Lorenzo Gray (born March 4, 1958) is an American former player. He played parts of two seasons in the Major League Baseball (MLB),  and , for the Chicago White Sox. He played a total of 58 games in the majors, mostly at third base.

He is a relative of author Ahuvah Gray.

Sources

1958 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Appleton Foxes players
Baseball players from Mississippi
Chicago White Sox players
Columbus Clippers players
Denver Bears players
Glens Falls White Sox players
Gulf Coast White Sox players
Edmonton Trappers players
Knoxville Sox players
Major League Baseball third basemen
Maine Guides players
People from Mound Bayou, Mississippi
San Jose Bees players


The S&P SmallCap 600 Index (S&P 600) is a stock market index established by S&P Global Ratings. It covers roughly the small-cap range of American stocks, using a capitalization-weighted index.

To be included in the index, a stock must have a total market capitalization that ranges from $850 million to $5.2 billion. These market cap eligibility criteria are for addition to an index, not for continued membership. As a result, an index constituent that appears to violate criteria for addition to that index is not removed unless ongoing conditions warrant an index change.

Additionally, same as S&P 500 and S&P 400, there is a financial viability requirement. Companies must have positive as-reported earnings over the most recent quarter, as well as over the most recent four quarters (summed together).

, the index's median market cap was $1.58 billion and covered roughly three percent of the total US stock market. These smallcap stocks cover a narrower range of capitalization than the companies covered by the Russell 2000 Smallcap index which range from $169 million to $4 billion, excluding some of the smallest companies. The S&P 400 MidCap index combined with the SmallCap 600 compose the S&P 1000, and the S&P 1000 plus the S&P 500 compose the S&P 1500. The index was launched on October 28, 1994
and its ticker symbol is either SML or ^SML.

Record values

Investing
The following exchange-traded funds (ETFs) attempt to track the performance of the index:

Index Fund
 iShares Core S&P Small-Cap ETF ()
 Vanguard S&P Small-Cap 600 ETF ()
 SPDR S&P 600 Small Cap ETF ()

Growth Index Fund
 iShares S&P Small-Cap 600 Growth ETF ()
 Vanguard S&P Small-Cap 600 Growth ETF ()
 SPDR S&P 600 Small Cap Growth ETF ()

Value Index Fund
 iShares S&P Small-Cap 600 Value ETF ()
 Vanguard S&P Small-Cap 600 Value ETF ()
 SPDR S&P 600 Small Cap Value ETF ()

It can be compared to the Russell 2000 Index.

Versions
The "S&P 600" generally quoted is a price return index; there are also total return and net total return versions of the index. These versions differ in how dividends are accounted for. The price return version does not account for dividends; it only captures the changes in the prices of the index components. The total return version reflects the effects of dividend reinvestment, while the net total return version takes into account dividend withholding taxes for foreign investors.

Annual returns

Components

See also
 Russell 2000 Index
 S&P 400
 S&P 500
 S&P 1500

Notes

External links
 Yahoo Finance page for ^SP600
 Bloomberg page for SML:IND
 Standard & Poor's page for S&P SmallCap 600 Index

American stock market indices
0600


Tomás Sánchez de la Barrera (June 4, 1709 - January 21, 1796) was a veteran Spanish captain who founded Laredo, Texas, United States, and Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico, the only town in the Nuevo Santander province.

Origins
Captain Tomas Sanchez de la Barrera y de la Garza was born into northern Mexico's oligarchic families. His father's family roots can be traced to the old hidalgo families of Andalucia, Spain. His mother is descended from the noble Oñate-Zaldivar family, conquistadors of New Mexico; and the politically entrenched De La Garza family, conquerors of Nuevo León, Mexico, who controlled extensive lands from Saltillo to the Rio Grande.

Founding of Laredo
He first arrived in Texas in 1749 to a place he named "El Paso de Jacinto", later called "Indian Ford", which is now west of Downtown Laredo. He then petitioned Colonel José de Escandón, 1st Count of Sierra Gorda for permission to found a town at this location. His petition was granted on May 15, 1755. He named the new townsite, Villa de San Agustin de Laredo, in honor of Saint Augustine and Colonel Escandon's hometown Laredo, Cantabria, Spain. Don Tomás Sánchez first established three families in the new villa. The site selected is located in the San Agustine Historical District in Downtown Laredo near the San Agustine Cathedral.

Gallery of Old Laredo

References

External links
Tomás Sánchez de la Barrera y Garza

1709 births
1796 deaths
History of Laredo, Texas
History of Nuevo Laredo
People from Laredo, Texas
People from Nuevo Laredo
People of Spanish Texas
Tejano people


Fotbal Club Dinamo București II, commonly known as Dinamo București II () or simply Dinamo II, was the reserve squad of Romanian football side FC Dinamo București.

History
One of the greatest performances in the history of the club was eliminating first league team Politehnica Timișoara with 3–2 in the sixteenths-finals phase of the 2004–05 Romanian Cup edition. They were eliminated in the next phase of the competition by FC Universitatea Craiova after losing with 3–2.

From 2007, Dinamo managed to keep its place in the second division, being close to relegation in 2010, when the team finished 15th, only one point above the relegation zone.

Across the years, the team was managed by former big players of the first squad: Ion Moldovan, Ionel Augustin, Dumitru Moraru, Costel Orac, Liviu Ciobotariu, Flavius Stoican, Ion Marin, Florentin Petre or Florin Bratu.

Dinamo II is a launching platform for players from the youth sector of the Bucharest club. During the years, players like Adrian Scarlatache, Ștefan Radu, Adrian Ropotan, Cristian Pulhac, Zié Diabaté, Marius Alexe, Constantin Nica or Nicolae Mitea made their breakthrough in football for the team.

Dinamo II relegated to the third division of Romanian football at the end of the 2012–13 season.

In the sixteenths-finals phase of the Cupa României 2016–17 edition Dinamo II played against their first team, Dinamo București, the game ending with a 2–1 loss for Dinamo II.

In the summer of 2017, Dinamo București owner, Ionuț Negoiță retired the team from Liga III and then dissolved it after 14 years of existence.

On 17 August 2020, only days after Negoiță sold the club to Benel International SA, the Spanish company decided to refound the second team, name it Dinamo B and to register to the Liga III.

In 2022, after the relegation to the Liga IV, Dinamo II was dissolved.

Honours
Liga III
Winners (1): 2006–07

League history

References

External links
 Official website

2
Defunct football clubs in Romania
Football clubs in Bucharest
Association football clubs established in 2003
Association football clubs disestablished in 2022
2003 establishments in Romania
2022 disestablishments in Romania
Liga II clubs
Liga III clubs


Wills Eye Hospital is a non-profit eye clinic and hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was established in 1832 and is the oldest continually operating eye-care facility in the United States. It is the ophthalmology residency program for Thomas Jefferson University.

Since 1990, Wills Eye Hospital has consistently been ranked one of the top three ophthalmology hospitals in the United States by U.S. News & World Report and its ophthalmology residency program is considered one of the most competitive residency programs in the world.

History

James Wills Jr., a Quaker merchant, was instrumental in the founding of Wills Eye through his bequest of $116,000 in 1832 to the City of Philadelphia. Wills stipulated that the funds were to be used specifically for the indigent, blind, and lame.  Over the years it evolved into solely an eye hospital.  The first Wills Hospital opened in 1834 on Logan Square at 18th & Race Streets.

Early surgeons at Wills Eye included Isaac Parrish, M.D. and Isaac Hays, MD, George Fox, M.D., and Squier Littell, M.D., who in 1837 wrote "A Manual of Diseases of the Eye." In 1854, Littell also co-edited "A Treatise on Operative Ophthalmic Surgery" with Henry Haynes Walton.

Historic building

The Centennial Building of Wills Eye Hospital was designed by architect John T. Windrim and built in 1931-1932. It is a six-story, brick building measuring .  The front facade features a portico with eight Tuscan order columns. The building is now residential apartments.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

Medical achievements

Wills Eye has pioneered many techniques in the field of ophthalmology, including:
 Artificial intraocular lens implant (1952), Warren Reese, MD and Turgut Hamdi, MD
 Invention of a vitrectomy machine (1972), Jay Federman, MD
 Artificial retinal implant (2009), Julia Haller, MD, Allen Ho, MD and Carl Regillo, MD

Notable people
 Charles D. Kelman, MD (Wills Eye residency 1956–1960) - father of phacoemulsification and inventor of the cryoprobe
Jerry A. Shields
Carol Shields
George Spaeth
William Tasman
 Santosh G. Honavar

Senior officials
Joseph Bilson, Executive Director, Wills Eye (2007–present)
Julia A. Haller, MD, Ophthalmologist-in-Chief, Wills Eye (2007–present)

References

Sources
Tasman, William. The History of Wills Eye Hospital Lippincott, 2nd edition (1987).

External links

Wills Eye Knowledge Portal

Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Philadelphia
Hospital buildings completed in 1932
Hospitals in Philadelphia
1832 establishments in Pennsylvania
Eye hospitals in the United States
Center City, Philadelphia


Domingo "Roy" Granata (Buenos Aires, 12 February 1922 - Buenos Aires, 19 August 2005) was an Argentine jazz musician.

Biography
Granata was the second child of Giuseppino Granata and Lucía Russo. He began his musical studies when he was very young and, by the time he reached his teens, was teaching theory, voice, composition, piano, violin and trumpet, the last of which would become his instrument of choice.

Upon entering military service, he formed the "Banda de Granaderos" (Grenadiers). After his tour of duty, he spent his nights working for various orchestras in Buenos Aires.  In 1954, he took a job in Medellín. He, his wife and newborn child lived there for two years, but they became homesick and returned to Buenos Aires, where Roy formed his own orchestra, the "Banda de Estrellas", which played jazz as well as an array of Latin-American musical styles. In the sixties, he was a featured artist in the band "Cafiaspirina". It was then that he was first presented as "Roy Granata y su Trompeta de Oro" (Trumpet of Gold).

In 1969, he helped organize the Primer Festival Nacional de la Música Beat which was held in the theater "El Nacional" and included most of the best-known bands in Argentina. They were awarded prizes for playing, style and execution by a jury of prominent figures from the public, academic and commercial spheres.

At the beginning of the seventies, he traveled to Aruba and decided to stay for a few years. In the later seventies and eighties he was part of several theater orchestras in Buenos Aires, until they replaced the musicians with recordings to save money. But, even though he no longer performed live, he continued to arrange music for many bands and orchestras.

References

External links
Mercado Libre: Sheet music for "Mon Amour", showing Granata and singer Carlos Lecube

1922 births
2005 deaths
Argentine musicians
Argentine people of Italian descent
Argentine expatriates in Colombia
Expatriates in Aruba


Sanskrit has inherited from its reconstructed parent the Proto-Indo-European language an elaborate system of nominal morphology. Endings may be added directly to the root, or more frequently and especially in the later language, to a stem formed by the addition of a suffix to it.

Sanskrit is a highly inflected language that preserves all the declensional types found in Proto-Indo-European, including a few residual heteroclitic r/n-stems.

Basics

Declension of a noun in Sanskrit involves the interplay of two 'dimensions': three numbers and eight cases, yielding a combination of 24 possible forms, although owing to syncretism of some forms, the practical number is around 18 or so. Further, nouns themselves in Sanskrit, like its parent Proto-Indo-European, can be in one of three genders.

In addition, adjectives behave much the same way morphologically as nouns do, and can conveniently be considered together. While the same noun cannot be seen to be of more than one gender, adjectives change gender on the basis of the noun they are being applied to, along with case and number, thus giving the following variables:

Building blocks

Roots

The oldest system of declension was to affix the endings directly to the nominal root. This was an ancient feature already in decline in later Proto-Indo-European. Of the daughter languages, this system has been best preserved by Sanskrit, especially the older form of Indo-Aryan termed Vedic Sanskrit.

Stems

In Proto-Indo-European, a new system developed wherein an intermediary called the thematic vowel is inserted to the root before the final endings are appended: *-o- which in Sanskrit becomes -a-, producing the thematic stem.

Declension of a thematic stem is less complicated owing to the fact that a host of Sandhi rules apply no more, and the later stages of the Sanskrit language see an increase in the profusion of thematic nouns. Thus in classical Sanskrit, the thematic pā́da-s is more likely to be found than its athematic predecessor.

Cases

Sanskrit nouns are declined for eight cases:

nominative: marks the subject of a verb.
accusative: used for the direct object of a transitive verb.
instrumental: marks the means by which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action, physically or abstractly.
dative: used to indicate the indirect object of a transitive verb.
ablative: used to express motion away from something.
genitive: marks a noun as modifying another noun.
locative: corresponds vaguely to the English prepositions in, on, at, and by.
vocative: used for a word that identifies an addressee.

The kāraka classification

In the ancient literature, Pāṇini identified six classes as kārakas, operating as accessories to a verb. The six kārakas are the nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, and locative cases. He defined them as follows (Aṣtādhyāyi, I.4.24–54):

 Kartā : 'he/that which is independent in action'. This is equivalent to the nominative case.
Karman : 'what the agent seeks most to attain': the accusative.
   'that which effects most': the instrumental.
 Sampradāna : 'he whom one aims at with the object': the dative.
Apādāna : '(that which is) firm when departure (takes place)': the ablative.
  : or 'substratum': the locative.

Pāṇini did not identify the genitive Sambandha and vocative Sambodhana as kārakas.

Endings

The basic scheme of suffixion is given in the table below and applies to many nouns and adjectives.

However, according to the gender and the final consonant or vowel of the uninflected word-stem, there are internal sandhi rules dictating the form of the inflected word. Furthermore, these are standalone forms, which when used in actual phrases are subject to external sandhi, such as, the mutation of -s to -ḥ or -r and so on.

Declension

Classification

Substantives may be divided into different classes on the basis of the stem vowel before they are declined on the above basis. The general classification is:

 Short-vowel stems
 a-stems
 i- and u-stems
 ṛ-stems
 Long-vowel stems
 ā-stems
 ī- and ū-stems
 Diphthong stems
 Consonant stems
 Bare stems
 as/is/us-stems
 an- and in-stems
 ant-/mant-/vant-stems
 vāṅs-stems

When the nominal endings are being affixed to a noun of each class, they may undergo, in some cases, some changes, including being entirely replaced by other forms. This happens most profusely in the a-stem class. However, for reasons noted below, grammars both traditional and modern tend to start with this class.

a-stems

The vast majority of nouns in Sanskrit belong to this class, and are masculine or neuter. The position of the accent is maintained throughout, except in the masculine vocative singular. The paradigms are illustrated in their pre-sandhi forms, along with the formation treatment using two stems in the masculine devá-   and kā́ma-  and two in the neuter yugá-  and phála-  with different syllables accented.

a-stem adjectives are also to be found in big numbers, they are invariably masculine or neuter – feminines being formed either in -ā or, less frequently -ī. a-stem adjectives are also declined as below.

Neuters only differ from the masculine in the nominative and accusative forms, the two forms always being the same:

i- and u-stems

i-stems

Final i-stem endings are closer to the standard set compared to the a-stem declension. In general, the -i is gunated in some cases, and a -n- is inserted intervocalically between the stem and the ending in a few other cases, especially in the neuter. The paradigms are illustrated here in their pre-sandhi forms for masculine agní- , feminine gáti-  and neuter vā́ri- .

Neuters as always remain identical in the nominative and accusative, and also in the vocative. In the other cases, a -n- is inserted between the stem and the standard endings in all those cases where to avoid a collision of two vowels, making the whole process almost perfectly straightforward.

u-stems

i- and u-stem declensions are so similar that they can be grouped together. The u-stem paradigms illustrated here in their pre-sandhi forms are for masculine śátru- , feminine dhenú-  and neuter mádhu- .

Neuters are also just as straightforward as for i-stems.

i- and u-stem adjectives are a small class of so—called primary adjectives, such as bahus, -us, -u  and śucis, -is, -i , as well as ones adapted from nouns like bahuvrīhis. They are inflected like the i- and u-stem nouns described above; occasionally the feminine u may gain an additional ī and become vī.

ṛ-stems
ṛ-stems are predominantly agental derivatives like dātṛ , though also include kinship terms like pitṛ , mātṛ , and svasṛ .  The neuter equivalents of derivative agental nouns once again form secondary stems in -n, as in the -i and -u classes.

A single irregular i-stem noun, sakhi , has a stem in -i but declines similarly to the above – simply with y i ī taking the place of r ṛ ṝ:

ā, ī- and ū-stems
This category is made of ā-, ī- and ū-stems, almost entirely feminine, polysyllabic derivative nouns.

ā-stems
A few forms deviate from the standard in many of which an interspersed -y- can be observed. The vocative also undergoes the usual accent shift.

ī- and ū-stems

Again most ī- and ū-stem nouns are feminine. ī- and ū-stem adjectives also belong here.

Diphthong stems
Stems ending in Sanskrit diphthongs (e, ai, o, au) follow a fairly regular pattern, whilst subject to sandhi rules as usual.

Bare-consonant and as/us/is-stem nouns
Consonant stem nouns may have up to 3 different stems, as well as two special forms:
 A special lengthened form for the masculine/feminine nominative singular
 A special lengthened and/or nasalized form for the neuter nom/acc. plural
 A strong stem used for masc./fem. sing. acc., dual nom./acc. and plur. nom.
 A medium stem  used with oblique cases with consonant endings, as well as the neuter nom./acc. sing.
 A weak stem  used everywhere else.

One or more of these stems may be identical for some words, but this is generally not regularly predictable from either the nominative singular or the citation form stem. While the stem ending may undergo expected internal sandhi changes as normal, the endings themselves are gracefully regular.

an-stem nouns and in-stem adjectives

an-stem nouns and in-stem adjectives (occurring prolifically in masc. and neu.) show very similar behavior and can be grouped together:

ant-, mant- and vant-stem adjectives

Participial forms in -ant/-at decline as below, with some stem variation with the -n-.. Possessives in -mant and vant- display similar behavior, the difference that stands out is the nom. sing. masc. -mān & -vān. Forms not mentioned fit the existing pattern with full regularity:

vāṅs-stem perfect participles
These forms exhibit similarities with the -vant stems illustrated above, with the main exception that in the weakest forms, before vowel endings, -vāṅs is zero-graded alongside the disappearance of the -ṅ-.

Comparatives and superlatives

Primary derivation

A small closed class of comparatives and superlatives are directly formed on adjectival roots, after dropping the original stem suffix. The comparative takes the suffix -īyān (yāṃsas), yasī, yas, which declines as a consonant- and ī-stem adjective; the superlative takes -iṣṭhas, ā, am. The root is strengthened to the guṇa grade.

 from mahān , root mah-, is formed mahīyān, mahiṣṭhas;

 from  , root sthi-, is formed stheyān, stheṣṭhas.

In some adjectives the original form of the root has been obscured by internal sandhi, making the outcome somewhat irregular. Thus:

 from gur-us , originally , comes garīyān, gariṣṭhas;

 from dīrgh-as , originally dṝgh- < dṛHgh- (where H denotes a laryngeal), a guṇa placed in the second possible slot  gives draHgh- > drāgh-, whence drāghīyān, drāghiṣṭhas;

Secondary derivation

The secondary suffixes of comparison are -taras, ā, am for comparative and -tamas, ā, am for superlative. They are appended to the inflectional base, with no modification of the stem. Usually, the pada stem is used for consonant-stem adjectives, but those in a simple -n sometimes retain it.

 priyatara-, priyatama- from priya-;
 vṛṣatara-, vṛṣatama- from vṛṣan-, but vṛṣantama- is also attested.

Numerals

Cardinal numbers

The numbers from one to ten, along with cognates in closely related languages, are:

All numbers in Sanskrit can be declined in all the cases. From one to four, the cardinal numerals agree with the substantive they qualify in number, gender and case; from 5 to 19, in number and case, with only one form for all genders; from 20 onwards in case only.

 is declined like a pronominal adjective, though the dual form does not occur.  appears only in the dual.  and  are declined as below:

The numbers from 11 to 19 are:

ékādaśam, dvā́daśam, tráyodaśam, cáturdaśam, páñcadaśam, , saptádaśam, , návadaśam.

The tens from 20 to 90 are:

(, , , pañcāśát, , saptatí, aśītí, navatí.

The joint numbers:

21 – , 22 – , 23 – , ..., 26 – , ..., but 82 – dvā́́śīti, 83 – trayā́śīti, 88 – .

The hundreds are:

śatam, dvai śatai,  śatāni / tri śatam, etc.

The larger numbers:

Compounding numbers

All the numerals may be compounded attributively in their stem form:

Ordinal numbers

The ordinal numbers from one to ten are:

 prathamás, -ā́
 dvitī́yas, -ā
 , -ā
 caturthás, -ī́
 pañcamás, -ī́
 , -ī
 saptamás, -ī́
 , -ī́
 navamás, -ī́
 daśamás, -ī́

Other numbers:

11. – ekādaśás, ... 20. –  (), 30. –  (), 40. – , 50. – pañcāśattamás, 60. – , 70. – saptatitamás, 80. – aśītitamás, 90. – navatitamás, 100. – śatatamás, 1000. – sahasratamás.

Pronouns and determiners

Sanskrit pronouns and determiners behave in their declension largely like other declinable classes such as nouns, adjectives and numerals, so that they can all be classed together under nominals. However, pronouns and determiners display certain peculiarities of their own compared to the other nominal classes.

Furthermore, personal pronouns have an additional dimension not present in the other nominals, but shared by verbs: person.

Pronouns are declined for case, number, and gender. The pronominal declension applies to a few adjectives as well. Many pronouns have alternative enclitic forms.

The official list of Sanskrit pronouns is: sarva, viśva, ubha, ubhaya, utara, utama, anya, anyatara, tvat, tva, nema, sama, sima, pūrva, para, avara, dakṣiṇa, uttara, apara, adhara, sva, antara; tyad, tad, yad, etad, idam, adam; eka, dvi, yuṣmad, asmad, and kim.

First- and second-person pronouns

Sanskrit pronouns in the first and second person are theoretically termed asmad and yuṣmad respectively.

They resemble one another in how they are declined, and similarly do not mark gender.  These pronouns have shortened, enclitic forms in the accusative, dative, and genitive cases (parenthesized in the table below).

The forms mad, asmad, tvad and yuṣmad can be used in derivation and composition: mát·kṛta, mát·sakhi, tvát·pitṛ, etc.

Demonstratives
Sanskrit does not have true third person pronouns, but its demonstratives play this role when they stand independently of a substantive. The four different demonstratives in Sanskrit are:

 tad, adas
 idam, etad

Both tad and adas are used for objects of reference that are far away, the latter being more emphatic. Both are translated by the English distal demonstrative that.

By contrast, idam and etad are used for nearby objects, and, again, the latter is more emphatic and has a strong deictic meaning. These two pronouns are translated by the English proximal demonstrative this.

The masculine singular nominative form of tad, sas exhibits irregular sandhi behaviour — before consonants saḥ becomes sa, giving, for instance, sa gajaḥ  rather than the expected *so gajaḥ.

etad, is declined almost identically to tad. Its paradigm is obtained by prefixing e- to all the forms of tat. Consequently  the masculine and feminine nominative singular forms of this pronoun are  and .

The declension of idam is somewhat irregular because it is formed from two different stems, i- and a-. The nominative and accusative forms, except the three singular nominatives, are regularly formed with the stem im-, and the remaining forms from a-; an extra -n- is infixed should the ending start with a vowel.

Most of the forms for adas are regularly formed using the stem u- the same way as if it were a-, with the combination *ui- becoming ī- in the plural. The nominative dual and instrumental singular are formed like u-stem nouns.

Possessive pronouns

asmad allows the following forms of possessive pronouns:

 madīya-, māmaka-, māmakīna-
 asmadīya-, asmāka-, asmākīna-

The feminines are in -ā.

yuṣmad has these:

 tvadīya-, tāvaka-, tāvakīna-
 yuṣmadīya-, yauṣmāka-, yauṣmākīṇa-

tad and etad have tadīya- and etadīya- respectively.

The feminines are again in -ā, except the -aka forms where it is -akī. These are all conjugated like regular a-, ā and ī-stem forms.

Polite pronoun
Technically a noun, bhavant  literally means 'Your Honour' and is treated like a third-person subject.  It carries, however, a second person meaning and connotes politeness.  This is declined very much like any vant-stem adjective.

This use of bhavant is common enough to suggest that the word should be treated as a polite variant of the second person pronoun, rather than as a more elaborate honorific construction.  Bhavant declines like all stems ending in -ant.

In talking of someone not present, one may use tatrabhavant, and conversely for someone present, atrabhavant, whether being addressed or not.

Enclitic pronouns
The enclitic pronoun enam is found only in a few oblique cases and numbers.  It is unemphatic and mostly refers to persons.

The k-y-t series of interrogative, relative, and correlative pronouns
In Sanskrit, interrogative and relative pronouns are formed analogously to tat.  The interrogative pronoun kim is declined like tat, replacing the initial t or s with k.  The only exception to this rule is the neuter nominative/accusative singular form, which is kim rather than the expected *kat. The relative pronoun yat is declined like tat, without exception replacing the initial t or s with y.

The demonstrative tat functions as a correlative pronoun when used in "independent clauses that 'complete' relative clauses to form complex sentences"—unlike in English (where one can say, for example,  "The girl with whom you were speaking is my sister"), relative pronouns must be accompanied by correlative pronouns (which, if applied to the previous example, would be: "The girl with whom you are speaking, she is my sister").

For a Sanskrit example of a complex sentence using corresponding relative and correlative pronouns, consider:  ('In the forest where Rāma lives, there are no demons'). In that example, the pronouns are alike in gender, number, and case, but matching relative–correlative pronouns need not be alike in case—for example: yena puruṣeṇa saha bhāṣate nṛpaḥ sa muniḥ ('The man with whom the king is speaking is a sage').

Indefinite and absolute negative phrases
Aside from their primary uses, the interrogative and relative pronouns are also used to form indefinite phrases.  The two ways of forming indefinite phrases are:
placing a relative pronoun before its corresponding interrogative pronoun, which in turn is followed by the particle api (for example: yat kim api, which means 'something or another'), and
placing one of api, cana, or cit after the interrogative pronoun (for example: kiṃcit, which means 'something').
As is evident in the examples, the first method of indicating indefiniteness is stronger, while the latter is more subtle and can simply be translated by an indefinite article in English.

The absolute negative, semantically functioning as the negation of existential quantification, is formed by negating an indefinite phrase.

Reflexive pronouns
There are a number of words in Sanskrit that function as reflexive pronouns.  The indeclinable svayam can indicate reflexivity pertaining to subjects of any person or number, and—since subjects in Sanskrit can appear in the nominative, instrumental, or genitive cases—it can have the sense of any of these cases.  The noun ātman ('self') and adjective svaḥ ('own'; cf. Latin ) decline so as to express reflexivity in any case, person, and number. The former is always in the masculine, even when used in relation to a female subject, but the latter declines for gender.

Pronominal adjectives
Several adjectives in Sanskrit are declined pronominally.  That is, their declension differs from ordinary adjectival declension of a-stems and instead follows the declension of tat in certain respects.
anya ('other'), anyatara ('either'), itara ('other'), katara ('which of two?'), katama ('which of many?'), and ekatama ('one of many') all follow the tat paradigm exactly.
sarva ('every', 'all'), ubhaya ('both'), eka ('one'), and ekatara ('either') follow the tat paradigm except in the neuter nominative/accusative singular, ending in -m rather than -t.
pūrva ('prior', 'east'), avara ('posterior', 'west'), adhara ('inferior', 'west'), uttara ('subsequent', 'north'), dakṣiṇa ('south'), para ('subsequent', 'other', 'opposite'), apara ('other', 'inferior'), antara ('outer'), and sva ('own') follow the tat paradigm except (1) in the neuter nominative/accusative singular, ending in -am rather than -at; (2) in the masculine/neuter ablative and locative singular, sometimes (though not necessarily) ending in -āt and -e rather than -asmāt and -asmin; and (3) in the masculine nominative plural, sometimes (though not necessarily) ending in -āḥ rather than -e.
ardha ('half'), alpa ('little'), katipaya ('some'), prathama ('first'), carama ('last'), and dvaya/dvitaya ('twofold') generally follow the regular adjective declension for a-stems but sometimes (though not necessarily) follow tat in the masculine nominative plural, ending in -e rather than -āḥ.
dvitīya ('second') and tṛtīya ('third') optionally follow the declension of tat in the forms of the oblique cases in the singular.

Note that when any of these adjectives are at the end of a compound, they decline exactly like ordinary a-stem adjectives.

Nominal derivation
Derivation or word-formation in Sanskrit can be divided into the following types:

 Primary derivation – suffixes directly appended to roots
 Secondary derivation – suffixes appended to derivative stems
 Word-compounding – combining one more word stems

Primary derivatives

The root usually undergoes some change of form first, typically to first-grade, or in some cases second-grade, strengthening. A final -n or -m may sometimes be lost, a short vowel may be first followed by a -t, a final palatal or h may revert  to the corresponding guttural, and so on.

a-suffix derivatives

A very large number of derivatives are formed under this category, with several semantic outcomes and with varying treatment of the root, including gradation, reduplication and no change.

 With guṇa-grading, wherever possible
 Action nouns
 √grah- ⇒ gráha-
 √i- ⇒ áya-
 √vid- ⇒ véda-
 √tṝ- ⇒ tára-
 √sṛj- ⇒ sárga-
 Agent nouns
 √jīv- ⇒ jīvá-
 √sṛ- ⇒ sará-
 √sṛp- ⇒ sarpá-
 √kṣam- ⇒ kṣamá-
 With vṛddhi-grading, where the final outcome has an ā
 Action nouns
 √kam- ⇒ kā́ma-
 √bhaj- ⇒ bhā́ga-
 √tṝ- ⇒ tā́ra-
 Agent nouns
 √gṛh- ⇒ grābhá-
 √vah- ⇒ vāhá-
 √ni- ⇒ nāyá-

ti-suffix derivatives
Another large class, mostly feminine action nouns, with some masculine agent nouns and adjectives. The root remains in zero-grade form, largely like past passive participles in -tá.

 √bhaj- ⇒ bhaktí-
 √stu- ⇒ stutí-
 √pṝ- ⇒ pūrtí-
 √gam- ⇒ gáti-
 √man- ⇒ matí-
 √dṛś- ⇒ dṛ́ṣṭi-
 √vac- ⇒ úkti-
 √vṛdh- ⇒ vṛ́ddhi-

man-suffix derivatives

This is another productive category (PIE *-men), mostly of action-noun formations.

 √kṛ- ⇒ kárman-
 √dhṛ- ⇒ dhárman-
 √vṛt- ⇒ vártman-
 nā́man-
 bráhman-
 brahmán-
 áśman-

tar-suffix derivatives

tṛ- or tar-suffix derivatives, mostly agent nouns (PIE *-tor, English -er).

 √kṛ- ⇒ kártṛ
 √dā- ⇒ dātṛ
 √gam- ⇒ gantṛ
 √hu- ⇒ hotṛ

Several basic kinship nouns are classed under here.

 √pā- ⇒ pitṛ́
 mātṛ́
 bhrā́tṛ
 √duh- ⇒ duhitṛ́

tra-suffix derivatives

Typically nouns expressing the means of doing something.

 √pā- ⇒ pā́tra-
 √man- ⇒ mántra-
 √vas- ⇒ vástra-
 √rāj- ⇒ rāṣṭrá-

Secondary derivatives

This is used primarily to form words of adjectival meaning, and with the first vowel usually undergoing vṛddhi-grade strengthening.

a-suffix derivatives

A very productive class, nouns or adjectives that denote a relationship. Patronymics are also derived in this manner.

 mánas- ⇒ mānasá-
 bráhman- ⇒ brāhmaṇá-
 Marút- ⇒ mā́ruta-
 Mánus- ⇒ mā́nuṣa-

ya-suffix derivatives

Another very productive class. Closely related are -iya- and -īya- formations.

 devá- ⇒ daívya-
 loká- ⇒ laúkya-
 púṃs- ⇒ paúṃsya-
 gó- ⇒ gávya-
 sánt- ⇒ satyá-

-iya- is used after a consonant cluster:

 kṣatrá- ⇒ kṣatríya-
 yajñá- ⇒ yajñíya-
 índra- ⇒ indriyá-
 kṣétra- ⇒ kṣetriyá-

tā and tva-suffix derivatives

These suffixes denote the quality of being, analogous to '-ness' and '-hood' in English. Cf Lat -tas (-ty), Slavic *-ьstvo. Coupled with the prefix a- 'un-', the sense of '-lessness' is derived.

 devá·tā
 nagná·tā
 a·gó·tā
 a·paśú·tā
 a·mṛta·tvá
 bhrātṛ·tvá
 śatru·tvá

Compounds

See also
Sanskrit verbs
Sanskrit grammar
Vedic Sanskrit grammar
Proto-Indo-Aryan
Proto-Indo-Iranian
Proto-Indo-European

Notes

Glossary

Traditional glossary and notes

References

Bibliography

 W. D. Whitney, The Roots, Verb-Forms and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language (A Supplement to His Sanskrit Grammar)
 Coulson, Michael. Teach Yourself Sanskrit. Oxford: Hodder and Stoughton, 1986. ()

 Macdonell, A. A. A Sanskrit Grammar for Students. London: Oxford UP, 1927. ()
Delbrück, B. Altindische Tempuslehre (1876)
 Goldman, Robert P. & Sally J. . Berkeley: Center for South Asian Studies, 2004. ()
Wackernagel, Debrunner, Altindische Grammatik, Göttingen.
vol. I. phonology  Jacob Wackernagel (1896)
vol. II.1. introduction to morphology, nominal composition, Wackernagel (1905)
vol. II.2. nominal suffixes, J. Wackernagel and Albert Debrunner (1954)
vol. III. nominal inflection, numerals, pronouns, Wackernagel and Debrunner (1930)

Noun
Vyakarana
Declension
Indo-Aryan grammars
Indo-Iranian grammars
Indo-European grammars


A simpulum, or simpuvium, was a small vessel or ladle with a long handle from the Roman era, used at sacrifices to make libations, and to taste the wines and other liquors which were poured on the head of the sacrificial victims. The simpulum was the sign of Roman priesthood, and one of the insignia of the College of Pontiffs.

The simpulum appears on a coin from Patras struck under Augustus. It is placed before the head of Vesta, as a mark of that goddess, on a coin of the Domitian family, and is seen in the hand of a Vestal Virgin on coins of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. A man in a toga holds a simpulum in his hand on a coin of Antonio Drusi.

The simpulum is commonly shown with the lituus and other sacrificial and augural instruments, on coins of Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Augustus, Caligula, Vespasian, Nerva, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Caracalla, Publius Septimius Geta, Volusianus, Saloninus, Valerianus Minor, Domitius Calvinus and Pontius Pilate, as well as on many consular and colonial medals.

References

External links
The Simpulum on Numiswiki
The Simpulum on the Coins of Pontius Pilate

Ancient Roman religion
Religious rituals


Herbert Junior Swan (January 20, 1927 – May 28, 2013) was the 18th Speaker for the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan in Canada. He held this post from 1982 to 1986. A member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan, Swan represented the riding of Rosetown-Elrose.

The son of Herbert Swan, he was educated in Demaine, at the Saskatoon Technical Institute and Success Business College. Swan was a farmer and operated a grain seed business. In 1949, he married Anita Syroishka. Swan served on the local school board and was president of the Saskatchewan School Trustees' Association from 1976 to 1978. He served in the provincial cabinet as Minister of the Environment from 1986 to 1987 and as Minister of the Environment and Public Safety from 1987 to 1989. Swan retired from politics in 1991.  He was later a resident of Beechy, Saskatchewan, and died in Saskatoon in 2013.

References

1927 births
2013 deaths
Speakers of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan
Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan MLAs
Members of the Executive Council of Saskatchewan


For the hockey trophy, see Stanley Cup

Stanley is an American brand of food and beverage containers invented by William Stanley Jr.

History
The Stanley all-steel vacuum flask was invented by William Stanley Jr. in 1913.

Early uses for the Stanley bottle included flying with the pilots on B-17s during World War II, carrying human organs, transporting bull semen by the cattle industry, and accompanying crews on deep sea explorations. More recently the bottle has been used for cooking noodles and hot dogs, transporting temperature-delicate medicines, and carrying coffee or other hot drinks.

Timeline

In 1913 William Stanley Jr. created the Stanley bottle as a result of his work with transformers, during which he discovered that a welding process he was using could be used to insulate a vacuum bottle with steel instead of glass.

By 1915 William Stanley began mass production of the Stanley bottle. He acquired an empty building, renovated and equipped it with machinery for production of insulated jugs, beverage servers, and desk top decanters.

In 1916, William Stanley died at the age of 57. A New York City investment company acquired the operation and hired a mechanical engineer, Harry Badger, as General Manager who continued to invent and develop new products which expanded the product line.

In 1921, Landers, Frary & Clark (L.F&C) of New Britain, Connecticut (a household appliance manufacturer) purchased Stanley Insulating Company and added the Stanley line to their appliance and hardware lines.

In 1933, the entire Stanley operation moved from Great Barrington, Massachusetts to L.F&C's plant in New Britain, Connecticut.  During this time, Harry Badger became Chief Product Research and Manufacturing Engineer and in the following years he continued to develop and add more products to the Stanley line.

In 1949 Harry Badger retired and John Eza became Chief Product Research and Manufacturing Engineer. From 1949 to 1965, fifteen new products were added and Stanley containers were now used by airlines, railroads, ocean lines, hospitals and mass feeding institutions.

In 1953 the Pint Quart and two Quart bottles were modified to utilize common cups, collars, and stoppers.

On March 30, 1961, there was a tender offer to acquire controlling stock of L F & C by J. B. Williams Company, a leading producer of pharmaceuticals. Within six weeks J. B. Williams had ownership of 80% of some 404,000 outstanding shares.

In 1965, Aladdin acquired the Universal Stanley Division of the J. B. Williams Company, which made the Stanley thermos bottle in Nashville, Tennessee. All of Stanley's operations were moved to Nashville and by 1966 the first Aladdin Stanley bottles were shipped. John Eza was hired by Aladdin Industries to set up operations in Nashville, and he remained the chief engineer with the Stanley Bottle Division until his retirement in 1989.

In 1968 the insulated cup and threaded stopper were designed and manufactured to provide a reduction in manufacturing costs and operating equipment.

In 1976, a shorter two-quart Stanley bottle was introduced.  In 1988 the bail handle was replaced by a side handle.  In the mid 1980s a side handle also was introduced in the one-quart bottle.  During this time the 24oz wide mouth bottle with an insulated cup was also produced.

In 2002, Stanley was purchased by Seattle, WA based Pacific Market International (PMI).  Stanley's manufacturing facilities were then moved to China.

See also
 List of bottle types, brands and companies
 Aladdin (food & beverage containers)

References

External links

 Patent referencing William Stanley's Bottle Patent

Bottles
Vacuum flasks
Camping equipment manufacturers
American companies established in 1913
Manufacturing companies established in 1913


Tadeusz Bohdan Isakowicz-Zaleski () is a Polish Roman Catholic and Armenian Catholic priest, author and activist. Born in 1956, in Kraków, Isakowicz-Zaleski was an activist of the anticommunist student opposition in Kraków in the late 1970s, became a Solidarity chaplain in Kraków's Nowa Huta district in the 1980s, and later an avid supporter of the lustration of the Polish Church. On 3 May 2006, he was awarded the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta, one of Poland's highest orders. Subsequently in 2007, he was awarded the Order of the Smile and Polish Ombudsmans  Order of Paweł Włodkowic.

In 1985, he was twice tortured by Poland's communist-era secret police (Słuzba Bezpieczeństwa, SB), and some twenty years later in 2006 he started researching the secret police archives kept by Poland's Institute of National Remembrance to discover that 39 Archdiocese of Kraków priests had collaborated with the regime between 1944 and 1989. This resulted in the much publicized 'Church Spy scandal' in Poland, where till then the Polish Church was only known for its role in battling communism and preserving traditional and national values both during the partitions of Poland and in the communist era. Subsequently in 2007 he published his controversial book "Księża wobec bezpieki na przykładzie archidiecezji krakowskiej" (Polish Priests and the Communist Secret Police) on priests who cooperated with communist secret services. He is the subject of a documentary 'Poland's Turbulent Priest', shown on BBC World News in 2009, about his struggle with the communist regime and the Polish church.

Life

Isakowicz-Zaleski was born in Krakow to a Polish father and an Armenian mother. Since high school years he was engaged in several Roman Catholic youth organizations. After graduating, he entered a seminary in his native city, which did not prevent him from being called for service in the Polish Army. He served in the years 1975-1977 in Brzeg. In the late 1970s, after returning to the seminary, he joined the anticommunist student movements, such as Student Committee of Solidarity. He co-published a Samizdat magazine Cross of Nowa Huta, also in 1977 he debuted in Tygodnik Powszechny with his poems.

In 1980, Isakowicz-Zaleski became engaged in the Solidarity movement; three years later he was ordained and chosen to continue studies at the Papal Armenian Collegium in Rome. Unfortunately, he was not allowed to leave Communist Poland, because of his underground activities. Isakowicz-Zaleski began working in Krakow’s district of Nowa Huta, where he celebrated Mass for the workers and for the fatherland in the Maximilian Kolbe parish in Mistrzejowice. Throughout the 1980s, he was repressed, and the Communist secret service agents twice brutally beat him. Both incidents happened in 1985, and came in the wake of the notorious 1984 murder of fellow Solidarity priest Jerzy Popiełuszko. The first attack occurred in April at his mother's home, where after gagging him the agents burned a V sign – the victory sign of the outlawed Solidarity trade union which he supported – on his chest with a cigarette. Later in December of the year, he was attacked again, this time at his presbytery. His ordeal was later used by Polish director Maciej Gawlikowski in his 2006 film To Intimidate the Priest.

In 1988, as a priest of the workers, he participated in the strike in Nowa Huta’s Lenin Steel Mill. At the same time, he began helping the poor and the handicapped, together with nuns from local convents. In 1987, he co-founded charitable Foundation of Brother Albert Chmielowski. He remained director of the Foundation, which owns a shelter in the village of Radwanowice in the suburbs of Krakow.

In 2006, after months of research at Institute of National Remembrance, he drafted a book on the collaboration between Catholic priests and government agents. But Cardinal Stanisław Dziwisz of Kraków denied him the permission to publish it, unless it is vetted in advance by archdiocesan officials. On 3 May 2006, Father Zaleski was awarded one of Poland's highest Orders, the Polonia Restituta (Order of Polish Rebirth) by President Lech Kaczyński. In November 2006, he received an apology from the nation's Catholic primate, Cardinal Józef Glemp of Warsaw, for earlier criticizing his research into collaboration between the clergy and the Communist-era secret police.

In February 2007 he finally published his controversial book, "Ksieza wobec bezpieki na przykladzie archidiecezji krakowskiej" (Polish Priests and the Communist Secret Police) on priests who cooperated with communist secret services.

Activities

Armenian Community in Poland
Reverend Isakowicz-Zaleski is a pastor of Armenian Catholic parish in Gliwice since 1 December 2009. Between 2001 and 2009 he was the national clergyman and national chaplain of the Armenian community of Poland. He popularizes knowledge about the history and culture of Armenia itself, as well as about the rich history of the Armenian minority in Poland. He initiated cooperation between older and newer waves of Armenian immigrants. Father Zaleski, who is related to the Catholic Armenian Rite archbishop of Lviv,  also promotes the erection of a monument in Krakow to commemorate the Armenian genocide.

Charity and Helping the Disabled
In 1997, Archbishop Franciszek Macharski named Zaleski honorary canon of the Krakow Archdiocese in appreciation for his charity-related activities. However, Zaleski, who is known in Krakow for his charity works, resigned from this post in 2006, protesting allegations aimed at him. Together with Janina Ochojska, he was a participant in several humanitarian convoys to such countries as the former Yugoslavia, Albania, Chechnya and Ukraine. In September 2007, Polish Ombudsman awarded him the Order of Pawel Wlodkowic for courage in fighting for basic values and truths, against the opinions of the majority. He was also awarded the Order of the Smile. Since 2007, he has been cooperating with the Gazeta Polska weekly. Isakowicz-Zaleski runs the Brother Albert Foundation.

Massacres of Poles in Volhynia
Zaleski, who lost several members of his family in a campaign of ethnic cleansing of Poles in modern Western Ukraine (formerly inside pre-1939 eastern Polish territory), has for years been fighting to commemorate the Polish victims. In 2008 he unsuccessfully appealed to the Government of Poland, stating that it should officially condemn the Volhynian Genocide. He stated that political correctness in Poland makes it impossible to mention these tragic events. In 2008 he wrote the book Subdued Genocide in Kresy, in which, among other things, he describes the fate of his family and of the village of Korosciatyn near Monasterzyska (area of Ternopil), which was destroyed by Ukrainian nationalists, and its inhabitants murdered. He frequently criticizes not only members of the Polish Government, together with president Kaczynski, but also Roman Catholic hierarchy, such as Primate Jozef Glemp and Cardinal Stanislaw Dziwisz, claiming that they have neglected sufferings of Poles in Western Ukraine and they do not protest when Ukrainian nationalists are awarded orders.

Lustration of Polish Clergy
In 2005, during the 25th Anniversary Celebrations of Solidarity, Zaleski was tipped off that there was a pre-1989 secret police file on him in Krakow. By then, under new Polish law, one could view one's own file, as well as those who informed on you. He sought permission from the IPN (Institute of National Remembrance) to study the documents. Subsequently he found some five hundred pages of material on himself alone, names of fellow priests who had allegedly spied on him, and also a video of himself being gagged and beaten by thugs. He was swiftly able to identity several clergymen who had informed on him. Most crucially, evidence suggested that four figures who had risen to bishop status by 2005 were themselves past informers.

In February 2006, Zaleski came up with the idea of revealing the names of priests from the Archdiocese of Kraków who had been secret informers of the Communist secret service. As he himself had been victimized by Communist agents, he obtained access to his files, kept by the Institute of National Remembrance, as an injured party. Thus, he appealed publicly for all the priests who had served as secret agents for the Security Service to step forward and reveal themselves, causing a furor.

In August of the same year, Zaleski revealed that he had sent letters to priests registered as secret collaborators. His activities were harshly criticized by the Krakow Curia and Zaleski received an order from his superiors to refrain from making public statements about this subject. Cardinal Stanisław Dziwisz stated that Isakowicz-Zaleski had received a permit to conduct research exclusively into the repression that he himself faced under communism. Dziwisz condemned his "irresponsible and harmful" activities in a public letter, warned him to stop "throwing accusations", and finally ordered him to be silent Eventually Dziwisz gave his permission for Zaleski to notify the clergymen before he identified them and allowed them to comment.

Nevertheless, Zaleski persisted saying that the church "must repent for the misdeeds of compromised priests". He told the Wprost Weekly, that in the fall of 2006 he was in a personal crisis and considered resigning from the priesthood. His research in the secret police files showed that 39 Krakow priests had collaborated with the regime. Four of them were now bishops. "The whole tragedy is that the church had 16 years to take care of the problem, and it didn't do a thing", stated Zaleski, adding that the Church "didn't want to hurt the pope, but actually, more harm was done by keeping silent".

On 28 February 2007, Znak publishing house issued Zaleski’s book Ksieza wobec bezpieki na przykladzie diecezji krakowskiej (Polish Priests and the Communist Secret Police, ), in which he addressed the topic of the extent to which Poland’s Roman Catholic Church was infiltrated by communist security. In November, Zaleski was awarded the Prize of Jozef Mackiewicz. The book sparked huge public attention, with people signing up at bookstores to make sure they would get a copy. Zaleski decided to donate the royalties to charity.

Publications
"Oblezenie" (Siege, 1981) - poems, published as samizdat under pseudonym Jacek Partyka
"Wspomnienia" (Recolletions, 1985) - poems, published as samizdat under pseudonym Jan Kresowiak
"Morze Czerwone" (Red Sea, 1988) -poems, published as samizdat under pseudonym Jan Kresowiak
"Slownik biograficzny ksiezy ormianskich i pochodzenia ormianskiego w Polsce w latach 1750-2000" (Biographical Dictionary of Armenian Priests in Poland 1750-2000, 2001)
"Arcybiskup ormianski Izaak Mikolaj Isakowicz "Zlotousty" : duszpasterz, spolecznik i patriota 1824-1901" (Armenian Archbishop Izaak Mikolaj Isakowicz, 2001)
"Wiersze" (Poems, 2006)
"Ksieza wobec bezpieki na przykladzie archidiecezji krakowskiej" (Polish Priests and the Communist Secret Police, 2007)
"Moje zycie nielegalne" (My illegal life, 2008)
"Przemilczane ludobojstwo na Kresach" (Subdued Genocide in Kresy 2008)

See also
Lustration in Poland
Sluzba Bezpieczenstwa
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia

References

External links
Father Isakowicz-Zaleski's webpage, with his blog

1956 births
Living people
Clergy from Kraków
Polish people of Armenian descent
Polish Roman Catholic priests
Polish male writers
Polish columnists
Polish memoirists
Armenian Catholic priests
Solidarity (Polish trade union) activists
Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Polish dissidents


Stadionul Electromagnetica is a multi-purpose stadium in Bucharest, Romania. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Asalt București and ACS Rapid FNG. The stadium holds 2,000 people and was opened in the interwar period, being the only stadium opened in Bucharest in that period that is still in use. For 66 years the stadium was the homeground of Rapid II București, team that was known in the past as Electromagnetica București. The scoreboard is an unusual one, being the old scoreboard from the Stadionul Republicii, moved here when the stadium was demolished.

References

External links
Stadionul Electromagnetica at soccerway.com

Football venues in Romania
CS Rapid București
Sports venues in Bucharest


Shane Byrne is the name of:

Shane Byrne (footballer) (born 1993), Irish footballer
Shane Byrne (motorcycle racer) (born 1976), British motorcycle road racer
Shane Byrne (rugby union) (born 1971), former Irish rugby union hooker


Florea Dumitrache Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Bucharest, Romania. It is the home ground of Dinamo București (rugby). It holds 1,500 people. It is named after Dinamo București and Romania legend, Florea Dumitrache (1948–2007). This was also the home ground of Victoria București, then being named Victoria Stadium.

FC Dinamo București
Football venues in Romania
Sports venues in Bucharest
Rugby union stadiums in Romania


Academic Engineers and Architects in Finland TEK (, ) is a Finnish trade union of university-educated engineers, architects and scientists. In addition, the TEK is a learned society and the professional body of the engineering profession. The union requires that its full members have a master's degree or equivalent in engineering, architecture, mathematics, physics or in other sciences related to technology.

History
The TEK was founded in 1896 as the association of Finnish-speaking engineering professionals (Suomenkielisten teknikkojen seura). In early years, it was mainly a learned society, which aimed to promote the use of Finnish language in the engineering profession dominated by the Swedish language. During the World War I, the activities of the association widened into wider sphere of Engineering and Economics. In 1936, the association differentiated itself from the engineers and technicians who had graduated from polytechnics, and started to require a master's degree in engineering () of its members. This was signalled also in the name Suomen teknillinen seura (Finnish technological society), which excluded technicians.

The World War II brought about inflation which severely affected the middle classes earning fixed salaries. Little by little, the association increased its activities as the lobbying body of the engineering profession, starting to offer continuing education and pursuing studies on the social and economic standing of its membership. In 1972, the Finnish-speaking STS and its Swedish-speaking counterpart Tekniska föreningen i Finland (TFiF) formed a common trade union KAL, which started to negotiate collectively with the employers as a full-scale trade union. In 1978, the KAL started to insure its members against unemployment and in 1984, the Finnish Association of Mathematicians and Physicists (SMFL) gave the KAL a mandate to negotiate on its behalf.

The present structure of the association was formed in 1993, as the KAL and the STS, which had been in close cooperation for two decades, converged into the TEK. At the same time, the Swedish-speaking TFiF and the SMFL remained separate, although all members of the SMFL are automatically also members of the TEK.

Activities
The TEK has delegated its right to negotiate collectively to two organizations. In the public sector, the JUKO (Educated employees of the public sector) negotiates collectively with the state and municipal governments for all university-level employees. In the private sector, the YTN (Negotiating organization of the upper-level salaried employees) is the body responsible for the collective agreements of university-educated staff. Although rather moderate in its bargaining, the YTN went to strike in 2007 when the collective negotiations in the industrial design bureau branch broke up. The strike included some 6,000 engineers and scientists and lasted 11 days, resulting in a slightly better collective agreement than had been offered earlier by the employers.

As the learned society of engineering profession, the TEK engages in public discussion on the technology, engineering education and research. This contribution is supported by the studies conducted by its staff. In particular, the TEK supports active state participation in and financing of the R&D activities. Perhaps the most visible single activity of the TEK is the annual Finnish Engineering Award () which is awarded to an outstanding achievement of original engineering or architectural work. As the main body of the engineering profession of Finland, the TEK has since 1966 published the Engineer's rule of honour, the ethical guidelines of engineering profession. The latest edition of the rule is from 1996.

For its members, the TEK offers the usual services provided by Finnish trade union.

References

Finnish Association of Graduate Engineers
Engineering societies based in Finland
1896 establishments in Finland
Trade unions in Finland


Following his victory in the 2008 United States presidential election, then-President-elect Barack Obama gave his victory speech at Grant Park in his home city of Chicago, on November 4, 2008, before an estimated crowd of 240,000. Viewed on television and the Internet by millions of people around the globe, Obama's speech focused on the major issues facing the United States and the world, all echoed through his campaign slogan of change. He also mentioned his maternal grandmother Madelyn Dunham, who had died just two nights earlier.

References in the speech

The speech heavily referenced the inaugural addresses of former presidents John F. Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln, and also referred to speeches of Martin Luther King Jr.

Echoing Martin Luther King's "I've Been to the Mountaintop" address, he declared, "But tonight, because of what we did on this day, in this election, at this defining moment, change has come to America" and "The road ahead will be long, our climb will be steep. We may not get there in one year, or even in one term—but America, I have never been more hopeful than I am tonight that we will get there." At another point in the speech he again referenced King when referring to the "arc of history", a phrase King used regularly, most notably after the Selma to Montgomery marches, saying "the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice".

Obama directly quoted Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address, by saying "As Lincoln said to a nation far more divided than ours, we are not enemies but friends. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection."

Obama also referred to Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address by saying "...that more than two centuries later a government of the people, by the people, and for the people has not perished from the Earth".

Obama proclaimed, "It's been a long time coming, but ... change has come to America", an allusion to the Sam Cooke song "A Change Is Gonna Come".

Obama also made a reference to a prospective presidential pet for his daughters.

Sasha and Malia ... I love you both more than you can imagine. And you have earned the new puppy that's coming with us ... to the White House.

Issues

Obama spoke of the core issues facing the United States at the time, among them the economy, and the Iraq War.

On the economic crisis:

Let us remember that, if this financial crisis taught us anything, it's that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers.

A message to America's enemies and friends:

To those — to those who would tear the world down: We will defeat you. To those who seek peace and security: We support you. And to all those who have wondered if America's beacon still burns as bright: Tonight we proved once more that the true strength of our nation comes not from the might of our arms or the scale of our wealth, but from the enduring power of our ideals: democracy, liberty, opportunity and unyielding hope.

Forward-thinking challenges:

There's new energy to harness, new jobs to be created, new schools to build, and threats to meet, alliances to repair.

To our future as Americans:

This is our time, to put our people back to work and open doors of opportunity for our kids; to restore prosperity and promote the cause of peace; to reclaim the American dream and reaffirm that fundamental truth, that, out of many, we are one; that while we breathe, we hope. And where we are met with cynicism and doubts and those who tell us that we can't, we will respond with that timeless creed that sums up the spirit of a people: Yes, we can.

Significance

In his speech, Obama reflected on the hard times of the campaign and the "challenges that America would face ahead." TV coverage of the speech showed Jesse Jackson and Oprah Winfrey weeping in the crowd. Obama's speech also marked the first time a President-elect referred positively to gay Americans in an acceptance speech. Sam Perry experienced a brief moment of fame when Oprah Winfrey leaned on him while crying on his shoulder.

Grant Park was the location of many protests of the 1968 Democratic National Convention, which were significant for ending in violence, riots and police brutality. CNN declared, "History gave Grant Park another chance Tuesday as the scene of a peaceful and jubilant celebration of Barack Obama's presidential victory." Obama's speech has been praised as having "...the rare ability to cultivate the things that are common to all human beings, regardless of artificial and arbitrary distinctions."

Ann Nixon Cooper

One of the primary references within Obama's speech was to Ann Nixon Cooper, a 106-year-old resident of Atlanta, Georgia.

Obama also made reference to his popular campaign chant, "Yes We Can":

Security

Due to the general high security threat involved, Obama delivered the speech protected by two pieces of bulletproof glass ( thick,  high,  long) to each side of the lectern to deflect any shots from the skyscrapers overlooking Grant Park. A no-fly zone was also imposed over the area, with only police helicopters allowed in the air. The gathering involved the deployment of thousands of police, Army and Secret Service personnel. The event cost the Obama campaign an estimated $2 million.
Even with the large threat at hand, no arrests were made related to the event.

Music

Prior to Obama's emergence onto the stage, "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours" by Stevie Wonder, "Only in America" by Brooks & Dunn, and "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher" by Jackie Wilson were played. When Obama, Joe Biden, and their families appeared on stage following the speech, music from the films Remember the Titans, composed by Trevor Rabin, and The Patriot, composed by John Williams, was played. "The Rising" by Bruce Springsteen was also played following the speech (Springsteen had endorsed Obama).

See also
 Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008

References

External links

 Obama victory speech video at the official Obama-Biden Campaign YouTube channel
 New York Times: interactive video plus text of Obama acceptance speech
 Barack Obama's victory speech: Full text

2000s in Chicago
2008 in Illinois
2008 speeches
African-American history in Chicago
Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign
Democratic Party of Illinois
Political events in Illinois
November 2008 events in the United States
Election victory speech, 2008
Victory


Klarenbeek is a railway station, located in Klarenbeek, Netherlands. The station opened on 1 June 1882 and is on the Amsterdam–Zutphen railway (Oosterspoorweg). The station is actually 2 km north-east of Klarenbeek.  The station was originally only built because the line between Apeldoorn and Zutphen was single track, a passing point was needed, this was here.  Until December 2006, the station had just 1 platform and one train each way per hour stopped at the station, allowing the other to pass.  In December 2006, when 2 more new stations were built on the line, the station received 2 platforms. The train services are operated by Arriva.

Tourism

The station is the beginning point for many walks in the area, many people start their journey at the station to see the famous country-side. The Dutch Railways offers many walks in this area via their magazine which is sent to all their customers around The Netherlands.

Train service
The following services call at Klarenbeek:
2x per hour local services (stoptrein) Apeldoorn – Zutphen

Bus service
508 Klarenbeek Station – Klarenbeek – Klein Amsterdam – Empe – Voorst-Empe Station operates 1x per hour (Monday to Saturday) and is operated by Syntus.

External links
NS website
Dutch Public Transport journey planner

Railway stations opened in 1882
Railway stations in Gelderland
Railway stations on the Apeldoorn - Zutphen railway line
Voorst
1882 establishments in the Netherlands
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in the 1880s


Janusz Andrzej Jojko  (born 20 April 1960, in Chorzów) is a Polish football coach and former professional footballer who played for Ruch Chorzów, GKS Katowice and KSZO Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski in the Polish Ekstraklasa. He is currently the goalkeeper coach of GKS Katowice and has also been the caretaker of the club since the former manager Jerzy Brzęczek was sacked in May 2017

Club career
Jojko began his professional career with Ruch Chorzów, and played in 117 league matches over eight seasons. During the 1986–87 season, he scored an infamous and bizarre own goal in a playout match against Lechia Gdańsk, and never played for the club again.

In 1988, Jojko moved to GKS Katowice where he spent the next ten seasons and amassed 276 league appearances. Following the 1996–97 season, he moved to KSZO where he appeared in another 24 Ekstraklasa league matches before his retirement.

International career
Jojko made two appearances for the Poland national football team, his debut coming in a friendly match against Finland in 1987.

References

External links

1960 births
Living people
Polish men's footballers
Poland men's international footballers
KSZO Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski players
GKS Katowice players
Ruch Chorzów players
Ekstraklasa players
Footballers from Chorzów
Men's association football goalkeepers


For the public library in the city of Newport, South Wales see Newport Central Library

The Newport Public Library was charted by the State of Rhode Island in 1869. The Library opened on May 4, 1870, as “The People’s Library of Newport.”

History

The library's first home was the Rhode Island Union Bank building on Thames Street. The library moved to the Edward King House in 1914. In October 1968, the library moved to its present location on Spring Street.

Description
Located in historic Newport, Rhode Island, the public library is housed in a building that sits at the bottom of Aquidneck Park on Spring Street, just east of Newport Harbor.  The public library offers the community a collection of materials and services, for adults, children, and teens that are both current and classic.

Services
Library services include:
 Lending books, audiobooks, DVDs, CDs, magazines and other library materials
 Downloadable audiobooks and ebooks
 Library of Things (telescope, sewing machine, serger, analog converters)
 Interlibrary loans
 Public computers with Internet access, as well as WiFi connectivity
 Programming for children, teens, and adults
 A discount bookstore with books, CDs and DVDs

See also
List of libraries in Rhode Island

References

Libraries in Rhode Island
Buildings and structures in Newport, Rhode Island
Education in Newport County, Rhode Island
Public libraries in Rhode Island
Tourist attractions in Newport, Rhode Island
1869 establishments in Rhode Island
Libraries established in 1869


Kari Aartoma (born 1958) is a Finnish poet, writer, translator and columnist. He lives in Turku, Finland. His first work,  (Clouds Do Not Stick To Anything), was published in 1999 by Nihil Interit.

He is a member of the poetry group Hellät elätit.

His 2019 novel,  (A City of Two Rivers), deals with alcoholism. Aartoma, a self-described alcoholic, spent eight years writing the novel.

Works
Clouds Do Not Stick To Anything (Pilvet eivät pidä mistään kiinni), Nihil Interit 1998
Concrete Schubert (Betonischubert), Sammakko 2001
Hetero, Sammakko 2005
The City of Two Rivers (Kahden Joen Kaupunki)

References

Finnish male poets
1958 births
Living people


John Clifford Moffet (born July 27, 1964) is an American former swimmer who competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, having also been selected for the 1980 Summer Olympics that were ultimately boycotted by the United States.  At the 1984 Olympics, he finished fifth in the final of the men's 100-meter breaststroke event. In 1985 he won three gold medals at both the Pan Pacific Swimming Championships and the Summer Universiade. In 1986, he concluded his collegiate career, after winning five NCAA Division 1 Championships, and moved into the entertainment industry. As a television producer he is a three-time Primetime Emmy Award winner for The Amazing Race.

Early life
Moffet was born in Banning, California. He took up swimming at the age of 11 at the Mount Baldy Swim Club, but moved to Newport Beach prior to starting high school, where he attended Newport Harbor High School. He joined the local Beach Swim Club and won a silver medal in the 200 metres breastroke at the 1980 United States Swimming National Championships. This led to his selection to represent the United States at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, but he was prevented from attending due to the country's boycott of the Games. In lieu of competing, the team was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal.

Swimming career
In 1981, Moffet set a national high school record of 55.24 in the 100 yards breaststroke and finished fourth in that event at the national championships, also taking bronze in the 200 metres breaststroke. The following year, he won bronze medals in both of those events at the 1982 World Aquatics Championships and began attending Stanford University. He also swam in the heats of the gold medal-winning 4×100 metres medley relay. He set a Pan American Games record in the qualifying rounds of the 100 metres breaststroke at the 1983 edition, but ultimately finished second to his compatriot Steve Lundquist. He competed in that event at the 1984 Summer Olympics and set an Olympic record of 1:02.16 in the heats, despite injuring his thigh muscle during the race. This injury led him to finish fifth in the final and not start in the 200 metres breaststroke, in which he was also entered. That same year, he won those events at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Championships and held the world record in the 100 metres breaststroke from June 25 until July 29.

In 1985, Moffet won gold medals in the 100 and 200 metres breaststroke events, as well as the 4×100 metres medley relay, at the Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, Summer Universiade, and NCAA Championships, the latter of which helped earn Stanford its first overall Division 1 swimming championship since 1967. The American team's Pan Pacific relay time set a world record that lasted until September 25, 1988. In his final year at Stanford, 1986, he helped the university capture a second consecutive NCAA Division 1 championship and took the 200 metres breaststroke title, giving him five NCAA Division titles overall. During his senior year, he received the NCAA's Today's Top VI Award (now Today's Top 10 Award) as one of the top six student athletes in the country. He was inducted into the Stanford Athletics Hall of Fame in 1998 and in 2016 was selected as part of the Pac-12 Conference Men's Swimming and Diving All-Century Team.

Later career
Upon graduation, Moffet elected to pursue a career in the entertainment industry and has produced television for multiple networks in the United States. Among his programming, he produced seven seasons of The Amazing Race, for which he won three Emmy Awards as supervising producer from 2005 through 2007.

Moffet has also remained active in the realm of sport. As of 2020, he was serving on the Los Angeles Sports Council Board of Directors, as President of the Southern California Olympians & Paralympians Association, and on the board of the Trident Swim Foundation. He was previously an advisor to the Los Angeles bid committee for the 2028 Summer Olympics.

See also
 List of Stanford University people
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (men)
 World record progression 100 metres breaststroke
 World record progression 4 × 100 metres medley relay

References

External links
John Moffet featured in the official film for the 1984 Summer Olympics

1964 births
Living people
American male breaststroke swimmers
World record setters in swimming
Olympic swimmers for the United States
People from Banning, California
Stanford Cardinal men's swimmers
Swimmers at the 1983 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Universiade medalists in swimming
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 1985 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Television producers from California


Aartoma or Aartomaa is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Kari Aartoma (born 1958), writer
Tapani Aartomaa (1934–2009), graphic designer
Ulla Aartomaa (born 1949), art writer and curator

Finnish-language surnames


The privatization in Israel refers to the transferring or selling of a service or property owned by the Israeli government or any public organization to private ownership. The meaning of the privatization is reducing the share and level of intervening which is directly connected with the Israeli government in the Israeli economy, increasing the portion and the economic activity of a private group, on the control and ownership of the assets. The opposite process is nationalization.

Privatization processes
The privatization processes in Israel intensified in 1986 following the intensified privatization in Britain in the 1980s. So far around 90 government companies and subsidiaries have been privatized in Israel, which produced for the country, between the years 1991 and 2003 – a revenue amount of 8,749 million U.S. dollars.

The privatization processes in Israel belong mainly to the following types:

 Gradual Sale: a gradual sale or dilution of the state’s holdings in the public body to the extent where the state would no longer have a significant holding of the body. A notable example for this is the gradual selling of the Israeli telecommunications provider "Bezeq" and the gradual selling of the Israeli banks, which were originally nationalized following the Israeli Bank stock crisis in 1983.
 One-time sale: A one-time sales or issuing all of the company’s shares in the stock exchange. This is the method of action which is most common amongst the smaller companies or when there is a single buyer.
 Franchises and Licenses: initiating privatization processes by means of outsourcing, transferring of franchise, privileges, etc., especially of certain services which are consumed by government bodies. Such an action is not considered privatization by the definition of the Israeli government.
 Disassembly: the disassembly of a governmental body completely due to lack of need of its existence or losses which were made due to the existence of a competitive market.

Many refer to the structural change which has happened in many of the kibbutzim in Israel "privatization of the kibbutzim", although this process does not in relate to privatization processes. The kibbutz is a private voluntary association and not a public association, and the changes which occur in it are not considered Privatization as it is described in this article.

Public sector
The origin of the companies, like the rest of the components of the public sector in Israel, started in the period of the Yishuv, which evolved in parallel with the state. The structure of the Israeli public sector was designed during the pre-state period, a period in which the national institutions were established, which were designed in a large extent continued to operate and become a major part even after the establishment of the state. Through the years, reciprocal ties and cooperation was formed between the public sector and the private sector. These patterns were manifested with the establishment of joint businesses, along with various cases of transition from the private sector to the public sector and from the public sector to the private sector. The various parts of the public sectors recognized the economic importance of their activities, and it is difficult to distinguish between the political motives and considerations and economic considerations. The two were, and would continue to be interwoven with each other.

Components of the public sector in Israel
 The World Zionist Organization and the Jewish Agency for Israel
 The Histadrut
 Cabinet of Israel

After the state of Israel was founded and the cabinet was established, many dominant institutions which were formed beforehand were transferred to its possession as an "inheritance". The Israeli government like many other governments acts and intervenes in the economy of the state in order to realize major aims such as: ensuring competition, providing public goods, ensuring the existence of information and preventing restrictions on the ability of the public to choose, ensuring the stability, growth and aid in low point periods and in times of crises.

The public sector in Israel contains in it many non-governmental organizations, and the entirety of the organizations is not only a source of budgetary revenue, but also a source of expenditures. The flow of finance from various sources expands the boundaries of the public sector and adds an important dimension to the Israeli political economy.

The activities of the public sector are measured to a large extent by the public consumption. A reduction or increase in the consumption reflects the involvement extent of the state in the Israeli economy.

The extent of involvement might derive from the security expenditures made by the state and the expenditures made on immigrant absorption.

Implications of privatization

The privatization in Israel consists of ideological problems. The ruling between neo-liberal perceptions or social democratic welfare state perceptions, which are both opposite economic and social perceptions.

Arguments in favor of privatization:
 Reducing government spending
 Promoting competition
 Maintaining a strong economy
 Increasing efficiency and making services cheaper.

The supporters of privatization in Israel claim that reducing the state's involvement increases the involvement of individuals. Thus, promoting competition, encouraging investment, having a strong economy and reducing the state expenses—which would lead to cheaper services.

Arguments against privatization:
 The transferring of the capital monopoly into the hands of a small group of wealthy private owners.
 It would harm the employees.
 It would harm the effectiveness.
 Losses of the government.
 It doesn't always necessarily increase efficiency
 Making the manpower cheaper and reducing it.
 It would harm the recipients of the services.

The opponents of privatization in Israel argue that companies would also be able to be effective under government ownership. Privatization affects employees and leads to the dischargment of employs, leads the workers to choose to get early pension and salary cutbacks. The Israeli economy is gradually becoming controlled by a small number of rich families. The privatization of public services affects the public and especially the poor population, which are the main consumers. One of the main goals of the state is to take care of its citizens, people’s security, people’s education, to the profitability and to the preservation of the social community. A state which disclaims those responsibilities violates its own principles.

The method which has become customary in Israel in the last decades is selling the control of the public assets into the hands of capital owners, while other countries rather choose to issue the company shares to the public and company employees.

Examples
A partial list of the Israeli companies which have been completely or partially been privatized:

Agriculture:
 Agridev (אגרידב חברה לפיתוח חקלאי)
 Weed Control Company (החברה להדברת עשבי בר)

Construction and infrastructure:
 Efridar (אפרידר)
 Lod-Ramle Region Development Company (החברה לפיתוח אזור לוד-רמלה)
 Industrial buildings
 The Israeli construction center (מרכז הבנייה הישראלי)
 Housing and development company of Israel (שיכון ופיתוח לישראל)
 Labour Housing company (שיכון עובדים)
 Water works engineering of Israel (תה"ל - תכנון המים לישראל)

Transportation and aviation services:
 El Al Airlines (including Sun d'Or International Airlines)
 MAMMAN cargo handling terminals (ממן מסופי מטען וניטול)
 ZIM Navigation – the biggest cargo shipping company in Israel, and 13th largest in the world.
 Israel Shipyards – the biggest Shipyard in Israel (מספנות ישראל)

Finance, banking and funding:
 I.D.B Holdings (אי.די.בי החזקות)
 Union Bank of Israel (בנק איגוד)
 Israel Discount Bank (בנק דיסקונט לישראל) – partial privatization
 Bank Mizrahi Tfachot (בנק מזרחי טפחות)
 Bank Hapoalim (בנק הפועלים)
 General Bank (בנק כללי)
 Bank Leumi (בנק לאומי לישראל) – partial privatization
 The Israeli Credit Insurance Company (החברה הישראלית לביטוח אשראי)
 Otzar HaShilton HaMekomi (אוצר השלטון המקומי)
 Industrial Development Investment Company
 "Yozma" Venture Capital Initiative (יוזמה הון סיכון)

Natural resources:
 The National oil company (חברת הנפט הלאומית)
 Israel Chemicals (Including more than twenty subsidiaries, such as the Dead Sea Works company, etc.)
 Lapidot (and its subsidiary Metsada)
 Magen gas and crude oil resources company (מגן משאבי גז ונפט)
 Nefta (נפטא חברה ישראלית לנפט)
 Paz Oil (פז נפט)
 National Coal Supply Company
 Oil Refineries Ltd (בתי זיקוק לנפט)

Technology, Industry and telecommunication:
 Bezeq
 Koor Industries (כור תעשיות)
 MALAM Systems (מלם מערכות)
 Beit Shemesh Engines Ltd. (BESL) (מנועי בית שמש)
 Rafael Advanced Defense Systems Ltd. – partial privatization
 Shore-Van screenings (שור-ואן הקרנות)

Governmental Authorities:
 Prisons – at this stage a single privately operated prison is approved.

General:
 The Israeli Tourism School (בית הספר לתיירות בישראל)
 The governmental company for medallions and coins (החברה הממשלתית למדליות ולמטבעות)
 Tourism Development Corporation (חברה לפיתוח מפעלי תיירות) – was dismantled
 Katit (כתית)
 Weizmann Institute Press (מוסד ויצמן לפרסומים)
 Shekem Ltd. and Shekem real estate (שקם בע"מ ושקם נדל"ן)

Privatizations planned in the near future in Israel
 Gapim (גפים)
 The Company for automation in the management of the local government (החברה לאוטומציה במנהל השלטון המקומי)
 Tadmor  (תדמור)
 Israel's Postal Services Ltd. (חברת דואר ישראל)
 Israel's Postal Bank (בנק הדואר)
 Israel's Driving Testers organization (who are going on a strike to prevent privatization )

See also
 The Shakshouka System – an Israeli documentary film from 2008 which focuses on the allegedly Crony capitalism in Israel.

References

Economy of Israel
Government of Israel


Kringen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Gøril Kringen (born 1972), Norwegian former football player and coach
John Kringen, American CIA official
Olav Kringen (1867–1951), Norwegian newspaper editor

See also
Battle of Kringen

Norwegian-language surnames


HM Prison Garth is a Category B men's prison, located in the village of Ulnes Walton (near Leyland), in Lancashire, England. Garth is operated by His Majesty's Prison Service, and is situated next to HMP Wymott.

History
Garth Prison was opened in October 1988, and a new residential unit (housing 120 prisoners) opened on 2 July 1997.

In 1998, inmates put out a contract on a police dog called Scooby because of its track record in locating illegal drugs at the jail, requiring home security measures and, once, armed police.

In January 2004, one of Garth's prison chaplains resigned over allegations that she had an affair with a prisoner who worked as a cleaner in the prison chapel. In September 2006 a prison officer from Garth was jailed after it emerged that she had smuggled pills and a mobile phone to an inmate she was having an affair with at the prison.

In August 2007, a report by Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons praised Garth stating that it was "an essentially safe, respectful prison, with an increased focus on resettlement." However the report also criticised the prison for its race relations and overcrowded accommodation. The prison has since then experienced severe decline.

Further accommodation of 180 places was built at Garth Prison in late 2007 and is notable for being the first prison building to incorporate Interseasonal Heat Transfer.

The prison today
Garth Prison accepts category B prisoners serving sentences of four years or more..  Chief inspector of prisons, Peter Clarke reported that Garth prison has declined severely during the three years up to 2017.  Garth holds 800 male prisoners mostly convicted of serious violent or sexual offences.  Garth prison was found to be extremely violent, inspectors said it was the most violent prison they had come across and two-thirds of inmates told inspectors they felt unsafe.  There is a big problem with illegal drugs and illegally brewed alcohol, 'hooch'.  Many violent incidents are related to drugs, debt and gangs.  Many prisoners refuse to leave their cells due to a tense, occasionally threatening atmosphere in the wings.  Roughly 85 prisoners additionally to sex offenders are held separately due to fears over their safety.  Peter Clarke said, "The prison was one of the most unsafe we have been to in recent times. Violence and drugs dominated the prisoner experience. A new governor and deputy governor were appointed immediately."  Conditions at Garth are not exceptional and other prisons are also problematic, a delegation from the European committee for the prevention of torture reported.

Garth provides a range of training, learning and employment opportunities. Programmes on offer include woodwork, motor mechanics, industrial cleaning and light engineering. The prison also offers NVQs in horticulture and textiles, as well as electrical, mechanical and community workshops. A number of basic skills courses are also offered including literacy, numeracy and ESOL. The prison's gym also offers physical education including a YMCA Gym Instructor qualification, as well as recreational gym.

Notable inmates
 Gordon Park
 David Norris
 Joshua Stimpson

References

External links
 Ministry of Justice pages on Garth
 HMP Garth – HM Inspectorate of Prisons Reports

Garth
Garth
1988 establishments in England
Buildings and structures in the Borough of Chorley
Garth