was promoted to J1 League first time in the club history. Although he played many matches, Yokohama finished at the bottom place in 2007 season and was relegated to J2 in a year. In 2008, he moved to Omiya Ardija. Although he could not become a regular player, he played many matches in 3 seasons. In 2011, he moved to Ventforet Kofu. However he could not play many matches. In 2012, he re-joined J2 club Yokohama FC for the first time in 4 years. Although he played many matches in 2013, his opportunity to play decreased from 2014. In 2017, he moved to Hong Kong and joined Southern District FC. He retired in September 2017.

Club statistics

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Association football people from Mie Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Yokohama FC players
Omiya Ardija players
Ventforet Kofu players
Southern District FC players
People from Komono
Men's association football midfielders


Alfred George James Wright (June 23, 1916 – September 5, 2020) was an American bandleader who served as the Director of Bands Emeritus at Purdue University and Chairman of the Board of the John Philip Sousa Foundation.

Early years
Wright was born in London, England. Whilst still a child he moved with his family to the United States, where he grew up in Pontiac, Michigan. Wright played French horn in high school and earned a music scholarship to the University of Miami in Florida, where he earned both bachelor's (1937) and master's (1947) degrees. He taught band and orchestra at Miami Senior High School from 1938-1954.

Career
Wright became director of the Purdue All-American Marching Band (AAMB) in 1954, becoming only the second person to hold the position, and served for 27 years until his retirement in 1981. Wright introduced a number of innovations to the Purdue band program, including elaborate football halftime shows and an expanded majorette corps featuring the Golden Girl and Silver Twins. He was also responsible for significantly expanding the band's reach beyond football, including several performances at Radio City Music Hall and international trips to Europe, South America, and Japan.

Honors, distinctions, awards
In 1981, Wright received an honorary LLD from Troy State University, and, in 1982, Purdue named him a Distinguished Alumnus. Dr. Wright was inducted into the National Band Association Hall of Fame of Distinguished Band Conductors in 1986. Kappa Kappa Psi awarded him the Distinguished Service to Music Medal for concert band and marching band. He was also an honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia.

Personal life and death
Wright and his wife Gladys lived in West Lafayette, Indiana. He turned 100 in June 2016 and died in September 2020 at the age of 104.

References

External links
Biography on the Sousa Foundation website
Biography on the Purdue AAMB website
Al Wright Papers - University of Maryland Libraries

1916 births
2020 deaths
American bandleaders
American centenarians
American conductors (music)
American male conductors (music)
American music educators
English emigrants to the United States
Musicians from London
People from West Lafayette, Indiana
Purdue University faculty
University of Miami Frost School of Music alumni
Distinguished Service to Music Medal recipients
Men centenarians


Penitentiary Chances is the third album released by rapper, Turk. It was released on April 27, 2004, through Koch Records and was produced by Ke'Noe, Virgil and Howard McToyer. Penitentiary Chances was released while Turk was in jail and is widely considered his strongest effort, however it was not as successful as his previous two albums, making it to #32 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and #22 on the Top Independent Albums. This would mark his final album distributed by Koch Records.

Track listing
"Live from the Lab" (feat. Ke'Noe) - 1:32
"Raw & Off the Chain"- 4:18
"Doin My Thing" (feat. Ke'Noe) - 2:49
"Killer"- 4:52
"I'm a Dog"- 3:31
"Do It for the Money"- 5:06
"Life's a Gamble"- 4:00
"You Put It Together" [Remix]- 4:13
"Music Makes Me High" (feat. Lil' Man Steve)- 4:21
"All I Got in This World" (feat. Ke'Noe)- 3:49
"Heartache"- 4:10

2004 albums
E1 Music albums
Turk (rapper) albums


is a Japanese football player who plays for Sestao River Club.

Playing career
He spent 4 years on loan at Avispa Fukuoka during which time he had spells as club captain, before returning to his parent club Gamba Osaka at the start of the 2012 season.

National team career
On 7 May 2015, Japan's coach Vahid Halilhodžić called him for a two-days training camp. On 23 July 2015, he was called again for the upcoming 2015 EAFF East Asian Cup.

Club statistics

1 includes J. League Championship and Japanese Super Cup appearances.

Reserves performance

Last Updated: 30 November 2019

National team statistics

Honors
Gamba Osaka
J1 League - 2014
J2 League - 2013
Emperor's Cup - 2014, 2015
J.League Cup - 2014
Japanese Super Cup - 2015

FC Tokyo
J.League Cup - 2020

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Association football people from Osaka Prefecture
People from Kawachinagano
Japanese men's footballers
Japan men's international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
J3 League players
Gamba Osaka players
Tokushima Vortis players
Omiya Ardija players
Avispa Fukuoka players
Sanfrecce Hiroshima players
FC Tokyo players
FC Tokyo U-23 players
Men's association football defenders
Sestao River Club footballers


One Morning Cafe was a Philippine morning radio and television show that was aired simultaneously on three government-owned-and-controlled television stations NBN (now; PTV), RPN and IBC and in radio via 13 RPN Radyo Ronda and 32 PBS Radyo ng Bayan stations of the Philippine Broadcasting Service.

The show premiered on April 9, 2007, at 6:00am as One Morning with Veronica Baluyut-Jimenez, Jasmine Romero of NBN (now; PTV), Aljo Bendijo, Aryana Lim and Bobby Yan of RPN, and Zorayda Ruth Andam of IBC along with new hosts Claudine Trillo, Marion Chua and Jennifer Illustre. In 2008, the program remained its airing on RPN although the network expanded its partnership with Solar Entertainment by bringing C/S on RPN C/S 9 and Solar TV in 2009 along with other original productions of the network. In 2009, the program underwent title and format change, thus the program was renamed as One Morning Café.

The program aired its final episode on June 29, 2010, a day before the Inauguration of Benigno Aquino III as President of the Philippines.

Hosts

Final hosts
 Veronica Baluyut-Jimenez (NBN)
 Aljo Bendijo (RPN)
 Cutie Del Mar
 Oliver Abelleda (Radyo ng Bayan)

Former hosts
 Aryana Lim (RPN)
 Marion Chua
 Claudine Trillo
 Jennifer Illustre
 Charlene Lontoc
 Bobby Yan (RPN)
 JM Rodriguez
 Jasmin Romero (NBN)
 Zorayda Ruth Andam (IBC)

See also
 List of programs aired by People's Television Network
 List of programs previously broadcast by Radio Philippines Network
 List of programs previously broadcast by Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation

Philippine television news shows
Radio Philippines Network original programming
People's Television Network
People's Television Network original programming
RPN News and Public Affairs shows
Radio Philippines Network news shows
Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation original programming
IBC News and Public Affairs shows
Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation news shows
Filipino-language television shows
2007 Philippine television series debuts
2010 Philippine television series endings
Simulcasts


Convicted Felons is the fifth studio album from Turk and was released on September 5, 2006. As of December 2008, the album has sold around 20,000 copies.

Track listing
 Convicted Felons [Intro] - (1:13)
 Bout Dat Foolishness (feat. Ke'Noe) - (4:25)
 Nick Nac (feat. Jay {of Tha Night Rydas}) - (3:22)
 I Don't Know What's Wrong (feat. Nio & Handy) - (3:50)
 What U Drinkin' On (feat. Ke'Noe & Thugga) - (2:44)
 S.S. Exclusive - (4:45)
 Suga-Suga Exclusive - (4:24)
 Get Rich (feat. Ke'Noe & Twisted Black) - (4:26)
 Gucci Mane Exclusive - (4:08)
 4 And A Half Exclusive - (3:53)
 Who You Hang With (feat. Ghetto Commission & Ke'Noe) - (2:47)
 We Gettin' Fucked Up (feat. S.S. & Phillip Buchanan)(4:14)
 Mr. Marcelo Exclusive (2:54)
 4 and a Half Exclusive (5:43)
 Naked Feet (feat. Nio, Ke'Noe & D.I.G)(3:15)

2006 albums
Turk (rapper) albums


is a former Japanese football player.

Club statistics

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Hosei University alumni
Association football people from Tokyo
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Omiya Ardija players
Tokyo Verdy players
Men's association football forwards


Godfrey Webster may refer to:

Sir Godfrey Webster, 4th Baronet (1747–1800), Member of Parliament (MP) for Seaford 1786–1790 and Wareham 1796–1800
Sir Godfrey Webster, 5th Baronet (1789–1836), MP for Sussex 1812–1820

See also
 Webster baronets


The Lady Keystone Open was a golf tournament on the LPGA Tour from 1975 to 1994. In its first year it was a satellite tour event but became a full event in 1976. It was played at three different courses in southcentral Pennsylvania but mainly at the Hershey Country Club in Hershey, Pennsylvania.

Tournament hosts

Winners
1994 Elaine Crosby
1993 Val Skinner
1992 Danielle Ammaccapane
1991 Colleen Walker
1990 Cathy Gerring
1989 Laura Davies
1988 Shirley Furlong
1987 Ayako Okamoto
1986 Juli Inkster
1985 Juli Inkster
1984 Amy Alcott
1983 Jan Stephenson
1982 Jan Stephenson
1981 JoAnne Carner
1980 JoAnne Carner
1979 Nancy Lopez
1978 Pat Bradley
1977 Sandra Spuzich
1976 Susie Berning
1975 Susie Berning (as satellite event)

References

External links
Tournament results at golfobserver.com

Former LPGA Tour events
Golf in Pennsylvania
Recurring sporting events established in 1975
Recurring events disestablished in 1994
1975 establishments in Pennsylvania
1994 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
History of women in Pennsylvania


The Holocaust Kid is a semi-autobiographical novel by Sonia Pilcer.

Plot summary
The book has fifteen stories that is loosely based on the life of author Sonia Pilcer. Zosha Palovsky, who prefers to call herself Zoe, was born in Europe in a camp for DPs. She moved to New York City with her parents, Genia and Heniek, when she was a toddler. Zoe reconciles her dreams with her parents' experiences. The first story called Do You Deserve To Lie is narrated by Zoe who works for a movie magazine and does things that her parents doesn't appreciate. Two stories tell about how Genia was saved from the gas chambers and how she met Heniek after the war. In another story, it talks about how Heniek escaped from Auschwitz. Other stories have to do with Zoe appreciating her parents more, marrying, and going on vacation with her parents.

Reception
It was reviewed by Kirkus Reviews.
It was reviewed by Publishers Weekly.
It was reviewed by Booklist.

References

2002 American novels
Personal accounts of the Holocaust
American autobiographical novels


is a retired Japanese football player.

Club career stats
Updated to 23 February 2019.

References

External links
Profile at Machida Zelvia

1986 births
Living people
Hosei University alumni
Association football people from Tokyo
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
J3 League players
Omiya Ardija players
Oita Trinita players
FC Machida Zelvia players
Men's association football midfielders


"Koochy" is a song by American DJ Armand Van Helden. It was released on May 8, 2000, as the lead single from his fourth studio album, Killing Puritans (2000). It heavily samples Gary Numan's 1979 single "Cars". Although the lyric seems to comprise sexual references, the title actually points back to Numan's song, as the word "kocsi" means "car" in Hungarian.

Track listings

UK CD1
 "Koochy" (edit)
 "Koochy" (long version)
 "Phreeknik"

UK CD2
 "Koochy" (edit)
 "U Don't Know Me" (edit)
 "Reservoir Dogs"

UK cassette single
 "Koochy" (edit)
 "U Don't Know Me" (edit)

Australian CD single
 "Koochy" (edit)
 "Koochy" (long version)
 "Phreeknik"
 "U Don't Know Me" (edit)

Charts

References

2000 singles
2000 songs
Armand Van Helden songs
FFRR Records singles
Songs written by Armand Van Helden
Songs written by Gary Numan


is a former Japanese football player.

Club statistics

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Toyo University alumni
Association football people from Ibaraki Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Omiya Ardija players
Thespakusatsu Gunma players
Men's association football defenders