Black is a 2005 Indian English- and Hindi-language drama film co-written, directed, and co-produced by Sanjay Leela Bhansali. It stars Amitabh Bachchan and Rani Mukerji in lead roles, with Ayesha Kapur, Shernaz Patel and Dhritiman Chatterjee in supporting roles. The film narrates the story of Michelle (Mukerji), a deaf-and-blind woman, and her relationship with her teacher Debraj (Bachchan), an elderly alcoholic teacher who himself later develops Alzheimer's disease.

In 2003, Bhansali announced the production of his new project, Black. Its idea first came up when he met several physically disabled children while shooting Khamoshi: The Musical in the 1990s. The story was inspired by the activist Helen Keller's life and her 1903 autobiography, The Story of My Life. Principal photography was done by Ravi K. Chandran in 100 days from mid-January to April 2004, taking place in Shimla and Film City. Omung Kumar was the production designer, while Sham Kaushal was the action director. After filming, it was edited by Bela Sehgal. The soundtrack and score were composed by Monty Sharma and Mychael Danna, respectively.

Black released worldwide on 4 February 2005, and proved to a commercial success at the box office with a total gross of , thus becoming the eighth-highest grossing Bollywood film of 2005. It received widespread critical acclaim upon release, with praise for its direction, story, screenplay, dialogues, cinematography, production design, costumes, and the performances of the cast, with major praise directed towards Bachchan and Mukherji's performances, and Bhansali's direction and screenplay.

A recipient of numerous accolades, Black won three awards at the 53rd National Film Awards, including Best Feature Film in Hindi and Best Actor (Bachchan). At the 51st Filmfare Awards, the film won all its 11 nominations, including Best Film, Best Film (Critics), Best Director (Bhansali), Best Actor, Best Actor (Critics) (both for Bachchan), Best Actress and Best Actress (Critics) (both for Mukerji), thus becoming the most-awarded film in the history of the Filmfare Awards at that time. Its record was later broken by Gully Boy (2019) at the 65th Filmfare Awards with 13 wins. It also became the fifth film to win all 4 major awards at the Filmfare Awards (Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor and Best Actress), after Guide (1965), Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995), Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998) and Devdas (2002).

A Turkish remake, Benim Dünyam, was released in 2013.

Plot
Michelle lost her eyesight and hearing after recovering from an illness at age two, and grows up as a violent, uncontrollable child. Her parents, Paul and Catherine, are at their wits' end trying to control her until Debraj, an elderly alcoholic teacher, enters their lives. Debraj takes it upon himself to build Michelle into someone who can express and communicate. He uses harsh methods initially disapproved by Michelle's father, who asks him to leave. Debraj stays while her father is away on a business trip, teaching Michelle a few words and better manners. He packs his bags when Michelle's father returns. Right before he leaves, Debraj gets frustrated seeing Michelle back to being insolent. He throws her into a fountain of water. It causes her to take to Debraj's lessons; she finally understands what water is, and can recognise her parents and vocalise the first syllables of small words. It convinces her parents to keep Debraj.

Many years later, Michelle has grown into an expressive woman who is even able to dance and expertly sign. She gets admission to pursue a bachelor's degree with Debraj's help, moving away from home and lives with Debraj and one of her maids. Over the next two years, she struggles to gain her degree, failing year after year, but maintains her spirit. One reason is that she must rely on Debraj for interpretation of the material but the principal helps by preparing the first-year course of study in braille. Debraj begins to succumb to Alzheimer's disease, at one point forgetting Michelle and leaving her stranded during a celebration. Therefore, Debraj decides to leave her.

Twelve years later, Michelle manages to gain her degree and with her proud parents looking on, gives a speech at graduation. She does not wear her graduation robe, insisting she wants Debraj to be the first one to see her in it. Debraj is now in a mental hospital due to his near-inability to remember his past and even how to speak. Michelle visits him wearing her robe; this causes glimmers of memory to return as Debraj realizes she has graduated. As the window opens to the rain, Michelle reaches out to it with Debraj's hand in hers, and the pair say the first syllable of "water", reminiscent of the first time Michelle understood the meaning of words when Debraj threw her into the fountain. The film ends with a scene of Michelle among a crowd of people dressed in black carrying candles toward a church.

Cast
The cast is listed below:

 Amitabh Bachchan as Debraj Sahai
 Rani Mukerji as Michelle McNally
 Ayesha Kapur as young Michelle
 Shernaz Patel as Catherine "Kathy" McNally
 Dhritiman Chatterjee as Paul McNally
 Nandana Sen as Sarah McNally
 Sillo Mahava as Mrs. Gomes
 Mahabanoo Mody-Kotwal as Mrs. Nair
 Kenny Desai as Dr. Mehta
 Khursheed Khurody as a pianist at Sarah's wedding
 Shehnaz Anand as a teacher
 Zul Vellani and Kamal Adip as trustees

Production

Development

The production of Black started when Sanjay Leela Bhansali came up with the idea for the film while the shooting of his directorial debut, the musical Khamoshi: The Musical, between 1993 and 1994 when he interacted with physically disabled children. After the successes of the romance Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999) and the historical epic Devdas (2002)—one of the most expensive Hindi films ever made at the time—he had made a plan to make another film in the romantic genre. Still, the actress Jaya Bachchan criticized his work from Devdas and encouraged him to "attempt something different"; in later years, he would say that it motivated him to make Black. Bhansali chose to address a subject that no other directors had done before: "I didn't want to stop making a film straight from my heart because of the fear of losing my audiences." He described it as "a step towards a more complex kind of film than what we get in mainstream cinema", adding, "It is an uplifting tale on the triumph of the human spirit." He announced the film in July 2003, along with his other project, Bajirao Mastani, which would be released in 2015. The media declared it as his "most personal film".

Bhansali revealed that he was inspired by American activist Helen Keller's life story. However, he stated that he only used it as a reference and the film was "a completely original piece of work". Additionally, Bhansali also read Keller's autobiography The Story of My Life and other related books, including Geraldine Lawhorn's On the Crossroads (about a deaf-and-blind musician). In an interview with The Hindu, he said, "I was fascinated by the ways in which teachers and parents struggled to reach out to the hearing-impaired children. How do you start the communication? How do you keep it going? What takes other children a year to learn takes 10 years for them to absorb." In addition, some sources claimed that it served as a remake for Arthur Penn's The Miracle Worker (1962), but Bhansali denied the reports. Others claimed that the film was based on Prakash Kapadia's Gujarati play Aatam Vinjhe Paankh, which was inspired by The Miracle Worker.

Bhansali chose the word black for the film's title; according to him, black is his favorite color and he felt it has a "universal resonance". He explained how the color's monotones and shades were "very attractive if used intelligently", and it was "the best element ... that ... doesn't overshadow the characters or narrative". He added that it was "a powerful striking colour which describes the film's sensitivities", and defined his mood and temperament. "I wear black clothes most of the time. The colour calms me. When I decided to make a film about the world of the sightless, Black was the title that came to mind immediately", he said when interviewed by Sify. The same title had been registered by the actor Kumar Gaurav before, and Bhansali asked him to relinquish and gave the title for his next project. According to an article published by Screen in November 2005, Gaurav saw that the film was "bold and path-breaking"; consequently, he finally gave up the title. As gratitude, Bhansali credited Gaurav's name in the opening credits of Black.

Bhansali told The Telegraph that Keller's life was an "exemplary to all of us", believing that he had "personally learned so much from her"; he stated that he learned "the value of a teacher in any student's life". Journalists asserted that his involvement in both Black and Bajirao Mastani (a period film about the Peshwa Baji Rao I and his second wife Mastani) proved his ability in two opposite film genres; he expressed: "It is a conscious process of rejuvenation as a filmmaker. I have to reinvent myself as a creative person." He then described the former film as "an uplifting tale on the triumph of the human spirit", and it was "about feeling, not speaking". Furthermore, he added, "Black is about the love between a girl and her teacher. They teach each other the dignity of living. To call Black a love story is a true compliment. Black is a pure love story."

Casting

On the same day of the film's announcement, Amitabh Bachchan and Rani Mukerji were officially cast in the lead roles. Bachchan featured as Debraj Sahai, a role which he described as a "brilliant teacher but an alcoholic", and he took it as an attempt to avoid typecasting. Bhansali, who is a "diehard fan" of him, said that he actually wanted to cast him (and his wife Jaya) in Khamoshi: The Musical. However, that was the time when Bachchan took a hiatus from his acting career. Bhansali eventually cast Bachchan in Black, after the actor watch his previous work, Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999). Bachchan had big expectations with Black, as he said in an interview to the Deccan Herald, "I feel the Indian audience should like this film." He praised the "fascinating" and "unusual" screenplay of the film, stating, "To be very frank, I would have said 'Yes' even without listening to the script."

To prepare for his part, Bachchan underwent special training before the shooting. He visited schools for physically disabled children and learned haptic communication, which he found to be "very weird because we can not see, hear or talk", from them for six to seven months; he read some books related on it. Also, he did extensive research about Alzheimer's disease and what happens after a person being affected by it. He thought that it "was the most-challenging role... It is a first-time experience because there is not even a single scene in this film that I felt I have done before."

Meanwhile, Mukerji got the role of Michelle McNally (which Bhansali wrote specifically for her) and confirmed her involvement in the film in July 2003. She spoke positively of her rapport with Bachchan, and stated that she felt "humbled" with the actor, describing him as "a very modest person, very sweet, a father figure". Same as Bachchan, she accepted it to avoid the typecasting in romantic roles. Mukerji revealed that she was initially reluctant to play the part, when Bhansali read the story Black to her in June that year, because of the "challenging" subject and she had no reference to do it. She confessed, "I was scared when I heard the script. I wondered how I will play this character." In preparation, she also met children with physical disabilities, this time, at the Helen Keller Institute in Mumbai and practiced sign language there for six months. According to Mukerji, her interaction with them helped her to "gain sensitivity towards their reactions, aspirations and hopes". Moreover, she had to learn braille and found the experience was "like speaking with my hands and my fingers." In spite of that, she said that the film "has made me realize that those who are physically or mentally challenged are actually much stronger than normal, successful human beings."

The child artist Ayesha Kapur made her debut with Black, playing the version of Michelle. She learned sign language for prepared her brief role as well as Mukerji. Media reports stated that it was "the most difficult character ever written for a child", but Kapur refused that by saying, "I don't know how I played Michelle. I just did it. It wasn't that difficult, really." Shernaz Patel, who had only one film experience in Mahesh Bhatt's drama Janam (1985), portrayed Michelle's mother Catherine "Kathy"; she was cast by casting director Amita Sehgal on the basis of her work as a theatre actress. Nandana Sen played Michelle's younger sister Sarah, a role she described as "an emotional experience". She observed of her part, "...  she's a typical 16 year old ... You see her evolving in the film, from this oversensitive, moody teenager who is constantly hungry for more affection to a nurturing, loving, caregiver who deals with her sister's circumstances with a lot of love and understanding." She found Black to be "a pathbreaking film, both in terms of content and style", and called her role "a breakthrough" in her acting career. For it, she learned how to communicate with sign language, four months before the shooting.

Pre-production

Bhansali—with his production company SLB Films—produced, financed, and distributed the film alongside Anshuman Swami of Applause Entertainment; another company, Yash Raj Films, also served as a distributor. Bhansali wrote the screenplay in three months, and the story with Bhavani Iyer and Kapadia; the latter two also wrote the dialogues in English and Hindi, respectively. When asked by Rediff.com's Subhash K. Jha, Bhansali found the English dialogues to be "too lucid to be left behind in translation". Omung Kumar was the art director for Black. In a party sequence featuring all of the lead cast from the film, he used 200 lamps on the ceiling. According to India Today, Bhansali was not sure about it, but he allowed Kumar to do that as an "experiment". He used black as the main color to be in tune with the film's themes.

Clothes for all actors from Black were done by the costume designer Sabyasachi Mukherjee for eight months. He spoke of excitement involved in the project: "Black was a brilliant experience, literally a once in a lifetime experience." He added that "the film is about you and me and, therefore, it called for serious clothes." In preparation, Mukherjee saw many black-and-white photographs. He used a lot of monochromatic colors—including beige, black, brown, gray, khaki, and indigo—for the film, as it is set between the 1950s and 1960s. For her role, Mukerji (who has green eyes) was required to use dark-tinted contact lenses. She did not use make-up, and she would only take fifteen minutes to prepared before filming. After the release of Black, Sabyasachi Mukherjee talked about his experiment with the film's two leads; he found working with Bachchan to be "amazing", as the latter "is so down-to-earth", and similarly to Mukerji, saying that she was the "girl-next-door" and "effortlessly brilliant".

Ranbir Kapoor and Sonam K Ahuja were chosen as assistant directors for Bhansali; the newcomers confessed that their motives were to get Bhansali to offer them acting jobs. They later made their debut as actors in Bhansali's next directorial venture, Saawariya (2007), an adaptation of Fyodor Dostoevsky's 1848 short story "White Nights", which was commercially and critically failed. Kapoor would go on to become one of the highest-paid actors in Bollywood while establishing himself as a leading actor of Indian cinema. Ahuja has a good career in Bollywood as well.

Filming

Black was filmed in 100 days by Ravi K. Chandran. In an interview with Rediff.com, Chandran called it one of the most "important" films in his career and considered it as his favorite project; this also marked the first time he shot a film without songs. He revealed that he had previously rejected Bhansali's offers to shoots Devdas as he had busy schedules at that time. However, Chandran promised to collaborate with Bhansali in his next venture, which would be Black. When Bhansali narrated the film's story to him, Chandran decided to use the cinematography style same with that of Guru Dutt's 1959 drama Kaagaz Ke Phool. Sham Kaushal was the action director. Kapoor served as a body-double for Bachchan in several scenes.

In mid-January 2004, the entire cast and crew of Black went to Shimla to begin the first schedule. The first sequence filmed was the film's opening scene, featuring Mukerji stretching out her hand when snow begins to fall. Shimla was very cold at the time, but it did not show any signs that snow would fall. Therefore, the crew bought kilos of salt and snow-making machines from Mumbai's local markets. The media reported that the shooting would end at 04:00.

Filming moved to the film studio complex Film City the next month and India Today said that seventy percent of Black was shot there. The studio, which has a  area, was rented by Bhansali in January 2004 for 45 days, but on 18 February, a fire burned most of the set, resulting in a shooting delay. Bhansali recalled, "It was a torturous exercise and I couldn't sleep, but we needed continuity. I would not shoot if the cottage looked different." In June 2005, the Maharashtra Film, Stage and Cultural Development Corporation fined Bhansali , with  for its reconstruction and  for its rental cost. A month later, the art dealer Farida Hoosenwally also accused him for not return 390 artifacts she lent, and she sent a complaint letter to the Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra R. R. Patil. According to the media reports, the incidents made the initial budget of the film—estimated —increased to more than . The schedule was continued on 28 February 2004. The filming was done two months later, and Bhansali's sister Bela Sehgal edited it. Canadian composer Mychael Danna completed its background score.

Soundtrack

In October 2003, an article written by Savita Gautham of The Hindu reported that A. R. Rahman would work as the composer for Black. However, Monty Sharma (who previously collaborated with Bhansali in Devdas) replaced him for an unknown reason. Unlike Bhansali's previous ventures, it has only one lyrics-contained song, titled "Haan Maine Chukar Dekha Hai", written by Prasoon Joshi and performed by Gayatri Iyer. The entire soundtrack album, which has thirty-three songs, was released on iTunes on 10 February 2005 by Yash Raj Films' subsidiary YRF Music.

According to Sharma, he followed his grandfather Ram Prasad Sharma's teachings "to first recognise the known emotions within a situation and then try to see how those emotions can be taken into a different sphere through the music." For Mukerji's sequences, Monty Sharma used the low-octave sound from strings and pianos to create uplifting auras. While for Bachchan's, he used the Armenian instrument duduk. Iyer confessed that she loved every moment of recording the song, and added that: "It is not often that one gets to work in such a relaxed environment with so much focus on the artistic integrity of the piece. The focus was on feeling the emotional truth of the song."

The soundtrack album was positively reviewed by several critics. Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama, who gave a three-out-of-five-stars rating, was impressed by "Haan Maine Chukar Dekha Hai", writing, "The song is one of the best soft tracks in recent times and it's a pity that neither has it been publicized nor has been placed in the movie." Planet Bollywood's reviewer Shruti Bhasin also praised the song, and took note of the lyrics, saying that Joshi "works his magic" in it. Screen asserted, "In the film, the music merged so seamlessly with the narrative that it went unnoticed amidst the solid content. Luckily, we get to enjoy it unalloyed here." For his work, Monty Sharma won the Best Background Score trophy at the 51st Filmfare Awards. Additionally, he also won IIFA Award, Screen Award, and Zee Cine Award in the same category.

Release
Black garnered attention before its release. In The Hindu Internet poll of "The Most Awaited Movie of 2005", the film peaked the first position with 66 percent. The trade analyst Amod Mehra felt that the film had good word-of-mouth publicity, though he believed that it would attract a restricted audience: "It might be difficult for such a subject to click in the B and C centres. One thing which could go against the film is that 60 percent of the film is in English." A similar sentiment was shared by the exhibitor Manoj Desai, saying that the film's subject was "very sensitive" and its first show would "decide the final outcome". The critic and journalist Taran Adarsh, however, stated: "It will be a great film. I am eagerly awaiting the premiere. Considering the technical brilliance of Bhansali, I pray that Black breaks the 2005 jinx. No film has succeeded this year so far."

On 24 January 2005, Bhansali organized a special screening of Black to Bachchan's and Mukerji's family, his mother and himself, and his close friends. Bachchan's wife Jaya was amazed with the film. She stated that it was "something we've never experience before. Black just ends all discussion", describing it as "the kind of movie experience that raises the scale of our cinema so high that you cannot classify its merits". The film's theatrical release was originally scheduled on 10 December 2004, but Bhansali decided to postpone it, as the date coincided with the new moon week, which he considered to be "inauspicious". It was opened in 170 different towns in India on 4 February 2005, the same day as the release of Leena Yadav's Shabd and Irfan Khan's Bullet: Ek Dhamaka. The film was released in South Korea on 28 August 2009 on 180 screens, a big number for a non-Korean film, with its distribution handled by Yash Raj Films. It clashed with two other Korean films, including Take Off and Tidal Wave.

Black has been screened at a number of events. On 21 January 2005, the film and a retrospective of Mukerji's films—Saathiya (2002), Chalte Chalte (2003), Hum Tum (2004) and Veer-Zaara (2004)—were screened with Arabic subtitles at the Casablanca Film Festival. It was showcased at the Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles on 20 April. The next month, the film was screened in the section of Marché du Film at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival. It was selected for the Indian Panorama section of the 36th International Film Festival of India in November. In 2012, the film was screened at the London Asian Film Festival. The latest was at the Seoul International Film Festival in 2017.

The world television premiere of the film took place on 25 September 2005 on Star Gold. Distributed by Dancing Dolphin, it was released on DVD on 20 November 2007 in all regions in a single-disc pack. A VCD version was released at the same time. The film was available for streaming on Amazon Prime Video in May 2017.

Critical reception
Black received positive reviews, with most critics praising its story, Bhansali's direction, and the performances—mostly that from Bachchan and Mukerji. It received a rating of 87 percent on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on six reviews, with an average rating of 8.5 out of 10.

The entertainment portal Bollywood Hungama gave the film two stars, finding it to be "relies heavily on performances". The critic observed of Mukerji, "With no dialogues in her lap, the actress conveys through expressions solely and what a terrific impact she makes! Here's a performance that should act as a reference guide for all aspiring actors. And yes, she's bound to walk away with all major awards next year as well!" Baradwaj Rangan of The New Sunday Express felt that the actress was "outstanding" in the part, which Rediff.com's Sita Menon described as "a pure, performance-driven role". Ziya Us Salam hailed her for "[pleasing] the [audience] eyes" despite her "minimal make-up". Khalid Mohammed of Mid-Day added, "Rani Mukherjee is a revelation, belting out a multi-nuanced performance which compels you to reach out for that hyperbolic adjective, awesome. Lock up all the awards already, they're hers." Devesh Sharma from Screen said that Bachchan and Mukerji have given "the performance of a lifetime", noting that with the film, "Bhansali has proved that we don't lack raw materials or the talent—all it takes is guts and a determined belief in oneself to make a world class film."

Jaspreet Pandohar of BBC opined that "Bhansali proves that neither he, nor the never better Bachchan, need a Hollywood film to produce an Oscar-worthy film [with Black]." She also took note of its production aspects; she lauded that the screenplay and cinematography were "carefully crafted" and "beautiful", respectively. In The Hindu, Gautaman Bhaskaran claimed that the film was the best among Bhansali's other directorial ventures. Namrata Joshi of Outlook wrote of how it "provides a redefining moment in commercial Hindi cinema, pushing its frontiers of narration and style". Sunny Dua of The Telegraph said, "Black is beautiful, for it is real. What is unreal is the way multicoloured, multilateral mainstream Hindi cinema has been suddenly rendered colourless. It will be hard to rate staple Bollywood fare from now, for the bar has been set way too bright by a stark, dark colour." Hindustan Times reviewer Vinayak Chakravorty rated Black three out of five stars, appreciating Kapur's portrayal of young Michelle and described her as "the anchor of the film's first half". Similar thoughts was given by Nikhat Kazmi, who felt that Kapur was "absolutely brilliant".

India Today called the film "a world-class Hindi film" and "a landmark", and found both Bachchan and Mukerji to be "brutally unattractive but always heart wrenching"; Shruti Gupta of NDTV added that they "score yet again with their performance". Writing for another Telegraph review, Anil Grover complimented the "fantastic" chemistry between the two actors. Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express, also positively reviewed the chemistry, hailing it was "mesmeric". Gupta, however, believed that Mukerji "who really lights up" the film, concluding, "The tilt of the head, the face, alternating between animation and vacuousness, the slightly open mouth, the bewildered lost look, the jerky gait—any or all of it could have turned Michelle into a caricature. But Rani overcomes the handicap of being 'normal', and nails all of it down with an unsparing, unsentimental starkness." The Times of India critic Jhoomur Bose Malik praised Mukerji's costume, elaborating that "she did cut a diminutive yet striking picture with the cap, the structured black outfits and of course the no make-up look." Reviewing Bachchan's role, Subhash K. Jha saw that it resembled "Shakespearean tragic-hero" character.

Sushma Mohan of the Deccan Herald compared the film's story with Khamoshi: The Musical, and argued that it was "more complex and sensitive" but "better and finer" than the latter. The director and critic Raja Sen from Rediff.com also did a comparative review of Black with Paheli (2005), also starring Bachchan (in a guest appearance) and Mukerji (in a lead role opposite Shah Rukh Khan). He termed the former "a half-baked, often derivative and crucially flawed film", while called the latter "leads to a languorously unhurried fairytale, a unique love story told without fuss". In Black, Sen felt that its script "keeps [Mukerji's performance] from being an immortal [one]". Conversely, in Paheli, he believed that she had delivered "a powerful, sensuous, emotive performance". Derek Elley of Variety called Mukerji "seems to be hitting her stride as a serious actress". A reviewer of Empire said that Bhansali "expertly draws engaging, convincing [p]erformances" from the leads of Black despite his "unsentimental" direction. Pakistani magazine Newsline concluded, "[It] is an inspirational film and a must-see, even if only for its beautiful direction and acting."

Box office
Black was successful at the box office in India and overseas; trade analysts believed that it was influenced by its positive critical reviews. In India, the film had a theatrical run of nine weeks. It earned  on its opening day. It collected  on its first weekend and  at the end of its first week. The film earned  in India, making it the year's ninth highest-grossing film in the country. In North America, Black grossed $560,000 in four weeks. In the United Kingdom, it grossed $600,000 in four weeks. The film-trade website Box Office India estimated the Hindi language version's total collections to be , concluding its commercial performance to be "average".

In South Korea, the Korean language version was a major success upon release there in 2009. The newspaper Kyunghyang Shinmun reported that it sold 560,000 tickets and collected  () within two weeks of its release. It went on to sell 877,408 tickets and gross , equivalent to  (). It became the highest-grossing 2005 Indian film in overseas markets with  (), and the second highest-grossing 2005 Indian film worldwide with .

Accolades

Black was the fifth film to win all 4 major awards (Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, and Best Actress) at the Filmfare Awards, after Guide (1965), Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995), Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998) and Devdas. The film won a total of 11 awards at the ceremony, setting a record at the time for the most trophies for a single film. However, when the 65th Filmfare Awards was held in 2019, Gully Boy broke the record with 13 awards. Black won 3 awards at the 53rd National Film Awards, including those for Best Feature Film in Hindi and Best Actor (Bachchan). It also received 2 Anandalok Puraskar, 5 Bollywood Movie Awards, 9 International Indian Film Academy Awards, 11 Producers Guild Film Awards, 10 Screen Awards, 6 Stardust Awards, and 10 Zee Cine Awards.

Legacy
Black has featured in several listings. In 2005, Richard Corliss of Time included it in "Best Movies of 2005", peaking at #5. He wrote, "In so many Indian films the deepest searches are for romantic ecstasy and for reconciliation with the father figure. By addressing both these needs, Black is more than a noble weepie; it is the ultimate Bollywood love story." The same year, it ranked #1 in Rachna Kanwar of The Times of India "25 Must See Bollywood Movies", stating that it was "made with astounding sensitivity and enthralling quest for perfection". In 2017, cultural professor Rachel Dwyer featured it in "70 Iconic Movies of Independent India", and in 2018, Lata Jha of Mint featured it in "10 Unusual Indian Film Takes on Disability".

Mukerji's performance has been noted as one of her notable works, and it was referenced in several films. In Golmaal: Fun Unlimited, a 2006 comedy by Rohit Shetty, actor Arshad Warsi dressed up as Mukerji's character. In 2010, Filmfare included her work in their listing of Indian cinema's "80 Iconic Performances", and wrote, "... Mukerji sure filled the silences with her stupendous presence and how. Mukerji has left an indelible mark with this role that usually comes once in a lifetime for most." In its March 2016 issue, New Woman magazine asserted: "It is hard to forget Mukerji ... essaying the role of a speech-impaired, deaf and blind girl with little or no make-up ... This was once when her action spoke louder than words."

Black was remade in Turkish as Benim Dünyam (2013), which generated controversies in the media. On 5 September, when TMC Films released its trailer, Bhansali sent some e-mails to the company as no remake rights had been purchased, but they did not make any replies. The remake was opened on 25 October 2013 to positive reviews from critics.

See also

 List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing

Notes

References

External links

2000s Hindi-language films
2005 films
Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners
English-language Indian films
Films about blind people in India
Films about deaf people
Films directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali
Films distributed by Yash Raj Films
Films featuring a Best Actor National Award-winning performance
Films shot in Himachal Pradesh
Films shot in Mumbai
Films that won the Best Costume Design National Film Award
Hindi films remade in other languages
Indian biographical drama films
Indian films about Alzheimer's disease
Indian Sign Language films
Films about disability


The Eternal derby (), also called the Romanian derby ( or ) or the Great derby (), is a football match between Bucharest rivals FCSB and Dinamo București. The game is usually among—if not the most—viewed and attended of the Liga I season. The two most successful clubs in Romania, they won a combined 94 honours: a record 60 for FCSB (including two international trophies) and 34 for Dinamo București. It is the equivalent of Spain's El Clásico and France's Le Classique.

The teams have played 184 matches in all competitions. FCSB won 66 times and Dinamo won 61 games. The remaining 57 games have been drawn.

History
The first game between the two teams was played on 21 November 1948. Dinamo won 1–0. The events are regularly marred by instances of hooliganism and frequent outbreaks of violence between rival fan groups.

The two teams are notable for their collective dominance of Romanian football. Between them, FCSB (26 times) and Dinamo (18 times) have won the Romanian football championship 44 times out of 103 completed seasons, resulting in a percentage of %. This supremacy extends also to the Cupa României (24 times for FCSB and 13 times for Dinamo), to the Supercupa României (6 times for FCSB and 2 times for Dinamo) and to the Cupa Ligii (2 times for FCSB and 1 time for Dinamo).

They are also the two Romanian football teams with the best results in club competitions organised by UEFA. FCSB won the European Cup in 1986, was runner-up in the same competition in 1989 after reaching the semi-finals in 1988. In 2006, FCSB reached the semi-finals of UEFA Europa League. Meanwhile, Dinamo reached the semi-finals of the European Cup in 1984 and in the Cup Winners' Cup in 1990. Additionally, FCSB won the UEFA Super Cup in 1986, but was defeated in the Intercontinental Cup by River Plate the same year.

In recent years, due to financial mismanagement, Dinamo Bucharest has struggled, so the rivalry is not as intense as it once was.

The rivalry also extends to a number of other sports, including rugby, handball and water polo.

Honours

Records
 Largest win (all competitions): FCSB 6 : 0 Dinamo București on 12 September 2021
 Largest home win (championship): FCSB 6 : 0 Dinamo București on 12 September 2021
 Largest away win (championship): Dinamo București 0 : 4 CCA București on 11 April 1956
 The most goals in one match (all competitions): 10 in Dinamo București 6 : 4 Steaua București on 2 May 1990
 The most goals in one match (championship): 8 in Dinamo București 6 : 2 CCA București on 1 October 1951
 FC Steaua București's longest series undefeated (all competitions): 19 matches (11 wins, 8 draws) between 19 April 1992 and 22 April 2000
 FC Steaua București's longest series undefeated (championship): 16 matches (8 wins, 8 draws) between 19 April 1992 and 22 April 2000

Head to head results
{|width=100%
|width=65%|

All matches

Liga I

Romanian Cup (Cupa României)

Romanian SuperCup (Supercupa României)

League Cup (Cupa Ligii)

Players who played for both teams
Only league matches. FC Steaua București's appearances and goals adds from official book.

Managers who coached both teams
1 – still an active manager

See also
FC Steaua București–FC Rapid București rivalry
Sports rivalry

References

Football rivalries in Romania
Football in Romania
Sports competitions in Bucharest
FC Steaua București
History of FC Dinamo București
1948 establishments in Romania


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The Baie de Douarnenez (; ) is a bay in Finistère, France, between the Crozon Peninsula to the north and the Cap Sizun to the south. It is a vast semi-circular basin over  wide and  from its entrance to the opposite shore. Although half closed off to the west by Cap de la Chèvre, it opens out again to a width of  on the side of the Mer d'Iroise. To the south-east is the port of Douarnenez, which was the center of a large sardine industry in the early 20th century. The bay was named after it. Dourarnenez is the only settlement of importance on the banks of the bay. The bathing station at Morgat is located to the north, on the Crozon peninsula.

The mythical town of Ys, which legend says was engulfed by the ocean, is commonly said to be located in this bay.

References

Geography of Brest, France
Douarnenez


Operation LAC (Large Area Coverage) was a United States Army Chemical Corps operation which dispersed microscopic zinc cadmium sulfide (ZnCdS) particles over much of the United States and Canada in order to test dispersal patterns and the geographic range of chemical or biological weapons.

Earlier tests
There were several tests that occurred prior to the first spraying affiliated with Operation LAC that proved the concept of large-area coverage. Canadian historical files relating to participation in the tests cite in particular three previous series of tests leading up to those conducted in Operation LAC.
 September 1950 – Six simulated attacks were conducted upon the San Francisco Bay Area. It was concluded that it was feasible to attack a seaport city with biological aerosol agents from a ship offshore.
 March–April 1952 – Five trials were conducted off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia under Operation Dew. It was concluded that long-range aerosol clouds could obtain hundreds of miles of travel and large-area coverage when disseminated from ground level under certain meteorological conditions.
 1957 – North Sea, East coast of Britain. It was shown that large-area coverage with particles was feasible under most meteorological conditions.

In addition, the army admitted to spraying in Minnesota locations from 1953 into the mid-1960s.

In St. Louis in the mid 1950s, and again a decade later, the army sprayed zinc cadmium sulfide via motorized blowers atop Pruitt-Igoe, at schools, from the backs of station wagons, and via planes.

Operation
Operation LAC was undertaken in 1957 and 1958 by the U.S. Army Chemical Corps. The operation involved spraying large areas with zinc cadmium sulfide. The U.S. Air Force loaned the Army a C-119, "Flying Boxcar", and it was used to disperse the materials by the ton in the atmosphere over the United States. The first test occurred on December 2, 1957, along a path from South Dakota to International Falls, Minnesota.

The tests were designed to determine the dispersion and geographic range of biological or chemical agents. Stations on the ground tracked the fluorescent zinc cadmium sulfide particles. During the first test and subsequently, much of the material dispersed ended up being carried by winds into Canada. However, as was the case in the first test, particles were detected up to 1,200 miles away from their drop point. A typical flight line covering 400 miles would release 5,000 pounds of zinc cadmium sulfide and in fiscal year 1958 around 100 hours were spent in flight for LAC. That flight time included four runs of various lengths, one of which was 1,400 miles.

Specific tests
The December 2, 1957, test was incomplete due to a mass of cold air coming south from Canada. It carried the particles from their drop point and then took a turn northeast, taking most of the particles into Canada with it. Military operators considered the test a partial success because some of the particles were detected 1,200 miles away, at a station in New York state. A February 1958 test at Dugway Proving Ground ended similarly. Another Canadian air mass swept through and carried the particles into the Gulf of Mexico. Two other tests, one along a path from Toledo, Ohio, to Abilene, Texas, and another from Detroit, to Springfield, Illinois, to Goodland, Kansas, showed that agents dispersed through this aerial method could achieve widespread coverage when particles were detected on both sides of the flight paths.

Scope
According to Leonard A. Cole, an Army Chemical Corps document titled "Summary of Major Events and Problems" described the scope of Operation LAC. Cole stated that the document outlined that the tests were the largest ever undertaken by the Chemical Corps and that the test area stretched from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean, and from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. Other sources describe the scope of LAC varyingly; examples include, "Midwestern United States", and "the states east of the Rockies". Specific locations are mentioned as well. Some of those include: a path from South Dakota to Minneapolis, Minnesota, Dugway Proving Ground, Corpus Christi, Texas, north-central Texas, and the San Francisco Bay area.

Risks and issues
Bacillus globigii was used to simulate biological warfare agents (such as anthrax), because it was then considered a contaminant with little health consequence to humans; however, BG is now considered a human pathogen.

Anecdotal evidence exists of ZnCdS causing adverse health effects as a result of LAC. However, a U.S. government study, done by the U.S. National Research Council, stated, in part, "After an exhaustive, independent review requested by Congress, we have found no evidence that exposure to zinc cadmium sulfide at these levels could cause people to become sick." Still, the use of ZnCdS remains controversial and one critic accused the Army of "literally using the country as an experimental laboratory".
According to the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET database, the EPA reported that Cadmium-sulfide was classified as a probable human carcinogen.

See also
 Human experimentation in the United States
 Operation Dew
 Project 112

References

Further reading
Subcommittee on Zinc Cadmium Sulfide, U.S. National Research Council, Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion, (Google Books), National Academies Press, 1997, ().

Non-combat military operations involving the United States
United States biological weapons program
Chemical warfare
Human subject research in the United States


Nisar Ahmed Faruqi (29 June 1934 – 28 November 2004) was an Indian scholar and authority on Sufism in South Asia, with over 50 works and 700 articles to his credit.

Early life
Professor Nisar Ahmed Faruqi was born at Amroha in Uttar Pradesh, the son of Tasleem Ahmed Faruqi and Maimoona Khatoon. He was the eldest of three siblings. His family traces its lineage to the second caliph of Islam, Umar, through 41 links and to Baba Farid through 22 links.

Education
He received his early education in Oriental languages and Islamic studies at home from his maternal grandfather and uncle. He later moved to  Hyderabad and came back to Delhi after some months, then studied Urdu at Jamia Urdu, Aligarh. Later, he did his Masters in Arabic and a PhD on early Muslim historiography at the University of Delhi.

He then joined the university as a reader in modern Arabic and later became the Head of Department of Arabic. He retired from service in 2002. Faruqi received many awards during his lifetime and was acclaimed for his unique and deep knowledge of Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Hindi, English and Punjabi.

He received the President's Certificate of Honour from the late President of India Zail Singh in 1983.

Employment

He was a lecturer at the University of Delhi 1964—1966
And then a lecturer in Arabic at Delhi College 1966—1977.
He was a reader in Modern Arabic at University of Delhi 1977—1985
and became Professor and Head of Arabic Department, University of Delhi, 1985—2001.

Achievements and awards
 Alami Farogh-e-Urdu Adab Award 2004, Doha (Qatar)
 Delhi Urdu Academy Award for Research (1982)
 Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Award by Uttar Pradesh Urdu Academy (1995)
 Qazi Abdul Wudood Award for Research by Bihar Urdu Academy
 Nuqoosh Award for Research (1987) Pakistan
 Maikash Akbarabadi Award, Agra
 Iftikhar-e-Mir Award, Mir Academy, Lucknow

Family
Nisar Ahmed Faruqi had four children: two sons, Najmul Hadi and Nazrul Hadi, and two daughters Shumaysa and Basima. Nisar Ahmed Faruqi died on 28 November 2004 after a brief illness at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. He is buried at his ancestral graveyard at Amroha Uttar Pradesh (India). His wife died on 6 June 2008 in Dehradun, Uttar Pradesh (India).

Social work
Professor Nisar Ahmed Faruqi established two Urdu calligraphy training centers for boys and girls at Amroha sponsored by the National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, followed by a computer training center and a graphic design training center.

References

1934 births
Academic staff of Delhi University
2004 deaths
Delhi University alumni


Thomas Alan Waters (also known as T.A. Waters) (1938–1998) was an American magician, writer about magic, and science fiction author.

History
Born to Thurston Alan Waters and Pauline Ruth (Kunkle) Waters, T. A. Waters was a professional magician and magic author. He wrote several booklets on mentalism and bizarre magic which were later reassembled in his big book Mind, Myth & Magick (1993). At one point, he was the librarian at the Magic Castle, in Los Angeles. He was a founding member of The Delta Group, a private mentalism group with many notable members that was formed in the Los Angeles area.  As a mentalist, he was noted for his Any Card at Any Number routine.

Waters appears (thinly veiled as "Sir Thomas Leseaux", an expert on theoretical magic) as a character in the Lord Darcy fantasy series by Randall Garrett and in Michael Kurland's The Unicorn Girl (1969) (in which he also appears, even more thinly veiled, as "Tom Waters"). He himself wrote The Probability Pad (1970), a sequel to The Unicorn Girl; these two novels, together with Chester Anderson's earlier The Butterfly Kid (1967), make up the collaborative Greenwich Village Trilogy.

Published works
 The Psychedelic Spy (1967)
 Love that Spy! (1968)
 The Blackwood Cult (1968) (Lancer Books) (Magnum Books 73769)
 The Probability Pad (1970) (the third volume in the Greenwich Village Trilogy)
 Psychologistics (1971)
 Centerforce (1974)
 Deckalogue (1982)
 Cardiact (1984)
 The Encyclopedia of Magic and Magicians (1988)
 Mind, Myth & Magick (1993)

References

External links

 T A Waters bibliography
 T A Waters magic articles

American magicians
1938 births
1998 deaths
Mentalists
Card magic
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
American science fiction writers
20th-century American male writers


Zgornja Javoršica (; ) is a village in the Municipality of Moravče in central Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

It is the birthplace of the Slovene poet Dane Zajc.

References

External links

Zgornja Javoršica on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Moravče


The 85th Flying Training Squadron is part of the 47th Flying Training Wing based at Laughlin Air Force Base, Texas.  It operates Beechcraft T-6 Texan II aircraft conducting flight training.

Mission
The current mission of the 85th Flying Training Wing is to take recent undergraduate pilots, from Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps or the United States Air Force Academy and qualify them to fly the T-6 Texan II aircraft.

History

World War II
The 85th was first activated as a bombardment squadron shortly before the United States entered World War II.  Stationed at McChord Field, Washington it flew antisubmarine patrols following the attack on Pearl Harbor.

The squadron was sent to North Africa to participate in Allied operations in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations in late 1942 where it specialized in conducting low-level bombing missions against Axis forces.  The unit earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for actions against German forces at Kasserine Pass in February 1943.

Following the Axis defeat in North Africa the 85th participated in the reduction of Pantellaria and Lampedusa and the invasion of Sicily in the summer of 1943.  The squadron next supported the British Eighth Army during the invasion of Italy and continued to lead support combat support throughout the Italian Campaign, earning it a second Distinguished Unit Citation for actions in the Po Valley 21–24 April 1945.  In August and September 1944 the 85th briefly broke off from the Italian Campaign to support the invasion of southern France.

Cold War
Following the Second World War the squadron remained an active bomber unit.  It was the first squadron to operate the North American B-45 Tornado, the US Air Force's first jet bomber.  It later transitioned to the Douglas B-66 Destroyer before being inactivated in May 1962.

Pilot training
The squadron was reactivated a decade later as a flying training squadron, replacing the 3645th Pilot Training Squadron at Laughlin Air Force Base, Texas.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 85th Bombardment Squadron (Light) on 20 November 1940
 Activated on 15 January 1941
 Redesignated 85th Bombardment Squadron, Light on 20 August 1943
 Redesignated 85th Bombardment Squadron, Light (Night Attack) on 16 April 1946
 Redesignated 85th Bombardment Squadron, Light, Jet on 23 June 1948
 Redesignated 85th Bombardment Squadron, Light on 16 November 1950
 Redesignated 85th Bombardment Squadron, Tactical on 1 October 1955
 Discontinued and inactivated on 22 June 1962
 Redesignated 85th Flying Training Squadron on 22 March 1972
 Activated on 1 September 1972

Assignments
 47th Bombardment Group, 15 January 1941
 Twelfth Air Force, 2 October 1949
 Ninth Air Force (attached to 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Group), 17 October 1949
 Tactical Air Command, 1 Aug 1950 (remained attached to 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Group until 31 August 1950, then to 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing)
 47th Bombardment Group, 12 Mar 1951 (attached to 47th Bombardment Wing after 17 Nov 1952)
 47th Bombardment Wing, 8 February 1955 – 22 June 1962
 47th Flying Training Wing, 1 September 1972
 47th Operations Group, 15 December 1991 – present

Stations

 McChord Field, Washington (1941)
 Army Air Base Fresno, California, 11 August 1941
 Will Rogers Field, Oklahoma, 17 February 1942
 Greensboro Army Air Base, North Carolina, 16 July–17 October 1942
 Mediouna Airfield, French Morocco, c. 17 November 1942
 Thelepte Airfield, Tunisia, 9 January 1943
 Youks-les-Bains Airfield, Algeria, 16 February 1943
 Canrobert Airfield, Algeria, 27 February 1943
 Thelepte Airfield, Tunisia, 30 March 1943
 Souk-el-Arba Airfield, Tunisia, 16 April 1943
 Soliman Airfield, Tunisia, 1 June 1943
 Malta, 22 July 1943
 Sicily, Italy, 12 August 1943
 Grottaglie Airfield, Italy, 24 September 1943
 Vincenzo Airfield, Italy, 15 October 1943
 Vesuvius Airfield, Italy, 11 January 1944
 Capodichino Airport, Italy, 22 March 1944
 Vesuvius Airfield, Italy, 25 April 1944

 Ponte Galeria Airfield, Italy, 13 Jun 1944
 Ombrone Airfield, Italy, 26 June 1944
 Poretta Airfield, Corsica, France, 15 July 1944
 Salon-de-Provence Airfield (Y-16), France, 4 Sep 1944
 Follonica Airfield, Italy, 16 September 1944
 Rosignano Airfield, Italy, 4 October 1944
 Grosseto Airport, Italy, 10 December 1944
 Pisa Airfield, Italy, 17–23 June 1945
 Seymour Johnson Field, North Carolina, c. 11 July 1945
 Lake Charles Army Air Field, Louisiana, 9 September 1945
 Biggs Field, Texas, 20 October 1946
 Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, 19 November 1948
 Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, 17 October 1949 – 21 May 1952
 RAF Sculthorpe, England, 31 May 1952 – 22 June 1962
 Laughlin Air Force Base, Texas, 1 September 1972 – present)

Aircraft
B-18 Bolo (1941–1942)
DB-7 Boston (1941–1942)
A-20 Havoc (1941–1945)
A-26 Invader (later, B-26) (1945–1949, 1950–1951)
 North American B-45 Tornado (1949–1957)
 Douglas B-66 Destroyer (1958–1962)
T-37 Tweet (1972–2004)
T-6 Texan II (2004 – present)

References

Notes

Bibliography

0085
Military units and formations in Texas


The Canton of Troyes-1 is a canton of the arrondissement of Troyes, in the Aube department, in northern France. Since the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015, the canton of Troyes-1 covers part of the commune of Troyes.

References

Troyes-1
Troyes


Kim Young-Hoo (, born March 11, 1983) is a South Korean footballer who plays as a striker.

Kim began his career at Korea National League side Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dockyard. He won the National League top scorer in his first season. After two seasons in Ulsan he won the second National League top scorer with 31 goals.

On November 18, 2008, Kim was as one of sixteen priority member, join Gangwon FC. So from 2009, He moved to newly formed Gangwon FC as founding member with former Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dockyard manager Choi Soon-Ho.

In January 2019, Kim retired from playing football.

Club career

Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dolphin
Originally, Kim applied for 2006 K-League draft, but he wasn't nominated by any team. So, Kim started his career at Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dolphin, a National league side as a rookie. In 2006 season, which was his first season as a professional, he won the Rookie of the Year and the top scorer with 19 goals.

He missed half of 2007 season through injury. Nonetheless injury, he scored 10 goals in 14 games. In 2007 Korea National League Championship playoff second leg, Ulsan Mipo secured league winner by his two goals. Kim won the MVP of championship playoff.

2008 season was best season in his National League career. Kim won his second top scorer title by 31 goals. It was 1.97 goal ratio per games. He made the biggest impact in 2008 season, so Ulsan's manager Choi Soon-Ho took him and some of his teammates to Gangwon FC, a newly formed football club.

Gangwon FC
Kim became K-Leaguer as he joined Gangwon FC. In his first K-League game against Jeju United he assisted Gangwon's winning goal scored by Yoon Jun-Ha. A 3–3 draw with Chunnam Dragons, saw his first goal and second goal in K-League on April 12, 2009. From June he scored 9 goals in 9 consecutive games. He was also selected K-League all-star due to his good performance. He is nominated 2009 K-League Rookie of the Year. He had three assists in the match against Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors on September 10, 2010.

Police
After 2011 season, Kim went to Police for military duty. He returned to Gangwon at the end of the 2013 season.

Club career statistics

Note 1: 2013 season's appearance in Gangwon is including 1 game of Relegation Play-off.
Note 2: League Cup included Korean League Cup, Korea National League Championship.

Honours

Club
Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dockyard
 Korea National League (2): 2007, 2008
 Korean President's Cup (1): 2008
 K2 League Cup Runner-up (1): 2006

Individual
Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dockyard
 Korea National League Rookie of the Year: 2006
 Korea National League Top scorer (2): 2006 (19 goals), 2008 (31 goals)
 Korea National League Championship playoff MVP: 2007
 Windsor Awards Best Eleven: 2008

Gangwon FC
 K-League All-Star: 2009
 K-League Rookie of the Year: 2009

References

External links

1983 births
Asan Mugunghwa FC players
Men's association football forwards
China League One players
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Gangwon FC players
K League 1 players
K League 2 players
Korea National League players
Living people
Shenzhen F.C. players
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in China
South Korean men's footballers
Footballers from Seoul
Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dockyard FC players


Dumitru Alexe (21 March 1935 – 17 May 1971) was a Romanian sprint canoeist, who had his best achievements in doubles, partnering with Simion Ismailciuc. They won an Olympic gold medal in 1956, a European title in 1957 and a world title in 1958. At the 1960 Olympics Dunitru competed with Igor Lipalit and placed fourth.

References

External links

1935 births
1971 deaths
Canoeists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Romania
Olympic canoeists for Romania
Romanian male canoeists
Olympic medalists in canoeing
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in Canadian
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
20th-century Romanian people
Sportspeople from Tulcea County


Pavel Petrovich Kharin (; 8 June 1927 – 6 March 2023) was a Soviet sprint canoeist who competed in the 1950s. Competing in two Summer Olympics, he won two medals at Melbourne in 1956 with a gold in the C-2 10000 m and a silver in the C-2 1000 m events.

Kharin died on 6 March 2023, at the age of 95.

References

Sources
Pavel Kharin's profile at Sports Reference.com
Article on Pavel Kharin's 90th birthday

1927 births
2023 deaths
Canoeists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Soviet male canoeists
Olympic canoeists for the Soviet Union
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic silver medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic medalists in canoeing
Russian male canoeists
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR
Sportspeople from Saint Petersburg


The Bennett Amendment is a United States labor law provision in the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, §703(h) passed to limit sex discrimination claims regarding pay to the rules in the Equal Pay Act of 1963. It says an employer can "differentiate upon the basis of sex" when it compensates employees "if such differentiation is authorized by" the Equal Pay Act.

The Bennett Amendment has been criticized for its poor drafting, and lack of discussion in Congress. It has also invited debate on the extent to which it impacts the question of "comparable worth" such as whether or not lawsuits may be brought when jobs are different but are judged by contrast on an importance continuum to jobs of higher pay. In 1981, the Supreme Court of the United States determined with respect to County of Washington v. Gunther that the Bennett Amendment explicitly incorporated only limited defenses to unequal pay and did not otherwise bar suits based on a comparison of payment for different jobs. Nevertheless, the amendment has continued to be used to bar comparable worth suits in lower courts.

Background
Title VII forbids employers to discriminate against employees on the basis of sex, but the Bennett Amendment (proposed as Public Law 88-38 on June 10, 1963)  provides exceptions by specifically noting:
It shall not be an unlawful employment practice under this subchapter for any employer to differentiate upon the basis of sex in determining the amount of the wages or compensation paid or to be paid to employees of such employer if such differentiation is authorized by the provisions of section 206(d) of title 29 [section 6(d) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended].
§206(d) of the Equal Pay Act allows differentiation of payment on (1) seniority, (2) merit, (3) productivity, or (4) any other factor than sex.

According to the Employee Benefits Law 2004), the amendment was proposed by Wallace F. Bennett, a Republican Senator from Utah as a "'technical' amendment" to bring the Civil Rights Act and the Equal Pay Act into accord.

Comparable worth debate
Arthur Gutman in EEO Law and Personnel Practices (1999) describes comparable worth as a system of ranking jobs on "a continuum of value to the company" that allowed one job may be worth $10 an hour, but a job of slightly less complexity might be worth $8. Evaluating that continuum provides an "internal worth," which is indicative of the value of the job to a particular company, and may be compared to an "external worth," the value of a job to the wider market.

The impact of the Bennett Amendment on the comparable worth debate has been a point of contention. In 1989, Ellen Frankel Paul summarized the matter in Equity and Gender: The Comparable Worth Debate, by posing two questions: "Does the Bennett Amendment plug into Title VII all of the Equal Pay Act's standards, thus importing the "equal work" standard of the latter? Or does it merely inject the Equal Pay Act's four exceptions...?" Paul noted that the question is pivotal to resolving the Comparable Worth Debate since if it is interpreted to incorporate the entirety of the Equal Pay Act's standards, it becomes impossible to prove a "comparable worth" suit by defining two different jobs in a scale of importance and determining by it how to judge equal pay.

County of Washington v. Gunther

The Supreme Court of the United States first examined the question of the impact of the Bennett Amendment in the 1981 case County of Washington v. Gunther, 452 U.S. 161. The case originated in 1974 in Oregon, when a group of four female county prison guards sued the County of Washington for unequal wages and alleged that their pay was less than that of male guards for no reason other than sexual discrimination. The district court disagreed by finding that male guards were responsible for overseeing more prisoners and also that female guards spent some of their time in clerical tasks. However, it also found as a matter of law that a sex-based wage discrimination claim cannot be brought under Title VII unless it satisfies the equal work standard of the Equal Pay Act of 1963.

While not reviewing the first finding, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held with respect to the latter that "claims for sex-based wage discrimination can also be brought under Title VII even though no member of the opposite sex holds an equal but higher paying job, provided that the challenged wage rate is not exempted under the Equal Pay Act's affirmative defenses as to wage differentials attributable to seniority, merit, quantity or quality of production, or any other factor other than sex." It interpreted the intention of the amendment as incorporating "into Title VII only the affirmative defenses of the Equal Pay Act, not its prohibitory language requiring equal pay for equal work."

By a narrow margin, the US Supreme Court concurred with that finding. Justice Brennan, speaking for the Court, indicated that the Bennett Amendment did not preclude comparison of differences in pay but only those attributable to those four specific factors.

Gunther, however, did not prove as definitive on the question as was first believed because it did not address all of the factors under consideration, and it was a narrow decision. The Court did not determine how jobs might be properly compared, and one of the primary opponents of the majority opinion was soon-to-be Chief Justice of the United States William Rehnquist. Rehnquist wrote explicitly against the comparable worth theory in his dissent (speaking as well for Warren E. Burger, Lewis F. Powell, Jr. and Potter Stewart), and Brennan countered that the majority opinion was not explicitly or implicitly supporting or refuting the comparable worth doctrine. Gutman underscored that "the Gunther ruling did not validate comparable worth theory but merely permitted plaintiffs to try to make the prima facie claim under Title VII rules." He added, "So far plaintiffs have been thwarted in every case."

See also
US labor law
Schultz v. Wheaton Glass Co.

Notes

References

Brennan Jr., William J. for the United States Supreme Court. (1981-06-08) County of Washington v. Gunther, 452 U.S. 161 (1981) U.S. Supreme Court. Hosted at openjurist.org. Retrieved 2008-10-12.

1964 in American law
United States federal civil rights legislation
United States employment discrimination case law


"Tender Remains" is a song, included as the A-side of a 7" single and the first to be released by the British band Palm Springs on their Random Acts of Vinyl label.

Cane and Russo, Palm Springs' songwriting duo, have sited "Tender Remains" and "Fall Morning" as the first two songs that their collaboration produced. They were recorded with the help of London-based producer and singer-songwriter Kah, who also provided backing vocals on a large number of recordings.

Notes

2004 singles
Palm Springs (band) songs
2004 songs


Germany was present at the Eurovision Song Contest 1979, held in Jerusalem.

The German national final to select their entry, Vorentscheid 1979, was held on 17 March at the Rudi-Sedlmayer-Halle in Munich, and was hosted by Carolin Reiber and Thomas Gottschalk.

Twelve songs made it to the national final, which was broadcast by Bayerischer Rundfunk to ARD broadcasters across West Germany. The winner was decided by a sampling of 500 random West Germans who were meant to symbolize a fair representation of the country's population.

The winning entry was "Dschinghis Khan," performed by Dschinghis Khan and composed by Ralph Siegel with lyrics by Bernd Meinunger.

Before Eurovision

Ein Lied für Jerusalem

At Eurovision
Dschinghis Khan performed ninth on the night of the contest, following Switzerland and preceding Israel. At the close of the voting the song had received 86 points, placing 4th in a field of 19 competing countries.

The show was watched by 9.82 million viewers in Germany.

Voting

References

External links
German National Final 1979

1979
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 1979
Eurovision


Gratsian Botev (12 December 1928 – 16 August 1981) was a Soviet sprint canoeist who competed in the late 1950s. At the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, he won two medals with a gold in the C-2 10000 m and a silver in the C-2 1000 m events.

References

1928 births
1981 deaths
Canoeists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Soviet male canoeists
Olympic canoeists for the Soviet Union
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic silver medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic medalists in canoeing
Russian male canoeists
Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR

Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics


Pont de Pierre may refer to the following bridges:

 Pont de Pierre (Aosta), a Roman bridge in Aosta, Italy
 Pont de Pierre (Bordeaux), a 19th-century bridge in Bordeaux, France

See also
 Stone Bridge (disambiguation)


The Canton of Troyes-2 is a canton of the Aube department, in northern France. Since the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015, the communes of the canton of Troyes-2 are:
Les Noës-près-Troyes
Sainte-Savine
Troyes (partly)

References

Troyes-2
Troyes


Károly Wieland (Hungary, 1 May 1934 – 30 May 2020) was a Hungarian sprint canoeist who competed in the mid to late 1950s. At the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, he won a bronze medal in the C-2 1000 m event.

Wieland also won a gold in the C-2 10000 m event at the 1954 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Mâcon. He died at his home in Germany on 30 May 2020.

References

Sources

1934 births
2020 deaths
Canoeists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Hungarian male canoeists
Olympic canoeists for Hungary
Olympic bronze medalists for Hungary
Olympic medalists in canoeing
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in Canadian
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
20th-century Hungarian people


Sarsuna Satellite Township (also known as Shakuntala Park Housing Estate) is a mini township located in Southwest Kolkata, and forms part of the greater Behala region in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Location

This Township is 12 kilometers from Raj Bhavan / Esplanade, Kolkata, West Bengal, India (Central Kolkata).  The township is under Kolkata Municipal Corporation area with Ward Number 127.

This Township is reachable through Diamond Harbour Road.  After Behala market, reach Behala Chowrasta, then take right turn through Ho Chi Minh Sarani (Formally known as Biren Roy Road (WEST).  The Road is now well maintained and wide. The Township is about 2.5 km from Behala Chowrasta.  Several Buses and Auto services are  available from Behala Chowrasta. It starts 2 km from Behala Chowrasta (Second Phase of township) and extends to another one and a half kilometers or more till end of First phase of the Township.

About
It is a predominantly Bengali neighborhood, but many South Indians, Goans, Biharis and Oriyas reside in the area. It is bordered by Shakuntala Park area (Patton Tank Factory) in the east and Kethopole and Oxytown to the west. The main road is Ho-Chi-Minh Sarani, popularly known as Biren Roy Road (West).

The area was rural prior to the construction of this Township by West Bengal Housing Board. Many families are living here since centuries.

West Bengal Housing Board constructed  this Township mainly for middle class service people of different groups, like Higher Income group, Middle income group, Lower income group and economically weaker group.

The West Bengal Housing Board developed the township for residential purposes, selling vacant plots (2K and 3K series), pre-constructed houses (H2, H1, M1, L and E schemes) and 4-story apartments. "H" denotes for Higher, "M" for middle, "L" for lower and  "E" for economically weaker group people.  The township is divided into 2 phases. In 1985, first allotment started through newspaper advertisements.

The area is under the jurisdiction of Sarsuna Police Station, which is a part of the South West Division of the Kolkata Police Department.

Three lakes (Lake No. 1, 2, and 3 respectively) are within half a kilometer of the township. Lake 1 is maintained by Kolkata Municipal Corporation with a park and walking path all around, although the other lakes are not maintained and are used as fishery. During "Chhat Puja" Biharis assemble at the lake to offer puja.

Clubs and associations organize celebrations for Durga Puja, the main Bengali festival, Kali Puja and other pujas. The Shakuntala Park Housing area hosts film and TV serial shots. There are several parks opened by corporation and those are maintained properly.

A playground beside Lake-1 is named Central Park. It is under supervision of Kolkata Municipal Corporation. A swimming pool is situated beside Lake 1 in the central park. On the southern end there are two colleges, Sarsuna College and Sarsuna Law College . A supermarket is located at the southern end of this township. Life Insurance Corporation of India operates their Zonal Training Institute, Jeevan Vidya here. Employees from across India train there, staying at the adjacent L.I.C. Hostel.

Neighbourhoods in Kolkata
Townships in India


Ferenc Mohácsi (born 25 October 1929) is a Hungarian sprint canoeist who competed in the late 1950s. At the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, he won a bronze medal in the C-2 1000 m event.

References
Ferenc Mohácsi's profile at Sports Reference.com

1929 births
Living people
Canoeists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Hungarian male canoeists
Olympic canoeists for Hungary
Olympic bronze medalists for Hungary
Olympic medalists in canoeing
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
20th-century Hungarian people


Songs of the Civil War is a compilation album, released in 1991 by Columbia, that presents an assortment of contemporary performers recording period pieces and traditional songs, most of which date back to the American Civil War.

Track listing

Personnel

Chris Anderson – engineer
Hoyt Axton	– vocals, performer
Margaret Bailey – vocals
Dale Ballinger	– vocals
Kris Ballinger	– vocals
Russ Barenberg	– guitar, mandolin
Ysaye Barnwell	– vocals, shekere
Jerry Bridges – piano
Jim Brown – producer
Ken Burns – producer
Jesse Carr – vocals
Nitanju Bolade Casel – vocals, shekere
The Cluster Pluckers – vocals
Judy Collins – vocals, performer
William R. Cooley – guitar (acoustic)
Don DeVito – producer
Jerry Douglas – dobro
Frank Dubuy – conductor, musical consultant
Craig Duncan and the Smoky Mountain Band – dulcimer (hammer)
Stuart Duncan – mandolin
Mark Ferguson – engineer
Fiddle Fever – performer
Ronnie Gilbert – vocals, performer
Matt Glaser – fiddle, violin
Yasmeen Graham	– tambourine, vocals
Jeff Hale – drums
Evelyn Harris – vocals
Jamie Hartford	– mandolin
John Hartford – banjo, violin, arranger, vocals, performer, musical consultant
Richie Havens – guitar, vocals, performer
Mark Howard – guitar
Roy M. "Junior" Husky – bass
SFC Dave Hydock – engineer
Waylon Jennings – guitar, arranger, vocals, performer
Pat Jerina – design
Aisha Kahlil – vocals, shekere
Dane Lanken – vocals
Arthur Levy – liner notes
Nicky Lindeman	– art direction
Larry Loewinger – engineer
Staff Sgt. Steve Luck – trumpet
Paul Markey - audio assistant
Molly Mason – bass, piano, vocals, performer, musical consultant
Kathy Mattea – guitar, vocals, performer
Anna McGarrigle – piano, accordion, vocals
Kate McGarrigle – guitar (electric), vocals
Libby McLaren – piano
Peter Miller – liner notes
John Mock – guitar, whistle (instrument)
Sgt. Paul Murtha – arranger
Bernice Johnson Reagon	– arranger, vocals, shekere, musical consultant
Johnny Rosen – engineer, mixing
Carol Ross – post production
Lisa Silver – vocals
Alan Silverman – engineer, mixing
Evan Stover – fiddle, vocals
Sweet Honey in the Rock – performer
Jay Ungar – banjo, fiddle, vocals, performer, musical consultant
The United States Military Academy Band – performer
Martha Wainwright – vocals
Rufus Wainwright – vocals, performer
Barry Walsh – guitar
Curtis Young – vocals
Joel Zifkin – violin
Mike Zook – engineer, mixing

References

1991 compilation albums
Columbia Records compilation albums
Compilation albums by American artists
Cultural history of the American Civil War
Folk compilation albums


Felipe Nery Franco (born 26 May 1959) is a Paraguayan former footballer who played as a striker.

During his career, Franco played for teams such as Olimpia Asunción, Club Libertad and Deportivo Humaitá of Paraguay; and for Cúcuta Deportivo and Unión Magdalena of Colombia. While in Olimpia, he won important titles with the club, although he came in as a substitute most of the time. Franco's biggest achievement as a striker came in 1992, when he was the topscorer in the Paraguayan 1st division with 13 goals.

References

External links
 Felipe Nery Franco at BDFutbol

Living people
1959 births
Paraguayan men's footballers
Paraguay men's international footballers
Paraguayan expatriate men's footballers
Paraguayan Primera División players
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Categoría Primera A players
Club Olimpia footballers
Club Libertad footballers
Cerro Porteño players
Unión Magdalena footballers
Cúcuta Deportivo footballers
Elche CF players
Cartagena FC players
UD Salamanca players
Paraguayan expatriate sportspeople in Colombia
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Colombia
Expatriate men's footballers in Ecuador
Men's association football forwards
Paraguayan expatriate sportspeople in Spain


"Echo of Me" is a song by the British band Palm Springs. It was included as the A-side of a 7" single, and was the second single to be released by the band on their Random Acts of Vinyl label.

Accolades
Wolfgang Doebling, the editor of German Rolling Stone placed the "Echo of Me" single at the top of his playlist in December 2005. He also positioned the song at number four in his list of “Best Singles 2005” on his Roots show for Berlin’s Radio Eins.

2005 singles
Palm Springs (band) songs
2005 songs


The Canton of Troyes-3 is a canton of the Aube department, in northern France. Since the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015, the communes of the canton of Troyes-3 are:
La Chapelle-Saint-Luc
Troyes (partly)

References

Troyes-3
Troyes


Dejan Rađenović (; born 8 May 1975) is a Serbian football manager and former player.

Club career
Rađenović came through the youth system of Partizan, making his senior debut in the final fixture of the 1992–93 season. He later played for Second League club Železnik in the 1995–96 season, helping them win promotion to the First League of FR Yugoslavia. Subsequently, Rađenović spent the entire 1996–97 season with Hajduk Kula, before returning to Partizan. He made one league appearances for the Crno-beli in the first half of the 1997–98 season, before moving to Rad in the winter of 1998. Rađenović then moved on to play for OFK Beograd from 1998 to 2001. He also had a short stint with CS Sfaxien in Tunisia.

After failing to continue his career abroad, Rađenović signed with his former club Železnik in the summer of 2001. He established himself as one of the best players in the country during his four-year tenure with the Lavovi. In addition, Rađenović won the 2004–05 Serbia and Montenegro Cup, scoring the winning goal in the 90th minute of the final. He also played on loan for Chinese club Shenzhen Jianlibao in the meantime.

In the summer of 2005, Rađenović moved abroad again by signing with Turkish side Samsunspor. He made two appearances in the Süper Lig, before leaving the club. In January 2006, Rađenović returned to his homeland and signed with Smederevo. He then spent the entire 2006–07 season with Banat Zrenjanin.

International career
Rađenović made two official appearances for the national team of FR Yugoslavia, both at the 2001 Kirin Cup in Japan. He also represented the nation earlier that year at the Millennium Super Soccer Cup in India, winning the tournament.

Managerial career
After hanging up his boots, Rađenović served as manager of Serbian First League clubs OFK Bačka and Metalac Gornji Milanovac.

Honours
Železnik
 Serbia and Montenegro Cup: 2004–05
Sloga Kraljevo
 Serbian League West: 2008–09

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Footballers from Belgrade
Serbia and Montenegro men's footballers
Serbian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Serbia and Montenegro men's international footballers
FK Partizan players
FK Mladost Umčari players
FK Železnik players
FK Hajduk Kula players
FK Rad players
OFK Beograd players
CS Sfaxien players
Shenzhen F.C. players
Samsunspor footballers
FK Smederevo 1924 players
FK Banat Zrenjanin players
FK Voždovac players
FK Laktaši players
FK Sloga Kraljevo players
RFK Grafičar Beograd players
FK Radnički Beograd players
First League of Serbia and Montenegro players
Süper Lig players
Serbian SuperLiga players
Serbian First League players
Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina players
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate men's footballers
Serbian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Tunisia
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in Tunisia
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in China
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbian football managers
FK Metalac Gornji Milanovac managers


The Canton of Troyes-4 is a canton of the Aube department, in northern France. Since the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015, the communes of the canton of Troyes-4 are:
Pont-Sainte-Marie
Saint-Julien-les-Villas
Saint-Parres-aux-Tertres
Troyes (partly)

References

Troyes-4
Troyes


Graham Ian Hunter (born 17 May 1982 in Rutherglen) is a Scottish former professional basketball player.

Early career
Hunter has been a basketball traveller from an early age netting a chance at just 16 to play and study in the United States for Ukiah High School, Oregon in 1998. Immediately taking charge of his team becoming an instant starter and captain of the Ukiah Cougars, Hunter was named the team's Most Valuable Player for the season. The Cougars did not have a great side, however Hunter was able to generate interest from the University of Portland (NCAA 1), Oregon State University (NCAA 1) and a number of junior colleges. Hunter was also selected to represent Oregon in the 1999 USA Junior Nationals which was held in Columbus, Ohio. It was at Ukiah that Hunter started making real progress, reported in the Sunday Mail:
I'd get up at 5am and shoot for two hours then go to class. That's where I developed my shot.

Returning to Blantyre in 1999 to finish high school, Hunter played for the Troon Tornadoes  under 18s, under 21s, and senior men. A notable player to the club contributing to a very successful season for the Tornadoes in which they won the Scottish under 21s Cup, and at under 18s level winning the Scottish Cup, Scottish Men's National League, Strathclyde League, and was also selected to represent Scotland national basketball team.

Later career
Hunter again moved, committing to the East Durham National Basketball Academy in 2001. After two years at the sporting school Hunter returned to the United States to take on a full athletic scholarship in 2003 at the University of Maine at Augusta but left prematurely after his freshman year due to a prolonged injury and subsequent surgery.

Again globetrotting, however to Andorra this time to attend TBCA basketball summer camp 2006. Again impressing scouts and agents, Hunter sparked interest which progressed to a professional contract.

Professional career
He started his professional career upon signing with Club Baloncesto Ponfferada, Spain, in 2006. For reasons unknown Hunter transferred home to Glasgow to play for the well respected Scottish Rocks. Competing in the British Basketball League, the Rocks finished as runners-up in the BBL Trophy and BBL Cup in 2007.

After spending the summer with the Scotland senior men squad, Hunter then signed for another team in Spain, CB Puertollano, and is currently playing for St Mirren Saints Basketball Club in the Scottish Men's National League.

Scholarship
Upon Hunter's return to Glasgow, he was offered a number of opportunities across the United Kingdom, however committed to a sports scholarship combined with the first Lisa Wilson Memorial sports scholarship in 2004 to Southampton Solent University (formerly Southampton Institute). Hunter admits he struggled through injury upon arrival, however stated it was his time in Southampton that allowed him to regain his skills and confidence after snapping his fifth metatarsal in 2003. Competing in the BUSA Premier South Conference, and also in the English Basketball League, Division 1, for the Solent Stars.

He later operated 'Reach For The Stars Basketball' a community coaching initiative for children.

References

People from Blantyre, South Lanarkshire
1982 births
Living people
Scottish men's basketball players
Glasgow Rocks players
Alumni of Solent University
University of Maine at Augusta alumni
British expatriate basketball people in Spain
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in Spain
British expatriate basketball people in the United States
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Sportspeople from South Lanarkshire


Martim Soares Moreno, born around 1586 in Santiago do Cacém, Kingdom of Portugal, was a Portuguese explorer who defended the interests of the Portuguese crown in the colony of Brazil, fighting French pirates and Dutch invaders during decades.

His uncle, Diogo de Campos Moreno says that "he was sent very young with Pêro Coelho de Sousa, so that while serving in that expedition he could learn the language of the Indians, and their customs, devoting himself to them, and making himself very familiar, and a relative or friend to them, as they say." He participated in the Pêro Coelho expedition to Ceará in 1603 and ended up becoming, years later (1612), the virtual founder of that colony. There he built, on the river Ceará, a fort and a chapel, with the help of the Indians that he brought from Rio Grande do Norte.

That same year, on the orders of Jerónimo de Albuquerque Maranhão, he reconnoitered Maranhão, occupied by the French, who had stirred up the people of that land. On his return, however, his ship was driven by the wind to the Antilles. In 1614 he was in Seville, in Spain.

The next year, now a captain, he returned to Maranhão, together with reinforcements of 900 men, which made possible the definitive expulsion of the French and the capture of the city of São Luís. In 1616 he was captured on the high seas by a French Corsair, after a violent battle that left him seriously wounded with a cut on the face and the loss of a hand.

The charter letter of May 26, 1619 made him lord of the captaincy of Ceará, in thanks for his services. There, in 1624 and 1625, he repelled the attacks of two Dutch ships.

In 1630 he dedicated himself to fighting the Dutch invasion of Pernambuco. He left Ceará with a few Indians and soldiers and arrived at the Arraial do Bom Jesus in June 1631. In the initial phase of the fight, he took part in the blockade of the Dutch forces in Recife and Olinda. He always distinguished himself, as a combatant and interpreter with the Indians. In subsequent years he took part in the defense of Paraíba and of Cunhaú (in Rio Grande do Norte).

The Dutch having defeated the Portuguese colonial resistance, and the Portuguese Monarchy having been restored in 1640, a truce was signed between Portugal and the Netherlands. Nevertheless, in 1645, Martim Soares Moreno took part in the clandestine movement that ended with the expulsion of the Dutch from Brazilian territory.

In culture
His life served as the historical basis for José de Alencar's novel Iracema.

1580s births
1640s deaths
Portuguese explorers of South America
17th-century explorers
Portuguese colonization of the Americas
Portuguese colonial governors and administrators
People of the Dutch–Portuguese War
16th-century Portuguese people
17th-century Portuguese people
People from Setúbal District


Denis Badré (born 3 January 1943 in Pontarlier, Doubs) is a member of the Senate of France, representing the Hauts-de-Seine department. He is a member of the MoDem. He is the father of Bertrand Badré.

References

1943 births
Living people
People from Pontarlier
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Democratic Movement (France) politicians
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 3rd Class
Mayors of places in Île-de-France
École Polytechnique alumni
Union of Democrats and Independents politicians
Senators of Hauts-de-Seine


Gérard Bailly (born 28 January 1940) is a member of the Senate of France, representing the Jura department.

References

1940 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Senators of Jura (department)


Aldo Dezi (born 27 June 1939) is a retired Italian sprint canoer who won a C-2 1000 m silver medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics, together with Francesco La Macchia. Their victory gave Italy its first medal in canoeing.

References

External links

1939 births
Living people
People from Castel Gandolfo
Canoeists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Italian male canoeists
Olympic canoeists for Italy
Olympic silver medalists for Italy
Olympic medalists in canoeing
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Canoeists of Marina Militare
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital
20th-century Italian people


In the spring of 2008 the independent Icelandic  Kraumur Music Fund launched a special program called Innrásin, to support Icelandic artists to tour Iceland.

Most Icelandic bands and artists are located in and around Iceland's capital, Reykjavík. The aim of 'Innrásin' is to support them to tour other places of the country to develop their career, increase their fan-base and promote their records. Among artists featured on 'Innrásar-tours' so far have been; Sign, Reykjavík!, Bloodgroup, Njútón, Elfa Rún Kristindóttir, Melkorka Ólafsdóttir, Benni Hemm Hemm and Borko.

Touring
Innrásin has supported tours and shows which have reached all corners of the country and taken place towns like Akureyri, Egilsstaðir, Ísafjörður, Keflavík, Seyðisfjörður, Selfoss, Vestmannaeyjar, Höfn í Hornafirði and Stokkseyri.

External links
 Kraumur official website - English

Culture of Iceland


"Softly to Fallen" is the title of a song and included as the A-side of a 7" single by the British band Palm Springs.

"Softly to Fallen" was the third single released by Palm Springs and attracted praise from German Rolling Stone magazine, where at the end of the year, the editor positioned it at number two in his “Best 45s of 2006” list.

2006 singles
Palm Springs (band) songs
2006 songs


The Canton of Troyes-5 is a canton of the arrondissement of Troyes, in the Aube department, in northern France. Since the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015, the canton of Troyes-5 covers part of the commune of Troyes.

References

Troyes-5
Troyes


Gilbert Barbier (born 3 March 1940 in Amancey) was a member of the Senate of France, representing the Jura department.

References

1940 births
Living people
People from Doubs
Union for French Democracy politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
The Republicans (France) politicians
Deputies of the 6th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 8th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 10th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Members of Parliament for Jura
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Senators of Jura (department)


NATO CCD COE, officially the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence ( or NATO küberkaitsekoostöö keskus), is one of NATO Centres of Excellence, located in Tallinn, Estonia. The centre was established on 14 May 2008, it received full accreditation by NATO and attained the status of International Military Organisation on 28 October 2008. NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence is an international military organisation with a mission to enhance the capability, cooperation and information sharing among NATO, its member nations and partners in cyber defence by virtue of education, research and development, lessons learned and consultation.

History
In 2003, prior to the country's official accession to NATO, Estonia proposed the creation of a Centre of Excellence. The 2006 Riga summit listed possible cyber attacks among the asymmetric threats to the common security and acknowledged the need for programs to protect information systems over the long term. The cyber attacks on Estonia in 2007 highlighted for the first time the potential vulnerability of any NATO countries, their institutions and societies, and even NATO itself to disruption or penetration of their information and communications systems.

Estonia's proposals for a NATO cyber excellence centre received strong support from the alliance's Secretary-General "Jaap" de Hoop Scheffer. NATO completed an assessment of the situation, partly in light of Estonia's experience, in April 2007, and approved a NATO policy on cyber defence in January 2008. NATO's summit communiqué in Bucharest in April announced NATO's readiness to "provide a capability to assist allied nations, upon request, to counter a cyber attack".

On 30 August 2018, Colonel Jaak Tarien replaced Merle Maigre as the Director of the organisation.

Overview
The Cyber Defence Center in Tallinn is one of 21 accredited Centres of Excellence (COEs), for training on technically sophisticated aspects of NATO operations. It is being funded nationally and multi-nationally as these centers are closely linked with Allied Command Transformation and promote the alliance-approved transformation goals.The main agenda of the facility is to:
 improve cyber defence interoperability within the NATO Network Enabled Capability (NNEC) environment,
 design the doctrine and concept development and their validation,
 enhance information security and cyber defence education, awareness, and training,
 provide cyber defence support for experimentation (including on-site) for experimentation,
 analyze the legal aspects of cyber defence.

The centre has also other responsibilities which include:
 contribution to development of Cyber Defence Center practices and standards with NATO, PfP, NATO candidates and non-NATO nations,
 contribution to development of NATO security policies related to cyber defence its definition of scope and responsibility of military in cyber defence,
 carrying out cyber defence-focused training, awareness campaigns, workshops, and courses,
 developing and conducting cyber defence-focused exercises and its ability to provide CD exercise support,
 providing cyber defence SMEs to NATO and its ability in cyber defence testing and validating.

Membership
, the CCD COE has 29 Sponsoring Nations, a status available only to NATO members.

The centre also has one NATO and eight non-NATO states as Contributing Participants .

Ukraine applied for membership in August 2021, a few months before the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Ukraine was accepted as a contributing participant in March 2022.

CCD COE's founding states are Estonia, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia and Spain. Hungary joined the centre in 2010, Poland and the United States joined in 2011, and the Netherlands joined in 2012. In 2013, France, United Kingdom, Czech Republic, and Austria as the first non-Nato country joined the centre. In November 2015, Finland, Greece and Turkey joined. Japan, the first Asian nation, joined in 2018. In June 2019, Bulgaria, Denmark, Norway and Romania joined. Ireland joined the CCD COE in October 2019. In May 2022, South Korea joined the centre as the second Asian country.

Membership at CCD COE is open to all NATO member states. The centre can also establish cooperative relations with non-NATO states, universities, research institutions, and businesses as contributing participants.

See also

NATO Centres of Excellence
ENISA
Cyber-warfare
Electronic warfare
 List of cyber warfare forces
Proactive Cyber Defence
National Cyberdefence Centre
Tallinn Manual

Notes and references

External links

NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE) Official Webpage
The Cooperative Cyber Defence (CCD) COE

Allied Command Transformation
Buildings and structures in Tallinn
Computer security organizations
Information technology in Estonia
Information technology organizations based in Europe
Military installations of Estonia
Organizations based in Tallinn
Organizations established in 2008
2008 establishments in Estonia


Francesco La Macchia (9 October 1938 – 31 July 2017) was an Italian sprint canoer who won a C-2 1000 m silver medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome with Aldo Dezi. The victory was Italy's first medal in canoeing.

References

1938 births
2017 deaths
Canoeists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Italian male canoeists
Olympic canoeists for Italy
Olympic silver medalists for Italy
Olympic medalists in canoeing
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
20th-century Italian people
Sportspeople from Messina


Emad Bouanane (born 1984) is a French footballer. Originally signed by manager Brian Flynn to play as a left back for Wrexham Football Club, Emad Bouanane quickly became a favourite amongst the Wrexham supporters.

After leaving Wrexham
Having been released from the Red Dragons in the summer of 2001 due to financial problems, Emad went on to have a failed trial at another football league side, Swindon Town F.C. He spent a year living in Birmingham before signing for fifth-tier French club SC Abbeville. He scored on his début in a 2-0 victory against AC Cambrai.

References

http://www.soccerbase.com/players_details.sd?playerid=22026
http://www.redpassion.co.uk/oldsite/issue28/emad.htm
http://www.redpassion.co.uk/oldsite/news/news2607c.htm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_2/986720.stm

1984 births
Living people
French men's footballers
US Avranches players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
SC Abbeville players
Men's association football defenders


The Canton of Troyes-6 is a former canton of the arrondissement of Troyes, in the Aube department, in northern France. It had 20,121 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It consisted of 4 communes:
Laines-aux-Bois
Saint-André-les-Vergers
Saint-Germain
Troyes (partly)

References

Troyes-6
Troyes
2015 disestablishments in France
States and territories disestablished in 2015