The Olympic Games ceremonies of the Ancient Olympic Games were an integral part of these Games; the modern Olympic games have opening, closing, and medal ceremonies. Some of the elements of the modern ceremonies date back to the Ancient Games from which the Modern Olympics draw their ancestry. An example of this is the prominence of Greece in both the opening and closing ceremonies. During the 2004 Games, the medal winners received a crown of olive branches, which was a direct reference to the Ancient Games, in which the victor's prize was an olive wreath. The various elements of the ceremonies are mandated by the Olympic Charter, and cannot be changed by the host nation. This requirement of seeking the approval of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) includes the artistic portion of opening and closing ceremonies.

The ceremonies have evolved over the centuries. Ancient Games incorporated ceremonies to mark the beginning and ending of each successive game. There are similarities and differences between the ancient Olympic ceremonies and their modern counterparts. While the presentation of the Games has evolved with improvements in technology and the desire of the host nations to showcase their own artistic expression, the basic events of each ceremony have remained unchanged. The presentation of the Opening and Closing Ceremonies continue to increase in scope, scale, and expense with each successive celebration of the Games, but they are still steeped in tradition.

Ancient forerunners
The Ancient Games, held in Greece from ca. 776 BC to ca. 393 AD, provide the first examples of Olympic ceremonies.  The victory celebration, elements of which are in evidence in the modern-day medal and closing ceremonies, often involved elaborate feasts, drinking, singing, and the recitation of poetry.  The wealthier the victor, the more extravagant the celebration.  The victors were presented with an olive wreath or crown harvested from a special tree in Olympia by a boy, specially selected for this purpose, using a golden sickle.  The festival would conclude with the victors making solemn vows and performing ritual sacrifices to the various gods to which they were beholden.

There is evidence of dramatic changes in the format of the Ancient Games over the nearly 12 centuries that they were celebrated.  Eventually, by roughly the 77th Olympiad, a standard 18-event program was established.  In order to open a Games in ancient Greece the organizers would hold an Inauguration Festival.  This was followed by a ceremony in which athletes took an oath of sportsmanship.  The first competition, an artistic competition of trumpeters and heralds, concluded the opening festivities.

Opening

The Olympic opening ceremony represents the official commencement of an Olympic Games.  In recent Olympics, some competition has begun prior to the opening ceremony.  For example, the football competitions for both men and women at the 2008 Summer Olympics began two days prior to the opening ceremony. Due to the entry of new events in the Olympic program, common since the 2014 Winter Olympics, some sports have also started before the opening ceremonies. The 2020 Summer Olympics and the 2022 Winter Olympics were the two events had held behind closed doors due to the COVID-19 pandemic strict protocols, the latter took place with some invited guests only.

As mandated by the Olympic Charter, various elements frame the Opening Ceremony of a celebration of the Olympic Games. Most of these rituals were canonized at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium.

Time of day
Since the 1996 Summer Olympics, the opening ceremonies have generally been held on a Friday evening. The opening ceremonies were held in the evening for the first time at the 1992 Winter Olympics, albeit on a Saturday. To facilitate a live, prime time broadcast on Friday night in the Americas, the 1988 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in Seoul, South Korea was held in the morning local time, a move that faced criticism from athletes due to the excessive heat.  Generally, no competition is scheduled on the day of the opening ceremony; between 1992 and 2021, this practice was codified in the Olympic Charter; however, some certain events like rowing preliminaries were held earlier in the morning on the opening day of the 2020 Summer Olympics.

The last opening ceremony held during the daytime hours was that of the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan; the scheduling was chosen for logistical reasons connected to its grand finale, which featured a live, synchronized performance by five international choirs, linked to the ceremony venue via satellite.

Artistic program
The artistic program is what creates the idiosyncratic element of each ceremony. Coubertin's initial vision of the Modern Olympics featured both athletic competitions and artistic achievements.  As the modern Olympics have evolved into a celebration of sport, it is in the opening ceremony that one can see the most of Coubertin's ideal. The opening ceremony are an important ritual of the Olympic games that represent a wide variety of features such as similar qualities and messages that link together local and global issues, as well as cultural similarities at the same scopes.

The artistic program of the ceremonies allows the host country to showcase its past,present and future in a comprehensive way. The  current protocols, ceremonies typically start with the authorities presentation which includes the entrance of the head of state or representative of the host country and the president of the International Olympic Committee followed by the raising of the country's flag and the performance of the national anthem. The host nation then presents artistic displays of music, singing, dance, and theater representative of its culture, history, and the current Olympic game motto. Since the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, the artistic presentations have continued to grow in scale and complexity. The 2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, for example, reportedly cost US$100 million, with much of the cost incurring in the artistic portion.

Each Opening Ceremony has a theme selected by the host nation and have to be connected with the cultural program of that edition. During all the acts of the ceremonies, the host country's goal is to represent their cultural identity. For example, in the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing, the theme was "unity". On May 12, 2008, only two months before the 2008 games, a devastating earthquake occurred in Sichuan. Chinese basketball legend Yao Ming was chosen to be the host country flagbearer, walking hand-in-hand on entering the stadium with Lin Hao, a nine-year-old boy who saved some of his classmates following the earthquake.

Parade of Nations
A traditional part of the opening ceremony starts with a "Parade of Nations", during which most participating athletes march into the stadium, delegation-by-delegation. It is not compulsory for athletes to participate in the opening ceremony. Some events of the Games may start on the day before, on the day, or the day after the ceremony; athletes competing in these early events may elect not to participate. Each delegation is led by a sign with the name of their nation or team, and by their flagbearer–typically a notable athlete of the delegation. As an act of gender equality, beginning in 2020 the IOC has allowed teams the option of having both a male and female flagbearer.

Since the 1928 Summer Olympics, Greece has traditionally entered first in honor of their role in the ancient Olympic Games, while the host nation has entered last. The 2004 opening ceremony provided a variation of this practice due to the Games being hosted by Greece; its flagbearer Pyrros Dimas led the parade on his own, while the rest of the Greek team entered last. Beginning with the 2020 Summer Olympics, the Refugee Olympic Team enters second after Greece, while the host nations of the next two Olympics enter in descending order as the final two teams before the host nation (in this case, the United States, France, and Japan were the final three countries, as hosts of the 2028, 2024, and 2020 Games).

The remaining delegations enter after Greece and before the host nation in alphabetical order, based on their name in the host nation's official language; for example, the three Olympics held in Canada have used either English or French (as both are considered official languages of Canada), while the 1980 Summer Games, 1984 Winter Games and 2014 Winter Games used Cyrillic, and the 2004 Summer Games used Modern Greek script. Host nations whose official languages do not use Latin script—especially Games held in Asia —have used different collation methods for the Parade of Nations; the 1988 Summer Olympics and the 2018 Winter Olympics were sorted by traditional Korean Hangul script, while the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing sorted by the number of strokes used to write their name using Simplified Chinese characters, and the 2020 Summer Olympics used the Gojūon ordering of Japanese kana.

There have been exceptions to this practice; in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, due to the Catalan independence movement, and concerns over the Spanish language being given undue prominence over the Catalan language, all official announcements during the Games were conducted in French, Spanish, Catalan, and English (with the order of the latter three languages interspersed), and the Parade of Nations was performed based on their French names.

The organising committee for the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris announced plans for its Parade of Nations to be conducted as a boat parade on the Seine river (with cultural presentations staged along the route), as part of their goals for the opening ceremony to be a public, non-ticketed event rather than be held in a traditional stadium setting. The plans call for the official protocol to take place at the Trocadéro.

Traditional events

After all nations have entered, the President of the Organizing Committee makes a speech, followed by the IOC president. At the end of his speech, he introduces the representative or head of state of the host country who officially declares the opening of the Games. Despite the Games having been awarded to a particular city and not to the country in general, the Olympic Charter presently requires the opener to be the host country's head of state. However, there have been many cases where someone other than the host country's head of state opened the Games. The first example was at the Games of the II Olympiad in Paris in 1900, which had no opening ceremony before as part of the 1900 World's Fair. There are five examples from the United States alone in which the Games were not opened by the head of state.

The Olympic Charter provides that the person designated to open the Games should do so by reciting whichever of the following lines is appropriate:

 If at the Games of the Olympiad (Summer Olympics): I declare open the Games of [name of the host city] celebrating the [ordinal number of the Olympiad] Olympiad of the modern era.
 If at the Winter Games: I declare open the [ordinal number] Olympic Winter Games of [name of the host city].

Before 1936, the opening official would often make a short welcoming speech before declaring the Games open. However, since 1936, when Adolf Hitler opened both the Garmisch Partenkirchen Winter Olympics and the Berlin Summer Olympics, the openers have used the standard formula.

There have been ten times the official has modified the wording of the said opening line. Recent editions of the Winter Games have seen a trend of using the first version instead of the second, which happened in the 2002, 2006 and 2010 Winter Games. Other modifications include:

 In 1964, Emperor Hirohito of Japan, and  Emperor Naruhito in 2020, opened the Summer Olympics in Tokyo by speaking in Japanese, albeit with slightly different translations:
"Celebrating the 18th/Commemorating the 32nd Modern Olympiad, I will declare the opening of the Olympic Games Tokyo competition here."

 In 1968, Mexican president Gustavo Díaz Ordaz declared the opening of the Games of Mexico City by speaking in Spanish:
"Today, 12 October 1968," and then the standard formula followed.

 In 1976, Elizabeth II, as Queen of Canada, opened the Montreal Olympics (first in French then in English) with:
"I declare open the Olympic Games of 1976, celebrating the XXI Olympiad of the modern era."

 In 1980, Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev opened the Moscow Summer Olympics by speaking in Russian:
"Mr. President of International Olympic Committee! Comrades! I declare open the Olympic Games of 1980, celebrating the XXII Olympiad of the modern era."

 In 1984, U.S. president Ronald Reagan opened the Los Angeles Summer Olympics with:
"Celebrating the XXIII Olympiad of the modern era, I declare open the Olympic Games of Los Angeles."

 In 1992, King Juan Carlos I of Spain opened the Barcelona Summer Olympics with:
"(In Catalan) Welcome all to Barcelona. (In Spanish) Today, 25 July of the Year 1992," and then the standard formula followed.

 In 2002, U.S. president George W. Bush opened the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City (which took place five months after the September 11 attacks) using the format of the Summer Games declaration with:
"On behalf of a proud, determined and grateful nation," and then the standard formula followed.

 In 2004, Konstantinos Stephanopoulos, the President of the Hellenic Republic, opened the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics, accompanied  by Adjutant of the Hellenic Air Force, Colonel Georgios  Dritsakos, by speaking in Greek:
"I declare the opening of the Olympic Games of Athens and the celebration of the XXVIII Olympiad of the modern era."

 In 2008, Hu Jintao, and in 2022, Xi Jinping, the Presidents of the People's Republic of China, opened the Beijing Summer Olympics and Winter Olympics, respectively, by speaking in Mandarin:
"I declare, the XXIX Olympic Games / XXIV Olympic Winter Games of Beijing, open!"

 In 2016, Brazilian vice president Michel Temer, as acting president during the suspension of President Dilma Rousseff, and unusually without an introduction, opened the Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro by speaking in Portuguese:
"After this wonderful spectacle," and then the standard formula followed.

Next, the Olympic flag is carried horizontally (since the 1960 Summer Olympics) or vertically (when the ceremonies are held indoor) into the stadium and hoisted as the Olympic Hymn is played. The Olympic Charter states that the Olympic flag must "fly for the entire duration of the Olympic Games from a flagpole placed in a prominent position in the main stadium". At most games, the flag has been carried into the stadium by prominent athletes of the host nation. Starting at the  Torino 2006 opening ceremony, the modified protocol created to allow a group of athletes and non-athletes famous for promoting Olympic values to carry the flag.

Until the 1992 Summer Olympics (except the 1994 Winter Olympics), flag bearers of all countries then circle a rostrum, where one athlete of the host nation (since the 1920 Summer Olympics), and one judge of the host nation (since the 1972 Summer Olympics) speak the Olympic Oath, declaring they will compete and judge according to the rules of their respective sport. Since the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, continuing with the tradition started at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics a coach from the host nation speaks out the Olympic Oath. For the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, the three oaths are merged into one as the Unified Oath where one athlete, judge, and coach recite one line of the oath respectively before the athlete finishes it.

Olympic flame

The climax of an opening ceremony is the arrival of the Olympic flame, as the conclusion of the torch relay: the torch is typically passed a group of final torchbearers—typically reflecting the host nation's most prominent Olympic athletes. The final torchbearer(s), in turn, lights a cauldron inside or near the stadium–signifying, in earnest, the beginning of the Games. There have been exceptions to the final torchbearers being prominent sports figures: in 2012, to reflect the Games' slogan "Inspire a Generation", the cauldron was lit by a group of seven young athletes, each nominated by a notable British athlete. Due the lack of tradition in Winter Sports, the final torchbearers at the 2022 Winter Olympics reflected the history of China at the sports with athletes from different decades (beginning with the 1950s), the cauldron was lit by two Chinese skiers who was to compete on that Games.

Under IOC rules, the lighting of the Olympic cauldron must be witnessed by those attending the opening ceremony, implying that it must be lit at the location where the ceremony is taking place. Another IOC rule states that the cauldron should be witnessed outside by the entire residents of the entire host city. This rule was first made evident for the first time during the 2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Vancouver, which was hosted by BC Place—then a domed, indoor stadium. While a multi-armed cauldron was jointly lit by Nancy Greene, Steve Nash, and Wayne Gretzky during the opening ceremony (due to a malfunction, a fourth arm meant to be lit by Catriona Le May Doan did not rise), Gretzky was escorted outside to light a second, public cauldron at Jack Poole Plaza.

During the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, the cauldron located inside the Olympic Stadium was not visible from outside of the stadium. The image of the lit cauldron was projected on the stadium's rooftop screens during the first week of competition, and live footage was available to broadcasters.

The notion of a public cauldron displayed outside of the ceremonies venue, and lit following the opening ceremony, was adopted by several subsequent Olympics since Vancouver, such as 2016 at the Candelária Church plaza, and 2020 in Ariake, Tokyo. The 2022 Winter Olympics had three public cauldrons located, the main outside of the Beijing National Stadium, another one at the Yanqing District, and a one at Zhangjiakou — reflecting the three main zones of the Games' venues.

Doves

Beginning at the post-World War I 1920 Summer Olympics, the lighting of the Olympic flame was followed by the release of doves, symbolizing peace. (Experienced athletes brought newspapers to cover themselves because of the birds' droppings.) The release was discontinued after several doves perched themselves at the cauldron's rim and were burned alive by the Olympic flame during the opening ceremony of the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. It was later replaced with a symbolic release of doves after the flame has been lit.

In the 2000 ceremony, a dove image was projected on an enormous white cloth held by the athletes on the stadium floor. In 2004, an LED screen was used. In 2006, acrobats formed the shape of a dove. The 2008 ceremony had yellow fireworks and the people made birds with hands representing doves. In 2010, dove figures were projected on the stage floor. The 2012 ceremony had bicyclists with dove-wings, lit by LEDs. In the 2014 ceremony several dancers, holding strands of blue LED lights, danced on the shape of a dove projected on the stadium floor. In the 2016 ceremony, children with dove shaped kites were seen running with the first Olympic Laurel winner, Kipchoge Keino. In the 2018 ceremony, a dove shape was made by the performers by passing candlelight and was accompanied by the song "Imagine" by John Lennon. In the 2020 ceremony, the doves were made of paper and were flown by the performers.

Medal presentation

After each Olympic event is completed, a medal ceremony is held. The Summer Games usually conduct medal ceremonies immediately after the event at the respective venues. Winter editions, however, would present the medals at a nightly victory ceremony held at a medal plaza, excluding the indoor and specific events. This is because due to the altitude of some Winter events, presenting medals may be difficult in said environments. A three–tiered rostrum is used for the three medal winners, with the gold medal winner ascending to the highest platform, in the centre, with the silver and bronze medalists flanking. The medals are awarded by a member of the IOC. The IOC member is usually accompanied by a person from the sports federation governing the sport (such as IAAF in athletics or FINA in swimming), who presents each athlete with a small bouquet of flowers. When the Games were held in Athens in 2004, the medal winners also received olive wreaths in honor of the tradition at the Ancient Olympics. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, for the first time in history, the flowers were replaced by a small 3D model of the Games' logo. At the 2018 Winter Olympic Games, the flowers were replaced by a special version of the plush toy of the mascot dressed in historical Korean clothing. After medals are distributed, the flags of the nations of the three medalists are raised. The flag of the gold medalist's country is in the centre and raised the highest while the flag of the silver medalist's country is on the left facing the flags and the flag of the bronze medalist's country is on the right, both at lower elevations than the gold medalist's country's flag. Should there have been multiple athletes tied for gold medal (as it was the case for examples like the two gold medalists for men's high jump at the 2020 Summer Olympics), the national anthems (if from multiple NOCs) will be played in the alphabetical order according to the medalists' surnames.

The flags are raised while the national anthem of the gold medalist's country plays. Citizens of the host country also act as hosts during the medal ceremonies. They aid the officials who present the medals and act as flag bearers.

Strict rules govern the conduct of athletes during the medal ceremony. For example, they are required to wear only pre-approved outfits that are standard for the athlete's national Olympic team.  They are not allowed to display any political affiliation or make a political statement while on the medal stand. The most famous violation of this rule was the Black Power salute of Tommie Smith and John Carlos at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.

For their actions, IOC president Avery Brundage demanded their expulsion from the Olympics. After the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) refused to do so, Brundage threatened to remove the entire United States track and field team from the Olympics. Following this, the USOC complied, and Smith and Carlos were expelled.

As is customary, since the 2020 Summer Olympics men's and women's marathon medals (at the Summer Olympics) and since the 2014 Winter Olympics, men's 50 km and women's 30 km cross-country skiing medals (at the Winter Olympics) are awarded as part of the Closing Ceremony, which take place on the penultimate and the last days, in the Olympic Stadium, and traditionally are the last medal presentation of the Games.

Closing

In contrast to the opening ceremony, many elements of the Olympic closing ceremony gradually developed more by tradition than official mandate.

Like the opening ceremony, the closing ceremony begins with the authorities presentation followed by the raising of the host country's flag and a performance of its national anthem, followed by an artistic program. The artistic program is usually shorter than that of the opening ceremony.

The traditional part of the closing ceremony starts with the "Parade of Flags", where flag bearers from each participating country enter the stadium in single file, with the Greek flag in the lead and the host nation's flag bringing up the rear. Behind them march all of the athletes without any distinction or grouping by nationality. This "Parade of Athletes," the blending of all the athletes, is a tradition that began during the 1956 Summer Olympics at the suggestion of Melbourne schoolboy John Ian Wing, who thought it would be a way of bringing the athletes of the world together as "one nation." Prior to the 1956 Games, no Olympic Team had ever marched in the closing ceremony of the Modern or the Ancient Games. It was the very first International Peace March ever to be staged.

After all the athletes enter the stadium, the final medals ceremony of the Games is held. The organizing committee of the respective host city, after consulting with the IOC, determines which event will have its medals presented. During the Summer Olympics, this is usually the men's and (as of 2020) women's marathons. Traditionally, the men's marathon is held in the last day of competition on the last day of the Olympics, and the race is finished some hours before the start of the closing ceremony. However, recent Summer Olympiads in Atlanta, Athens, Beijing, Rio and Tokyo (although 2020's marathons were held in Sapporo, 500 miles away) staged the men's marathon in the early morning hours due the climate conditions in the host city. Since the 2006 Winter Olympics, the medals for the men's 50 km cross-country skiing event and starting on 2014 the woman's 30 km cross-country skiing event were presented at the closing ceremony.

The newly elected members of the IOC Athletes' Commission then present a bouquet of flowers to a representative of the volunteers, as a thank you to them for their work during the Games.

Next, the handover ceremony starts with two other national flags are hoisted on flagpoles one at a time while the corresponding national anthems are played: first, the flag of Greece to again honor the birthplace of the Olympic Games is played first, and the flag of the country hosting the next Summer or Winter Olympic Games. "Hymn to Liberty", the national anthem of Greece, has been performed at every closing ceremony of the Olympic Games. At the 1980 Summer Olympics, the United States was due to host the next Summer Olympics, but the flag of Los Angeles was raised with the Olympic anthem instead due to the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott. In Sydney and Athens, two Greek flags were raised because Greece was hosting the 2004 games. Then, while the Olympic Hymn is played, the Olympic flag that was hoisted during the opening ceremony is lowered from the flagpole and carried from the stadium.

In what is known as the Antwerp Ceremony (because the tradition began at the Antwerp Games), the current mayor of the city that organized the Games transfers the official Olympic flag to the president of the IOC, who then passes it on to the current mayor of the city hosting the next Olympic Games. The receiving mayor then waves the flag eight times. During the ceremony, the mayor of the current host city stands on the left, the president of the IOC stands in the middle, and the mayor of the next host city stands on the right. Until the 1984 Summer Olympic Games this ceremony was held during the Opening Ceremonies. During the ages five flags are used:

 The Antwerp flag was presented to the IOC at the 1920 Summer Olympics by the city of Antwerp, Belgium, and was passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics through the 1984 Summer Games in Los Angeles, United States, when this flag wore out over time and ended up tearing.
 The Oslo flag was used during the Winter Games and was presented to the IOC at the 1952 Winter Olympics by the city of Oslo, Norway, and is passed on to the next organizing city of the Winter Olympics. This flag was used until the 2014 Games in Sochi, Russia when this flag also wore out over time and ended up tearing.
 The Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Summer Olympics by the city of Seoul, South Korea  as a replacement for the Antwerp flag. This flag was used until the 2012 Games in London, Great Britain.
 The Rio flag was presented to the IOC at the 2016 Summer Olympics by the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil as a replacement for the Seoul flag. It is currently passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics.
 The PyeongChang flag was presented to the IOC at the 2018 Winter Olympics by the city of PyeongChang, South Korea as a replacement for the Oslo flag. It is currently passed on to the next organizing city of the Winter Olympics.

This portion of the ceremony actually took place at the opening ceremony until the 1984 Summer Games and the 1988 Winter Games.

The next host nation then introduces itself with artistic displays of dance and theater representative of that country or city. This tradition began with the 1976 Summer Olympics.

Afterwards, the President of the Organizing Committee makes a speech. The IOC President then makes a speech before closing the Olympics by saying:And now, I declare the Games of the [ordinal number of Summer Olympics] Olympiad/[ordinal number of Winter Olympics] Olympic Winter Games closed; and in accordance with our tradition, I call upon the youth of the world to assemble, four years from now, in [name of next host city] to celebrate with us; the Games of the [subsequent ordinal number of Summer Olympics] Olympiad/[subsequent ordinal number of Winter Olympics] Olympic Winter Games.If the next Olympic Games is not scheduled for four years after the current one, the IOC president will instead reference the different timeframe. For instance, the 2020 Summer Olympics were postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, so IOC President Thomas Bach instead stated "I call upon the youth of the world to assemble, three years from now, in Paris." A similar situation occurred at the 1992 Winter Olympics, which were held only two years before the next Winter Olympics in 1994 so that the Summer and Winter Games would be in different years moving forward. Unlike the opening ceremony, the head of state or representative of the host country does not give a speech at the closing ceremony.

Finally, the Olympic flame is extinguished, marking the end of the Games.

Following the conclusion of the ceremony protocol, it is not uncommon for the ceremony to continue on with an "afterparty" of concert performances as a finale; the 2010 closing ceremony featured various Canadian musicians, the 2012 closing ceremony featured a headlining performance by British rock band The Who, the 2016 closing ceremony featured a tribute to the Rio Carnival, and 2018's while the closing ceremony focused on the Korean Wave movement. The IOC also added a performance by the french DJ Martin Garrix.

References

Articles containing video clips


Symphyotrichum lentum (formerly Aster lentus) is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae with the common name of Suisun Marsh aster. It is a perennial and herbaceous plant endemic to the marshes of Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta of Northern California.

Description
Symphyotrichum lentum is similar in appearance to Symphyotrichum chilense, which may be found in the same area. It is a colonial perennial herb producing a hairless stem  tall from a long rhizome. The leaves are linear or lance-shaped, pointed, and up to  long near the base of the plant. The lower leaves wither by the time the plant flowers. The inflorescence is an open array of flower heads with a fringe of violet ray florets around a center of yellow disc florets. The fruit is a hairy cypsela with a long white pappus.

Distribution and habitat
Symphyotrichum lentum is endemic to the salt marshes and wet grasslands of the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta in Northern California.

Conservation
NatureServe lists it as Imperiled (G2) worldwide.

Citations

References

External links
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Aster lentus protologue in Manual of the Botany of the Region of San Francisco Bay by Edward Lee Greene.
Symphyotrichum lentum datasheet from the Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI) Invasive Species Compendium.

lentum
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of Solano County, California
Plants described in 1894
Taxa named by Edward Lee Greene


You Must Be Joking! is a 1965 black and white British comedy film directed by Michael Winner and starring Michael Callan, Lionel Jeffries, and Denholm Elliott.

The format of the film, four people each doing six tasks linked to a scavenger hunt, allows for 24 otherwise somewhat unconnected comedy vignettes, which jointly create the story line. The items (purportedly representing British identity) include flying ducks for the wall, an English rose, the Spirit of Ecstasy from a Rolls-Royce car, an electric hare from a greyhound race and the Lutine Bell.

Plot
Major Foskett, a British Army psychologist, assembles four soldiers for a testing task: Sergeant Major McGregor (complete with kilt and bearskin), Captain Tabasco, Sergeant Clegg (a father of nine), Staff Sergeant Mansfield and United States Air Force Lieutenant Morton. They have their initiative tested in a scavenger hunt.

Their first task is to escape a maze. Tabasco orders up a helicopter to take him out and two others take a ride, but Clegg is left in the maze.

They are instructed to obtain six items, supposedly symbols of the British way of life. The reward for the winner is to be fast-tracked for promotion and a ten-day, all-expenses-paid trip around the world for two. Among the feats to be accomplished within 48 hours are escaping from a maze, retrieving a rare rose and the mascot from a Rolls-Royce motorcar, and procurement of a lock of hair and an autograph from a popular French singer. The final challenge involves the famous Lutine bell from the Underwriting Room of Lloyd's of London. MacGregor arrives at the finish line by parachute, Tabasco comes in an ambulance, Clegg digs his way in from below. Morton arrives last (by car), but is declared the winner and resigns.

General Lockwood is arrested for misuse of the requisition system. Foskett is arrested for conspiracy to steal the Lutine Bell.

Cast
 Michael Callan - Lieutenant Timothy Morton
 Lionel Jeffries - Sergeant Major Sidney McGregor
 Denholm Elliott - Captain Fitzroy Tabasco
 Wilfrid Hyde-White - General Lockwood
 Bernard Cribbins - Sergeant Clegg
 Terry-Thomas - Major Foskett
 James Robertson Justice - Librarian
 Gabriella Licudi - Annabelle Nash
 Leslie Phillips - Young husband, Mr Walters
 Gwendolyn Watts - Young wife, Mrs (Ducks) Walters
 Patricia Viterbo - Sylvie Tarnet a pop singer
 Lee Montague - Staff Sergeant Mansfield
 Irene Handl - Elderly Woman
 Richard Wattis - Parkins
 Miles Malleson - Salesman
 Clive Dunn - Doorman at Tv Studio
 Tracy Reed - Poppy Pennington
 James Villiers - Bill Simpson
 Graham Stark - McGregor's Suez comrade
 Ronald Howard - Cecil
 Arthur Lowe - Husband
 Joan Benham - Wife
 Lance Percival - Shifty Man
 Peter Bull - Ferocious Man in Library
 Peter Barkworth - Recording Studio Manager
 Norman Vaughan - Norman Stone
 Jon Pertwee - Greyhound Stadium storeman
 Peter Gilmore - Private (gardening duty in greenhouse)
 Ed Bishop - US Air Force Soldier at Checkpoint - (uncredited)
 Richard Caldicot - M.O.D. official - (uncredited)
 Damaris Hayman - Fan Club Employee - (uncredited)
 John Horsley - Lloyd's Director - (uncredited)
 Victor Brooks - commissionaire - (uncredited)
 Peter Barkworth - Television Studio Director - (uncredited)
 Dave Watts keyboards - Ricky Ticky Taylor Pop Star

Production
The film was based on an original story by Michael Winner which was inspired by a real army initiative test where soldiers were asked to get as far away as possible from their camp at Catterick. He hired Alan Hackney, who had written several Boulting Brothers screenplays, to write the script.

While looking for finance, Winner was approached to make a film with the Dave Clark Five, but Winner did not like the idea. Charles H. Schneer liked the Hackney script and agreed to make it under a deal he had with Columbia and Winner says he suggested John Boorman take over the Dave Clark movie. Winner said Columbia insisted that Michael Callan play a lead role. Winner called the actor "a nice fellow who didn't sell the film in America and didn't help it in England either."

Winner hired a cameraman who felt they could not film in the locations that had been chosen, so Winner replaced him with Geoff Unsworth. Johnny Speight did some uncredited writing on the film.

Reception
Winner says the film received good reviews but was not popular at the box office.

TV Guide called the film: "Lunacy and laughs galore, with director Winner's gimmicky style much in evidence."
 Hal Erickson wrote in The New York Times: "Director Michael Winner was still in his 'mad mod' period when he lensed the wacky goings-on of You Must be Joking? His Death Wish pictures of the 1970s were in 1965 as remote as another galaxy."

References

External links

1965 films
1965 comedy films
British comedy films
1960s English-language films
Films directed by Michael Winner
Films scored by Laurie Johnson
Films set in England
Films set in London
Films shot in London
Military humor in film
Films produced by Charles H. Schneer
Films with screenplays by Michael Winner
Films about the British Army
Greyhound racing films
1960s British films


Sally Anne Bailie (January 8, 1937 – August 21, 1995) was an English-born American-based trainer and owner of Thoroughbred racehorses who was one of the first female trainers to win a major American Graded stakes races.

Born in Enfield, Middlesex in South East England, Bailie grew up on a farm where she learned to ride horses.  After working with racehorses in England, in 1965 she moved to the United States and settled in the New York City area where she worked as an assistant trainer. In 1970, she went out on her own and in 1977 became the first woman trainer in American racing history to win a $100,000 when her horse Tequillo Boogie captured the New York Breeders' Futurity at Finger Lakes Race Track in Farmington, New York. In 1982, she became the first woman trainer to win a $200,000 race when she conditioned the winner of the Pegasus Handicap at Meadowlands Racetrack in East Rutherford, New Jersey.

At a 1982 Fasig-Tipton dispersal auction in Saratoga, Sally Bailie paid $8,000 for a two-year-old grandson of Northern Dancer named Win. The gelding went on to provide Bailie with some of the most important wins of her career and retired with two Grade 1 wins and earnings in excess of $1.4 million. Bailie was voted Trainer of the Year for New York-bred horses in 1983 and 1984 and in 1985 became the first woman trainer to have a horse compete in the Japan Cup.

Death
Sally Bailie died of cancer, aged 58, at Winthrop-University Hospital in Mineola, New York, on Long Island.

References

1937 births
1995 deaths
British emigrants to the United States
American  racehorse trainers
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)

People from Somerset


Miguel Fallardo  (born 24 June 1986, Portugal) is a Portuguese footballer.

External links
Profile at football-lineups.com

1987 births
Living people
Portuguese men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Liga I players
FC Gloria Buzău players
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Romania


A pandy is a Welsh name for a fulling mill, and may refer to:

Places in Wales
 Pandy, Bryn-crug, a location in Gwynedd
 Pandy, Dolgellau, a location in Gwynedd
 Pandy, Llanuwchllyn, a location in Gwynedd
 Pandy, Conwy, an electoral ward near Llanfairfechan, Conwy
 Pandy Tudur, a village in Conwy
 Pandy, Monmouthshire, a village near Abergavenny
 Pandy, Powys, a village in Powys
 Pandy, Ceiriog Valley, a village between Glyn Ceiriog and Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog
 Pandy, Gwersyllt, a village near Gresford and Wrexham
 Pandy, Hanmer, a hamlet near Halghton, English Maelor, Wrexham

Other uses
 András Pándy (1927-2013), Belgian-Hungarian serial killer

See also
 Andy Pandy, a British children's television series
 Pandya dynasty, ancient Indian dynasty of southern India
 Pandya (surname), Indian surname


Rice County Courthouse may refer to:

Rice County Courthouse (Kansas), Lyons, Kansas
Rice County Courthouse and Jail, Faribault, Minnesota


Everton Luiz Guimarães Bilher (born 24 May 1988), commonly known as Everton Luiz, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Belgian club Beveren. He is primarily recognized for his aggressive and hard-tackling style of play.

After starting out in his homeland, mainly playing in the lower leagues, Everton Luiz moved to Europe in 2013. He went on to play for Swiss clubs Lugano and St. Gallen, before transferring to Serbian club Partizan in early 2016. In his first full season with the Crno-beli, Everton Luiz collected the double.

In early 2018, Everton Luiz moved to Italy to join Serie A club SPAL. He was sent out on loan to Major League Soccer team Real Salt Lake a year later, before signing a permanent deal with them ahead of the 2020 season.

Career

Early years

Born in Porto Alegre, Everton Luiz started out at his home state club Brasil de Farroupilha. He subsequently went to Caxias do Sul, before switching to Náutico. In 2007, Everton Luiz signed with Ponte Preta, eventually finishing his formation in the club's youth setup. He made his senior debut for the club in the Campeonato Paulista, before signing with Palmeiras in April 2009, on a four-year deal. In February 2010, Everton Luiz was loaned to Marília, representing the club in the second level of the São Paulo state league. He also played for Marília in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C, making seven appearances and scoring once.

In 2011, after playing for Palmeiras' B team, Everton Luiz had a brief spell with Bragantino, but failed to make any appearances. He eventually signed with CRB in early 2012. Immediately upon arrival, Everton Luiz became one of the club's key players, helping CRB win the Campeonato Alagoano. He was also named in the competition's team of the year. In June 2012, Everton Luiz joined Mexican club San Luis. He made 10 appearances in the Torneo Apertura, before leaving the club. In January 2013, Everton Luiz was loaned to Criciúma. He subsequently returned to CRB in March 2013. After returning from loan, Everton Luiz helped his team win another Alagoas state league title, being named in the competition's best eleven for the second year in a row.

Lugano and St. Gallen
In the summer of 2013, Everton Luiz moved to Swiss club Lugano. He made his official debut for the club in a 2–1 home league win over Wil on 13 July 2013. In the following fixture, Everton Luiz scored his first goal for Lugano, netting the opener in his team's 4–2 away victory over Schaffhausen. He scored a total of three goals from 28 appearances in the Swiss Challenge League, as the club finished in second place.

In June 2014, Everton Luiz switched to St. Gallen, penning a three-year deal. After initially playing for their reserve team in the Swiss Promotion League, Everton Luiz made his Swiss Super League debut on 24 September 2014, playing the full 90 minutes in a 3–0 victory over Grasshoppers, eventually becoming a regular member of the first team. He collected 24 league appearances in the 2014–15 season, receiving two red cards in the process.

Partizan

2015–16 season
On 6 January 2016, Everton Luiz was transferred to Serbian club Partizan. He signed a two-and-a-half-year contract and was given the number 25 shirt. On 27 February, Everton Luiz made his official debut for the club in a 2–1 home loss in the Belgrade derby, receiving a yellow card early into the match. He sustained a knee injury in his second appearance for Partizan, a 1–0 away victory at Radnički Niš, which eventually kept him out of action for more than a month. On 10 April, Everton Luiz returned to the pitch in a 4–0 home league win over Mladost Lučani, playing the whole game. He netted his first goal for the club in his second Belgrade derby on 16 April, scoring an injury-time equalizer from more than 30 meters out through the goalkeeper's hands. After celebrating his goal, Everton Luiz was sent off for provoking the opponent's fans. He subsequently helped Partizan win the 2015–16 Serbian Cup, playing the full 90 minutes and earning a yellow card in the final match, a 2–0 win over Javor Ivanjica.

2016–17 season
In July 2016, Everton Luiz recorded his debuts in UEFA competitions, playing the full 90 minutes in two goalless draws against Zagłębie Lubin in the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League second qualifying round, as Partizan were eliminated after a penalty shoot-out. He scored his first goal of the season in a 3–0 away league victory over Voždovac on 15 October. In his first full campaign with Partizan, Everton Luiz helped the club win the double. He was also named in the league's best eleven due to his solid performances in the process.

2017–18 season

In late May 2017, following a successful season for Partizan, the club's director of football Ivica Iliev confirmed that Everton Luiz would be offered a new deal. However, no agreement was reached and the player entered the final year of his contract.

On 20 September 2017, Everton Luiz scored an injury-time goal to give Partizan a 1–1 draw versus Napredak Kruševac. He also appeared in all six of his team's games in the Europa League, as the side reached the knockout stage after 13 years.

SPAL
On 19 January 2018, Everton Luiz officially joined Italian club SPAL, penning a deal until the summer of 2020 with an option for another year. He made his Serie A debut on 10 February 2018, playing the first 55 minutes in an eventual 4–0 home loss to Milan. By the end of the season, Everton Luiz appeared in 10 more league games, helping the side avoid relegation.

Real Salt Lake
In January 2019, Everton Luiz was loaned to Major League Soccer club Real Salt Lake until the end of the year with an option to buy.

In December 2019, Real Salt Lake exercised their option to buy Everton Luiz ahead of the 2020 season.

Return to Europe
In July 2022, Everton Luiz was transferred to Belgian club Beveren.

Career statistics

Honours
CRB
 Campeonato Alagoano: 2012, 2013
Partizan
 Serbian SuperLiga: 2016–17
 Serbian Cup: 2015–16, 2016–17
Individual
 Campeonato Alagoano Team of the Year: 2012, 2013
 Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season: 2016–17

References

External links

Associação Atlética Ponte Preta players
Men's association football midfielders
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Serbia
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Brazilian men's footballers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players
Clube Atlético Bragantino players
Clube de Regatas Brasil players
Criciúma Esporte Clube players
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Expatriate men's footballers in Serbia
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
FC Lugano players
FC St. Gallen players
FK Partizan players
Liga MX players
Major League Soccer players
Marília Atlético Clube players
Real Salt Lake players
San Luis F.C. players
Serbian SuperLiga players
Serie A players
S.K. Beveren players
Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras players
SPAL players
Footballers from Porto Alegre
Swiss Challenge League players
Swiss Super League players
1988 births
Living people


Sorrel, Rumex acetosa, is a perennial herb cultivated as a leaf vegetable.

Sorrel may also refer to:

Plants
 Averrhoa bilimbi or tree sorrel, a fruit-bearing tree
 Oxalidaceae, family of plants known as the woodsorrel family
 Oxalis, largest genus in the Oxalidaceae, known as woodsorrels, particularly:
 Oxalis enneaphylla, scurvy-grass sorrel
Oxalis oregana, redwood sorrel
 Oxyria digyna, alpine sorrel or mountain sorrel
 Roselle (plant) (Hibiscus sabdariffa), known as Jamaican sorrel, and in the Caribbean simply as "sorrel"
 Rumex, genus of plants containing species known as sorrels, particularly:
 Rumex acetosella, sheep's sorrel
 Rumex scutatus, French sorrel
 Sourwood or sorrel tree (Oxydendrum arboreum), a tree native to North America

Characters
 Hetty Sorrel, a fictional character in George Eliot's novel Adam Bede
 Sorel Bliss, a character in Noël Coward’s 1924 play Hay Fever
 Sorrel, a character in the animated film Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You!

People
 Moxley Sorrel (1838–1901), American Civil War soldier
 Sorrel Carson (1920–2005), Irish actress, director, and teacher who formed the Academy of Live and Recorded Art in London
 Sorrel Hays (1941-2020), a female American pianist, composer, and artist

Places
 Sorell, Tasmania, Australia
 Sorrel, Louisiana, United States, a census-designated place

Other
 Sorrel (drink) or hibiscus tea, a herbal tea infusion popular in Jamaica
 Sorrel (horse), an alternative term for a reddish-colored horse, more often known as "chestnut"
 Old Sorrel (foaled 1915), an America Quarter Horse stallion
 Heliophorus sena or sorrel sapphire, an Indian butterfly
 USS Sorrel (1864),an  American navy ship

See also
Sea sorrel (disambiguation)
Rosalie Sorrels (1933-2017), American singer-songwriter
Sorel (disambiguation)
Sorell (disambiguation)
Sorrell (disambiguation)

English feminine given names
Feminine given names
English unisex given names


Christ's Church of the Valley (CCV) is a non-denominational Christian church megachurch located in Metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona. The church has several campuses in Arizona. Weekend church attendance was 32,000.

History
Christ's Church of the Valley was founded by pastor Dr. Donald Wilson in 1982 with services held in a rented movie theater. Christ's Church of the Valley also held services in a high school and a strip mall for a short period of time. In 1996, Christ's Church of the Valley found a permanent home, after raising over $1 million in one day to purchase 50 acres of land in the northwest Phoenix.
For the first four years on the new property, Christ's Church of the Valley held services in a ‘sprung’ structure with seating for 1,100. In January 2004, Christ's Church of the Valley moved into their current 4,500 seat multi-use structure on a 100-acre campus. In 2006, CCV built two new buildings for its children and youth ministries from over $8 million in funding, raised in one weekend. These buildings opened in fall 2008.

As of 2016, it had 6 campuses in Maricopa County.

On October 29, 2017, Don Wilson, CCV's founding pastor stepped down as Senior Pastor after 35 years at CCV. His replacement was Ashley Wooldridge, who was an Executive Pastor and a Teaching Pastor at the church for ten years prior.

According to a church census released in 2019, it claimed a weekly attendance of 32,107 people and 9 campuses in different cities.

See also
List of the largest evangelical churches
List of the largest evangelical church auditoriums
Worship service (evangelicalism)

References

External links
 CCV Official Website

Evangelical churches in Arizona
Religious organizations based in Arizona
Evangelical megachurches in the United States
Culture of Peoria, Arizona
Christian organizations established in 1982
Christian denominations established in the 20th century
Churches in Maricopa County, Arizona
Buildings and structures in Peoria, Arizona
1982 establishments in Arizona
Megachurches in Arizona


Marianna Bronislawa Barbara Palka (born 7 September 1981) is a Scottish actress, producer, director, and writer. She is the writer, director and star of the film Good Dick, which screened at the Sundance Film Festival.

Early life and education
Palka was born to Polish immigrant parents in Glasgow, Scotland. At the age of 17, Palka moved to New York City to study at the Atlantic Theater Company.

Career
Palka wrote, directed and starred in Good Dick, which competed in the Dramatic Competition at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival. The film also featured Jason Ritter, Martin Starr, Mark Webber, Charles Durning and Tom Arnold. The New York Times said the film "surmounts its indie-movie quirkiness with exceptional acting and a sincere belief in the salvation of its wounded characters". Palka returned to 2010 Sundance Film Festival as a Juror with the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.

Palka appeared in Peter Mullan's Neds, Jeremiah Jones' Restive, Bryce Dallas Howard's When You Find Me, Nathan Sutton's Autumn Wanderer and Sylvia Sether's King of Norway. In 2014, Palka produced and was the subject of the HBO Lucy Walker documentary The Lion's Mouth Opens, which follows the process of Palka discovering she has inherited the genetic mutation that causes Huntington’s disease, and which was nominated for an Emmy Award and shortlisted for an Academy Award nomination. Palka made a cameo in the HBO series Girls as Jessa's (Jemima Kirke) sister. As of 2017, Palka appears as Reggie 'Vicky the Viking' Walsh in the Netflix series G.L.O.W .

Palka wrote, directed and starred in Bitch, based on a true story from Scottish doctor R.D. Laing of a mother acting like a dog after a psychotic break. The film made its round in film festivals around the world, after its world premiere at 2017 Sundance Film Festival. In 2017, Palka directed the feature film EGG starring Christina Hendricks, Alysia Reiner and Anna Camp and produced by Michele Ganeless.

Theater
In 2010, Palka performed in Love, Loss, and What I Wore at The Geffen Playhouse in Los Angeles. In 2012, she was in The Ensemble Theater in Santa Barbara, California, reading of The Good Soldier. She appeared in Martin McDonagh's The Lonesome West at the Actor's Gang Theatre, Los Angeles, and in Conor McPherson's Dublin Carol at the Ensemble Theatre Company.

Awards
 20YY: Annenberg Film Fellowship
 2008: Sundance Film Festival – Grand Jury Prize, Dramatic (nominee) for Good Dick
 2008: Edinburgh International Film Festival – New Director's Award for Good Dick
 2010: Sundance Film Festival, Alfred P. Sloan Award
 2016: News & Documentary Emmy Awards – Outstanding Short Documentary (nominee) for The Lion's Mouth Opens
 2017: Fantasia Film Festival – Cheval Noir award for Best Screenplay for Bitch
 2017: Neuchâtel International Fantastic Film Festival – Narcisse Award, Best Film (nominee) for Bitch

Filmography
Creator
 1990s: By My Very Self (Short)
 1990s: For My American Friends (Short)
 2008: Good Dick – as The Woman; producer, director, writer
 2014: I'm the Same – as Skye; co-producer, director, writer
 2014: The Lion's Mouth Opens (Documentary short) – as herself; producer, writer
 2015: Always Worthy – as Genevieve; producer, director, writer
 2016: Heirloom (Short) – as Maid Ivy; writer
 2017: Bitch – as Jill Hart; director, writer
 2018: Egg – director
 2021: Collection - director

Actor
 2001: Earth Day (Short) – as Gail (voice)
 2006: Orchids (Short) – as Girl's Feet
 2007: Drunk History (TV series) – as Martha Washington (1 episode: "Drunk History Vol. 3: Featuring Danny McBride")
 2007: Derek and Simon (TV series short) – as Sophie (2 episodes)
 2009: Betty File 43 (Short)
 2010: Neds – as Aunt Beth
 2010: Modern Romance (Short)
 2011: Insane (Short) – as Marianna
 2011: Restive – as Jeva
 2011: When You Find Me (Short) – as Joanne
 2012: Spoonful (Short) – as Vivian
 2013: Autumn Wanderer – as Audrey
 2013: King of Norway (Short) – as Liv Skaarsguard
 2013: The Price We Pay (Short) – as Hot Chick
 2013: Slice (Short) – as Radio Newscaster
 2014: First Kiss (Short) – as Soko's Kisser
 2015: Pant Suits (Short) – as Joanne
 2015: Scottish Mussel – as Fiona
 2015: Contracted: Phase II – as Crystal Young
 2015: Oh Gallow Lay (Short)
 2015: Forever – as Kate
 2016: Girls (TV series) (TV show) – as Minerva (1 episode: "Queen for Two Days")
 2017–19: GLOW (TV series) – as Reggie Walsh (23 episodes)
 2017: We Are Boats – as Marko
 2017: Mississippi Requiem – as Emily Grierson
 2018: The Adventures of Thomasina Sawyer – as Aunt Polly
 2019: Good Omens (TV series) – as Frannie (1 episode: "Hard Times")

Theater
 2006: Dublin Carol by Conor McPherson at the Ensemble Theatre Company
 2010: Love, Loss, and What I Wore at The Geffen Playhouse, Los Angeles
 2012: The Good Soldier reading at The Ensemble Theater, Santa Barbara, California
 2000s: The Lonesome West by Martin McDonagh at The Actors' Gang Theatre, Los Angeles

Sources

External links

Living people
1981 births
Scottish film actresses
Scottish people of Polish descent
Actresses from Glasgow
Scottish women film directors
Scottish film producers
Writers from Glasgow
Scottish screenwriters
Scottish women photographers
Scottish television actresses
Scottish stage actresses
21st-century Scottish actresses
21st-century British women photographers
21st-century British screenwriters
21st-century Scottish women writers
British women screenwriters


Alpine skiing at the 1994 Winter Paralympics, in Lillehammer (Norway), consisted of 66 events, 46 for men and 20 for women.

Medal table

Medal summary
The competition events were:
Downhill: men – women
Super-G: men – women
Giant slalom: men – women
Slalom: men – women

Each event had separate standing, sitting, or visually impaired classifications:

LW2 - standing: single leg amputation above the knee
LW 3 - standing: double leg amputation below the knee, mild cerebral palsy, or equivalent impairment
LW4 - standing: single leg amputation below the knee
LW5/7 - standing: double arm amputation
LW6/8 - standing: single arm amputation
LW9 - standing: amputation or equivalent impairment of one arm and one leg
LWX - sitting: paraplegia with no or some upper abdominal function and no functional sitting balance
LWXI - sitting: paraplegia with fair functional sitting balance
LWXII - sitting: double leg amputation above the knees, or paraplegia with some leg function and good sitting balance
B1 - visually impaired: no functional vision
B2 - visually impaired: up to ca 3-5% functional vision
B3 - visually impaired: under 10% functional vision

Men's events

Women's events

See also
Alpine skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics

References

 Historical Medallists : Vancouver 2010 Winter Paralympics, Official website of the 2010 Winter Paralympics
 Winter Sport Classification, Canadian Paralympic Committee

1994 Winter Paralympics events
1994
Paralympics

it:Sci alpino ai V Giochi paralimpici invernali


Rhie Won-bok (born 4 October 1946) is a South Korean cartoonist and professor.

Education
Rhie was born in what is now Daejeon, South Korea. He studied architecture in Seoul National University, after which he studied graphic design in Münster, Germany.

Works
His comics are drawn in a simple, didactic manner, often explaining the inner workings and the psychological makeup of nations like Germany, Japan, or the United States. He does this by taking into account historical, geographic and political factors, drawing in a funny style. An English translation of "Korea Unmasked", dealing with the Korean nations, was published in 2002 by Gimm-Young International. Most of his other works are untranslated and available in Korean only.

Other activities
He received the Noonsol Award in 1993 for contributions to the development of the South Korean cartoon industry.

From 1998 to 2000 he was president of the Korean Society of Cartoon and Animation Studies.

He is professor of graphic design at Duksung Women's University in Seoul, South Korea.

Works
 Rhie, Won-bok: Korea Unmasked. Gimm-Young International, 2002.

References

1946 births
Living people
People from Daejeon
Seoul National University alumni
South Korean manhwa artists
South Korean expatriates in Germany
University of Münster alumni


Práxedis G. Guerrero was a  Mexican Revolutionary leader who was killed in action in Janos, Chihuahua, on 29 December 1910.

Named for him:
Práxedis G. Guerrero, Chihuahua
Práxedis G. Guerrero (municipality)


Chilled water is a commodity often used to cool a building's air and equipment, especially in situations where many individual rooms must be controlled separately, such as a hotel. The chilled water can be supplied by a vendor, such as a public utility, or created at the location of the building that will use it, which has been the norm.

Use
Chilled water cooling is not very different from typical residential air conditioning where water is pumped from the chiller to the air handler unit to cool the air.

Regardless of who provides it, the chilled water (between 4 and 7 °C (39-45 °F)) is pumped through an air handler, which captures the heat from the air, then disperses the air throughout the area to be cooled.

Site generated

As part of a chilled water system, the condenser water absorbs heat from the refrigerant in the condenser barrel of the water chiller and is then sent via return lines to a cooling tower, which is a heat exchange device used to transfer waste heat to the atmosphere. The extent to which the cooling tower decreases the temperature depends upon the outside temperature, the relative humidity and the atmospheric pressure. The water in the chilled water circuit will be lowered to the Wet-bulb temperature or dry-bulb temperature before proceeding to the water chiller, where it is cooled to between 4 and 7 °C and pumped to the air handler, where the cycle is repeated. The equipment required includes chillers, cooling towers, pumps and electrical control equipment. The initial capital outlay for these is substantial and maintenance costs can fluctuate. Adequate space must be included in building design for the physical plant and access to equipment.

Utility generated
The chilled water, having absorbed heat from the air, is sent via return lines back to the utility facility, where the process described in the previous section occurs. Utility generated chilled water eliminates the need for chillers and cooling towers at the property, reduces capital outlays and eliminates ongoing maintenance costs. The physical space saved can also become rentable, increasing revenue.

Utility supplied chilled water has been used successfully since the 1960s in many cities, and technological advances in the equipment, controls and trenchless installation have increased efficiency and lowered costs.

The advantage of utility-supplied chilled water is based on economy of scale. A utility can operate one large system more economically than a customer can operate the individual system in one building. The utility's system also has back-up capacity to protect against sudden outages. The cost of such "insurance" is also markedly lower than what it would be for an individual structure.

The use of utility supplied chilled water is most cost effective when it is designed into the building's infrastructure or when chiller/cooling tower equipment must be replaced.  Commercial customers often lower their air conditioning costs from 10-20% by purchasing chilled water.

Chilled water storage

Water can also be chilled at night, where electricity is available at off-peak rates, then stored in a large, insulated tank until needed, the next day, for cooling.

References

External links
Chilled Water Plant Design and Specification Guide

Cooling technology
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Mechanical engineering


In 1972, the United Nations General Assembly decided to institute a World Development Information Day coinciding with United Nations Day on October 24. The General Assembly had the object of drawing the attention of world public opinion each year to development problems and the necessity of strengthening international co-operation to solve them.

The day was further recognized as the date on which the International Development Strategy for the Second Nations Development Decade was adopted in 1970.

On May 17, 1972, the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) proposed measures for information dissemination and for the mobilization of public opinion relative to trade and development problems. These became known as resolution 3038 (XXVII), which the UN General Assembly passed on December 19, 1972. This resolution called for introducing World Development Information Day to help draw the attention of people worldwide to development problems. A further aim of the event is to explain to the general public why it is necessary to strengthen international cooperation to find ways to solve these problems. The assembly also decided that the day should coincide with United Nations Day to stress the central role of development in the UN's work. World Development Information Day was first held on October 24, 1973, and has been held on this date each year since then.

In recent years many events have interpreted the title of the day slightly differently. These have concentrated on the role that modern information-technologies, such as the Internet and mobile telephones free from digital divide can play in alerting people and finding solutions to problems of trade and development. One of the specific aims of World Development Information Day was to inform and motivate young people and this change may help to further this aim.

See also
World Telecommunication and Information Society Day

References

External links
 Sangonet.org
 Un.org

1972 in international relations
United Nations days
October observances


Michael Ratzon (, born 21 September 1952) is a former Israeli politician who briefly served as a member of the Knesset for the Likud in 1996 and again from 2003 until 2006.

Biography
Born in Petah Tikva, Ratzon gained an LLB and an MA in law from Bar-Ilan University, before working as an attorney.

For the 1992 Knesset elections he was placed 35th on the Likud list, but the party won only 32 seats. However, he entered the Knesset on 10 March 1996 as a replacement for the deceased Ariel Weinstein. Three months later he lost his seat following the May 1996 elections.

For the 2003 elections he was placed 20th on the Likud list, and entered the Knesset when the party won 38 seats. Whilst an MK he served as a member of several committees; the House Committee, the Finance Committee, the Constitution, Law and Justice Committee, the Public Petitions Committee, and was a member of the Parliamentary Inquiry Committee for Uncovering Corruption in the Government System. On 5 March 2003 he was appointed Deputy Minister of Industry, Trade and Labour, but was sacked by Ariel Sharon in October 2004 for voting against the Gaza disengagement plan.

Prior to the 2006 elections he was placed 33rd on the Likud list, and lost his seat when the party won only 12 mandates.

During Yisrael Katz's term as transportation minister, Ratzon was appointed as the chairman of NTA, which is responsible for the Tel Aviv Light Rail project.

Personal
Married to Dr. Navah Ratzon, father of five: Eshbal, Re'em, Oded, Anva and Ofri, and grandfather of two: Reshit and Niv.

References

External links

1952 births
People from Petah Tikva
Bar-Ilan University alumni
Israeli lawyers
Living people
Likud politicians
Members of the 13th Knesset (1992–1996)
Members of the 16th Knesset (2003–2006)


The New York Breeders' Futurity is an American Thoroughbred horse race run annually since 1963 at Finger Lakes Race Track in Farmington, New York. A premier event for two-year-old horses bred in New York State, the race is a six furlong sprint contested on dirt. It currently offers a purse of $200,000 added.

Historical notes
The 1963 inaugural running was won by Prophet Wise under jockey José Olivares who would win the race again in 1967 and 1969. A 2005 inductee into the Finger Lakes Racing Hall of Fame, through 2019 his three wins is a record that has been tied but not broken.

For 1966 only, the race was split into two classes, one for colts and geldings and the other for fillies.

In 1990 a large field resulted in the race being run in two divisions.

Rudy Rodriguez rode By the Light to victory in the 2007 Futurity. Seven years later he won again, this time as the trainer of Good Luck Gus. Rodriguez earned his third win overall when he trained Dream Bigger to win the 2019 running.

Records
Speed  record:
 1:09.85 @ 6 furlongs: Classic Pack (2005)

Most wins by a jockey:
 3 – José Olivares (1963, 1967, 1969)
 3 – Frank Lovato Jr. (1980, 1981, 1997)
 3 – Kevin Whitley (1983, 1985, 1990)
 3 – John Davila Jr. (1998, 2010, 2011)

Most wins by a trainer:
 6 – Daniel H. Conway Sr. (1964, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1973)

Most wins by an owner:
 4 – Mrs. Thomas M. Waller (1965, 1969, 1970, 1973)
 4 – Assunta Louis Farms (1974, 1976, 1978, 1979)

Winners

References

Horse races in New York (state)
Finger Lakes Race Track
Flat horse races for two-year-olds
Restricted stakes races in the United States
1963 establishments in New York (state)
Recurring sporting events established in 1963
1963 in American sports


Krzysztof Palczewski (born 1957) is a Polish-American biochemist working at the University of California, Irvine.

He is a Member of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine.

In 2012 he was awarded Prize of the Foundation for Polish Science, the most prestigious scientific award for Polish scientists, for characterizing crystal structures of native and activated G protein-coupled receptor, rhodopsin, involved in eyesight.

His MS and PhD, are from the University of Wroclaw and Technical University of Wroclaw, respectively (Poland).  His early posts were at the University of Florida and the Oregon Health Sciences University. Dr. Palczewski completed much of his pivotal research at the University of Washington. In 2005 he moved to become the Chair and John H. Hord professor of Pharmacology at Case Western Reserve University. In 2018 he joined University of California, Irvine, where he is a Distinguished Professor and is leading the Center for Translational Vision Research.

Research interests
Palczewski's research interest lie in mapping the Visual Transduction System.  His work with determining the crystal structure of rhodopsin has given new insight into the function of G protein receptors. Furthermore, his work on visual cycle has led to revolutionary advances in understanding hereditary blindness, leading to implementation of novel pharmacological treatments that can slow retinal degeneration in adults. His team's efforts indicate that repetitive 2-photon imaging of the human eye can safely reveal the visual system's sub-cellular architecture and that humans can detect infrared light due to simultaneous 2-photon absorption. Recently, Palczewski and co-workers applied a new generation of CRISPR technology, base editing as a treatment for inherited retinal diseases.

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Vertebrate Phototransduction and the Visual Cycle, Krzysztof Palczewski, Academic Press (2000),

External links
 Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University
 Case Western Reserve's new medical researchers pump millions into Northeast Ohio economy
 Interview with Dr. Palczewski

Living people
1957 births
Polish pharmacologists
Polish scientists
Members of the National Academy of Medicine


Almutaster is a North American genus of plants in the family Asteraceae containing the single species Almutaster pauciflorus (formerly Aster pauciflorus), which is known by the common name alkali marsh aster. It is native to Canada (Northwest Territories and the three Prairie Provinces), the Western United States, and northern and central Mexico (as far south as Tlaxcala). The genus is named for botanist Almut Gitter Jones.

Almutaster pauciflorus grows in wet alkaline and saline soils such as inland salt marshes and salt flats. This is a perennial herb growing a reddish-green glandular stem to heights from 30 to 120 centimeters. The narrow leaves are linear in shape and up to 10 centimeters long. The inflorescence is an open array of flower heads containing white to pale purple ray florets and a center of yellow disc florets. The head is lined with phyllaries covered in tiny white resin glands. The fruit is a hairy cypsela.

The inflorescences are a food source for adult Lepidoptera, although they may not be the principal pollinators.

References

External links
 Jepson Manual Treatment
 United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
 Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California

Astereae
Monotypic Asteraceae genera
Plants described in 1818
Flora of Subarctic America
Flora of Western Canada
Flora of the North-Central United States
Flora of the Northwestern United States
Flora of the Southwestern United States
Flora of the South-Central United States


Cash Cab is an American game show that began airing in 2005, on the Discovery Channel, hosted by stand-up comedian Ben Bailey. The original run ended in 2012, but the series was revived in 2017. It moved to Bravo in 2019. It is part of the global Cash Cab franchise that originated in the United Kingdom.

Broadcast history
According to Variety, Discovery Channel initially ordered 40 episodes from Lion Television and taping of the initial run was completed in November 2005 before the show premiered that December. Additional batches of 40 episodes were taped and aired in 2006 and 2007, 80 episodes were taped in 2007 and aired through spring and summer, 40 episodes were taped and aired in 2008 and 2009, and 40 episodes were taped for airing in 2010 and 2011.

On August 8, 2007, Discovery Channel began airing a spin-off edition of the program, Cash Cab: After Dark, in which contestants were picked up near or after sunset as well as overnight and the cash value of the questions was double that of the regular version of the show. The questions were usually more difficult than the daytime version. The spinoff was ended after just nine episodes.

While the show was usually taped in New York City, some episodes of the sixth season were taped in Las Vegas. The seventh season premiered January 5, 2012. On April 18, 2012, it was announced that Cash Cab would end its run.

On March 27, 2017, Discovery announced it was working on episodes that will feature "appearances from notables in comedy, film, and TV". On June 5, 2017, original host Ben Bailey confirmed he would return for a new season. Season 8 premiered on December 4, 2017. Season 9 premiered on July 27, 2018, with a special Shark Week episode to coincide with the 30th anniversary of Shark Week.

On September 19, 2019, it was announced that the series would move to Bravo. Season 10 premiered on October 7, 2019.

Rules

When the potential contestants enter the cab and state their destination, they are made aware that they are in the Cash Cab as ceiling lights and a fanfare plays inside, accompanied by the host's greeting. While the only rules given on-camera after the introduction and before asking "Do you want to play?" pertain to his or her driving and the "three strikes and you're out" rule, the contestants are also informed that once their traveling begins, the cab will not take detours of any kind unless directed by a police officer, stop sign, traffic light or other legal means of diverting traffic. Bailey offers them the chance to get out of the cab if they do not wish to play, and contestants who choose to play the game must stay in the cab until they reach their destination or get three strikes.

For the first season, the first five questions were worth $25 each, the next five questions were worth $50 each, and any question thereafter was worth $100. For the second season, the first four questions were worth $25 each, the next four were worth $50 each, and the ninth and succeeding questions were worth $100. In Cash Cab: After Dark – and beginning with the regular episodes of Season 3 – all of the money values were doubled to $50, $100, and $200.

Each wrong answer earns the contestant(s) a strike. On the third strike, they forfeit all their winnings and Bailey will immediately pull over and kick them out of the cab. Once players have exited the Cash Cab, a camera crew from the trailing production van is already on the street waiting to tape their departure.

Red Light Challenge
When a contestant has won at least $200 or $300 and the cab stops at a red traffic light, Bailey will announce a Red Light Challenge. He reads a question that has multiple correct answers, usually four to seven, and the passenger(s) have 30 seconds to give those answers; they do not always have to give all of the answers. Since there is no penalty for an incorrect answer, giving all the correct answers in the allotted time is worth $250 regardless of how many incorrect answers a contestant might also blurt out along the way. The contestant does not receive the extra money if the 30-second time limit runs out, it is also not counted as a strike, and the contestant does not lose any accumulated money. While only one Red Light Challenge is usually played per game, beginning in Season 4 there are multiple Red Light Challenges during certain games.

Shout-Outs
Contestants have two forms of lifelines known as "Shout-Outs" at their disposal during the game; each can be used only once, and neither may be used on a Red Light Challenge or a Video Bonus. In the Mobile Shout-Out, the contestant makes a phone call to someone they choose by means of a cell phone either provided by Bailey or one belonging to a contestant if they have one. The call can take up to a maximum of 15 seconds before the contestant has to give an answer, with the result being either additional money or a strike. The contestant may also elect to use a Street Shout-Out, in which Bailey immediately pulls the cab to a curb so that anyone on the sidewalk can be asked for help, without any official time limit. A second Street Shout-Out is included on a Double Ride. In the revived Cash Cab, the Mobile Shout-Out was replaced by the Social Media Shout-Out, in which Ben activates Facebook Live so that those on the site may help the contestant.

Video Bonus
When the passenger(s) reach their destination without striking out, Bailey offers a choice: the option of leaving the cab and keeping the prize money that they have won, or they can stay and try to double their money by risking it all on a Video Bonus question. Bailey plays a video clip and asks the contestant(s) a single question based on its content. If the question is answered correctly, the contestant(s) win double what they have earned so far, but if they are wrong, they lose all of their money "at the very last moment," as Bailey says, and "leave with nothing but a cab ride."

Unlike some other versions of the game, U.S. contestants who decline to attempt the Video Bonus are not shown the question they would have been asked.

Double Ride
Beginning in Season 4, on rare occasions randomly selected passengers are able to win double the amount of money of a normal game. The first four questions are worth $100, the second four are worth $200 and the rest until the end of the game are worth $400. The "Red Light Challenge" is worth $500.

Record payouts
The current record of $6,200 won on one ride is held by Sam Meyer (riding solo, on a Double Ride, taking and winning the Double-or-Nothing Video Bonus question) on the episode that aired May 18, 2009. This topped the old record held by contestants Sean Devney and Steve Irolla, two New York City tour guides who won $4,100 after answering the "Video Bonus" question correctly. They reached their final destination with two strikes (both on $200 questions).

Special editions
One episode of the program was a special celebrity edition, featuring actor Thomas Haden Church of Spider-Man 3, NHL players Jed Ortmeyer and Ryan Hollweg of the New York Rangers and journalist Harry Smith, formerly of CBS' The Early Show. All played for a charity of their choice, and Discovery Channel matched the contestants' winnings. Another episode was a special in which the passengers were asked questions relating to the 2008 film Frost/Nixon. In this episode, the host of Cash Cab: Canada, Adam Growe, was driving the cab instead of Ben Bailey.

On April 21, 2009, Discovery aired a charity episode of Cash Cab for its 250th episode featuring two rides by boat crew members from Deadliest Catch. Time Bandit co-captain Andy Hillstrand and Josh Harris, son of Cornelia Marie captain Phil Harris, went against Sig Hansen (captain of the Northwestern) and his two brothers. All cash values were doubled from the Season 3 payouts, the passengers received a second Street Shout-Out, and all money earned was donated by the passengers to the charities of their choice.

In the Cash Cab: Las Vegas episodes, filmed in May 2010 and broadcast beginning in August of that year, celebrities played for charity and ordinary contestants played for themselves. Guests have included Mayor of Las Vegas Oscar Goodman, comedian David Brenner, the band Neon Trees, and magicians Penn & Teller. The prizes are sometimes doubled in a "Double Down Ride," as on the regular show.

On December 4, 2017, Discovery aired a special Celebrity Edition, where as the unsuspecting passengers hailed the Cash Cab, they were joined by celebrities to help them, featuring NCIS: New Orleans actor Scott Bakula, comedian Gilbert Gottfried, and Friends actor Matthew Perry.

Cash Cab: Chicago
During Season 6 of Cash Cab, a new spin-off series, Cash Cab: Chicago, hosted by comedian Beth Melewski and using the same rules as its New York counterpart, aired. The spin-off was cancelled after one season, but rerun episodes are aired along with Cash Cab episodes in syndication. Ben Bailey stated that the show was created during contract renewal negotiations.

Production
A support van tails the Cash Cab, containing producers and a camera crew for the various street shots. The staff provide logistical information and questions by way of a radio earpiece worn by the host. The Cash Cab is equipped with ten cameras: one on the host, three on the passengers, one pointing forward from the back window of the cab, and three (front, left, and right) in the advertising shell on the roof of the cab showing the passing streetscape. The rear of the cab behind the seats contains ten recording decks and other production equipment.

The lighting and the music that go off when contestants enter the cab consist of a switchboard that is connected to an iPod and the car stereo. The Video Bonus monitor is a DVD player that is embedded to the back of the front passenger seat.

Some contestants are randomly picked as they walk along the sidewalk, while others are selected in advance. Even so, those picked in advance are told that the cab is supposed to take them to the show on which they will appear. The cab turns out to be the show itself.

Near the end of the game at the player's destination Bailey appears to present the cash won. In reality, this cash is a prop and used for on-air purposes only. The winnings, which must be taxed, are sent via check.

The Cash Cab in New York is a Toyota Sienna minivan.

Broadcast syndication
As of March 2017, reruns previously aired on Cozi TV and on Game Show Network. The New York City version reruns air on the Quest network in the UK. On October 26, 2009, MGM Television announced that the reruns would begin airing on local stations in September 2010. Stations are allowed the option to air the series as a daily strip or as a weekend series. Game Show Network aired the original N.Y.C.-based series weekends from March 13, 2017 to August 1, 2021, then returned those weekend reruns to its lineup June 18, 2022.

Accolades
Bailey has been nominated four times for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host, winning the award in 2010, 2011, and 2013. Cash Cab won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show in 2008, 2009, and 2010. In 2013, the show appeared in TV Guide'''s list of the 60 greatest game shows ever.

See also
 Taxicab Confessions BrainRush''

References

External links
Official Discovery Channel Cash Cab website

2000s American game shows
2005 American television series debuts
2010s American game shows
2012 American television series endings
2017 American television series debuts
2020s American game shows
2020 American television series endings
American television series based on British television series
American television series revived after cancellation
Bravo (American TV network) original programming
Cash Cab
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show winners
Discovery Channel original programming
Taxis
Television series by MGM Television


Kids Pick the President is a series of specials produced by the Nickelodeon TV network, organized around a mock election to determine children's choice for the
President of the United States. Since 1988, Kids Pick the President has accurately predicted the winner of each election with the exceptions of the 2004 and 2016 presidential elections.

History
The specials began in 1988 as part of a yearly "Kids Vote" election-related coverage, in part as a way to encourage children in Nickelodeon's audience to become engaged in the political process, and partly for comedic value.

The 1992 election was sponsored by Target Corporation, and promoted by newspaper advertisements.  Children voted in-person at Target's stores, which were used as polling stations.

In the 1996 election, conducted by televote, children picked Bill Clinton over Bob Dole and Ross Perot.

In the 2000 poll, 400,000 people participated via an 800 number.  Both Al Gore and George W. Bush made campaign appearances at the Nickelodeon studios.

In 2004, Nickelodeon promoted the event with interstitials throughout its regular programming, features in Nickelodeon Magazine, online activities, and a book.  Both John Kerry and George W. Bush declined to appear, stating they were too busy.  The results were announced by Linda Ellerbee on U-Pick Live.  Kerry received 57 percent of the vote; President Bush got 43 percent. This would be the first vote where its results went against those of the general election.

In 2008, 2.2 million people participated in the event.  Both major candidates participated, and filmed television commercials promoting the event as well as appearing in non-biased candidate biographies which aired on Nick. Participants were allowed to vote, without any voter eligibility or verification, on a non-partisan page of Nickelodeon's website that outlined the candidates' positions on various issues. Barack Obama received 51 percent (1,167,087 votes), and John McCain received 49 percent (1,129,945 votes).  Linda Ellerbee announced the results live again in 2008.

In 2012 Obama won with 65% of the vote over Republican challenger Mitt Romney. Romney declined to participate, citing scheduling constraints; instead, clips were shown from previous campaign events in which the participants' questions were addressed. In contrast, Obama invited the participants to meet him in person at the White House to answer their questions. The decision by Romney to not participate was considered by Nick News host Linda Ellerbee to be an example of his lack of "respect" for youth; the Obama campaign also responded by stating that children "demand details", and wanted "answers on why Romney could increase their class sizes, eliminate their teacher's jobs, raise taxes on their families and slash funding for Big Bird."

In 2016, Nickelodeon's poll conducted 3 candidates: Republican Donald Trump, Democrat Hillary Clinton, and Libertarian Gary Johnson. Nickelodeon only offered information on the Democratic and Republican nominees. It was the first election since Ellerbee's retirement, and this was reflected in coverage which was seen less on Nickelodeon than in the past, with the results offered in a short feature during a Saturday night 'theme night' revolving around elections in episodes of the network's sitcom block. Clinton was the winner, with 53 percent of the vote; Trump received 36 percent while Johnson received 11 percent; this would be the second time the kids vote would not match the winner of the general election.

In 2020, Nickelodeon's poll was conducted between Trump and his Democratic challenger, Joe Biden. The results of the poll was announced during a one-hour Nick News special titled Nick News: Kids Pick the President hosted by Keke Palmer and simulcast on Nickelodeon, Nicktoons, and TeenNick on October 27. Libertarian candidate Jo Jorgensen voiced her disapproval with the children's network for leaving her off the poll and stated they were "complicit in indoctrinating our children that there are only 2 parties". On October 21, the network detected cheating, when threads on online forums began discussing corrupting the Kids Pick the President site with fraudulent votes. Eventually, more than 130,000 bot-generated votes were detected and Nickelodeon utilized a voter certification tool to identify these counterfeit votes and to remove them, ensuring that only individually placed votes counted toward the total. Biden won the poll with 53% of the vote, followed by Trump with 47%.

Table of elections

Other children's elections
The "Scholastic Election" has been conducted by Scholastic Corporation Scholastic News every election year since 1940.  It claims to have predicted the final election results correctly with three exceptions: Harry S. Truman's win over Thomas E. Dewey in the 1948 United States presidential election, John F. Kennedy's win over Richard Nixon in the 1960 United States presidential election, and Donald Trump's win over Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election.

Mock elections also take place in school classrooms, as part of a curriculum exercise in the American democratic process, with different programs designed for kindergarten through high school students. Such examples include the 2020 statewide mock election in Tennessee with results announced by the Tennessee Secretary of State. In the vote, Trump defeated Joe Biden with 52% of the vote, with third-party candidate Kanye West earning 10%.

References

External links
Official Site

1980s Nickelodeon original programming
1990s Nickelodeon original programming
2000s Nickelodeon original programming
2010s Nickelodeon original programming
2020s Nickelodeon original programming
1980s American children's television series
1990s American children's television series
2000s American children's television series
2010s American children's television series
2020s American children's television series
American children's education television series


Pedro Jorge Ramos Moreira (born 16 January 1983 in Lisbon) is a Cape Verdean former professional footballer who played as a forward.

References

External links

Football-Lineups profile

1983 births
Living people
Portuguese people of Cape Verdean descent
Citizens of Cape Verde through descent
Footballers from Lisbon
Portuguese men's footballers
Cape Verdean men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Liga Portugal 2 players
Segunda Divisão players
F.C. Barreirense players
U.D. Leiria players
Louletano D.C. players
C.D. Fátima players
G.D. Estoril Praia players
Associação Naval 1º de Maio players
Atlético Clube de Portugal players
U.D. Oliveirense players
Liga I players
FC Gloria Buzău players
Cypriot First Division players
Nea Salamis Famagusta FC players
Cape Verde men's international footballers
Cape Verdean expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Cape Verdean expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Cape Verdean expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus


The 42nd Expeditionary Airlift Squadron, sometimes written as 42d Expeditionary Airlift Squadron, is a provisional unit of the United States Air Force, assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe to activate or inactivate as needed. Originally constituted as the 42nd Transport Squadron in 1942 and redesignated the 42nd Troop Carrier Squadron the same year, it received its present designation in 2007. It was last active at Ramstein Air Base, Germany in 2009.

History

World War II

The squadron was first activated at Elmendorf Field, Alaska in May 1942.  The 42d transported personnel and supplies to the Aleutian Islands until February 1944.

As combat operations diminished, the squadron departed Alaska with the air echelon leaving on 11 February 1944 and the ground echelon following a week later.  The squadron was reunited at Lawson Field, Georgia on 6 March to serve as a Replacement Training Unit (RTU). RTUs were oversized units which trained aircrews prior to their deployment to combat theaters. The squadron also began to participate in exercises with the parachute school at Fort Benning.

However, the Army Air Forces found that standard military units, based on relatively inflexible tables of organization, were proving less well adapted to the training mission.  Accordingly, it adopted a more functional system in which each base was organized into a separate numbered unit, while the groups and squadrons acting as RTUs were disbanded or inactivated. As a result, one month after the squadron arrived in Georgia, in April 1944, it was disbanded and its personnel and equipment were transferred to the 811th AAF Base Unit (Parachute Flight Training).

Special Operations

The squadron was reactivated as a "Special" troop carrier squadron at RAF Molesworth in fall 1956, when it absorbed the personnel, SA-16 and C-119F aircraft and special operations mission of the 582d Air Resupply Group.  In the spring of 1957, as United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) was preparing to wind down operations at Molesworth, the squadron moved to RAF Alconbury, where it was inactivated in December.  The squadron's Douglas C-54 Skymasters and Douglas C-47 Skytrains were sent to Rhein-Main Air Base West Germany, and its Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcars were sent to the 322d Air Division at Evreux-Fauville Air Base France.

Provisional squadron
It was reformed as the 42d Expeditionary Airlift Squadron in 2007 and allotted to USAFE to activate as needed for operations.  USAFE activated the squadron from 2008 to 2009 to fly missions in the United States Africa Command area.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 42d Transport Squadron on 17 April 1942
 Activated on 2 May 1942
 Redesignated 42d Troop Carrier Squadron on 5 July 1942
 Disbanded on 14 April 1944
 Reconstituted on 6 February 1956 and redesignated 42d Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium (Special)
 Activated on 25 October 1956
 Inactivated on 8 December 1957
 Redesignated 42d Expeditionary Airlift Squadron on 6 November 2007 and allotted to United States Air Forces in Europe to activate or inactivate as needed
 Activated on 1 October 2008
 Inactivated on 15 June 2009

Assignments
 Eleventh Air Force: 2 May 1942 (attached to XI Air Force Service Command [Provisional]) after 21 June 1942)
 XI Air Force Service Command: 8 August 1942 (attached to 11th Air Force Troop Carrier Group [Provisional]) after 1 July 1943)
 60th Troop Carrier Wing: 6 March 1944 – 14 April 1944
 Third Air Force: 25 October 1956 – 8 December 1957
 404th Air Expeditionary Group: 1 October 2008 – 15 June 2009

Stations
 Elmendorf Field, Alaska, 2 May 1942
 Lawson Field, Georgia, 6 March 1944 – 14 April 1944
 RAF Molesworth, England, 25 October 1956
 RAF Alconbury, England, 31 May 1957 – 8 December 1957
 Ramstein Air Base, Germany 1 October 2008 – 15 June 2009

Aircraft

 Douglas C-47 Skytrain (1942–1944)
 Douglas C-53 Skytrooper (1944)
 Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar (1956–1957)
 Douglas C-54 Skymaster (1956–1957)
 Grumman SA-16 Albatross (1956–1957)
 Lockheed C-130 Hercules (2008–2009)

See also

 List of United States Air Force airlift squadrons
 List of C-130 Hercules operators

References

Notes

Bibliography

Air expeditionary squadrons of the United States Air Force
042
Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War


Charity Waciuma (born 1936) is a Kenyan writer, who wrote several novels for adolescents and an autobiographical novel, Daughter of Mumbi (1969). Her work draws on Kikuyu legends and storytelling traditions. In the 1960s Waciuma and Grace Ogot became the first Kenyan women writers to be published in English.

Biography
Charity Wanjiku Waciuma grew up in pre-Independence Kenya, during the violent anti-colonial struggle between the Mau-Mau and British rulers. In accordance with Kikuyu naming traditions she was given her father's younger sister's name Wanjiku ("the gossip"), her last name Waciuma, meaning "beads", being a nickname of her grandmother's father "because he had as many goats as beads in a necklace".

She became one of Kenya's pioneering writers for children with the publication in 1966 of her first book Mweru, the Ostrich Girl, which was followed by her other titles for young adults: The Golden Feather, Merry Making, and Who's Calling?.
Her autobiographical work Daughter of Mumbi, published in 1969, unfolds the reactions of a sensitive Kikuyu girl to the terrible days of colonial oppression and the alarming events of the Mau Mau Emergency. The book is dedicated to Waciuma's father, who was killed during the Mau Mau Emergency.

Waciuma wrote in English hesitantly on the controversial cultural tradition of female genital excision, at a time when not all authors of African descent in the 1960s did so. Her works were published before the decolonization of Kenya, and writing on this sensitive issue was before the fight for women's rights had become prominent, and before the physical and psychological effects of that particular practice for affected women were generally acknowledged or given global attention.

Waciuma is included in the 1992 anthology Daughters of Africa, edited by Margaret Busby.

Works
 Mweru, the Ostrich Girl (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1966)
 The Golden Feather (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1966)
 Daughter of Mumbi (Nairobi: Jacques Compton, 1969)
 Merry-Making (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1972)
 Who's Calling? (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1973)

References

External links
 "ITN Roving Report: The New Kenyans", Charity Waciuma interview. Getty Images.

Kenyan women writers
Kenyan women children's writers
Living people
Kenyan novelists
Kenyan women novelists
20th-century novelists
Women autobiographers
20th-century women writers
1936 births
Autobiographers
20th-century Kenyan women writers


Leonid Petrovich Kozik (; , Leanid Piatrovič Kozik; 13 July 1948 – 5 August 2023) was a Belarusian trade unionist who was president of the Federation of Trade Unions of Belarus (FPB). Kozik was elected FPB president in 2002. Prior to assuming the FPB position, Kozik had been Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration. After the election of Kozik, FPB began receiving state subsidies in 2003.

Kozik was a Deputy Prime Minister of Belarus from 4 February 1997 to 12 September 2001.

Leonid Kozik died on 5 August 2023, at the age of 75.

References

1948 births
2023 deaths
People from Barysaw
Belarus State Economic University alumni
Belarusian State University alumni
Deputy Prime Ministers of Belarus
Members of the House of Representatives of Belarus
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Belarusian trade unionists