The Administrative Department of the Presidency of the Republic (, DAPRE) consists of the immediate staff of the President of Colombia, as well as multiple levels of support staff reporting to the President. The DAPRE is the Executive Administrative Department that assists the President in the exercise of its duties by lending the administrative support and related services to fulfil his official and constitutional duties.

The Director of the Administrative Department of the Presidency of the Republic is ex officio the  of the Office of the President and the President's Chief-of-Staff.

History

At the time of independence, the managing of the Office of the President consisted of a Private Secretary and a scribe. Law 3 of 1898 suppressed the offices of Private Secretary and Scribe, creating in place the Secretariat-General of the Presidency of the Republic (Secretaría General de la Presidencia de la República), made up of the Secretary-General, the High Officer, and two scribes.

By 1956, the need to provide the different offices of the President of the Republic a better organisation and to improve the efficacy in the fulfilment of presidential duties, forced the President to take action. On 27 January 1956, the Supreme General in Chief Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, issued Decree 133 of 1956, which transformed the General Secretariat into the Administrative Department of the Presidency of the Republic, as the agency in charge of coordinate, control and administrate the different dependencies of the Presidency.

Further changes were made during the administration of President Alfonso López Michelsen, who issued Decree 146 of 1976, on 7 January of said year, restructuring the agency into five departments, the General Secretariat, the Presidential Advisers, the Secretariat of Information and Press, the Private Secretary, and the Military House.

See also
 President of Colombia
 National Planning Department

References

Government agencies established in 1956
1956 establishments in Colombia


Richard Townsend "Richie/Ritchie" Gun  (born 27 May 1936) is a retired politician and doctor.

Born in Adelaide, South Australia, he was educated at St Peter's College and the University of Adelaide. He was on the anaesthetics registrar at the Royal Adelaide Hospital.

Political career
In 1969 he was elected to the Australian House of Representatives as the Labor member for Kingston, defeating Liberal MP Kay Brownbill. He held the seat until 1975, when he was defeated by the Liberal candidate, Grant Chapman, with a swing of over 12 percent.  He unsuccessfully attempted to retake the seat at the next two elections, the second time losing by only 358 votes.

Medical career

Gun began his work in occupational medicine in the 1970s. He was one of the founding members of the College of Occupational Medicine, now known as the Australasian Faculty of Occupational Medicine.

In 1983 Gun was appointed chair of the Commonwealth Government's Interim National Occupational Health and Safety Commission. The Minister for Employment and Industrial Relations (Ralph Willis) quoted his qualifications as:
"a medical practitioner who is currently a Visiting Scientist with the United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. From his previous position as a Senior Medical Officer in the Occupational Health Branch of the South Australian Health Commission, Dr Gun has a long involvement with, and knowledge of, occupational health in Australia. This, together with his relevant international experience, will bring to the Interim National Commission a most valuable contribution."

In 1990 when he was a senior lecturer in occupational and environmental health at the University of Adelaide he published the results of a study which suggested that the incidence of repetitive strain injury (RSI) was declining in South Australia.

Honours and awards
In 2015 Gun was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia "for distinguished service to medicine, particularly in the field of occupational health and safety, and to socially disadvantaged communities in regional Australia and Timor-Leste".

References

1936 births
Living people
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Kingston
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Officers of the Order of Australia
People educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide
20th-century Australian politicians


Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in  Guatemala face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal in Guatemala.

Sexual orientation and gender identity are not expressly included in the country's non-discrimination laws and same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-sex married couples. A majority of Guatemalans affiliate with the Catholic Church or Pentecostal churches. As such, attitudes towards members of the LGBT community tend to reflect prevailing religious mores. Additionally, Guatemala is legally bound to the January 2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling, which held that same-sex marriage and the recognition of one's gender identity on official documents are human rights protected by the American Convention on Human Rights.

Legality of same-sex sexual activity

The Mayan civilization, present in Guatemala before Spanish arrival, was tolerant of homosexuality. There was a strong association between ritual and homosexual activity. Some shamans engaged in homosexual acts with their patients, and priests engaged in ritualized homosexual acts with their gods.

Following Spanish conquest and the incorporation of modern-day Guatemala into the Viceroyalty of New Spain, sodomy became punished with burning at the stake. Christianity, which has traditionally regarded homosexuality as sinful, was also introduced to the region, and thus the relative openness surrounding homosexuality disappeared.

Consensual, non-commercial, private same-sex sexual activity has been legal in Guatemala since 1871.

Recognition of same-sex relationships
There is no legal recognition for same-sex couples in the form of same-sex marriage or in the more limited form of civil unions or domestic partnership arrangements. Former President Álvaro Colom supported civil unions for same-sex couples. In December 2016, Deputy Sandra Morán along with various groups announced the introduction of a civil unions bill in the Congress of Guatemala. Morán acknowledged that her proposal would be strongly criticized by conservative groups, but argued that "society is not only made up of these people, but also people who think differently." Additionally, she urged the modernization of Guatemala on issues of recognition and support to all citizens.The bill has not been debated since.

2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling
In January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) ruled that the American Convention on Human Rights mandates and requires the recognition of same-sex marriage. The ruling was fully binding on Costa Rica and sets a binding precedent for other Latin American and Caribbean countries including Guatemala. The Court ruled that same-sex marriage is a human right.

While the ruling was welcomed by human rights groups; the Catholic Church, religious groups and conservative organizations expressed opposition. Constitutional lawyers have urged the Government to abide by the ruling.
In response to the IACHR ruling, several government lawmakers introduced a so-called "life and protection" bill, which would increase penalties for abortion and would explicitly ban same-sex marriage. If passed, the bill would criminalise women who have miscarriages (which according to certain statistics from the United States National Library of Medicine is as high as 30% of all pregnancies), and would define the family as "being a father, a mother and children". Moreover, the bill establishes that "freedom of conscience and expression" protects people from being "obliged to accept non-heterosexual conduct or practices as normal." It has also attracted further criticism, as it erroneously and unscientifically describes homosexuality as "being contrary to biology and genetics". The bill has already passed its first and second readings, and requires a final third reading, a reading of every individual article, and lastly a signature from the President. President Jimmy Morales has expressed support for the proposal, saying: "I remind the people of Guatemala that their institutions and their officials, according to Article 156 of the Political Constitution of the Republic, are not obligated to follow illegal orders. Guatemala and our government believe in life. Our government and Guatemala believe in the family based in the marriage of man and woman." His usage of the term "illegal" is factually incorrect, as Guatemala, like most Latin American countries, has taken an oath to uphold international law, respect human rights, and follow the jurisdiction and jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

Initiative 5272
In response to the IACHR ruling, several congressional lawmakers introduced Initiative 5272 or the Protection of Life and Family Act which would have increased penalties for abortion and explicitly ban same-sex marriage. If passed, the bill would have also criminalized women who have had miscarriages (which according to certain statistics from the United States National Library of Medicine is as high as 30% of all pregnancies), and would have defined the family as "being a father, a mother and children." Moreover, the bill established that "freedom of conscience and expression" protects people from being "obliged to accept non-heterosexual conduct or practices as normal." It had also attracted further criticism, as it erroneously and unscientifically described homosexuality as "being contrary to biology and genetics".

The bill passed its first and second readings, and required a final third reading, which consists of a reading of every individual article, and lastly a signature from the president. President Jimmy Morales expressed support for the proposal, saying: "I remind the people of Guatemala that their institutions and their officials, according to Article 156 of the Political Constitution of the Republic, are not obligated to follow illegal orders. Guatemala and our government believe in life. Our government and Guatemala believe in the family based in the marriage of man and woman." His usage of the term "illegal" is factually incorrect, as Guatemala, like most Latin American countries, has taken an oath to uphold international law, respect human rights, and follow the jurisdiction and jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

If enacted, the bill would have contravened international law with regards to same-sex marriage, specifically the American Convention on Human Rights. LGBT activists announced their intention to challenge the proposal to the Constitutional Court and, if necessary, to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights itself.

In September 2018, the bill's third reading was blocked, and it has not been debated in Congress since.

2022 failed attempt to ban same-sex marriage
On March 9, 2022, the Guatemalan Congress approved Law 5272, which would have banned same-sex marriage, and in turn would have penalized abortion with 5 years in prison. Given the opposition generated by President Alejandro Giammattei to enact said law, announcing that it would veto it considering that it violated the Constitution and international agreements signed by Guatemala, the project was finally archived and discarded by Congress on March 15.

Discrimination protections
Guatemala laws do not prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity in areas such as employment, education, housing, health care, banking or other public accommodations, such as cafes, restaurants, nightclubs and cinemas. The only exception to this is the Código de la Niñez y la Juventud (Code on Childhood and Youth), approved in 1997, which protects children and youth from experiencing discrimination based on a variety of factors, including their own sexual orientation and that of their parents.

In May 2017, Deputy Sandra Morán presented a bill to Congress with the aim of reforming articles 27 and 202 of the Criminal Code to add sexual orientation and gender identity as protected categories.

Gender identity and expression

Since 2016, transgender people in Guatemala can change their legal name so that it matches their gender identity, following judicial permission. However, they cannot change their legal gender.

In December 2017, a bill to recognize the right to gender identity and allow for transgender people to change their name and gender on birth certificates was introduced to Congress. In August 2018, both the Legislative and Constitutional Points Commission and the Women's Commission rejected the bill.

Politics

In January 2016, Sandra Morán was elected to Congress, the country's first openly LGBT legislator. She is the country's first openly lesbian lawmaker, and a member of Convergence, a now-defunct left-wing political party.

During the 2019 Guatemalan general election, a total of four openly gay men ran for office. Two openly gay men were among candidates who ran for seats in Congress: Aldo Dávila, executive director of Asociación Gente Positiva, a Guatemala City-based HIV/AIDS service organization, is a member of Winaq, and Otto René Félixa, a member of the far-left Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity (URNG) party. Two openly gay men ran for seats in the Central American Parliament: José Carlos Hernández Ruano, a member of the Semilla party, and Henry Cortez, a member of Convergence. Following the elections in June, Dávila became the first openly gay man elected to the Congress of Guatemala. He vowed to fight for LGBT rights in the country by pushing for a legislative proposal that would criminalize hate crimes and hate speech against the LGBT community, and a "gender identity law" that would allow transgender people to change their official documents to reflect their gender status. He also seeks to create a national commission of complaints and monitoring for discrimination against women, young people and LGBT people. Hernández Ruano was elected to the Central American Parliament.

Social conditions

Despite homosexuality being legal since 1871, negative social attitudes have prevailed in Guatemalan society, and harassment, even targeted killings, of LGBT people have been known. For example, while a gay bar was allowed to open in 1976, it was the only gay bar allowed in Guatemala until the late 1990s.

Most Guatemalan residents are members of the Catholic, Fundamentalist Pentecostal, or Eastern Orthodox faiths, which all have traditionally upheld socially conservative attitudes and in particular tend to believe that homosexuality and cross-dressing are signs of immorality. These socially conservative Christian attitudes are also reflected in the dominant political parties in the nation. The National Unity of Hope is a Christian social democratic party, and the Patriotic Party is a conservative, if not right-wing, political party. Most of the other political parties, even the more liberal or left-wing parties, generally ignore the issue of LGBT rights.

Despite these challenges, the LGBT community has become more visible since the 1990s, and the nation's refocus on democratization, peace, and human rights has had some benefit for LGBT rights. In 1993, OASIS (Organization to Support an Integral Sexuality in the Face of AIDS) was allowed to be established as a non-profit group that would provide comprehensive HIV/AIDS education aimed at the LGBT community. The end of the civil war in 1996 and the subsequent advancement of democratization and human rights allowed OASIS to also work on LGBT rights. The first gay pride parade in the country took place in the capital Guatemala City in 2000.

Like many other developing countries, Guatemala's LGBT community face a strong and growing contrast from the rise and grow of fundamendalist pentecostal population in the country.

Anti-LGBT violence
Bias-motivated crimes (a.k.a. "hate crimes") on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity are reportedly tolerated by the Government, especially when the harassment or violence is directed at transgender people. The lack of civil rights protections and protections from hate crimes is attributed to the prevailing attitudes about sexual identity and gender roles.

In the late 1990s, there were several reports by the United Nations and some NGOs that LGBT people in Guatemala were being systematically targeted for death as part of a "social cleansing campaign". One of the more prominent victims of this campaign was transgender AIDS activist Luis Palencia, who was gunned down in Guatemala City in 1997.

Public opinion
According to a July 2010 poll by Cid-Gallup, 85% of the country's population opposed same-sex marriage, while 12% supported it and 3% were unsure.

According to a Pew Research Center survey, conducted between 10 November and 16 December 2013, 12% of respondents supported same-sex marriage, 82% were opposed.

An ILGA poll carried out between 18 April and 20 June 2014 showed that 21% of the Guatemalan population supported same-sex marriage.

In May 2015, PlanetRomeo, an LGBT social network, published its first Gay Happiness Index (GHI). Gay men from over 120 countries were asked about how they feel about society's view on homosexuality, how do they experience the way they are treated by other people and how satisfied are they with their lives. Guatemala was ranked 69th with a GHI score of 40.

The 2017 AmericasBarometer showed that 16% of Guatemalans supported same-sex marriage.

Summary table

See also

LGBT in Guatemala
LGBT rights in the Americas

References

External links
GAYGUATEMALA.COM: La web de la diversidad sexual de Guatemala


Javier Antonio Orozco Peñuelas (born 16 November 1987) is a Mexican former professional footballer who played as a forward. He is popularly known by his nickname "Chuletita".

Club career
Orozco made his debut on September 17, 2005, against Tigres, a game which resulted in a 1–2 victory for Cruz Azul. In the 2010 Apertura, he scored the first goal of the season, and currently leads the season with 6 goals. He scored 4 goals and had an assist against Real Salt Lake of MLS to defeat them 5–4. He is also the top goalscorer in CONCACAF Champions League history, as he has netted 24 times.

On 8 June 2016, Jaguares made the signing of Chuletita official for the Apertura 2016.

International career
Orozco got his first call-up by interim coach Efraín Flores for friendly matches on September 4 and 7, 2010, against Ecuador and Colombia, respectively. He started for the first time on October 12, against Venezuela. In 2015 he was called up to represent  Mexico in the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup after Javier Hernández suffered an injury in a friendly before the tournament, Mexico later went on to win that tournament

Personal life
Javier Orozco is the son of Luis Antonio Orozco who played in Atletico Tecoman and Irapuato FC in the 1980s and also is brother to Luis Orozco that plays for Club Tijuana who is also a striker.
Orozco is nicknamed "Chuletita" (little pork-chop). The nickname comes from his father, Luis Antonio Orozco, who earned the moniker "Chuleta" when he was six years old, by his father, who would tell him "vete por las chuletas" — a Mexican slang saying which roughly translates to "go get the money."

Honours
Cruz Azul
Copa MX: Clausura 2013

Santos Laguna
Copa MX: Apertura 2014
Liga MX: Clausura 2015
Campeon de Campeones: 2015

Mexico
CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2015

Individual
CONCACAF Champions League Golden Boot: 2008-09, 2010-11
Copa Santander Libertadores 2012: Player of the Week (Week 3)

Career statistics

Club
As of 28 February 2016

International

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Sinaloa
Sportspeople from Los Mochis
Cruz Azul footballers
Liga MX players
Santos Laguna footballers
Chiapas F.C. footballers
C.D. Veracruz footballers
Mexico men's international footballers
2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
CONCACAF Gold Cup-winning players
Mexican men's footballers
Men's association football forwards


Ethernet Ring Protection Switching, or ERPS, is an effort at ITU-T under G.8032 Recommendation to provide sub-50ms protection and recovery switching for Ethernet traffic in a ring topology and at the same time ensuring that there are no loops formed at the Ethernet layer.  This ITU-T specification is directly based on  and derived from the Ethernet Automatic Protection Switching technology developed and patented by Extreme Networks.  G.8032v1 supported a single ring topology and G.8032v2 supports multiple rings/ladder topology.

Overview
ERPS specifies protection switching mechanisms and a protocol for Ethernet layer network (ETH) rings. Ethernet Rings can provide wide-area multipoint connectivity more economically due to their reduced number of links. The mechanisms and protocol defined in this Recommendation achieve highly reliable and stable protection; and never form loops, which would fatally affect network operation and service availability.

Each Ethernet Ring Node is connected to adjacent Ethernet Ring Nodes participating in the same Ethernet Ring, using two independent links. A ring link is bounded by two adjacent Ethernet Ring Nodes, and a port for a ring link is called a ring port. The minimum number of Ethernet Ring Nodes in an Ethernet Ring is three.

The fundamentals of this ring protection switching architecture are:
a)	The principle of loop avoidance.
b)	The utilization of learning, forwarding, and Filtering Database (FDB) mechanisms defined in the Ethernet flow forwarding function (ETH_FF).

Loop avoidance in an Ethernet Ring is achieved by guaranteeing that, at any time, traffic may flow on all but one of the ring links. This particular link is called the Ring Protection Link (RPL), and under normal conditions this ring link is blocked, i.e. not used for service traffic. One designated Ethernet Ring Node, the RPL Owner Node, is responsible for blocking traffic at one end of the RPL.
Under an Ethernet ring failure condition, the RPL Owner Node is responsible for unblocking its end of the RPL (unless the RPL has failed) allowing the RPL to be used for traffic. The other Ethernet Ring
Node adjacent to the RPL, the RPL Neighbour Node, may also participate in blocking or unblocking its end of the RPL.

The event of an Ethernet Ring failure results in protection switching of the traffic. This is achieved under the control of the ETH_FF functions on all Ethernet Ring Nodes.
An APS protocol is used to coordinate the protection actions over the ring.

G.8032v2
Version 2 of G.8032 introduced many additional features, such as:
 Multi-ring/ladder network support
 Revertive/ Non-revertive mode after the condition that is causing the switch has been cleared
 Administrative commands: Forced Switch (FS), Manual Switch (MS) for blocking a particular ring port
 Flush FDB (Filtering database) Logic, which significantly reduces amount of flush FDB operations in the ring
 Support of multiple ERP instances on a single ring

Principle of operation

G.8032v1
In ERPS there is a central node called RPL Owner Node which blocks one of the ports to ensure that there is no loop formed for the Ethernet traffic. The link blocked by the RPL owner node is called the Ring Protection Link or RPL. The node at the other end of the RPL is known as RPL Neighbor Node. It uses R-APS control messages to coordinate the activities of switching on/off the RPL link.

Any failure along the ring triggers a R-APS(SF) (R-APS signal fail) message along both directions from the nodes adjacent to the failed link after these nodes have blocked the port facing the failed link. On obtaining this message, RPL owner unblocks the RPL port. (Note that a single link failure anywhere in the ring ensures a loop free topology.)

During the recovery phase when the failed link gets restored the nodes adjacent to the restored link send R-APS(NR) (R-APS no request) messages. On obtaining this message, the RPL owner block the RPL port and then sends a R-APS(NR,RB) (R-APS no request, RPL blocked) message. This will cause all other nodes other than RPL owner in the ring to unblock all the blocked ports.

This protocol is robust enough to work for unidirectional failure and multiple link failure scenarios in a ring topology. It includes a mechanism to force switch (FS) or manual switch (MS) which is used in field maintenance scenarios.

See also
Ethernet Automatic Protection Switching

References

External links
 ITU-T G.8032 : Ethernet ring protection switching
 Configuring ERPS on Juniper Devices

Ring Protection Switching


Srirampur Colony is a major suburb in Naspur town in Mancherial district in the Indian state of Telangana.

References

Villages in Mancherial district


"Jōnetsu no Daishō/Escape" is the third single by the band Girl Next Door and was released on November 19, 2008. This was the last single the band released before their first album Girl Next Door. Jōnetsu no Daishō was the theme song for the Japanese television drama Giragira while "Escape" was used as the commercial song for Au's W65T phone.

CD track listing

 Escape
 Jōnetsu no Daishō (Shinichi Osawa Remix)
 Jōnetsu no Daishō (Ice Cream Mix)

DVD track listing
 Jōnetsu no Daishō (Music Video: Special Version)

Charts

External links
 Official website

2008 singles
Girl Next Door (band) songs
Japanese television drama theme songs
Avex Trax singles
2008 songs


Thomas James Sandt (December 22, 1950 – December 1, 2020) was an American Major League Baseball player and coach, as well as a minor league manager. An infielder, Sandt played for the Oakland Athletics in  and . He threw and batted right-handed, stood  tall and weighed . His professional playing career lasted all or parts of 15 seasons, and his MLB coaching tenure lasted for 16 years. He was the first-base coach of the 1997 world-champion Florida Marlins.

Early life
Born in Brooklyn, Sandt graduated from Pacifica High School in West Garden Grove, California, in 1968.

Career
He was selected by Oakland in the second round of the 1969 Major League Baseball draft, and made his pro debut that season. His MLB playing career consisted of 42 games: one appearance on June 29, 1975, as a defensive replacement at second base against the California Angels, and 41 games as a utility infielder in 1976, when he spent the entire season on the Oakland roster. In the majors, Sandt batted .209 in 67 at bats, with his 14 hits including one double. In the field, he got into 29 games as a shortstop, ten as a second baseman, and two as a third baseman.

Sandt joined the Pittsburgh Pirates' organization in 1979 while still an active player. He then managed Pirate farm teams in the Eastern League and Pacific Coast League from 1982 to 1986, and was voted 1984's PCL Manager of the Year while managing the Hawaii Islanders. In 1987, he joined the MLB coaching staff of Pittsburgh manager Jim Leyland, and worked under Leyland for the next 13 years with the Pirates (through 1996), Marlins (1997–1998) and Colorado Rockies (1999). He then returned to Pittsburgh for a 2-year stint under skippers Gene Lamont (2000) and Lloyd McClendon (2001–2002).

Death
Sandt died on December 1, 2020, in Lake Oswego, Oregon.

References

External links

1950 births
2020 deaths
Baseball coaches from New York (state)
Baseball players from Brooklyn
Birmingham A's players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) managers
Burlington Bees players
Cangrejeros de Santurce (baseball) players
Colorado Rockies (baseball) coaches
Florida Marlins coaches
Hawaii Islanders managers
Hawaii Islanders players
Liga de Béisbol Profesional Roberto Clemente infielders
Lynn Pirates (1983) players
Major League Baseball first base coaches
Major League Baseball second basemen
Major League Baseball shortstops
Minor league baseball managers
Navegantes del Magallanes players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
New Orleans Pelicans (baseball) players
Oakland Athletics players
Pittsburgh Pirates coaches
Portland Beavers players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Tigres de Aragua players
Tri-City A's players
Tucson Toros players


President Barack Obama made two successful appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States. The first was Judge Sonia Sotomayor to fill the vacancy created by the retirement of Justice David H. Souter. Sotomayor was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 6, 2009, by a vote of 68–31. The second appointment was that of Solicitor General Elena Kagan to replace the retired John Paul Stevens. Kagan was confirmed by the Senate on August 5, 2010, by a vote of 63–37.

During his final year in office, Obama had an opportunity to fill a third Supreme Court vacancy, following the February 13, 2016, death of Associate Justice Antonin Scalia. On March 16, 2016, he nominated Merrick Garland, the chief judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit to the Court. However, Republican leaders in the Senate announced that they planned to withhold voting on any potential nominee until a new president was elected. Senate Democrats responded that there was sufficient time to vote on a nominee before the election. Consequently, no action was taken on the nomination, which expired in January 2017.

During most of Obama's presidency, there had been speculation about the potential retirement of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, who turned 80 in 2013 and was previously diagnosed with colon cancer and pancreatic cancer.  Justice Ginsburg died on September 18, 2020, during Donald Trump's presidency, and was replaced by Amy Coney Barrett on October 27, 2020.

Court composition under Obama

Politics

Obama opposition to Bush nominees
During the 109th Congress, then-Senator Obama voted against both of President George W. Bush's nominees to the Supreme Court. In a speech announcing his opposition to John Roberts, Obama stated:

In explaining his opposition to Samuel Alito, Obama further evaluated the qualities he found important in a Supreme Court justice:

Obama comments during 2008 presidential campaign
In a speech on July 17, 2007, before the Planned Parenthood Action Fund, he elaborated even more:

In November 2007, Obama was asked about the kind of justices he would appoint to the Supreme Court. He responded:

Later in March 2008, while on the campaign trail in Ohio, Obama again addressed the traits he would look for in a Supreme Court justice, suggesting he might leaven legal scholarship with practical political experience. He held up Earl Warren, a former governor of California who later became Chief Justice, as an example. Mr. Warren, he said, had had the wisdom to recognize that segregation was wrong less because of precise sociological effects and more so because it was immoral and stigmatized blacks:

Later, however, Obama seemed to step away from the example of Warren. In an interview with the editorial board of the Detroit Free Press on October 2, 2008, Obama said:

Instead, Obama mentioned then current justices David Souter and Stephen Breyer as examples of people he would like to nominate to the Supreme Court in the future:

In the third and final presidential debate with Republican nominee John McCain on October 15, 2008, Obama also implied that he would look for a Supreme Court nominee with previous judicial experience:

Court demographics

Demographic considerations have played into the appointment of Supreme Court justices since the institution was established. Starting in the 20th century, these concerns shifted from geographic representation to issues of gender and ethnicity.

Prior to the 2008 presidential election, many court watchers suggested that the next president would be under significant pressure to appoint another woman or ethnic minority to the court. The calls for naming more women were particularly widespread given the recent retirement of Sandra Day O'Connor and the rapidly changing demographics of the legal community, with women now accounting for about a fifth of all law partners and law school deans, a quarter of the federal bench, and nearly half of all law school graduates. Shortly before the election, for example, NPR reported, "Most observers of the Supreme Court agree about one thing: The next nominee is likely to be a woman". Furthermore, after Obama's presidential election victory, Hispanic legal interests groups such as the Hispanic National Bar Association began urging Obama to nominate a Hispanic justice.

Given the relative youth of the most recent Republican appointments, it was also noted that Democrats had "a strong incentive to pick younger justices this time around". Age proved to be an important consideration for Obama, who was "looking for a justice who will be an intellectual force on the court for many years to come". As a result, Obama did not seriously consider candidates such as José A. Cabranes, Amalya Kearse, Diana Gribbon Motz, David Tatel, and Laurence Tribe, all of whom he respected but were older than 65 when Obama was looking to replace David Souter.

With the retirement of Justice Stevens, some commentators directed focus on the religious make-up of the court. Upon Justice Stevens' retirement, the Court lacked any Protestant members, marking the first time in its history that it will be exclusively composed of Jewish and Catholic Justices.

Sonia Sotomayor nomination

On May 26, 2009, Obama announced Second Circuit appeals court judge Sonia Sotomayor as his choice to replace retiring Associate Justice David H. Souter. Sotomayor's nomination was submitted to the United States Senate on June 1, 2009, when the 111th Congress reconvened after its Memorial Day recess. Sotomayor was confirmed by the Senate on August 6, 2009, by a vote of 68–31, and was sworn in as an Associate Justice on August 8, 2009.

David Souter retirement
Long before the election of President Obama, Associate Justice David H. Souter had expressed a desire to leave Washington, D.C., and return to his native New Hampshire. The election of a Democratic president in 2008 made Souter more inclined to retire, but he did not want to create a situation in which there would be multiple vacancies at once. Souter apparently became satisfied that no other justices planned to retire at the end of the Supreme Court's term in June 2009. As a result, in mid-April 2009 he privately notified the White House of his intent to retire from the Supreme Court at the conclusion of its business for that term. Souter submitted a resignation letter to Obama on May 1, who later that day made an unscheduled appearance during the daily White House press briefing to publicly announce Souter's retirement.

Short list
Obama began the process of identifying potential Supreme Court nominees shortly after his election in 2008, before a Supreme Court vacancy was actually known. White House Counsel Greg Craig helped assemble an early list of possible names. Once the White House had learned of Souter's plans to retire, two members of the Vice President's staff, Chief of Staff Ron Klain and Counsel Cynthia Hogan, ran the daily operations of the selection process.

Within a week of Souter's announcement the White House had formalized its short list of candidates to replace Souter, with Judge Sonia Sotomayor of the Second Circuit, Judge Diane Pamela Wood of the Seventh Circuit, and Solicitor General Elena Kagan reportedly leading contenders for the nomination. Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano, California Supreme Court Justice Carlos Moreno, and Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm were also reportedly on the short list of candidates under serious consideration by the White House. Chief Justice Leah Ward Sears of the Georgia Supreme Court, Judge Merrick B. Garland of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, and Judge Ruben Castillo of the Federal District Court for the Northern District in Illinois were also on the final list of nine candidates.  Joanne A. Epps, dean at Temple University Beasley School of Law was a contender according to NPR.

Interviews
Obama had not interviewed any of the candidates before May 18, but that week saw a flurry of activity and speculation surrounding possible interviews of candidates. Jennifer Granholm attended a CAFE standards meeting at the White House on May 19 and spoke with Obama, but officials would not comment on whether the two discussed a potential court appointment. On May 20, Diane Wood and Elena Kagan attended a conference on judicial independence at Georgetown University hosted by retired Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor. Ultimately, Obama winnowed his list to four individuals, all of them women: Sotomayor, Wood, Kagan, and Napolitano. Obama conducted hour-long one-on-one interviews with the four finalists, meeting with Wood and Kagan on May 19, and Sotomayor and Napolitano on May 21. Vice President Joe Biden also interviewed the four finalists.

Obama telephoned Judge Sotomayor at 9 pm EST on May 25 to alert her that she was his choice. Later that night, he called the other three finalists and informed them of his decision. Obama announced the nomination the next morning in the East Room of the White House in a press conference alongside Sotomayor and Joe Biden.

Elena Kagan nomination

On May 10, 2010, Obama nominated Elena Kagan, the Solicitor General of the United States, to replace retiring Associate Justice John Paul Stevens. Solicitor General Elena Kagan was confirmed by the Senate by a 63–37 vote.

John Paul Stevens retirement
On April 9, 2010, Associate Justice John Paul Stevens announced that he would retire at the conclusion of the Supreme Court's term in June 2010. This announcement had been widely anticipated since September 2009 when Stevens confirmed that he had hired only a single law clerk for the Supreme Court term beginning in October 2010. (Full-time associate justices are allowed up to four law clerks while retired justices have only one.)

Short list
Before the announcement, the White House had been preparing for another possible Supreme Court vacancy, with White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs responding to speculation about a possible Stevens retirement by saying "We'll be ready." After Stevens announced his retirement, an anonymous White House official said that about ten people were under consideration. The leading contenders to replace Stevens were said to include Seventh Circuit Judge Diane Pamela Wood and Solicitor General Elena Kagan, both of whom had been interviewed for the David Souter vacancy, and D.C. Circuit Judge Merrick B. Garland, who had also been considered for the Souter vacancy. Others mentioned include Ninth Circuit Judge Sidney Runyan Thomas, former Georgia Chief Justice Leah Ward Sears, Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm and Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano.

Interviews
Early in April 2010, Obama conducted a White House interview with Merrick Garland. On April 29, 2010, Obama and Vice President Joe Biden each met separately with Sidney Thomas at the White House to discuss the vacancy. Elena Kagan was interviewed the following day, and Diane Wood the following week on May 4.

Merrick Garland nomination

On March 16, 2016, Obama nominated Merrick Garland, Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, to replace Antonin Scalia. On February 23, 2016, the 11 Republican members of the Senate Judiciary Committee signed a letter to Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell stating their intention to withhold consent on any nominee made by President Obama, and that no hearings would occur until after January 20, 2017, when the next president takes office. The 11 members were Committee Chair Chuck Grassley of Iowa, Orrin Hatch and Mike Lee of Utah, Jeff Sessions of Alabama, Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, John Cornyn and Ted Cruz of Texas, Jeff Flake of Arizona, David Vitter of Louisiana, David Perdue of Georgia, and Thom Tillis of North Carolina. After Garland's nomination, McConnell reiterated his position that the Senate would not confirm any Supreme Court nomination from Obama. Garland's nomination expired on January 3, 2017.

Antonin Scalia death
On February 13, 2016, Associate Justice Antonin Scalia was found dead while vacationing at Cibolo Creek Ranch near Marfa, Texas. President Obama stated that he planned to nominate someone to replace Scalia on the Supreme Court. Scalia's death marked just the second time in sixty years that a sitting justice died.

Short list
The White House vetted a number of candidates that had previously received broad support from Republicans, including D.C. Circuit Judges Merrick Garland and Sri Srinivasan, Eighth Circuit Judge Jane L. Kelly, Ninth Circuit Judge Paul J. Watford, and Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. On March 11, Reuters reported that Obama had narrowed his list down to three candidates: Srinivasan, Garland, and Watford.

Names mentioned as likely nominees
Following is a list of individuals who have been mentioned in various news accounts as the most likely potential nominees for a Supreme Court appointment under Obama:

United States Courts of Appeals

 Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
 Merrick Garland (born 1952) (nomination expired)
 Sri Srinivasan (born 1967)
 Patricia Millett (born 1963)
 Robert L. Wilkins (born 1963)
 Court of Appeals for the 1st Circuit
 David J. Barron (born 1967)
 Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit
 Sonia Sotomayor (born 1954) (nominated and confirmed)
 Robert Katzmann (1953–2021)
 Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit
 Ann Claire Williams (born 1949)
 Diane Wood (born 1950)
 Court of Appeals for the 8th Circuit
 Jane L. Kelly (born 1964)
 Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit
 M. Margaret McKeown (born 1951)
 Jacqueline Nguyen (born 1965)
 Johnnie B. Rawlinson (born 1952)
 Sidney R. Thomas (born 1953)
 Kim McLane Wardlaw (born 1954)
 Paul J. Watford (born 1967)
 Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit
 Adalberto Jordan (born 1961)

United States District Courts
 Ketanji Brown Jackson (born 1970) – district judge, United States District Court for the District of Columbia (subsequently nominated by Joe Biden and confirmed in 2022)
 Christine Arguello (born 1955) – district judge, United States District Court for the District of Colorado
 Rubén Castillo (born 1954) – former district judge, United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois
 Diane Humetewa (born 1964) – district judge, United States District Court for the District of Arizona

State Supreme Courts
 Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar (born 1972) – associate justice, Supreme Court of California
 Goodwin Liu (born 1970) – associate justice, Supreme Court of California
 Carlos R. Moreno (born 1948) – former United States ambassador to Belize, former associate justice, Supreme Court of California; former judge, United States District Court for the Central District of California
 Leah Ward Sears (born 1955) – former chief justice, Georgia Supreme Court

Executive Branch
 Hillary Clinton (born 1947) – 67th Secretary of State; former Senator from New York, First Lady and Chair of the Legal Services Corporation
 Elena Kagan (born 1960) – 45th Solicitor General; former dean of Harvard Law School (nominated and confirmed)
 Harold Hongju Koh (born 1954) – former Legal Adviser of the Department of State; former dean of Yale Law School
 Loretta Lynch (born 1959) – 83rd United States Attorney General
 Janet Napolitano (born 1957) – president of the University of California; 3rd Secretary of Homeland Security; former Governor of Arizona; former Arizona Attorney General; former United States attorney for the District of Arizona
 Kathryn Ruemmler (born 1971) – former White House Counsel; former principal associate deputy attorney general
 Ken Salazar (born 1955) – 50th Secretary of the Interior; former Senator from Colorado; former Colorado Attorney General
 Cass Sunstein (born 1954) – former administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs

United States Senators
 Cory Booker (born 1969) – Senator from New Jersey; former Mayor of Newark, New Jersey
 Amy Klobuchar (born 1960) – Senator from Minnesota; former county attorney for Hennepin County, Minnesota
 Claire McCaskill (born 1953) – Senator from Missouri; former State Auditor of Missouri; former county prosecutor for Jackson County, Missouri; former member of the Missouri House of Representatives

United States Governors
 Jennifer Granholm (born 1959) – 47th Governor of Michigan; former Michigan Attorney General; former assistant United States attorney
 Deval Patrick (born 1956) – 71st Governor of Massachusetts; former assistant attorney general for the Civil Rights Division
 Brian Sandoval (born 1963)  – 29th Governor of Nevada; former district judge, United States District Court for the District of Nevada; former Nevada Attorney General

State Executive Branches
 Kamala Harris (born 1964) – former California Attorney General (would later become a U.S. senator from California in 2017 and Vice President of the United States in 2021)

Supreme Court litigators
 Caitlin Halligan (born 1966) – Former judicial nominee for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit; former Solicitor General of New York (would later become a Judge on the New York Court of Appeals)
 Seth P. Waxman (born 1951) – partner with WilmerHale; former Solicitor General

Academics
 Pamela S. Karlan (born 1959) – professor, Stanford Law School
 Kathleen Sullivan (born 1955) – professor and former dean, Stanford Law School; partner with Quinn Emanuel
 Joanne A. Epps (born 1951) - professor, dean, Temple University Beasley School of Law (would later become Temple University 13th President in 2023).

See also
 United States federal judge
 Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts

References

Supreme Court candidates
United States Supreme Court candidates by president


Michael Patrick Lynch is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Connecticut. He is also the director of the University of Connecticut Humanities Institute. As director of the Humanities Institute, he has headed a Templeton-funded project on humility and conviction in public life.

Career
Lynch's early work focused on his pluralist theory of truth. He holds that truth is a functional property, i.e. that it is characterized by a particular function that can be realized in many different ways. For instance, some truths might realize truth's function by corresponding to reality while others might do so by cohering with a larger set of propositions. His work on the value of truth has also attracted attention, including critical reactions from philosophers ranging from Marian David to Richard Rorty.

Lynch has also worked on epistemology, especially epistemological issues related to big data and democracy. Lynch argues for the importance of intellectual humility in democracy.

Writing
Lynch is the author of Truth in Context (MIT Press, 1998), True to Life (MIT Press, 2004), Truth as One and Many (OUP, 2009), In Praise of Reason (MIT, 2012), and The Internet of Us: Knowing More and Understanding Less in the Age of Big Data (Liveright Publishing, 2016) as well as many professional philosophical articles. He was editor of the volume The Nature of Truth: Classic and Contemporary Perspectives (Bradford Books, 2001), co-editor with Professor Heather Battaly of the volume Perspectives on the Philosophy of William P. Alston (Rowman & Littlefield, 2005), as well as co-editor with Professor Patrick Greenough of the volume Truth and Realism (OUP, 2006).

Lynch won the Orwell Award in 2019 for his book Know-It-All Society: Truth and Arrogance in Political Culture.

References

20th-century American male writers
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American philosophers
Analytic philosophers
Living people
University of Connecticut faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)


is a 1939 black and white Japanese silent film with benshi accompaniment directed by Kazuo Mori. It is a cheerful period drama, sprinkled with comical scenes and tells the story of a loyal and handsome Edo period servant who fights to help his older brother marry the woman he loves. The star of this film Utaemon Ichikawa gained enormous popularity for his portrayal of a cheerful and chivalrous man.

External links
Nishikie Edosugata Hatamoto to Machiyakko on Internet Movie Database

1939 films
Japanese silent films
Japanese black-and-white films
Japanese drama films
1939 drama films
Silent drama films


Brandon Hamilton (born March 5, 1972 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana) is a former cornerback who played ten seasons in the Canadian Football League.

References

1972 births
Living people
American players of Canadian football
BC Lions players
Canadian football defensive backs
Edmonton Elks players
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Players of American football from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Players of Canadian football from Louisiana
Shreveport Pirates players
Tulane Green Wave football players
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players


Grevillea georgeana  is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to inland areas of south-western Western Australia. It is an erect to widely spreading shrub with deeply divided leaves, the end lobes linear and sharply pointed, and scarlet to bright reddish-pink and cream-coloured flowers.

Description
Grevillea georgeana is an erect to widely spreading shrub that typically grows to  high and up to  wide. Its leaves are deeply divided,  long with six to thirteen lobes, sometimes further divided, the end lobes linear,  long,  wide and sharply pointed. The edges of the leaflets are rolled under, enclosing most of the lower surface. The flowers are arranged in clusters along a rachis  long and are bright reddish-pink and cream-coloured, the pistil mostly  long and the style red. Flowering mainly occurs from July to October and the fruit is a more or less spherical follicle  long with a few shaggy hairs.

Taxonomy
Grevillea georgeana was first formally described in 1986 by Donald McGillivray in his book New Names in Grevillea (Proteaceae), based on specimens collected on the Die Hardy Range north of Southern Cross in 1976. The specific epithet (georgeana) honours Alex George, who, with McGillivray, collected the type specimens.

Distribution and habitat
This grevillea grows in open shrubland in shallow, stony soils in the ranges north of Southern Cross between Koolyanobbing and Diemals.

Conservation status
Grevillea georgeana is classified as "Priority Three" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat.

References

georgeana
Eudicots of Western Australia
Proteales of Australia
Plants described in 1986
Taxa named by Donald McGillivray


is a novel by Japanese author Yusuke Kishi published in 1999.

Plot summary
The main protagonist, Fujiki awakens to find himself in a strange desert landscape suffering from amnesia. His only clue is a small generic hand held game console "Pocket Game Kids," which informs him that he is now the unwilling participant in a game called "The Mars Labyrinth" and must head for the "1st checkpoint." While attempting to recall the foggy circumstances surrounding his arrival in the mysterious landscape he comes upon a woman named Ai. Since her machine is broken they decide to cooperate in order to reach the first checkpoint.

Upon their arrival, they meet seven additional players who also possess the game machines. The game's instructions are divided among all the players to ensure initial cooperation. The nine players discover that there are seven total checkpoints. The second checkpoint is divided into four possible choices: North for information, East for survival items, South for food, and West for self-defense items. The players divide up and agree to reconvene in order to divide up the items. Ai suggests to Fujiki that they choose "North." Upon reaching the checkpoint they are given additional game software which includes survival tips and explains that the game is set in the Bungle Bungles of Australia.

Once the players reunite it becomes apparent that they have all chosen to act selfishly and hold out on each other so Fujiki decides not to share all of their new found information. The following day everyone parts company but Fujiki and Ai decide to remain as a team and focus on honing their survival skills.

It eventually becomes apparent that the initial directions chosen by the players determines their roles in the game.

Fujiki eventually discovers that the entire game is constructed in the manner of a gamebook and that the nefarious purpose of their captors is to pit the players into a bloody contest against each other in order to create an elaborate snuff film from which only one is permitted to emerge alive.

Characters

The main protagonist is a disillusioned salaryman. He awakes inside the labyrinth suffering from amnesia.

Ai is an erotic manga artist who befriends Fujiki early in the story.

An older gentleman who seems to favor cooperation among the players.

An irritable personality and the only other female among the players besides Ai.

For all his tough talk, he pairs up with Seno acting as his lackey.

A former school teacher.

A temp worker. He partners with Tsurumi.

The largest and strongest member of the group. He teams up with Funaoka, utilizing him as a sidekick.

Naramoto's partner.

References

1999 Japanese novels
Vertical (publisher) titles


The Morane-Saulnier H was an early aircraft first flown in France in the months immediately preceding the First World War; it was a single-seat derivative of the successful Morane-Saulnier G with a slightly reduced wingspan  Like the Type G, it was a successful sporting and racing aircraft: examples serving with the French army were used in the opening phases of the war.

German versions, the Fokker Eindecker fighters, were armed with forward-firing machine guns and became the first single-seat fighter aircraft so armed.

Service use

During the second international aero meet, held at Wiener Neustadt in June 1913, Roland Garros won the precision landing prize in a Type H. Later that same year, a Morane-Saulnier H was used to complete the first non-stop flight across the Mediterranean, from Fréjus in the south of France to Bizerte in Tunisia.

The French Army ordered a batch of 26 aircraft under the designation MoS.1. French-built machines saw limited service in the opening stages of World War I, with pilots carrying out reconnaissance missions and occasionally engaging in aerial combat using revolvers and carbines. The British Royal Flying Corps also acquired a small number, impressing three civilian-owned aircraft on the outbreak of the war, and ordering 36  machines Grahame-White, who was manufacturing the type in the UK under licence in two batches. The RFC mainly used the Type Hs for training, with only one example seeing service with operational squadrons (4 and 12 Squadrons).

German copies
A German-built copy entered production as the Fokker M.5 in 1913: it featured a slightly longer fuselage, framed in steel tube rather than wood, a comma shaped rudder, and a redesigned undercarriage integrated with the under-wing bracing pylons. When armed in 1915 with a synchronised machine gun it became the first of the Fokker "Eindecker" monoplane fighters.

The type was also produced under licence in Germany by the Pfalz Flugzeugwerke: during the war the company built armed versions as the E.I, E.II, E.IV, E.V, and E.VI, with increasingly powerful engines. Like the better known Fokkers, with which they were often confused by Allied airmen, these were armed with a single, synchronised lMG 08 machine gun.

Survivors
A Type H is preserved at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace in Le Bourget and another at the Fantasy of Flight in Florida. Several replicas are in museums or flying.

Variants

Morane-Saulnier versions
 Type G  two seater
 Type H single seater
 Type L  parasol monoplane
 Type M  armoured single seater
 Type O racing monoplane developed from H, two built including one for Roland Garros that was fitted with wheels and floats

 MoS.1 Official designation for Type H
 MoS.2 Official designation for Type G
 MoS.3 Official designation for Type L
 MoS.13 Official designation for Type M

Pfalz versions
 E.I - with Oberursel U.0 rotary engine (45 built)
 E.II - with Oberursel U.I rotary engine (130 built)
 E.IV - with Oberursel U.III rotary engine (46 built)
 E.V - with Mercedes D.I water-cooled, inline engine (20 built)
 E.VI - with Oberursel U.I engine, lengthened fuselage, enlarged tail fin and reduced bracing (20 built as trainers)

Operators

 Aéronautique Militaire

 Austro-Hungarian Navy - (Pfalz-built versions)

 Belgian Air Force

 Army Flying Service - 2 examples.

 Luftstreitkräfte - (Pfalz-built versions)

 Portuguese Air Force - one aircraft.

 Royal Flying Corps

 Imperial Russian Air Service

 Swiss Air Force - two aircraft

Specifications

References

Bibliography

Further reading

H
1910s French sport aircraft
1910s French military trainer aircraft
1910s French military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1913
Rotary-engined aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft


Brugmans is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Anton Brugmans (1732–1789), Dutch physicist
 Hendrik Brugmans (1906–1997), Dutch academic
 Sebald Justinus Brugmans (1763–1819), Dutch botanist and physician

See also
 Brugman
 Brugmann

Dutch-language surnames


The Alstom Metropolis C830 is the first generation of communication-based train control (CBTC) electric multiple unit rolling stock in operation on the Circle line of Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system since 2009. Alstom was contracted in 2000 (as part of turnkey contract Contract C830) by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) in Singapore to supply the trains for the Circle line.

Operational history and overview
Despite being similar to the fully underground North East line, the decision was made to power the three-car trains along the Circle line by third rail instead of overhead catenary. 40 trainsets of three cars each were purchased for the Circle line. For the train's tender, Alstom was awarded the contract on 28 December 2000, beating seven pre-qualified contractors.

Although these cars were similar to their counterparts running on the North East line, they do not feature LCD Displays in each car due to lack of demand along Circle line. However, the ceiling-mounted LED dot matrix displays which display information were retained in the design.

In addition, the front of the train features an extra window cut into the emergency exit door unlike the C751A trains, giving passengers a view of the tunnel.

Driverless operation

The C830 is fully driverless under normal circumstances, using CBTC which does not require traditional "fixed-block track circuits" for determining train position. Instead, they rely on "continuous two-way digital communication" between each controlled train and a wayside control center, which may control an area of a railway line, a complete line, or a group of lines. Recent studies consistently show that CBTC systems reduce life-cycle costs for the overall rail property and enhance operational flexibility and control.

Train formation
The coupling configuration of a C830 in revenue service is Mc1–T–Mc2.

The car numbers of the trains range from 801x to 840x, where x depends on the carriage type. Individual cars are assigned a four-digit serial number by the rail operator SMRT Trains. A complete three-car trainset consists of one trailer (T) and two driving motor (Mc) cars permanently coupled together. For example, set 801 consists of carriages 8011, 8012 and 8013.

 The first digit is always an 8.
 The second and third digits identify the set number.
 The fourth digit identifies the car number, where the first car has a 1, the second has a 2 and the third has a 3.
 Alstom built sets 801–840.

References

External links
 Alstom Metropolis

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) rolling stock
Alstom multiple units
Train-related introductions in 2009
750 V DC multiple units


The Alstom Metropolis C751A is the first generation of communications-based train control (CBTC) electric multiple unit rolling stock in operation on the North East line of Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system since 2003. 25 trainsets were purchased for the line.

Operational history and overview
Initiated in 1997 when the North East Line was under construction, Alstom was awarded a C751A contract to supply the trains for the North East line. The trains were part of the Metropolis family of the urban EMU trains. Unlike all other MRT lines, it draws power from the  overhead catenary, which is unique whereas, this traction power use is optional in Singapore's rail network.

Also, it is the first to have seats of the same color in every compartment of the train, together with the first fully driverless rolling stock in Singapore. SBS Transit hires rover employees to drive trains manually. For Alstom, it uses the URBALIS 300 moving-block communications-based (CBTC) Automatic Train Control (ATC) system, which optimizes headway and enables extra trains to be injected automatically into the system at rush hour to increase passenger capacity and reduce congestion. In the depot, trains are also operated in fully automatic mode. Communication between the train and the fixed signaling equipment is enabled by the IAGO two-way continuous transmission system. Station-based automatic train supervision ensures a greater degree of availability. Built-in test equipment has also been included, and Eurobalise standards have been adopted for spot transmission.

This rolling stock is the first to have seats of the same color in every compartment of the train, which is the uniform color of beige and purple. Trains also have two side windows at each end for viewing the tracks. The exterior of the C751A trains are black together with red and purple stripes, similar to C751C only. C751A trains do not have a middle window cut out, unlike the newer driverless trains in the MRT system. This is because it has to make way for the old detrainment ramp, which is not as compact as that of the newer Alstom Metropolis models on the North East line and the Circle line.

Platform gap reducers were since added to all C751A trains, similar to those on the C830C and C751C.

All C751A trains consist of the Visual Passenger Information System (VPIS). These displays show the name of the next station, the current station, door-closing messages, and occasionally the date and time. Also, some of the C751A trains have been installed with four rows for the standing area since 2015.

Refurbishment
In December 2018, LTA announced that the C751A trains will undergo mid-life refurbishment works from 2019 onwards. A contract worth $116.7 million was awarded to CRRC Nanjing Puzhen for the refurbishment works. All 25 first-generation C751A trains will be upgraded. The trains' interior, such as seats, panels, and flooring, will be replaced. The current 6 LCD screens on the side panels (which formerly showed rail travel information of the next station and terminating station, silent commercials, and safety videos) above some seats had already been deactivated and were removed in refurbished trains. However, a new LTA LCD Dynamic Route Map Display (DRMD) located above each door will be retrofitted. These DRMDs will be similar to those on newer MRT trains such as the T251 and R151. In addition, Air-conditioning & ventilation systems will be upgraded.

The exterior livery design will be retained with the exception of Land Transport Authority logos. Smaller SBS Transit logos are located on the gangway ends of each car in a similar fashion to LTA's earlier corporate livery designs. Works are expected to be completed by Q1 2026.

The first refurbished train set (7013/7014) re-entered passenger service on 28 February 2022.

Train formation
The coupling configuration of a C751A in revenue service is DT–Mp–Mi+Mi–Mp–DT.

The car numbers of the trains range from 7x001 to 7x050, where x depends on the carriage type. Individual cars are assigned a five-digit serial number by the rail operator SBS Transit. A complete six-car trainset consists of an identical twin set of one driving trailer (DT) and two motor cars (Mi & Mp) permanently coupled together. For example, set 7013/7014 consists of cars 71013, 72013, 73013, 73014, 72014 and 71014.

 The first digit is always a 7.
 The second digit identifies the car number, where the first car has a 1, the second has a 2 & the third has a 3.
 The third digit is always a 0.
 The fourth digit and fifth digit are the train identification numbers. A full-length train of 6 cars has 2 different identification numbers. For example, 7013/7014 (normal coupling) or 7011/7022 (cross coupling).
 Alstom built sets 7001/7002-7049/7050.

References

External links

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) rolling stock
Alstom multiple units
Train-related introductions in 2003
1500 V DC multiple units


Leatop Plaza (; ) is a 66-storey,   late-modernist supertall skyscraper in Guangzhou, China. Leatop Plaza is placed on the site parallel to the East entrance at the central axis of Zhujiang New Town. The office tower has a floor pitch of . The construction of the glass and steel-building was completed in July 2012. Design by Francisco Gonzalez-Pulido for JAHN.

See also
List of tallest buildings in Guangzhou
List of tallest buildings in the world

References

Skyscraper office buildings in Guangzhou
Buildings and structures under construction in China
Helmut Jahn buildings


The Manitoba Provincial Judges Association is an organization that represents the interests of provincial judges in Manitoba, Canada.

External links
Legislative Assembly of Manitoba: The Standing Committee on Legislative Affairs, 13 November 2003 (includes a submission by Susan Dawes, representing the Manitoba Provincial Judges Association)
Legal organizations based in Manitoba
Law-related professional associations


John Francis "Jay" Ward (September 9, 1938 – February 24, 2012) was a Major League Baseball player and coach. He was also a manager in the minor leagues.

Early life
Ward was born on September 9, 1938, in Brookfield, Missouri, to John and Francis Ward. He graduated from Highland High School in Highland, Illinois, in 1956.

Playing career
Ward signed with the New York Yankees in . In his first professional season with the Kearney Yankees of the Nebraska State League, Ward batted .331 with seven home runs and earned All-League honors. Two of those seven home runs were grand slams hit in consecutive innings on August 17.

He was plucked from the Yankees' farm system in the  minor league draft by the Kansas City Athletics. It was as a member of their organization that Ward put together his finest minor league season. As a member of the Southern Association's Shreveport Sports in , Ward batted .257 with 22 home runs and 84 runs batted in.

At the  winter meetings, he was dealt to the Los Angeles Dodgers with Stan Johnson and Bobby Prescott for Bill Lajoie and Gordie Windhorn. Though Johnson and Prescott both had major league experience, only Ward and Windhorn would ever make a major league appearance after this deal. Midway through his first season in the Dodgers organization, he was dealt to the Minnesota Twins for Bert Cueto.

A spring training injury to starting third baseman Rich Rollins opened the door for Ward to join the Twins early in the  season. His first major league hit was a two-run double off Orlando Pena to lead the Twins to a 2–0 victory over Kansas City. It would be his only hit of the season, and he would be returned to the Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers in mid-June.

He would return to the Twins as a September call-up the following season, and batted .226 in 12 games.

It would be six more years before Ward would return to the majors. After a brief stint with the Nippon Professional Baseball league's Chunichi Dragons in , and a season in the Cleveland Indians' farm system, Ward returned to the majors in  as a member of the Cincinnati Reds. In five plate appearances, he drew two walks, but did not get a hit.

Coaching
After one more season in the Kansas City Royals organization, Ward pulled the plug on his playing career and returned to the Minnesota Twins organization as manager of their Midwest League affiliate, the Wisconsin Rapids Twins. He managed the team to a 70–56 record, but decided to leave baseball for a while, and moved back to his home state, Missouri. When he returned to baseball, he joined the Philadelphia Phillies organization to manage their Northwest League affiliate, the Bend Phillies, in  and the Spartanburg Suns in .

He returned to the Cincinnati Reds organization in  to manage the Cedar Rapids Reds. A year later, he managed the Vermont Reds to the Eastern League championship. Following the season, Lou Piniella brought him back to the majors and the organization he started with, naming him hitting coach for the New York Yankees. The  Yankees batted .262, down from .271 the previous season, and after just one season with the Yankees, he was replaced by Chris Chambliss.

Ward returned to minor league managing in  and . He became the Montreal Expos' minor league hitting coordinator in , and was made their major leagues hitting coach during the  season.

Later life
He retired to Troy, Montana, with his wife Lynn where he enjoyed hunting and fishing. He died at age 73 on February 24, 2012. Survivors included his wife Lynn; three daughters, 2 step daughters and one son and their spouses; 17 grandchildren; and one great-grandchild. He was preceded in death by one grandchild.

References

External links

Williamsport Bills managers
1938 births
2012 deaths
Major League Baseball second basemen
Minnesota Twins players
Cincinnati Reds players
Chunichi Dragons players
Kearney Yankees players
Greenville Majors players
Missoula Timberjacks players
Fargo-Moorhead Twins players
Shreveport Sports players
Dallas Rangers players
Hawaii Islanders players
Spokane Indians players
Vancouver Mounties players
Tacoma Giants players
Atlanta Crackers players
Denver Bears players
Portland Beavers players
Indianapolis Indians players
Omaha Royals players
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Baseball players from Missouri
New York Yankees coaches
Montreal Expos coaches
Major League Baseball hitting coaches
People from Brookfield, Missouri


Jim Reid (born November 8, 1957) is a former Canadian football fullback who played in the Canadian Football League for most of his career with the Ottawa Rough Riders.

Reid played football at Wilfrid Laurier University where he won the Peter Gorman Trophy as Rookie of the Year.  Reid was part of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats' territorial exemption in the 1979 CFL draft.  He did not play the full 1979 season as a result of knee surgery.  Because of the knee injury, Hamilton traded Reid along with Bill Banks to Ottawa in exchange for Ray Honey.

References

1957 births
Living people
People from Wellington County, Ontario
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Ottawa Rough Riders players
Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks football players
Canadian football running backs
Players of Canadian football from Ontario


Retirement slump refers to the average falloff in the party's vote when the incumbent retires. A positive value of the sophomore surge represents an incumbency advantage. The retirement slump should be positive for an incumbency advantage to exist.

Sophomore surge is the average vote gain for freshman winners in election 1 who run again in election 2. Retirement slump is the average vote loss for the parties whose candidates won election 1 and did not run in election 2.

When a Sophomore surge and a Retirement slump combine, it is what is called a slurge.

References

Elections


is a 1927 black and white Japanese silent film with benshi accompaniment directed by Sentaro Shirai. This is a significant and rare film in that it depicts the tragic fate of a Christian lord who fought for his faith in the Edo period. Especially noteworthy are the final scenes in which Utaemon Ichikawa takes on his enemy with a gash in his forehead and wild, unkempt hair.

External links
Dokuro on Internet Movie Database

1927 films
Japanese silent films
Japanese black-and-white films


Roger Reinson (born April 19, 1969, in Melville, Saskatchewan) is a former Canadian Football League linebacker who played six seasons for the Calgary Stampeders.

Roger Reinson played a major role as a long snapper in the CFL from 1994 till 2005 with the Calgary Stampeders, Edmonton Eskimos and the BC Lions. Reinson played in six Grey Cups and won four with all three teams he played. He played a Grey Cup in every CFL city in Western Canada.

A native of Regina, Reinson became a police officer in Calgary after his retirement from football.

References

1968 births
Living people
BC Lions players
Calgary Dinos football players
Calgary Stampeders players
Canadian football linebackers
Edmonton Elks players
Players of Canadian football from Saskatchewan


Amy Frances May Gordon Jacot Guillarmod (née Hean) (23 May 1911 – 1992), was a South African botanist and limnologist, noted for her work on the flora of Basutoland and some 200 publications, including numerous papers on wetlands, bogs and sponges.

Education and academic career
She matriculated at the Durban Girls' High School, leaving for Edinburgh shortly after.

Jacot Guillarmod was awarded an MA in English and History at the University of St Andrews, but inspired by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson, switched interests and started an MSc degree in Botany and Zoology at the same university. On her return to South Africa, she taught briefly in Durban and was then appointed plant pathologist in the Division of Botany and Plant Pathology of the Department of Agriculture in Pretoria. Her first papers dealt with the viral diseases of tobacco and other crops.

She spent the years between 1940 and 1957 in Basutoland. In 1956/7 she became Head of the Botany Department of the Pius XII College in Roma. Jacot Guillarmod founded the Roma Herbarium in 1956.

In 1958 she and her family moved to Grahamstown when she took up an appointment as lecturer in the Botany Department of Rhodes University. Her links with Basutoland were not forgotten, and in 1967 she received a DSc from the University of St Andrews for her research on the flora of Basutoland.

She is commemorated in Merxmuellera guillarmodiae Conert, Navicula jacotiae F.R. Schoeman, Pinnularia guillarmodiae F.R. Schoeman and a number of other organisms. Volume 50, part 1 (1988) of The Flowering Plants of Africa was dedicated to her. Her specimens number some 10 000 and are mainly from Lesotho and the Eastern Cape, housed at the following herbaria: PREM, PRE, RUH, GRA, MASE, K and MO.

Personal notes
During her stay in Pretoria in the 1930s when working for the Department of Agriculture, she found time to play hockey, and represented Northern Transvaal. During the same period she met a fellow employee and her future husband, the entomologist Charles Frédéric Jacot-Guillarmod (1912–1979), who later became curator of the Albany Museum. She shared Linnaeus's birthday and was noted for a joint annual celebration. Despite the other members of her family hyphenating their name, she insisted on not doing so.

Works

References

External links

20th-century South African botanists
South African women botanists
South African limnologists
1911 births
1992 deaths
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Alumni of Durban Girls' High School
20th-century South African women scientists
Women limnologists


Somebody's Image were an Australian pop and R&B band formed in 1966, which included Russell Morris on lead vocals. Their highest charting single is a cover version of Joe South's "Hush", which peaked at number 14 on the Go-Set National Top 40. Morris left in 1968 to start his solo career and the group disbanded in the following year.

History

Somebody's Image formed in Melbourne in 1966 as a pop and R&B band by Les Allan  Les Gough on bass guitar, Eric Cairns on drums, Russell Morris on lead vocals, Phillip Raphael on lead guitar and Kevin Thomas on rhythm guitar. The fledgling band were hanging around gigs by the Groop, who were a favourite of Melbourne pop fans during that year. They played their first live gig supporting the Groop with keyboardist Brian Cadd and lead singer Ronnie Charles. Somebody's Image developed a following at Melbourne's venues and were noticed by Go-Set staff writer Ian "Molly" Meldrum, who had championed the Groop relentlessly in his columns. Meldrum took over as their talent manager. Charles would occasionally provide vocals for the new group.

Somebody's Image began their recording career with the single "Heat Wave" (September 1967) a cover version of Martha and the Vandellas' song, but it failed to chart. Their second single was their rendition of Joe South's "Hush" which peaked at No. 14 on Go-Set National Top 40. Both these singles were produced by Meldrum for W&G Records' label In Records. With Meldrum's support they secured a recording deal with EMI Records. The band issued their third single, "Hide and Seek" in April 1968, which peaked at number No. 32. Australian musicologist Ian McFarlane declared "despite its moderate chart placing, it was the band's best release." In September 1968 Morris left the band to pursue a solo career with Meldrum as his manager. The rest of the group recruited new singer, guitarist Brian Holloway (ex-the Dream), but Somebody's Image disbanded in 1969.

Members

 Les Allan  Les Gough – bass guitar
 Eric Cairns – drums
 Russell Morris – lead vocals
 Phillip Raphael – guitar
 Kevin Thomas – guitar
 Ronnie Charles – occasional vocals
 Brian Holloway – lead vocals, guitar

Discography

Singles

 "Heat Wave" (1967)
 "Hush" (1967) AUS Go-Set: No. 14
 "Hide and Seek" (1968) Australia No. 32

Awards and nominations

Go-Set Pop Poll

The Go-Set Pop Poll was coordinated by teen-oriented pop music newspaper, Go-Set and was established in February 1966 and conducted an annual poll during 1966 to 1972 of its readers to determine the most popular personalities.

|-
| 1968
| themselves
| Best Australian Group
| 4th
|-

References

Musical groups from Melbourne
Musical groups established in 1966
Musical groups disestablished in 1969
Australian pop rock groups


is a Japanese author. He is a member of the Mystery Writers of Japan and the Honkaku Mystery Writers Club of Japan.

Biography
He graduated from Kyoto University with a degree in Economics. After working for a life insurance company for several years, Kishi started his writing career as a freelancer. He has twice won the Japan Horror Novel Award and has achieved a bestselling status in Japan with multiple works adapted to the screen. The Crimson Labyrinth marks his American debut.

Bibliography

Kei Enomoto series
 Novel
 , 2004
 Short story collections
 , 2008
 , 2011

Standalone novels
 , 1996
 , 1997
 , 1998
 , released in 1999 in Japan, published in English in 2006 by Vertical
 , 1999
 , 2008
 , 2010
 , 2011
 , 2013
 , 2020
 , 2020

Adaptations
Japanese films
 Kuori le (1999)
 Isola: Persona 13 (2000)
 The Blue Light (2003)
 Lesson of the Evil (2012) (Aku no Kyōten)

South Korean film
 Black House (2007) (Kuroi Ie)

Anime
 From the New World (2012)
Hong Kong film

Legally Declared Dead 死因無可疑 (based on Black House) (2019)

 Manga
 Isola: Persona 13 (1999)
 The Blue Flame (2003)
 From the New World (2012-2014)
 Lesson of the Evil (2012-2015)
 The Crimson Labyrinth (2013-2014)
 Chirping of Angels (2020)

Awards
 1996 - 3th Japanese Horror Novel Award (ja): Isola
 1997 - 4th Japanese Horror Novel Award (ja): Kuroi Ie (Black House)
 2000 - 21st Yoshikawa Eiji Award Candidate (ja) and  13th Yamamoto Shugōrō Award Candidate (ja): Ao no Honō (The Blue Flame)
 2005 - 58th Mystery Writers of Japan Award for Best Novel: Garasu no Hammā (The Glass Hammer )
 2008 - Japan SF Award (ja) and 30th Yoshikawa Eiji Award Candidate (ja) : From the New World
 2010 - Yamada Futaro Award : Aku no Kyōten (Lesson of the Evil )
 2011 - The Best Japanese Crime Fiction of the Year (Kono Mystery ga Sugoi! 2011): Aku no Kyōten (Lesson of the Evil)

References

External links
Yusuke Kishi at J'Lit Books from Japan
Profile at Vertical, Inc.
Powell's Books Biography
Google Books List of Works

1959 births
Living people
Japanese detective fiction writers
Japanese mystery writers
Japanese crime fiction writers
Mystery Writers of Japan Award winners
Japanese horror writers
Japanese science fiction writers
Writers from Osaka
Kyoto University alumni


David Burke (1854 – 11 April 1897) was one of the most widely travelled plant collectors, who was sent by James Veitch & Sons to collect plants in British Guiana, Burma and Colombia. In his later life, Burke became rather eccentric, preferring the privations of life away from his native England.

Plant hunter

Burke was born in Kent and joined Veitch as a gardener at Chelsea, London. In 1880, after expressing a desire to travel, he was asked to accompany Charles Curtis on a trial trip to Borneo, where they were instructed by Harry Veitch to collect specimens of Nepenthes northiana; the search for the elusive pitcher plant was unsuccessful, but the pair discovered many other species, including many interesting stove (hot-house) plants, palms, and orchids. At the end of the trip, Burke returned to England with the collection of plants, including large consignments of  slipper orchids, Paphiopedilum stonei and P. lowii, as well as many Vandas, Rhododendrons, and the beautiful Stove-foliage plant, Leea amabilis.

In 1881, Burke was sent to British Guiana, where he re-discovered the insectivorous plant Heliamphora nutans, which had not been seen since its discovery on Mount Roraima by the two brothers Robert and Richard Schomburgk in 1839, and successfully introduced it to England. Amongst orchids he introduced from British Guiana were the rare Zygopetalum burkei  (named after him) and Phragmipedium lindleyanum;  from that trip he also sent the stove-house plant Amasonia punicea.

Two years later, Burke visited the Philippines with instructions to search for Phalaenopsis; amongst those he introduced were Phalaenopsis mariae (previously discovered by Frederick William Burbidge in the Sulu Archipelago in 1878), which Burke located on the hills near the south-east coast of the island of Mindanao.  On Mindanao, he also discovered Phaius philippinensis on the slopes of the hills at 3,000-4,000 ft. elevation; this was interesting as being the first species of the genus Phaius to be discovered in the Philippines.

In the Philippines, he also discovered and introduced Nepenthes burkei, a species of pitcher plant which was named after him, and Dendrobium taurinum, which he found on Ambon Island.

He subsequently visited New Guinea (twice), from where he introduced Cirrhopetalum robustum and Coelogyne veitchii  as well as returning to Burma to search for orchids. During the years 1894 to 1896 he made three trips to Colombia to search for Cattleya mendelii, C. schroedera, C. trianae and Odontoglossum crispum. On the last trip, he also introduced Marattia burkei, although his notes did not record the locality.

Death and obituary
In 1896, having spent a short time in England, Burke embarked on what was to be his final voyage, to the Celebes Islands and the Moluccas. Prior to his departure, he stated: "I’m off again and if I make a good meal for someone I hope I shall give full satisfaction."  On 11 April 1897, he died on Ambon Island. The circumstances of his death were reported back to England by a German commercial traveller.

According to Hortus Veitchii, "This traveller (Burke) crossed a greater area of the earth's surface and covered more miles in search of plants than any other Veitchian collector, with the possible exception of the two brothers William and Thomas Lobb." In her biography of the Veitch family, Sue Shephard describes Burke as Harry Veitch's "strangest, longest–serving and most adventurous orchid collector".

References

External links
Article on Orchidologists website
History of exploration on Mount Roraima

English botanists
1854 births
1897 deaths
People from Kent
Veitch Nurseries
Botanists active in South America
Botanists active in the Philippines
Plant collectors


Appalachian Technical College was a technical college within the Technical College System of Georgia.  Its main campus was in Jasper, and its satellite campus was in Woodstock.  The Fannin campus at Epworth (on Georgia 5 northwest of Blue Ridge and south of McCaysville) was previously closed.

Appalachian Tech started as Pickens Area Vocational-Technical School with 22 staff members and nine areas of study on August 14, 1967. In 1988, the college became a part of Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education, and the name was changed to Pickens Technical Institute. In 1999, it was given its current name effective July 1, for being in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, end expanding into nearby counties in Georgia.  Appalachian Tech eventually offered over 50 associate degree, diploma, and technical certification programs.

Beginning with summer quarter 2009, the school fully merged into Chattahoochee Technical College along with North Metro Technical College on July 1 (the first day of fiscal year 2010), for a total of eight campuses. It remains the Appalachian Campus of Chattahoochee Technical College

References

External links
Appalachian Technical College official site

Education in Pickens County, Georgia
Education in Cherokee County, Georgia
Education in Fannin County, Georgia
Vocational education in the United States
Technological universities in the United States
Defunct public universities and colleges in Georgia (U.S. state)
Universities and colleges established in 1967
Educational institutions disestablished in 2009
1967 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Technical College System of Georgia


George Karsten (3 November 1863 – 7 May 1937) was a German botanist born in Rostock.

In 1885 he earned his doctorate from the University of Strasbourg, and in 1892 received his habilitation in botany at the University of Leipzig. Later on, he served as an associate professor at the Universities of Kiel (1898) and Bonn (from 1899). In 1909 he became a professor at the University of Halle and was appointed director of the botanical garden.

With Heinrich Schenck (1860–1927), he was editor of a popular journal of botany called Vegetationsbilder. Karsten is remembered for his studies of phytoplankton, and among his written works are publications on phytoplankton collected from the deep-sea Valdivia Expedition of 1898–99:

 Lehrbuch der Pharmakognosie des Pflanzenreiches für Hochschulen und zum Selbstunterricht mit Rücksicht auf das neue deutsche Arzneibuch (1903) Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 Das Phytoplankton des Antarktischen Meeres nach dem Material der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 1898-1899 (Phytoplankton of the Antarctic Seas from the German Deep-sea Valdivia Expedition); (1905).
 Das Phytoplankton des Atlantischen Ozeans nach dem Material der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 1898-1899 (Phytoplankton of the Atlantic Ocean from the German Deep-sea Valdivia Expedition); (1906).
 Das Indische Phytoplankton nach dem Material der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 1898-1899 (Phytoplankton of the Indian Ocean from the German Deep-sea Valdivia Expedition); (1907).

References
 Catalogus-professorum-halensis (translated biography of George Karsten)
 Koeltz Scientific Books (publications)

People from Rostock
1863 births
1937 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Kiel
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
Academic staff of the University of Halle
19th-century German botanists
20th-century German botanists


Edward Scott McMichael (March 15, 1955 – November 3, 2008), also known as the Tuba Man, was an American tubist who became well known in Seattle for street performing outside the city's various sports and performing arts venues during the 1990s and 2000s. McMichael played outside the Kingdome, KeyArena, McCaw Hall, Safeco Field, and Qwest Field, among other venues.

McMichael was known for playing songs appropriate for the climate of the venue where he was playing, such as "Happy Days Are Here Again" during the Seattle Mariners' successful 1995 season; for adapting mainstream rock and roll songs to the tuba; and for wearing funny, often colorful hats while he played.

Early life
McMichael graduated in the mid-1970s from King's Garden High School. He played in the band at North Seattle Community College, and in the Seattle Youth Symphony. He also played in the Bellevue Philharmonic, Everett Symphony and Cascade Symphony. A Seattle Youth Symphony scholarship will be established in McMichael's name.

Death
According to police, on October 25, 2008, a group of youths beat and robbed McMichael near Seattle Center just after midnight. The attackers punched and kicked McMichael as he lay on the ground in the fetal position. He was treated at a hospital, but died November 3.

Seattle Post-Intelligencer columnist Robert Jamieson wrote a front-page story about McMichael's life and death, while KOMO 1000 commentators Ken Schram and John Carlson interrupted 2008 election coverage to organize a memorial fund for McMichael. Seattle Seahawks officials helped to organize a November 12, 2008 public memorial at Qwest Field Events Center that was attended by 1,500 people.

The webmaster of The Tuba Man website created and maintains this site in honor of McMichael's memory. It celebrates the legacy of his music, and also has links to related local events. Terry Henderson, local organizer of the April 14, 2009 Safeco Field event, offered locals an opportunity to get involved.

Perpetrators
Three teenagers were sentenced to detention for manslaughter in connection with the death of McMichael. One was sentenced to serve up to 36 weeks, and the other two were sentenced to serve up to 72 weeks, including the time already spent in custody (about 24 weeks). The two other suspects have not been found and their whereabouts are unknown. In regard to the two at-large suspects, the Seattle Police Department's morning press release stated: "Unfortunately, the only description that we have is that the suspects were black males in their mid-teens." The DA who prosecuted the case told the Seattle Times that because no eyewitnesses came forward after McMichael was assaulted and robbed, he was not legally able to charge the perpetrators as adults and seek longer prison terms for their actions, and was limited to the standards of juvenile criminal law instead.

Ja’mari Alexander-Alan Jones, who at age 15 served six months for killing McMichael, pleaded guilty on 10 December 2014 to the murder of DeShawn Milliken and was sentenced to 18 years in prison. His fellow killer Billy Chambers was later convicted of a firearms charge and sentenced to 6 years in prison.

References
Notes

External links
 Official web site
 "Violence takes iconic Tuba Man" Seattle Post-Intelligencer, November 4, 2008.
 "A people's tribute to a beloved Tuba Man" Seattle Post-Intelligencer, November 7, 2008.

1955 births
2008 deaths
Culture of Seattle
Musicians from Seattle
American tubists
American street performers
Male murder victims
American murder victims
People murdered in Washington (state)
Deaths by beating in the United States
Sportspeople from Seattle
20th-century American musicians
Seattle Mariners
Seattle Seahawks
 2008 murders in the United States


Michael Richardson (born October 13, 1969) is a former Canadian football player. He attended Louisiana Tech in 1987 until 1991. In 1990, he was named Most Valuable Player in the Independence Bowl. A year later, he was signed as a free agent with the New York Giants. In 1992, he was signed by the Winnipeg Blue Bombers and quickly became a star in the Canadian Football League. Michael Richardson was an exceptional running back who played five seasons with the CFL for two different teams. In 1992, his first year with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers he rushed for 1,100 yards in only 11 games, and had one of the best playoff performances in history with 27 carries for 227 yards and two touchdowns. He was named Rookie of the Year that season. Michael Richardson also was named CFL Player of the week five times in 1992 and was a huge contributor to helping his team get to the Grey Cup that year.

In 1993, Michael Richardson won his second consecutive rushing title in the CFL. He was named CFL player of the week three times that year. He also helped his team go to the Grey Cup for the second year in a row.

In 1994 Michael Richardson signed as a free agent with the Ottawa Rough Riders and started the season off leading the CFL in rushing yards before suffering a severe torn quadriceps which sidelined him for 8 games that season. However, after healing from his injury Michael Richardson came back to finish the season. He stayed with the Ottawa Rough Riders the following year but in 1996 returned to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers.

Unlike many other Americans who come to Canada to play in the CFL, Michael Richardson fell in love with Winnipeg and decided to remain. He is married, has children and still remains involved in football in Winnipeg.

References

1969 births
Living people
American football running backs
Canadian football running backs
Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football players
Ottawa Rough Riders players
Sportspeople from Natchez, Mississippi
Players of American football from Mississippi
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players
Canadian Football League Rookie of the Year Award winners