Gustave Huberdeau (10 May 1874 – 31 May 1945) was a French operatic bass-baritone who had a prolific career in Europe and the United States during the first quarter of the twentieth century. He sang a wide repertoire encompassing material from French composers like Gounod and Massenet to the Italian grand operas of Verdi, the verismo operas of Mascagni, and the German operas of Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss. He sang in numerous premieres during his 30-year career, including the original production of Puccini's La rondine in 1917. Although possessing a rich and warm voice, Huberdeau had a talent for comedic portrayals which made him a favorite casting choice in secondary comedic roles as well as leading roles. After retiring from opera in 1927, Huberdeau remained active as a performer in stage plays and in French cinema throughout the 1930s.

Opera career
Huberdeau was born in Paris, studied at the Paris Conservatoire and then made his professional opera début at the Opéra-Comique in 1898. He sang in smaller roles with that theater over the next ten years, which included a number of secondary roles in premières such as Charpentier's Louise (1900), Camille Erlanger's Le Juif polonais, Massenet's Grisélidis (1901), Reynaldo Hahn's La Carmélite (1902), Henri Rabaud's La fille de Roland (1904), and Guillaume in André Messager's Fortunio (1907). In 1908 he joined the roster of Oscar Hammerstein I's Manhattan Opera Company in New York City where he periodically sang leading roles over the next three years. He notably portrayed the Devil in the American première of Grisélidis and sang Orestes in the American première of Elektra (1910). However, Hammerstein employed Huberdeau more frequently in productions with the Philadelphia Opera Company with which he was highly active between 1909 and 1910.

In 1911 Huberdeau became a member of the Chicago Grand Opera Company, remaining with that company until it closed in 1914. He appeared in several notable productions with the company including the American premiere of Wilhelm Kienzl's Der Kuhreigen and the world premiere of Victor Herbert's Natoma. In 1914 he debuted at England's Royal Opera as a visiting artist, where he sang Méphistophélès from Gounod's Faust. That same year he returned to France and served in the First World War in the French army.

After being honorably discharged in 1917, Huberdeau joined the Chicago Opera Association where he sang leading roles until 1920. He notably sang in the world premiere of Sylvio Lazzari's Le Sautériot (1918), the American premiere of Henry Février's Gismonda, and the world premiere of Reginald De Koven's Rip Van Winkle (1920). In 1917 Huberdeau sang the role of Rambaldo Fernandez in the original production of Puccini's La rondine with Opéra de Monte-Carlo. In 1919–1920 he sang with the Beecham Opera in London where he appeared as Méphistophélès, Le Comte des Grieux in Massenet's Manon, Ramfis in Verdi's Aida, and Colline in La Bohème. He also periodically returned to Covent Garden appearing as Arkel and the Father in the British première of Pietro Mascagni's Iris (1919) among other roles.

In 1921 Huberdeau returned to France where he continued to sing throughout the 1920s in such cities as Paris, Nice, Monte Carlo, Vichy, and Brussels. He sang a wide repertory, which included everything from lead roles to character roles to mute roles. In 1922 he sang in the world premiere of Massenet's Amadis. In 1924 he left France for one year to perform in a number of productions in Amsterdam which included Zuniga in Bizet's Carmen and Golaud in the Dutch premiere of Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande. In 1927, Huberdeau sang his last season in Monte Carlo, which included a portrayal of Hunding in Wagner's Die Walküre.

Film and stage career
After his opera career ended, Huberdeau continued to perform as an actor on the stage in spoken plays and in French films. His first film role was in the 1931 movie Ronny. His other film appearances include Boule de gomme (1931), Le Million (1931), Mistigri (1931), La Dame de chez Maxim's (1932), Prisonnier de mon coeur (1932), Georges et Georgette (1933), Les Nuits moscovites (1934), Tarass Boulba (1936), and À Venise, une nuit (1937). With the outbreak of World War II, Huberdeau's acting career ended. He died in Paris in 1945.

Recordings
Huberdeau was among the first generation of musicians to be recorded. He recorded only a few arias around 1910 on Edison cylinder. His recordings show a sturdy voice that is somewhat dry in quality given the limited technology of day.

References

Sources
 J.B. Steane: "Gustave Huberdeau", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 9 November 2008), (subscription access)

 Gustave Huberdeau biography from Operissimo.com (In German)

External links

"Artists in the War", New York Times article of 19 September 1914 mistakenly reporting Huberdeau's death on the World War I battlefields along with two other French opera singers Léon Rothier and Armand Crabbé. All of them had in fact survived. Rothier died in 1951 and Crabbé in 1947.

1874 births
1945 deaths
Operatic bass-baritones
French operatic baritones
19th-century French male opera singers
French male film actors
French male stage actors
French military personnel of World War I
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Male actors from Paris
Singers from Paris
20th-century French male actors
20th-century French male opera singers


The E.S. Hoyt House is a historic house in Red Wing, Minnesota, United States, designed by the firm of Purcell & Elmslie and built in 1913. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is also a contributing property to the Red Wing Residential Historic District.

Description and history
The house is one of their more elaborate designs because its owner had a budget that allowed for lavish decoration. The result is comparable to the William Gray Purcell House and the Edward L. Powers House, both in Minneapolis. The horizontal lines of the Prairie School are more pronounced in this house; they are expressed in the bands of art glass windows on both levels and the cantilevered second story. Its owner, E.S. Hoyt, was the president of the Red Wing Stoneware Company.

The exterior is clad with brick on the first floor and red stucco on the second floor. The house has ten rooms and about  of floor space. It has 99 diamond-paned art glass windows and a considerable amount of quarter sawn white oak wood ornamentation. The second story of the house is cantilevered over the first story. The entrance opens into a hallway that leads to a library on the left and a living room on the right. The living room, dining room, and an enclosed porch are all stretched across the front of the house and provide plenty of light through the art glass windows. Several of these windows provide panoramic views of the Mississippi River. The kitchen is located behind the dining room, although it has been remodeled since its original design. The second floor of the house has four bedrooms and two bathrooms, several of which have corner windows that expand the sense of space. The maid's room, over the kitchen, had a separate staircase.

References

Houses in Goodhue County, Minnesota
Houses completed in 1913
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Minnesota
Prairie School architecture in Minnesota
Purcell and Elmslie buildings
Red Wing, Minnesota
1913 establishments in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Goodhue County, Minnesota


The Second Federal Electoral District of Quintana Roo (II Distrito Electoral Federal de Quintana Roo) is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of three such districts in the state of Quintana Roo.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period, by means of the first past the post system.

District territory
Under the 2005 districting scheme, Quintana Roo's Second District covers the municipalities of
Othón P. Blanco, Felipe Carrillo Puerto and José María Morelos.

The district's head town (cabecera distrital), where results from individual polling stations are gathered together and collated, is the state capital, the city of Chetumal.

Previous districting schemes

1996–2005 district
Between 1996 and 2005, the Second District had exactly the same territory as at present.

Prior to 1975
Quintana Roo was admitted to the union on 8 October 1975. Prior to that, as a federal territory, it was allowed only one seat in the Chamber of Deputies (for the First District).
The Second District was created upon statehood in 1975, by halving the territory of the First District; it elected its first deputy, to the XLIX Legislature, in a special election.

Deputies returned to Congress from this district

XLIX Legislature
1975–1976: Héctor Esquiliano Solís (PRI)
L Legislature
1976–1979: Emilio Oxte Tah (PRI)
LI Legislature
1979–1982: Primitivo Alfonso Alcocer (PRI)
LII Legislature
1982–1985: Javier Sánchez Lozano (PRI)
LIII Legislature
1985–1988: Salvador Ramos Bustamante (PRI)
LIV Legislature
1988–1991: Isidoro Victoriano Mendoza de la Cruz (PRI)
LV Legislature
1991–1994: Magaly Achach (PRI)
LVI Legislature
1994–1997: Virginia Betanzos Moreno (PRI)
LVII Legislature
1997–2000: Artemio Caamal Hernández (PRI)
LVIII Legislature
2000–2003: Héctor Esquiliano Solís (PRI)
LIX Legislature
2003–2006: Víctor Manuel Alcérreca (PRI)
LX Legislature
2006–2009: Eduardo Espinosa Abuxapqui (PRI)

References and notes

Federal electoral districts of Mexico
Quintana Roo


James Earl "Jimmy" Jackson (July 28, 1956 – June 17, 2008) was an American freestyle wrestler, who competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics. He was born in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Jackson was a graduate of Ottawa Hills High School in Grand Rapids, Michigan. At the 1979 Pan American Games he finished first in the freestyle unlimited category. At Oklahoma State, he was a three-time All-American and NCAA champion at heavyweight. Jackson was briefly a professional wrestler in Mid-South Wrestling.

In 2023, Jackson was inducted into the National Wrestling Hall of Fame as a Distinguished Member.

References

External links

1956 births
2008 deaths
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian male sport wrestlers
Sportspeople from Windsor, Ontario
Sportspeople from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Black Canadian sportspeople
Oklahoma State Cowboys wrestlers
Wrestlers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic wrestlers for the United States
American male sport wrestlers
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in wrestling
American male professional wrestlers
Wrestlers at the 1979 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1979 Pan American Games


Deshamanya Gamani Corea (4 November 1925 – 3 November 2013) was a Sri Lankan economist, civil servant and diplomat. He was also the Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1974 to 1984, Ceylon's Ambassador to the EEC, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs of Ceylon and the Senior Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Ceylon.

Family
He was the son of C.V.S.Corea and Freda Corea, sister of Sir John Kotelawala, Prime Minister of Ceylon. Gamani Corea's grandfathers were the freedom fighter from Chilaw Victor Corea, who was a member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon, and John Kotelawala Snr. Vijaya Corea was his half-brother and Siva Obeyesekere was his stepsister.

Education

Gamani Corea was educated at the Royal College, Colombo, after which he started his higher education at the University of Ceylon in 1944, before going to study at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and Nuffield College, Oxford, from 1945 to 1952. There he obtained two BAs and MAs from both the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, and afterward a DPhil from Oxford.

He has also received a doctorate (Honoris Causa) from the University of Nice; a DLitt (Hon) from the University of Colombo; and a DSc (Honoris Causa) from the University of Sri Jayewardenepura.

Career
Corea returned to Ceylon briefly to work as a Research Officer at the Central Bank of Ceylon before leaving for Oxford to do his DPhil. He returned in 1952 to work as an economist and later the Director of Planning Secretariat of the Government of Ceylon in 1952 till 1960 at the same time functioning as the Secretary, National Planning Council.

From 1960 to 1964 he was the Director of Economic Research at the Central Bank and in 1965 was appointed the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs of the Government of Ceylon.

In 1970 he was transferred to the Central Bank as its Deputy Governor and later its Senior Deputy Governor till 1973 when he took up appointment as Ceylon's Ambassador to the European Economic Community, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.

UN
He was a Member (1965–1972) and chairman (1972–1974) of United Nations Committee on Development Planning; chairman, ILO Meeting on Evaluation of Comprehensive Employment Missions to Colombia, Kenya, Iran and Sri Lanka, (1973); Chief, United Nations Planning Mission to British Honduras, (1962); Special Representative of the Secretary General of the UN Conference on Human Environment, ( 1971–1972); Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, Paris, (1981); Member, UN Panel of Eminent Persons on South Africa and Transnational Corporations, (September 1985); Member, UN panel of Eminent Persons on "The Relationship between Disarmament and Development", (April 1986); Team Leader, UNDP High Level Multi-Disciplinary Mission to Qatar, (13–26 April 1987);
Chairman: United Nations General Assembly: Ad Hoc Committee of the Whole on an International Development Strategy for the Fourth  Development Decade, (1989–90);

UNCTAD secretary-general
Corea assumed post of Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development on 5 April 1974 after he was appointed in 1973 for an initial term of three years by former United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim. He was thereafter re-appointed three times, his fourth term covering the period December 1982 until the end of 1984. As Secretary-General of UNCTAD and until the end of February 1985, Dr. Corea also held the position of Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Later work
Following his departure from the UN he founded the Sri Lanka Economics Association; was the Chairman of the South Centre Working Groups on Environment and Development and a board member of the South Centre.

He held several positions, including the Chancellor of the Open University of Sri Lanka; Honorary Fellow, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge; Honorary Fellow, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex; chairman, Board of Governors, Institute of Policy Studies; Honorary Fellow, Bandaranaike Centre for International Studies; Fellow, National Academy of Science of Sri Lanka; Honorary President, Association of Former Civil Servants, Sri Lanka; Senior Adviser to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Joint Patron, Sri Lanka Economics Association; Patron, Symphony Orchestra of Sri Lanka.

Awards
Order of the Yugoslav Flag with sash (I. rank), for the promotion of international understanding – Government of Yugoslavia, 1985;
Title of Deshamanya from the Government of Sri Lanka, First Honours list, Independence Day, 4 February 1986;
Award for International Understanding – Sahabdeen Foundation .

Honorary degrees
He has received several honorary degrees;
 University of Nice – Doctor (Honoris Causa)
 University of Colombo – DLitt (Honoris Causa)
 University of Sri Jayewardenepura – DSc(Honoris Causa)

See also
Sri Lankan Non Career Diplomats
List of Sri Lankan non-career Permanent Secretaries

References

External links
  The Kotelawala Ancestry
Dr. Gamani Corea (Sri Lanka)
Gamani Corea of Sri Lanka, Secretary-General UNCTD
  My Memoirs Published by the Gamani Corea Foundation, PP. 483
 Gamani Corea, and the North-South Relations
Gamani Corea, UNCTAD's third Secretary-General, dies at age 87 (UNCTAD)
Veteran Sri Lankan economist Gamani Corea passes away (The Hindu)
Manmohan condoles Lankan economist's death
 Dr. Gamani Corea leaves estate exceeding Rs. 1.5 billion

1925 births
2013 deaths
Sri Lankan officials of the United Nations
Ambassadors of Sri Lanka to Belgium
Ambassadors of Sri Lanka to Luxembourg
Ambassadors of Sri Lanka to the Netherlands
Ambassadors of Sri Lanka to the European Economic Community
Sri Lankan diplomats
Sri Lankan economists
Alumni of Royal College, Colombo
Alumni of the University of Ceylon (Colombo)
Alumni of Nuffield College, Oxford
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Sinhalese people
Sri Lankan civil servants
Permanent secretaries of Sri Lanka
Gamani
Fellows of Nuffield College, Oxford


Levee or levée comes from the French verb lever, meaning "getting up" or "rising". It has two main meanings:
 Levée (ceremony), formal ceremonial "risings" of a monarch from his bed each morning to meet with privileged people in relative privacy, which evolved into several different forms of state ceremonies in various countries
 Levee, a "rising" on a river bank, either one formed naturally by the periodic flooding of rivers or a man-made barrier created to control floods

Events
 Levée en masse, a forced, mass conscription to raise a military force
 New Year's levee a social event hosted by various Canadian dignitaries and institutions on New Year's Day

Places
 Levee Township, Pike County, Illinois
 The Levee, former red-light district in Chicago, Illinois

People
 John Levee (1924–2017), American abstract artist
 M. C. Levee (1891–1972), American film executive

Other uses
 Levee (horse), a Kentucky thoroughbred racehorse
 Levee Blues (1972), the second album from the American band Potliquor

See also
 Levy (disambiguation)


Peter Stuart Isaacson, AM, DFC, AFC, DFM (31 July 1920 – 7 April 2017) was an Australian publisher and decorated military pilot. He was the owner of Peter Isaacson Publications, publisher of various trade journals and suburban newspapers including the Southern Cross and the Sunday Observer in Melbourne. During World War II, he served in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) as a pilot with RAF Bomber Command and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, the Air Force Cross and the Distinguished Flying Medal.

Isaacson grew up in Melbourne and started working for a newspaper when he was sixteen. He joined the RAAF in 1940. Following his stint in Bomber Command, he became well known in Australia for his tours in the Avro Lancaster Q-for-Queenie to promote the sale of war loans and, in particular, for flying his plane under the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1943. He transferred to the RAAF Reserve after the war, retiring as a wing commander in 1969. From 1956 he served as a Trustee, Chairman, and finally Life Governor of the Victorian Shrine of Remembrance. In 1991 he was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia for his publishing and community work.

Early life
Isaacson was born in London on 31 July 1920 to an Austrian mother, Caroline "Lynka" (née Jacobson) and an Australian father, Arnold Isaacson; his parents moved to Australia with him when he was six years old. Growing up in Melbourne, he was educated at Brighton Grammar School and started work at sixteen as a messenger boy on The Age, where his mother Caroline edited women's features. All of Isaacson's immediate family would eventually serve in World War II: his father, Arnold, a World War I veteran, joined the Volunteer Defence Corps, his mother became Public Relations Officer in the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS), and his sister Joan became a photographer with the AWAS.

World War II
On 8 December 1940, the nineteen-year-old Isaacson enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). After completing his training in Australia and Canada, he was posted to the United Kingdom and joined No. 460 Squadron RAAF at RAAF Breighton, Yorkshire, as a sergeant pilot. Operating Vickers Wellington medium bombers, No. 460 Squadron had been raised under the Article XV provisions of the Empire Air Training Scheme and was one of a number of nominally Australian formations taking part in RAF Bomber Command's strategic air campaign against Germany. The squadron commenced operations in March 1942 and participated in 1,000-bomber raids against Cologne, Essen and Bremen in May and June. It converted to Avro Lancaster heavy bombers in October. Isaacson was awarded the Distinguished Flying Medal on 6 November 1942 for "many successful night attacks on the enemy" with No. 460 Squadron. The following month his Lancaster was damaged by a Junkers Ju 88 night fighter after a raid on Munich.

Commissioned as a pilot officer, Isaacson was subsequently posted to No. 156 Squadron RAF of the Pathfinder Force, based at RAF Warboys, Huntingdonshire. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross on 30 March 1943 for his actions during a raid on Berlin. His citation, promulgated in the London Gazette, read:

Isaacson completed forty-five sorties with Bomber Command, when the likelihood of surviving an operational tour of thirty missions was never more than 50% and, at times, much less. Promoted to acting flight lieutenant, he was chosen in May 1943 to captain Lancaster Q-for-Queenie on a landmark flight from England to Australia across the Pacific Ocean, and then from Melbourne to New Zealand and back, non-stop in both directions. He was awarded the Air Force Cross on 27 August 1943 for this mission, the citation noting that it was "the first occasion on which an aircraft has flown to Australia by this route and the direct flights between Melbourne and New Zealand are the first of their kind". The Lancaster was brought to Australia so that it could serve as a template for local production of the type, but this never took place and it was instead used for exhibition flights to encourage purchase of war bonds. On 22 October 1943 Isaacson flew Q-for-Queenie under the Sydney Harbour Bridge, flouting a 1931 regulation that prohibited such activity; the Lancaster remains the largest aircraft to have been flown under the bridge. Isaacson gave his crew no warning of what he was about to do and when asked later why he did it, replied "Because it was there". It was, however, reported at the time that he undertook the stunt to support the war loan effort for which he and his crew were actively fundraising.

Notwithstanding the publicity the escapade generated for war loans, Isaacson recalled that when he landed at Mascot afterwards:

In December 1943, following his promotional tour with his crew in Q-for-Queenie, he settled down to instructional work at an operational training unit before undertaking a further tour in the Lancaster commencing in March 1944.

Post-war career

Isaacson stood as the Liberal candidate for Prahran in the November 1945 Victorian state election, but was defeated by Labor's Bill Quirk. His wartime commission was terminated on 21 February 1946 and he transferred to the RAAF Reserve. He was state commandant of the Victorian Squadron of the Air Training Corps from 1950, and commandant of No. 21 (City of Melbourne) Squadron from 1961, before retiring in 1969 with the rank of wing commander. He also served as an honorary aide-de-camp to Queen Elizabeth II from 1963 to 1965.

After working as aviation correspondent for The Argus in Melbourne, Isaacson set up his first newspaper, the Advertiser, in 1947; he established Peter Isaacson Publications the same year. The Advertiser took over other community newspapers and became the Southern Cross, which Isaacson edited and published along with Sunday Observer and various business and industry magazines. In 1986 Peter Isaacson Publications took over the Asher Joel Media Group. Southern Cross was bought by APN News & Media in 1993 and Isaacson became APN's director, serving until 1998. He chaired TW Media from 1997 to 2005.

Isaacson married Anne McIntyre in Melbourne on 21 December 1950. The couple, who had known each other since their teens, had delayed their wedding during Anne's five-year struggle with polio and Isaacson carried his future bride to the registry office on the day. The marriage produced two sons. On 10 June 1991 Isaacson was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia "for services to the print media and the community". He published As I Remember Them: Men and Women Who Shaped a Life, a collection of eulogies he had delivered for friends and colleagues, in 2012. In May of that year he was among a group of thirty-two veterans selected to attend the dedication of the RAF Bomber Command Memorial in London as part of the official Australian delegation. Isaacson was a Life Governor of the Victorian Shrine of Remembrance, having previously served as a Trustee from 1956 to 2000, and Chairman from 1983 to 2000. He and his wife lived in the Melbourne suburb of Toorak. Isaacson died on 7 April 2017 in Melbourne at the age of 96, following a short illness. He was survived by his sons; Anne had died the year before.

Notes

References

Further reading

1920 births
2017 deaths
People educated at Brighton Grammar School
Australian newspaper publishers (people)
Australian World War II pilots
Members of the Order of Australia
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Medal
Royal Australian Air Force officers
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II
British emigrants to Australia
Military personnel from London


In linguistics, semelfactives are a type of aktionsart or lexical aspect, which is a property of verbs and other predicates representing the temporal flow of an event. A semelfactive describes a very brief event which ends by returning to its initial state, making it capable of being repeated. Semelfactive verbs in English include "blink", "sneeze", and "knock".

As a kind of aktionsart, the temporal information of semelfactives is incorporated into the verb's root itself, rather than through auxiliary verbs or morphological inflections as in other types of aspect. The use of the term "semelfactive" is analogous to iterative aspect in the realm of grammatical aspect.

A semelfactive event is punctual or non-durative, since it happens suddenly and lasts only a moment. According to Bernard Comrie, who first posited the idea of semelfactive as a category of aktionsart, the event represented by a semelfactive verb is also perfective (treated as a complete action with no explicit internal temporal structure) and atelic (not having a goal). However, Kearns notes there is no consensus on whether semelfactives should be considered telic or atelic. Kearns considers semelfactives to be bounded but atelic, where telicity is understood as a kind of boundedness.

References

Further reading

Verb types
Grammatical aspects
Syntax–semantics interface


Sunny Day Sets Fire were an indie psychedelic pop quintet from London. Although formed in London, the members come from different backgrounds such as Hong Kong, Italy, Canada and the UK.

History
The band was formed in London in 2005 by the Italian-born Mauro Remiddi and Hong Kong-born Onyee Lo, who met while working at an art-house cinema in Chelsea. The band's name was, according to the band themselves, suggested by an Internet band name generator.

They initially worked as a duo but their first demo was recorded as a trio with guitarist Max Zoccheddu. As a three piece they released their first ltd. ed. 7" Brainless/Nations Underground for Bikabrak Rec. and played their initial handful of shows in London. One year later they started expanding their line-up, first with bassist Ed Howat (with whom they recorded the second single Wilderness) and then with drummer Matthew Parker.

In early 2008, their US label, Iamsound, issued a remix EP featuring remixes of "Stranger", "Brainless", "Wilderness", and "Adrenaline" by CSS, XXXChange from Spank Rock, The Cool Kids, Baron von Luxxury, The Slips, and Mad Decent/Diplo.

Their debut album, Summer Palace, recorded and produced by the band itself, and mixed by Peter Katis (Interpol, Mercury Rev, Spoon, The National) was released in US by Iamsound in July 2008, and in the UK by Wonderboat Rec. in February 2009.  It garnered good reviews from the major UK magazines, NME, Uncut and Clash, The A.V. Club, and the web-zines Pitchfork Media and Drowned in Sound.

"Adrenaline", the first single issued from the album, was named "single of the week" by Steve Lamacq on BBC 6 Music. The song "Lack of View", from Summer Palace, was featured on the soundtrack of the film American Teen.

The band split up in 2009 with Remiddi going on to work as a solo artist under the name Porcelain Raft.

Matthew Parker is currently working on his own project Piano Rach, while Max Zoccheddu plays now with Diagrams (band).

Musical style and influences
The band cited their influences as Wizard of Oz, Gummo, The Beatles and The Velvet Underground. Their sound has been described as "a wild and volatile flood of gorgeous, exuberant pop". Their sound is generally classed as indie pop.

Members
 Mauro Remiddi (vocals, guitar, drums)
 Onyee Lo (vocals, synths, percussion, drums)
 Max Zoccheddu (guitar, baritone guitar)
 Ed Howat (bass, synth)
 Matthew (drums, keys)

Discography

Albums
 Summer Palace (2008), Iamsound (US) – issued in the UK (2009), Wonderboat

EPs
 Brainless EP (2006), Iamsound (US) – issued in Australia (2007), Etch'n'Sketch
 Stranger/Remix EP (2008), Iamsound (US)

Singles
 "Brainless" 7" (2006), Brikabrak (UK)
 "Wilderness" 7" (2006), Wi45 (UK)
 "End of the Road" 7" (2008), Brikabrak (UK)

References

External links

Musical groups established in 2003
English pop music groups
British indie pop groups
Iamsound Records artists


The Third Federal Electoral District of Quintana Roo (III Distrito Electoral Federal de Quintana Roo) is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of three such districts in the state of Quintana Roo.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period, by means of the first past the post system.

District territory
The Third District was created under the 2005 districting scheme, from the portion of the Second District corresponding to the urban area of the municipality of Benito Juárez: i.e., the city and resort of Cancún.

The district's head town (cabecera distrital), where results from individual polling stations are gathered together and collated, is the city of Cancún.

It returned its first deputy to Congress in the 2006 general election.

Deputies returned to Congress from this district

LX Legislature
2006–2009: Yolanda Garmendia Hernández (PAN)
LXI Legislature
2009–2012: Carlos Joaquín González (PRI)

References and notes

Federal electoral districts of Mexico
Quintana Roo


Farces et moralités (Farces and morality plays) is a collection of six comedy plays in one act, written by the French novelist and playwright Octave Mirbeau and published by Fasquelle in 1904:  Vieux ménages (Old couples), L’Épidémie (The Epidemic, Bloomington, University of Denver Press, 1949), Les Amants (The Lovers), Scrupules (Scruples, New York, Samuel French, 1923), Le Portefeuille (The Purse) and Interview.

Commentary

As usual, Mirbeau demystifies and ridicules all that stupid people blindly respect: the law, which is oppressive by nature, and the police, which is arbitrary and repressive by definition; love, a deception, and marriage, a quagmire; wealth, ill-acquired, and social success, a deceptive façade; the newspapers, which anaesthetize people and provide false information, and the politicians, who are quite indifferent to social misery and concerned only with their own emoluments. Its great originality is to extend the challenge to language itself, thanks to which the dominant classes obtain the submission and the respect of the dominated and perpetuate an inegalitarian social order.

Mirbeau succeeds however in making us laugh at that which should really drive us to despair, in the hope that the spark of conscience will help us to live better, to exercise better our liberty of mind, and to rebel against social institutions.

Although placing itself in the continuity of medieval morality plays, which had a pedagogical and moralizing purpose, Mirbeau deliberately chose the mood of farce, in which exaggeration, acceleration of the rhythm, caricature, plays on words, the grotesque, and the absurd are acceptable and assure the indispensable distancing effect, without any realism. He anticipates all at once the theater of Bertolt Brecht, Marcel Aymé, Harold Pinter, and Eugène Ionesco.

External links

 Octave Mirbeau, The Interview, translated by Walter Wykes (2009).
  Octave Mirbeau, Farces et moralités.
  Pierre Michel, Foreword.
  Pierre Michel, « Mirbeau, Ionesco et le théâtre de l’absurde », Cahiers Octave Mirbeau, n° 13, 2006, p. 163-174.

1904 plays
Comedy plays
Plays by Octave Mirbeau


The 1920 Ganja revolt () was a popular uprising against the Soviet occupation that took place in Ganja on 26 to 31 May 1920. The goal of the uprising was to liberate Azerbaijan from the Soviet army and put an end to the arbitrariness of the communists. This was the largest rebellion against Soviet rule in Azerbaijan in the 20th century, and caused the most losses. The organisers and leading force of the uprising were officers of the army of the former Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.

The 1st Infantry Division of the Azerbaijan Army, the units of the 3rd Ganja Regiment in the city, the training team of the 3rd Sheki Cavalry Regiment, an artillery battery, and the personnel of the commandant's unit subordinated to the divisional headquarters were mainly involved in the organisation of the uprising. Qachaq Gambar, Sari Alakbar, Qachaq Gasim Kolakhani, Qachaq Mikayil and others also participated in the Ganja uprising with their armed men. The armies of the surrounding villages joined the rebellion army. Their number was more than 10 thousand people.On the eve of the uprising, units of the 20th infantry division of the 11th Red Army took up positions in and around the city. The 178th and 180th infantry regiments of the division were in the Armenian neighbourhood of the city, and the communications battalion and commandant unit of the 3rd brigade were in the Azerbaijani part of the city. The 40 th Cavalry Brigade was stationed around the village of Zurnabad. On 25 May, the II regiment of the Taman
Cavalry Brigade was also brought to Ganja.

During the uprising that started on the night of 25–26 May, the rebels quickly took control of the important facilities of the city, the Red Army units in the Azerbaijani part. The military warehouse, the city prison, the railway station, the building of the emergency commissariat was also captured. On 28 May, the leaders of the Ganja uprising and the city community gathered at the district court building to celebrate the second anniversary of the declaration of Azerbaijan's independence.

On 29 May, the Bolshevik attack on the rebels ended in failure. The Bolshevik forces were unable to fulfill their task in the attack carried out from several directions. On the contrary, the counterattacks by the rebels put the Bolshevik forces in a difficult position. Later, the XI Red Army command brought additional forces to Ganja. Before the start of the next battles on 30 May, the 11th Red Army had 5 infantry regiments, 6 cavalry regiments, 7 separate units and detachments, 57 cannons and 2 armoured vehicles in Ganja. Most of these forces were deployed to the north of the city, and from there the main attack began on 31 May. Rebels who could not leave the city, as well as civilians, were surrounded and shot en masse. After the suppression of the rebellion, 12 generals, 27 colonels and lieutenant colonels, 46 captains, staff captains, 12 generals, 27 colonels and lieutenant colonels, 46 captains, staff captains of the Azerbaijani army, along with prominent figures such as Major-General Muhammad Mirza Qajar, Qachaq Gambar, lawyer Ismayil Khan Ziyadkhanov, writer Firidun Bey Kocherli, engineer Abuzar Bey Rzayev and teacher Mirza Abbas Abbaszadeh, lieutenants and second lieutenants, 146 ensigns and sub-ensigns, and 267 other military personnel were shot by the Bolsheviks.

The situation before the uprising

April Invasion

On 21 and 23 April 1920, the Revolutionary Military Council of the Caucasian Front, under the leadership of S.G.Ordzhonikidze, ordered the XI Red Army to cross the border of Azerbaijan on 27 April and occupy the entire territory. On 26 April, the XI Red Army headquarters moved to Derbend to lead the offensive. The attack of the XI Army began at 12 o'clock on the night of 26–27 April. 70,000 XI Red Army, the "III International" in front, 3 more armoured trains and 300 infantrymen, crossed the bridge over the Samur River. Among the leaders of this troop were Anastas Mikoyan and Gazanfar Musabeyov.

On the same day, the ACP Ganja District Committee formed the Revolutionary Committee of Gubernia after hearing about the events in Baku. In the evening of the next day, Governor Khudadat Bey Rafibeyli signed the act on the transfer of power to the Revolutionary Committee in the entire Ganja Governorate. Ganja Revolutionary Committee consisted of chairman Ibrahim Aliyev, deputy Farhad Aliyev, Vakilov, Sultanov and Eminbeyov.

During the change of government in Ganja governorate, armoured trains started moving from Baku to Ganja. As they approached the city, they engaged in a major battle with bands of Musavatists who tried to block their path. On 1 May, Soviet armored trains and landing companies of the 28 th Infantry Division captured the Ganja station and the railway district of the city. The next day, the regiments of the II Cavalry Corps and the Taman Cavalry Division arrived Ganja and occupied the city as well as its subordinate districts.

After the telegram sent by Lenin to the leadership of Soviet Azerbaijan on 5 May, which was regarded as the recognition of Soviet Azerbaijan as a new state, a telegram signed by Ibrahim Aliyev, the chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Gubernia, arrived from the Ganja Revolutionary Committee on 8 May. In this telegram, the recognition of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic by the RSFSR was welcomed by Ganja governorate and the telegram expressed readiness to fight mercilessly against those who exploit the working class of the whole world. At the same time, during the Ganja uprising, many villagers did not even know about the sovietization of the country.

Policy towards the ADP Army
On 28 April, according to the decree of the Azerbaijan Revolutionary Committee, the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs was established and Chingiz Yildirim was appointed as its first commissioner. The next day, the Azerbaijan Revolutionary Committee appealed to the soldiers of the Azerbaijani army, urging them to help the Red Army in the fight
for the Soviet government. On the same day, a decision was made to immediately subordinate the Azerbaijani army to the XI Red Army and re-form it on the basis of the Workers-Peasants' Red Army while keeping the name of Azerbaijan for the appropriate number and units of army. The newly formed army was initially (in May) the successor of the former ADR army in terms of its personnel and equipment, only its name was changed and it was called the Red Army. Soldiers and officers were already serving in the army under the new government. On the 30 th of the month, Chingiz Yıldırım appointed the former Deputy Minister of Defense Aliaga Shikhlinski as his temporary assistant.

They began to appoint members of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan to the former army units in order to concentrate the political leadership in their hands. According to the recommendation of the Azerbaijan Revolutionary Committee (ARC) and by order of the People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs of the Azerbaijan Soviet Republic, Ahmad Rzayev was appointed as the commissar of the military units located in Ganja on 4 May. On 7 May, the ARC made a decision to subordinate the renamed army and navy to the 11 th Red Army and the Volga-Caspian military fleet "in terms of operational, administrative, organizational and all types of supplies". Subordinating parts of the former ADR army to the XI Red Army was not only a political activity. It was important to increase the personnel of the XI Red Army, which entered the Caucasus.

In order to implement this, according to the decision made on 11 May by the commander of the XI Red Army, Mikhail Levandovsky, member of the Revolutionary Military Council, Konstantin Mekhonoshi, and chief of staff, Alexander Remezov, the Azerbaijani units located in the Ganja district should be subordinated to the commander of the 32 nd division, The inspectors of the 11 th Red Army were instructed to re-form the Azerbaijani units, as well as to draw up a plan to create the 1 st United Azerbaijan worker-peasant red Soviet rifle division. On that day, Chingiz Yıldırım wrote:

During the reformations, units of the former Azerbaijani army were reorganised. According to the decision by the Military and Naval Commissar of the Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan dated 16 May, the name of the 3 rd Ganja Infantry Regiment was changed to the 3 rd Azerbaijan Workers and Peasants' Red Rifle Regiment, and the 1 st Infantry Division (which later revolted) was merged with the 2 nd Infantry Division and the name was changed to the 1 st Workers and Peasants' Red Rifle Brigade. The 1 st Workers' and Peasants' Red Rifle Brigade became a part of the 1 st Azerbaijan Workers' and Peasants' Red Division. (The headquarters of the 1 st infantry division
took the name of the Azerbaijan Workers and Peasants' United Division). Almost at the same time, by the decision of the Military-Naval Commissioner of the Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan, the name of the Military School of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was changed to the Workers-Peasants' Red Command Courses. The task of reshaping the training units was assigned to General Aliagha Shikhlinski, a former army officer who at that time was the assistant to the Naval Commissar of the Azerbaijan Soviet Republic: "The reshaping of the training units should be carried out according to the instructions of my deputy Aliagha Shikhlinsky".

Military and political situation
On 10 May, the Bolshevik uprising began and was suppressed by the Armenian government. Suppression was also helped by England and the Dashnaks were offered weapons worth 1 million pounds sterling, which they accepted on 19 May. Although the uprising was suppressed, an armed struggle against the government broke out in a number of regions of Armenia. On 18 May, the government of Soviet Azerbaijan even sent 17 wagons of food and 5 million rubles to the rebelling Shamshadin region. Nevertheless, after long battles, the Armenian insurgents, numbering 1600 people, crossed the Azerbaijani border. In Soviet Azerbaijan, the Armenian Red Insurgent Regiment (1 st Kazakh Insurgent Regiment) was formed from them.

The May uprising of the Bolsheviks in Armenia coincided with the period when the 32 nd Rifle Division of the XI Red Army crossed the border of the Kazakh province with Armenia. Armenian detachments withdrew from Karabakh under the pressure of the Red Army. Armenian units were also retreating from Karabakh under the pressure of the Red Army. On 18 May, the commander of the 32 nd infantry division, Steiger, received an order from the XI Red Army that "all parts of the division should be concentrated around Shusha by May 25 and strong detachments should be sent in the direction of Nakhchivan - Julfa - Ordubad." The goal here was to capture those territories. According to the order, on 20 May, the first brigade of the XX division was sent from Ganja to Shusha along the Yelenendorf-Chaykend-Tartar-Khankendi route. At the same time, the division's second brigade and headquarters remained in Ganja. On 20 May, rebels and people's militia units, with the help of Azerbaijan SSR, captured Caravanserai, which was the border region of Armenia with Azerbaijan. The next day, Red Army units also entered here. However, the Ganja and Zagatala uprisings, as well as the conflicts in Zangezur and Karabakh, diverted the forces of the XI Red Army from some targets.

Status of the Parties

Former Azerbaijani army
At the time of the uprising, the 1 st Azerbaijani infantry division of the ADR had not yet been re-formed in the Soviet way. This division, with a total number of 1800 people, consisted of the III Ganja Rifle Regiment, the training detachment of the III Sheki Cavalry Regiment, an artillery battery and the commandant team of the divisional headquarters. The leadership of the division was not changed either. For example, Major General Amir Kazim Mirza was the head of supply of the Govanli-Qajar division and was also the commandant of the city until 20 May.

XI Red Army
The 178th and 180th infantry regiments of the 20th division were stationed in the south-eastern part of Ganja where Armenians lived, and the personnel of the commandant unit of the Taman Cavalry Brigade and the communication battalion were located in the northwestern part of Ganja, i.e. where the Turks (Azerbaijanis) lived. The III brigade commanded by Alexander Schirmacher consisted of 2,000 personnel, 30 machine guns and one light artillery division.

The 20 th Cavalry Brigade, located in the village of Zurnabad, 20 km southwest of Ganja, had 450 personnel, one cavalry battery and 8 machine guns. The division's artillery headquarters and a two-gun battery were located in the German colony Yelenendorf, located 5-6 km south of Ganja. On 25 May, the II regiment of the Taman Cavalry Brigade was also sent to Ganja.

History

Regarding the dates of the beginning and end of the uprising, there is no consensus in the sources. Georgian historian Giorgi Mamulia and Ramiz Abutalibov wrote the book "Odlar yurdu", here the date of the start of the uprising was indicated as 22 May. Journalist and researcher K. Bayramov indicated that in most documents of the Bolsheviks, the date of the beginning of the uprising üas 25 May, and the date of the final suppression of the uprising was 31 May. At the same time, the report of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs indicates that the uprising lasted until 30 May, and according to Linchevsky, a participant in the suppression of the uprising and the evenings of reminiscences in 1937, the city was "cleared of Musavatists" on the night of 1–2 June. At the same time, Linchevsky believed that the disarmament from which the uprising began took place on the night of 25–26 May.

Qachaq Mammadgasim from Samukh, the leader of the Qachaq group, and Jahangir Bey Kazimbeyli, one of the organisers of the uprising, mentioned in their memoirs that the uprising began on 24 May. According to Kazimbayli, the uprising was suppressed on the night of 3–4 June. This date was also mentioned in his letter to Khanlar Bayramov by Zahid Khan Khoyski, a participant in the uprising and later emigrant. In his work, Khanlar Bayramov was based on the dates mentioned by the participants of the uprising.

There are also differences of opinion regarding the starting time of the uprising. According to the memoirs of Jahangir Bey Kazimbeyli, the disarmament of the Bolsheviks began at 20:00 and ended at 23:00. In the Soviet literature, it was mentioned that the uprising started at 3 o'clock in the night, and the townspeople joined the uprising from 5 o'clock in the morning.

In the encyclopaedia "Civil war and military intervention in the USSR" published in 1983, the events were explained from 26 May, and the suppression of the rebellion was recorded as 31 May. In the encyclopaedia "Revolution and Civil War in Russia: 1917-1923", published in Russia in 2008, it is mentioned that the uprising in Ganja took place on 25–31 May. Almost the same dates can be found in the book written by the British historian Jonathan Smele. He also noted that the uprising began on the night of 25–26 May, and on 31 May, the Red Guards managed to concentrate the main forces that suppressed the uprising in Ganja.

Nagi Bey Sheykhzamanli, who was the head of the counter-revolution organisation during the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, also noted in his memoirs that the uprising lasted for 9 days.

Preparation
A member of Central Committee of the ACP (b), Azrevkom and the Revolutionary Military Council of the Caucasian Front Sergo Ordzhonikidze received a report from the Turkish communist Mustafa Subhi. In this document, under the title "Report on the results of the visit to Ganja", it was reported about a secret meeting that took place in the estate of Shahmalinsky, located in Samukh, two weeks before the uprising. Former Prime Minister Nasib Bey Yusifbeyli, Governor General of Gazakh Province Amiraslan Khan Khoyski, former Minister of Internal Affairs Mustafa Bey Vakilov, Jahangir Bey Kazimbeyli and Turkish General Nuru Pasha participated in this meeting. The purpose of their secret meeting was to prepare for the uprising.

On 23 May, the new head of one of the divisions (According to Kadishev, the Azerbaijani division, and according to Darabadi, the XX division) came to the city from the headquarters of the XI Army together with the command staff. The events that provoked the Azerbaijani units to revolt, the radical change of the division's leadership and the plans for the renewal of its personnel. On that day, a secret meeting was organised in the cemetery. At the meeting attended by the officers of the former army, General Mohammad Mirza Qajar declares the importance of revolt. Joint headquarters and operative groups were created here.

In advance, the rebels organised secret weapons depots in the city. Armed groups of local residents retreated to the surrounding villages. A group of soldiers under the leadership of the head of the military garrison, Major General Javad Bey Shikhlinski and the commander of the Ganja Infantry Regiment, Colonel Jahangir Bey Kazimbeyli, drew up an operational plan of the uprising. The former commandant of Ganja, Major General Muhammad Mirza Qajar, was assigned to build defensive fortifications around the city. According to Jahangir Bey's memoirs, the leaders of the rebellion planned to use the unexpected attack to quickly disarm the Red Guards and unite with the Azerbaijani army units fighting the Armenians in Karabakh and the Georgian army to liberate the country.

The III Sheki Cavalry Regiment, commanded by Colonel Tokayev, was located in Aghdam and Tartar. There was a conflict between the soldiers of the Sheki Cavalry Regiment and the 282 nd Regiment of the XI Red Army located in the same place just before the Ganja Uprising. Attempts by the Red Army soldiers to steal the horses of the Sheki Cavalry Regiment were responded with shooting by the Azerbaijani units, which led to the conflict. As a result, on 21 May, the units of the III Sheki Cavalry Regiment located in Tartar and the local population revolted. According to Soviet sources, during the uprising, 80 members of the Red Army forces, including the regimental commander Naumov, were killed by the rebels. However, the number of Red Army soldiers and the appeals by the ASSR People's Commissar for Naval Affairs, Chingiz Yıldırım and the ASSR People's Education Commissar Dadash Bunyadzade to tolerate the new government caused the uprising to calm down. Relying on the help of the 3 rd
Sheki Cavalry Regiment, the organisers of the Ganja Uprising sent two officers to Aghdam and Tartar regions to meet with the regiment commander and inform about the upcoming uprising. Eristov, Sumbatov and Israfil Bey Yadigarov were sent to Georgia to establish contact with the Georgian army.

Rumors circulated in teahouses and local barracks that Christians would be given new Red Army uniforms but not Muslims. Opinions such as "Russians want to restore their power over Muslims" spread among people and created a basis for rebellion.

On the eve of the uprising, armed groups under the leadership of Qachaq Gambar and Sari Alakbar gathered in the village of Nuzgar, located west of Ganja. Since Jahangir Bey Kazimbeyli's house was always under surveillance, he held those secret meetings either in Baghmanlar on the outskirts of Ganja or in the villages on the banks of Kura. The last meeting was held on 24 May around 4 o'clock in Baghmanlar. In this meeting, the places and methods of fighting were determined. After a certain signal, the qachaq groups were supposed to attack from Baghmanlar, cross the Ganja river and attack the Red Army unit located in the Armenian part of the city. One of the Tabors, with the help of qachaqs, was assigned to surround the area where the red division was located and force them to surrender. The other battalion was assigned to capture the most important state facilities such as the post office, telegraph, and military warehouses and to disarm the Sharia Regiment. The operative document of the XI Red Army dated 1 June stated that:

According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, the armed uprising was organised by members of the Musavat Party.

Start
The command of the 11 th Red Army considered the main issue of rebuilding and "redding" the army units formed during the ADR era in order to prevent the possibility of rebellion and armed resistance against the Soviet regime within the republic. After the leadership of the military ministry was changed, the commanders of divisions and units began to be changed. On 20 May, the new leadership team of the 1 st Azerbaijan Division, headquartered in Ganja, arrived in the city and began their duties. National army officers were to be replaced by "red" soldiers loyal to the new regime.

The city commandant found out about it 2-3 hours before the start of the uprising, and therefore they decided to remove the Azerbaijani soldiers on guard duty and surround their barracks. But they can deliver this warning only to the XX infantry division. Museyib Shahbazov wrote:

The uprising began on the night of 24–25 May 1920. In a short time, the important facilities of the city, the Red Army units in the neighbourhoods inhabited by Azerbaijanis were taken under control. The military warehouse, the central prison, the railway station, the building of the emergency commissariat was captured.

On 3 June 1920, the report sent to Baku by the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs stated:

Joining of other forces
As soon as the uprising began, the divisional commander of the III Sheki cavalry regiment, lieutenant colonel Ehsan Khan Nakhchivanski went to the headquarters of the Red Army in Yevlakh to get information about the incident. But he was killed as soon as he reached the headquarters. His death gave impetus to the participation of the Sheki III Cavalry Regiment in the rebellion.

The III regiment of the Red Army, consisting entirely of Azerbaijanis, also joined the rebels. Later, it was mentioned in a number of sources that the workers of the city and railway militia also joined the rebels en masse. In addition, many representatives of the local authoritiesm of the Soviet government also chose the side of the rebels, as a result of which the XI Red Army lost confidence in the local authorities.

The number of soldiers who rebelled was about 2,000. Later, thanks to the volunteers formed from the city population, the number of rebels reached 10-12 thousand people. That same night, the clergy called Muslims to jihad against the Bolshevik government.

Ganja Armenians sided with the Bolsheviks from the first day of the uprising. As Behbud Shahtakhtinsky wrote to Lenin, they thought that if the rebels succeeded, they would kill them together with the Bolsheviks. Red Army soldiers were also assisted by German peasants from Yelenendorf. According to the researcher journalist Khanlar Bayramov, there were Mensheviks, White Guardsmen, Germans and Georgians among the rebels. Thus, the infantry detachments of the rebels were headed by Colonel Krause, and the artillery detachments by the supporter of Denikin, Colonel Nikolayev.

Arrest of Bolsheviks
The rebels entered the Armenian part of the city and killed Kolesnikov, one of the commanders of the Red Army, and several communist Muslims. In addition, the rebels arrested many staff members and Red Army soldiers and officers, including Alexander Schirmacher, who was a former staff captain of the tsarist army and the commander of the III brigade at the time of the uprising. Bala Efendiyev, the deputy chairman of the Revolution Committee of Ganja, was also arrested and put in prison. According to S. Levcheski's memoirs, about 1,200 Red Army soldiers were imprisoned. In addition, the people who were previously arrested by the Bolsheviks were released from prison, and confiscated weapons were distributed to the local population. Museyib Shahbazov wrote in his memoirs about the arrests and attitude towards members of the Red Army:

Azerbaijani emigrant officer Asgar Kangerlinski mentioned another idea in his memoirs. He stated in his memoirs that the rebels did not even kill a disarmed member of the Red Army.

The following days
The uprisings that started in the regions and especially in Ganja posed a serious threat to the newly established Bolshevik government. The top-secret operative directive of the XI Red Army, sent from Baku on 26 May, ordered to prepare for a possible general uprising and brutally suppress it.

On 26 May, the attack of the Bolsheviks and Armenian units began from the Yelenendorf (south), but the rebels stopped the enemy's attack with a counterattack and caused them to suffer losses. On the same day, the Bolsheviks tried to attack from the Shamkir, but the rebels prevented this attack with a machine gun and artillery fire and caused the enemy to suffer heavy losses. At 5 o'clock, the Bolsheviks began to shell the city and the positions of the rebels with artillery fire. But the rebels silenced them with return fire. On that day, the news spread that General Mohammad Qajar was ill.

The 20 th Cavalry Brigade, regrouping the units, captured the southwest of the city on 27 May to prevent the rebels from going to the mountains. A regiment of the brigade and a platoon of horse artillery were assigned to cross Ganja from the north and east, capture the northwestern suburbs of the city and isolate the rebels. At this time, the rebels concentrated all their forces in the north of the city and tried to capture the railway station again. But all their attempts failed. They dug trenches in vineyards and melons along the highway. An armoured train from Baku began to help the XX cavalry regiment and horse artillery platoon, which had been ordered to attack the rebels. As a result, the rebels were again removed from the station. Despite this, the artillery of the rebels managed to destroy one of the bridges located in the west of Ganja, and this cut off the Red Army's communication with the Gazakh for a while. During the day, the rebels managed to repulse 7 attacks by the Bolsheviks who tried to capture the city. Unable to capture the city, the Bolsheviks shelled the city with artillery fire throughout the day.

In accordance with the decree of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan and the Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan, the Workers and Peasants' Defense Council of Azerbaijan, which included Nariman Narimanov, Mirza Davud Huseynov and others, was established. On 28 May, the newspaper "Izvestiya Vremennogo Revolyutsionnogo Komiteta Azerbaijan" published this decree of the Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan. The following was written in the newspaper:

On 29 May, the Central Committee of the ACP addressed all the workers, peasants and Bolsheviks of Azerbaijan in the following content:

Units of the Red Army formed in Azerbaijan were also involved in suppressing the rebellion. An international detachment of 200 people was formed to help the Red Army units in Chardagli village, located in Ganja province.

Despite the intense fighting, the rebels decided to celebrate the second anniversary of the declaration of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic on 28 May. On that day, at 8 o'clock in the morning, influential people of the city, representatives of the organisers of the Ganja uprising, and Sheikh-ul-Islam gathered in the district court, celebrated the anniversary of Azerbaijan's independence and shared their views on the situation in the city. The participants of the ceremony called everyone to fight until the end. About this event, Jahangir Bey Kazimbeyli wrote in his memoirs:

The ХІ Army Command further strengthened its military power in the city. By the order signed on 28 May, the 179 th regiment and the cavalry brigade of the 20 th infantry division were brought to Ganja. On the same day, the 18 th Cavalry Division, which was in the Zagatala region, was also brought to Ganja. This division was operationally subordinated to the 20 th infantry division. Among the new forces brought to the city was a howitzer division. The number of armoured trains here was increased to 4. Aviation units located in Baku were also involved in suppressing the rebellion. For this purpose, the 18 th and 33 rd air detachments of the 2 nd Division were deployed in Yevlakh. The planes were initially planned to be deployed around Ganja. However, due to the fact that many of the members of the personnel of the 33 rd detachment contracted malaria in Ganja, that detachment was released from the combat mission, and the other two detachments were deployed around Yevlakh.

A Soviet military group was formed that was both quantitatively and qualitatively superior to the armed forces that rebelled in Ganja. This group was tasked with suppressing the uprising in Ganja quickly and restoring Soviet power in the city. The 20 th infantry division was supposed to surround the southern and southwestern part of the city, starting from the Ganja river. The 20 th Cavalry Brigade was supposed to attack from the west and northwest of the city. The direction of attack of the 178 th and 179 th infantry regiments should be towards the north and northwest direction of the city. The 180 th infantry regiment and units located in the Armenian part of the city were assigned to attack from the east of the city, and the cavalry from the south and southwest to attack the part of Ganja inhabited by Azerbaijanis. In order to achieve order in the activities of the units involved in the attack, all cavalry forces were subordinated to the commander of the 18 th cavalry division, the units and divisions located in the Armenian part of the city were subordinated to the newly appointed commander of the Azerbaijani division, and
the forces in the north were subordinated to the commander of the 20 th division.

Jahangir Bey Kazimbayli, who received the news that there would be a serious attack from the Shamkir early in the morning, saw that the situation was really tense after intelligence with the German-born colonel Hauzen, and concentrated the main forces in the western direction. The Azerbaijani units led by Kazimbeyli, Hausen and Captain Mirizade allowed the 18 th Cavalry Division of the Bolsheviks to move 600 meters forward and were able to defeat them with the help of 22 machine guns and 6 cannons. According to Kazimzade's memoirs, the battlefield was full of dead and wounded Bolsheviks.

At 2 o'clock in the day, information was received about the attack of the Bolsheviks from the Yelenendorf direction. An additional machine gun unit and a partisan unit were sent to help the infantry battalion that had taken a position in that direction. As a result of the joint efforts of Tabor and the partisans, this attack attempt of the Armenian-Bolshevik detachment was prevented. On 28 May, the Bolshevik forces, which could not enter the city, started shelling the city. Rebel artillerists did not respond actively against these fires in order to save ammunition. The information given by V. Voronkov, the head of the operational department, to the army headquarters stated:

On the 3 rd day of the uprising, the commander of the 20 th division, Velikhanov, saw that only 100-150 of his subordinate soldiers were left, and began to prepare to evict the survivors from the city and build a fortification in one of the nearby areas. Commanders like Mikhail Gorivatov also died in the battle. On the same day, 4-5 artillery brigades were deployed around the station. Armored trains "Krasny Dagestanets", "Krasnaya Astrakhan", "III International", "Grom", "Karl Marx", "Shaumyan-Kaparidze" also arrived at the station. The city was constantly under fire from artillery and armoured trains. Bolshevik soldiers also died as a result of these artillery fires.

The spies of Said Javadov, a staunch communist living in Ganja, used to run through the vineyards at night and inform the headquarters of the 11 th army about the places where the rebels gathered and the ammunition depots. Because of their betrayal, Said and his spies were caught and shot by Sari Alakbar's men.

On the night of 28–29 May, the rebels received information about the peace treaty concluded between Soviet Russia and Georgia. This was a big blow for the rebels. It was clear that no help would come from Georgia. The rebels had to rely only on their own strength.

At 7 o'clock in the morning on 29 May, the units of the Red Army began to attack. The 178 th and 179 th regiments attacked in the northwestern direction of the city. Before entering the city, the Bolsheviks encountered resistance from the rebels. The forces attacking from the Armenian part, from the east of the city did not manage to reach the other side of the Ganja river. The Red Cavalry, advancing from the south of the city, was stopped by the rebels who had taken positions in the gardens and vineyards here. Despite their large numbers, the Bolsheviks could not break the resistance of the national forces. After repelling the first blows of the Bolsheviks, the rebels successfully launched a counterattack and attempted to encircle the 178 th and 179 th regiments. In order not to be encircled, these regiments of the Bolsheviks retreated with great losses. Riders of the 18th Cavalry Regiment under the leadership of Kuryshko were supposed to attack the city from the south and southwest, but due to strong resistance, they could not fulfill this task and retreated with heavy losses. The 180 th infantry regiment also tried to enter the city from the eastern direction with the help of Armenian units, but this attempt was prevented by the rebels. When the Bolsheviks tried to cross the overflowing Ganja River, they were fired upon by machine guns. As a result, dozens of Bolsheviks were drowned and shot dead. With the help of cannons, two machine gun divisions and partisans, it was possible to resist the Bolshevik forces until the end of the day. Captain Mirizade, the battalion commander, was heroically martyred during the fighting.

The following is written in the notes for 1 June in the operational manual of the XI Red Army headquarters:

After the unsuccessful attack on 29 May, the command of the XI Red Army had to urgently involve new forces here. In particular, the 2 nd division of the 20 th rifle regiment led by Voytsekhovsky from the border of Georgia, as well as the 175 th and 176 th regiments, one light artillery division, an Armenian mountain battery and an armoured car division from Baku were involved in suppressing the rebellion. As a result, before the attack, the Bolsheviks had 5 infantry regiments, 6 cavalry regiments, 57 heavy artillery guns, 2 armoured car divisions and 6 armoured trains.

From 30 May, Soviet forces began to seize the military initiative around and inside the city. Initially, the 1 st battalion and the partisan detachment around it, had to retreat from their position under the strong pressure of numerous red forces. As a result, the Armenian quarter of the city came under the control of the Soviet forces. On that day, at the same time, a serious attack took place on the positions of the 2 nd battalion, which took a position in the direction of Shamkir. However, it was possible to stop the Soviet forces in this direction.

Suppression of the Uprising
The rebellion that began in Ganja quickly affected the nearby regions and covered the entire country. Realizing what these speeches could mean for the Soviet government, the 11 th army headquarters sent the following directives to all military unit commanders on the day of the Ganja uprising:

On 31 May, the Bolsheviks gathered 5 infantry and 6 cavalry regiments, 7 special detachments, 2 armoured car divisions, 8 armoured trains, and 57 heavy artillery around Ganja. They decided to make a decisive attack from the north from the direction of the railway station. The reason for this was that there were few buildings in that direction. According to historians Darabadi and Kadishev, the decisive attack began at 9 o'clock on 31 May from the direction of the railway station and extended along the highway. Colonel Obertas, Velikanov's aide-de-camp, also noted that the attack was at 9 o'clock in the morning. At the same time, at 1:00 p.m. on the same day, the following was written in the order given by Kurishko: "In May of this date, at 5:00 p.m., a general attack on the city of Ganja will begin... All commanders should be in their places... The rebels must be destroyed at any cost in a real battle. keep them firmly in mind."

The main attack was aimed at the northern direction of the city with five infantry regiments. The attack was carried out in two echelons, with 3 regiments in the first and 2 regiments in the second. The latter two regiments were instructed to continue the raid if successful, and to reinforce the defence if unsuccessful. The five attacking regiments were supported by all the artillery forces and the armoured division under the leadership of L. Plumen, who commanded the XX infantry regiment. The cavalry units were assigned to restrict access to the city and prevent the retreat of the rebels to the west, towards the mountains. The area where the military operations took place was almost entirely made up of vineyards, which made the attack difficult. In addition, the clay soil washed by the rains also hindered the movement of the equipment. Later, the Red Army forced the rebels to retreat from the vineyards and entered the northern part of the city of Ganja with the full support of artillery. Fighting broke out all over the city. Red army units, divided into groups, began to search for rebels in the city. The rebels were fighting fiercely. In the operational documents of the XI Red Army headquarters, it was noted that: "The rebels stubbornly did not retreat from their positions."

Red Army soldier Anatoliy Somashuk described the battles as follows:

According to the writings of the Soviet historian Treskunov, Peter Kurishko ran forward during one of the attacks and was surrounded by several cavalry rebels. But at this time, the paramedic girl comes to his aid by galloping the horse and takes him out of the siege. In another battle in the Yelenendorf area, despite being wounded for the 17 th time (this time in the hand), Kurishko replaced his horse with a tachanka and continued to lead the cavalry. Savva Protsenko, commander of the 1 st squadron of the 103 rd Cavalry Regiment, was killed in battle while paving the way for the cavalry division. On the other hand, according to the memories of the Turkish communist Mustafa Subhi, even women participated in street battles against the Bolsheviks. The operational summary of the XI Red Army dated 1 June showed that the rebels were killed almost one by one by artillery fire.

At the time when the street battles were going on in the city, the disarmed Bolsheviks, commanders, staff members, and including the commander of the 3 rd brigade of the 20 th infantry division, Alexander Schirmacher, were held in the prison in Ganja. Hamid Sultanov, ACP's extraordinary commissioner for Ganja governorate from Baku, was coming to Ganja with a group of Bolsheviks on a special duty. The Extraordinary Commissar of the AKP (b) for the Ganja province H. Sultanov arrived in Ganja from Baku on a special mission, accompanied by a group of Bolsheviks and with his help the arrested Red Army soldiers headed by A. G. Schirmacher disarmed the guards and, having captured two serviceable machine guns and one gun with ammunition in a nearby weapons workshop, opened fire from the rear. Later, in 1922, in Schirmacher's attestation signed by Mikhail Velikanov, it was stated that: "Shirmacher, even if he is non-partisan, is completely on the side of the Soviet government in his convictions, which he proved many times during the Ganja uprising. If he was captured by the rebels, he remained loyal to the Red Army and released other prisoners. helped to take Ganja by XX division."

According to Azerbaijani historian Tofig Bagirov, the attack of the imprisoned Bolsheviks from behind and the arrival of new armoured trains to Ganja led to the success of the Bolsheviks.

According to the writings of Jahangir Bey Kazimbeyli, the decisive attack of the Soviet forces on Ganja took place on 31 May and 1 June. On 2 June, the city was again subjected to heavy artillery fire, and then armoured vehicles accompanied by numerous infantries from the direction of the station moved towards the center of the city. At the same time, the Bolsheviks in the Armenian part of the city also started moving towards the city center. At 12 o'clock in the afternoon, the situation of the rebels became much more complicated, there was no longer any possibility of resistance. According to J. Kazimbeyli's writing, on the morning of 3 June, it was possible to break through the siege of the Red forces and withdraw to the height in the north-west of the city with less than one battalion. A certain part of the city's population was also able to get out of this broken part of the siege.

Mammadgasim, a qachaq from Samukh who was a participant in the uprising, remembered the suppression of the Ganja uprising as follows:

According to information from the XI Red Army, a decisive attack by the Bolsheviks on 31 May led to the suppression of the uprising that day. Suffering heavy casualties, the rebels began to leave their positions, and the rebellion was completely suppressed by evening. According to the report prepared by V. Voronkov, the head of the Operations Department of the 11 th Army, on the morning of 31 May, the red forces launched a decisive attack and entered the city, breaking the resistance of the rebels in all directions. He also admitted that there was a fierce battle inside the city. Because the rebels did not leave their position easily. Therefore, the shelling of the city was intensified. The Red forces continuously shelled the city without noticing where the shells fell. Voronkov also wrote that half of Ganja was destroyed after the cannon fire of the Red forces. The people who wanted to save their lives from these ruins were killed on the spot by the Red Cavalry. Some of the rebels, as well as the inhabitants of the city, managed to break through the siege with the help of the 3 rd Ganja infantry regiment and left the city and headed towards the mountains.

See also
 Svaneti uprising of 1921 in Georgia.
 February Uprising 1921, in Armenia

References

Anti-Bolshevik uprisings
Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
History of Ganja, Azerbaijan
Ganja Revolt, 1920
1920 in Azerbaijan
Conflicts in 1920
Mass murder in 1920
Azerbaijani resistance movement
Rebellions in Azerbaijan


Developmental Psychology is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Psychological Association covering research in developmental psychology. Publishing formats are research articles, reviews, and theoretical or methodological articles. The current editor-in-chief is Eric F. Dubow (Bowling Green State University and University of Michigan).

The journal has implemented the Transparency and Openness Promotion guidelines that provide structure to research planning and reporting and aim to make research more transparent, accessible, and reproducible.

History
The journal was established in 1969, with Boyd R. McCandless (Emory University) as founding editor-in-chief.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is indexed by the following services:
Academic Search
CAB Abstracts
Criminal Justice Abstracts
Current Contents/Social & Behavioral Sciences
Global Health
MEDLINE/PubMed
PsycINFO
Scopus
Social Sciences Citation Index
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.845.

References

External links

Academic journals established in 1969
Bimonthly journals
American Psychological Association academic journals
English-language journals
Developmental psychology journals


Summer Palace is the first full-length album by UK indie pop band Sunny Day Sets Fire. It was released in the US in 2008 by Iamsound, and in 2009 by UK label Wonderboat.

Track listing

2008 albums
Indie pop albums by British artists


John Davidson Letcher (died 1938) was an American academic and an acting president of Oregon State University. He served as the acting president for 4 months in 1892, upon the death of the second president Benjamin Lee Arnold.

As a son of Virginia's Confederate governor John Letcher, John Davidson Letcher was born in Virginia and attended Virginia Military Institute, where he obtained a degree in civil engineering. With jobs in the field, he also taught mathematics in several colleges. It was in 1888 that he became a professor at Oregon State University (then "State Agricultural College of the State of Oregon") in Corvallis, Oregon, as the Professor both of Mathematics and Engineering and of Military Science and Tactics.

After OSU's third president Benjamin Lee Arnold suddenly died in January 1892, Letcher was elected unanimously by the Board of Regents as the acting president of the college. His presidency lasted until early June of the year, when John M. Bloss became the third permanent president of OSU. Letcher left the school in 1894 and then served as a mathematics professor of the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon until 1896. He returned to Virginia in 1896.

References
https://web.archive.org/web/20080722214922/http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/archives/exhibits/presidents/letcher.html

Presidents of Oregon State University
Virginia Military Institute alumni
1938 deaths
People from Virginia
University of Oregon faculty
Year of birth missing
19th-century births


Kevin Grant Hague (born 18 March 1960) is a New Zealand activist and former chief executive and politician. He was a Member of Parliament for the Green Party from 2008 to 2016, and served as chief executive of Forest & Bird, an independent New Zealand conservation organisation, from October 2016 to April 2022. In July 2022 he became a volunteer Civil Defence and Emergency Management controller for the West Coast.

Prior to his election to Parliament, Hague was the Chief Executive of the West Coast District Health Board. Hague is also an author, a long time gay rights activist and a former executive director of the New Zealand AIDS Foundation.

Career and activism

Hague has been an activist for a number of causes. In the 1980s he was heavily involved in the campaign against sporting contacts with apartheid South Africa. In 1989 he co-authored Honouring the Treaty: an introduction for Pakeha to the Treaty of Waitangi. Hague also edited Terry Stewart's 1996 book Invisible families: a New Zealand resource for parents of lesbian and gay children.

Hague is openly gay and in 1988 began work as a research officer for the New Zealand AIDS Foundation, which provides education on HIV/AIDS issues and advocacy and support for those with HIV and AIDS. From 1998 to 2003 he was the Foundation's executive director.

He has represented New Zealand at United Nations, UNESCO and Commonwealth conferences on apartheid and on AIDS. He has also campaigned on behalf of cycling.

In 2005 Hague became Chief Executive of the West Coast District Health Board, where he had worked since 2003. Hague resigned in December 2008 to become a Member of Parliament.

Member of Parliament

Hague was placed at number seven on the Green Party list for the 2008 election. He gained the third highest number of candidate votes in the West Coast-Tasman electorate and was elected to Parliament as a list MP for the Green Party.

Hague again contested West Coast-Tasman in the 2011 and 2014 elections and was returned to Parliament as a list MP each time, being placed third on the Green Party list.

Hague was a member of the Health Committee for most of 2008 to 2016, and also spent time on the Governance and Administration Committee during that committee's consideration of the Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill, which legalised same-sex marriage in New Zealand in 2013. Hague said once the bill had passed its third reading, in April 2013, there would be a number of "incredibly emotional" weddings between gay couples.

Green Party co-leader Russel Norman indicated he would vacate that role in 2015. Hague contested the resulting leadership contest but ultimately placed second to fellow MP James Shaw.

Hague announced on 5 September 2016 that he would resign from parliament to become the CEO of Forest and Bird. He was replaced by Barry Coates.

At his retirement, Hague was the Green Party spokesperson for health (including Accident Compensation Corporation, sport and recreation), conservation, and Rainbow Issues.

Life after politics
Hague was CEO of Forest and Bird for six years from 2016 to 2022. In November 2022 he was appointed for a three year term as Chair of the Public Health Advisory Committee (PHAC); the PHAC provides public health advice to government and the Minister of Health.

Personal life
Hague was born in Aldershot, Hampshire, England, on 18 March 1960, and moved to New Zealand in 1973 with his family when he was 13 years old. He became a naturalised New Zealand citizen in 1978. Hague enjoys mountain biking, cycle touring and tramping. He has been with his partner since 1984, but has no plans to get married since Labour MP Louisa Wall's Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill passed.

References

External links

Green Party – MP biography for Kevin Hague
New Zealand Parliament – MP biography for Kevin Hague
Kevin Hague's twitter

Gay politicians
Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand MPs
New Zealand activists
LGBT members of the Parliament of New Zealand
New Zealand gay men
New Zealand LGBT rights activists
1960 births
Living people
New Zealand list MPs
English emigrants to New Zealand
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
21st-century New Zealand politicians
People from Greymouth
Naturalised citizens of New Zealand


2008 Chinese heparin adulteration, refers to heparin adulteration incidents that occurred in the United States of America in 2008. Pharmaceutical company Baxter International subcontracted the creation of precursor chemicals of heparin to Scientific Protein Laboratories, an American company with production facilities located in China. Scientific Protein Laboratories then used counterfeit precursors to create the chemicals ordered. Baxter then sold this adulterated heparin in the US, which killed 81 people, and left 785 severely injured. This caught the attention of the media and the USA Food and Drug Administration leading to numerous ongoing lawsuits.

Overview
The raw material for the recalled heparin batches was processed in China from pig's intestines by the American pharmaceutical firm Scientific Protein Laboratories. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration was quoted as stating that at least 81 deaths were believed to be linked to a raw heparin ingredient imported from the People's Republic of China, and that they had also received 785 reports of serious injuries associated with the drug's use. According to The New York Times, "problems with heparin reported to the agency include difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, excessive sweating and rapidly falling blood pressure that in some cases led to life-threatening shock."

In March 2008, due to contamination of the raw heparin stock imported from mainland China, major recalls of heparin, a substance widely used as an injectable anticoagulant, were announced by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Upon investigation of these adverse events by the FDA, academic institutions, and the involved pharmaceutical companies, the contaminant was identified as an "over-sulfated" derivative of chondroitin sulfate, a closely related substance obtained from mammal or fish cartilage and often used as a treatment for arthritis. Since over-sulfated chondroitin is not a naturally occurring molecule, costs a fraction of true heparin starting material, and mimics the in-vitro properties of heparin, the counterfeit was almost certainly intentional as opposed to an accidental lapse in manufacturing. The raw heparin batches were found to have been cut from 2–60% with chondroitin and motivation for the adulteration was attributed to a combination of cost savings and a shortage of suitable pigs in Mainland China.

When the FDA conducted an inspection of Baxter's Chinese heparin supplier, it found serious deficiencies at the facility which the FDA detailed in a warning letter.

The warning letter detailed that the company failed to monitor changes in the impurity profile of incoming heparin active raw material, to adequately investigate out-of-specification results, to document actual processing steps in batch records, to validate all critical steps in the process, to qualify all suppliers, and to use valid methods to test products.

The FDA has stated that it does not have the funds nor bear the responsibility to inspect on a regular basis overseas upstream processors of finished active pharmaceutical ingredients such as heparin. However, according to the internationally harmonized guideline, ICH Q7, API manufacturers are fully responsible for qualifying their suppliers through on-site audits, testing, and regular communications.

See also
 List of medicine contamination incidents

References

Scandals in China
Product recalls
Medical scandals in China
Heparin
Product safety scandals
Chinese
Adulteration
Chinese
Baxter International


Heather Pick (September 12, 1970 – November 7, 2008) was an American
television news anchor as well as an activist on behalf of breast cancer awareness and juvenile diabetes. She began her career in newscasting at WREX-TV in Rockford, Illinois before moving in 2002 to Columbus, Ohio where she was the morning and noon news anchor for WBNS-TV.

Early life
Born in 1970, Pick was raised in Platteville, Wisconsin as one of seven children in her family. Her father worked for a lumber company, her mother as a homemaker. She was a graduate of the University of Wisconsin–Platteville. She became a news anchor at WREX after an internship there, staying for almost 10 years in Rockford.

Career
While at WREX, she met her husband Joe Cygan, a Chicago-area native and great-grandson of Chicago mayor DeWitt Clinton Cregier, who was also employed by the station.

After moving to Ohio, she worked closely with Jack Hanna of the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, even appearing on an episode of Late Show with David Letterman as Hanna's assistant. The Columbus Zoo and Aquarium is dedicating a bench near the park entrance in her honor.

Pick worked alongside actress Mary Tyler Moore in support of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. In 2007, Pick recorded an album titled "Circle of Support". A collection of original and cover songs all sung by Pick, the CD was released through by the organization A Christmas to Cure Cancer.

Death
Heather died of breast cancer on November 7, 2008 at home in Columbus, Ohio. She continued working for WBNS during much of her illness and appeared on air for the last time in early October 2008.

References

External links
WBNS 10TV: Heather Pick bio
WBNS 10TV: WBNS TV Remembers Heather Pick
Rockford Register Star: Former Rockford TV anchorwoman Pick dies
Columbus Dispatch: A Very Special Woman

1970 births
2008 deaths
American television reporters and correspondents
Deaths from breast cancer
Deaths from cancer in Ohio
Mass media people from Columbus, Ohio
People from Platteville, Wisconsin
Journalists from Ohio
Activists from Ohio
20th-century American journalists