Joseph Dowling (2 February 1922 – 31 May 2014) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. An auctioneer before entering politics, Dowling was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin South-West constituency at the 1965 general election, having previously stood at the 1961 general election. Dowling held his seat at every subsequent election until he lost it at the 1977 general election in the new Dublin Ballyfermot constituency. He was then elected to Seanad Éireann on the Labour Panel. He died in Ballinasloe in May 2014 at the age of 92.

References

1922 births
2014 deaths
Fianna Fáil TDs
Members of the 18th Dáil
Members of the 19th Dáil
Members of the 20th Dáil
Members of the 14th Seanad
Politicians from County Dublin
Fianna Fáil senators
Labour Panel senators


David Marshall Mason (7 December 1865 – 19 March 1945) was a Scottish Liberal politician, banker and businessman.

Family and education
Mason was born at Campsie, near Glasgow, the eldest son of Stephen Mason, himself a Liberal MP and Martha Marshall. He was educated at Partick Academy and Kelvinside Academy, Glasgow, Craigmount in Edinburgh and then at Glasgow University. He also studied privately in Germany. He married Mary Crouse of Akron, Ohio who was the daughter of the Hon. George W. Crouse, formerly a Republican Member of Congress. They had two sons and five daughters.

Business interests
Mason went into banking, becoming an Associate of the Institute of Bankers. He was described by The Times newspaper in 1910 as having banking and railways interests. Mason acquired a reputation as an expert on the economy, financial and trading questions. He was a founder member of chairman of the Executive Committee of the Sound Currency Association.

Political career
Mason first contested a Parliamentary seat for the Liberals at Glasgow, Tradeston at the 1906 general election where he also stood, again unsuccessfully, in January 1910. He was however returned in the December 1910 election as MP for Coventry when he gained the seat from the sitting Conservative MP, John Kenneth Foster. He held Coventry until 1918. Mason tended to be an opponent of the coalition government during the First World War pressing in Parliament for the government to explore opportunities for peacemaking and supporting votes which placed him in 'the pacifist minority'. He was often described as an Independent or Independent Liberal in the press and stood as an Independent at the 1918 general election. The coalition coupon was given to Edward Manville, a Conservative who was the victor in a contest involving five candidates. Like other Liberal MPs who had taken an unpopular stance over aspects of war policy, Mason was rejected by the electorate, coming fifth of the five candidates in the poll.

Mason tried to return to Parliament at each of the next three general elections for the Romford Division of Essex, and then for Barnstaple in North Devon at the 1929 general election
.

Radical, centrist or right-wing?
Described as being on the Radical wing of the Liberal party especially in relation to foreign policy, Mason played a leading role in condemning Italian atrocities in Tripolitania during the war between Italy and Turkey in 1911 and urging British government intervention. Attempting to rally an effective protest Mason said the Italian invasion had provoked an outburst of indignation from the friends of freedom and foes of aggression' in Britain. However another historian has called Mason a 'Liberal Centrist' typical of the sort of candidates being adopted by Liberal Associations in the hope of attracting working class votes whilst maintaining the support of traditional Liberals.

Mason was certainly associated with radical causes. He was a strong proponent of Irish Home Rule and supporter of John Redmond. He was connected to the Peace Society and opposed greater spending on arms and armaments and was a member of a deputation to Liberal prime minister H H Asquith to advise him of the uneasiness of the Parliamentary Liberal Party regarding increasing spending on the Navy. All this, and his criticisms of the government got him into trouble with Coventry Liberal Association who announced in January 1914 that they would be finding a new candidate for the next election In response Mason said he would stand as an Independent Liberal in opposition to the official candidate. He was a member of the Liberal Foreign Affairs Committee, a private backbench group set up in December 1911. This was an essentially radical organisation and critical of the direction and conduct of the foreign policy of Sir Edward Grey. In July 1914, a dozen or so of the group, including Mason met and passed a resolution urging British neutrality in the emerging crisis. Mason was a signatory to the letter which the group sent to Grey covering the text of the resolution and urging him to use the government's good offices to secure peace.

Mason was an opponent of the Bill introducing conscription in 1916, being one of one 34 Liberal MPs to vote against it. He was also in favour of votes for women and was identified by Sylvia Pankhurst as a fervent supporter of the Suffragette cause inside and outside Parliament.

However  it is clear that Mason was far more conservative on issues surrounding the economy. He kept a high political profile during the 1920s with his chairmanship of the Sound Currency Association and many letters to the Times newspaper on various aspects of the economy, trade and foreign policy . He was described as a ‘notorious advocate of a return to the gold standard’. However he may have been moving in that direction far earlier as he was re-elected to Parliament at the 1931 general election as a Liberal candidate in East Edinburgh promising to support National Government of Ramsay MacDonald, the official position of the Liberal Party, and defeating the sitting Labour MP, Drummond Shiels. At this election, the Conservative candidate J Carmont had withdrawn in favour of Mason because he pledged support to the government but the honeymoon with the Unionists did not last and Mason got into trouble with the local Unionist association for voting against the government just a few weeks later. By the time of the 1935 general election he had gone into opposition with his Liberal colleagues, and so faced a Unionist opponent. However the seat was won back by Labour and Mason finished bottom of the poll. That year he joined the Anglo-German Fellowship.

Death
Mason died on 19 March 1945 in a Nursing home in Malvern in Worcestershire, aged 79.

Publications
Macedonia and Great Britain's Responsibility; T Fisher Unwin, 1903
Six Years of Politics, 1910–1916; J M Murray, 1917
National Currency and Finance Reform; Loxley Bros. 1923
Monetary Policy, 1914–1928; M Hopkinson & Co, 1928
National Finance and the Future of Gold; National Liberal Club, 1937
Stabilization of the Currency: its bearing on foreign trade; Industrial Publications, 1937

References

External links

Parliamentary Archives, Press cutting books of David Marshall Mason (1865-1945), MP

1865 births
1945 deaths
People educated at Kelvinside Academy
People educated at Craigmount School
Scottish bankers
19th-century Scottish businesspeople
20th-century Scottish businesspeople
British railway entrepreneurs
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Scottish Liberal Party MPs
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Edinburgh constituencies
National Liberal Party (UK, 1931) politicians
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1931–1935


NFL Street 2 is an American football video game developed by EA Tiburon and published by Electronic Arts under the EA Sports BIG label. It was originally released for the PlayStation 2, GameCube and Xbox on December 22, 2004. It features then-New York Giants tight end Jeremy Shockey and rapper Xzibit on the cover. The game is compatible with Madden NFL 06, as players can import their Own The City players to it. The game's compatibility also extends to other EA games like Need for Speed: Underground 2, SSX 3, Madden NFL 2005, NCAA Football 2005, NFL Street, GoldenEye: Rogue Agent, NBA Live 2005, and NBA Street Vol. 2, where if players have these games on their memory cards (or hard drive in Xbox's case), they can earn 25,000 points in the game.

It was ported to the PlayStation Portable in 2005 under the name NFL Street 2 Unleashed.

Gameplay
One of the new features in NFL Street 2 is the addition of the Gamebreaker 2. The player first has to acquire 100,000 style points to unlock a gamebreaker and then without using their gamebreaker, acquire the same number of style points again. When called at the line of scrimmage, A cutscene occurs in which on defense, the defense stylishly gets the ball back while on offense, the offense stylishly gets over the line of scrimmage. After the cutscene, the player enters a "god mode" in which he has unlimited turbo and will break all of his tackles.

The game also features Running Moves. Some of the running moves are the juke, the spin, the wall move, the wall juke, the stiff arm and the hurdle. These moves give the player style points.

Own The City mode is the newest mode of NFL Street 2, the player must create a character and win all of the street games in Bay City. The player must play pick-up games to recruit talent for a team. The pick-up games are made up of randomly generated players. As the game progresses, the player will need to find better talent. If the player is successful they will face Xzibit and his team of NFL stars; upon beating his team, the player is invited to a tournament featuring NFL players. When the player completes Own The City mode, the created player can be imported to Madden NFL 2006, another successful football title, or can be imported to the NFL Challenge mode.  The created player may also be played as in any of the Street Events in which players are selected as individuals instead of as a team (Crush the Carrier, Jump Ball Battle, Open Field Showdown).

NFL Challenge is the official mode of the NFL Street series. The player must build up a team in 150 days to face the NFL Stars by completing challenges, such as scoring 250,000 style points on the Dallas Cowboys. Winning the challenges gives the player development points to spend on the players but also at the expense of days. When 5 days remain, a tournament opens up and the player's team must win the tournament to complete NFL Challenge (An alternative is to beat Team Xzibit in Own The City Mode).
If the player advances into the final round, they face the NFL Legends, a team of NFL stars from the 1970s, 80s and 90s. If they win they unlock the team.

The teams feature 17 players on the 32 NFL teams from the 2004 NFL season, and the rosters are accurate as of November 2004.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was a mix of hip hop and alternative rock, initially it was released to mixed criticism due to its lack of consistency in song selection. It later went on to receive accolades such as one of the ″greatest hip hop video game soundtracks of all time″, and one of ″the best EA Sports Big soundtracks″.

Reception

The game received "favorable" reviews on all platforms except the PSP version, which received "average" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.

The Times gave the game three stars out of five and said that though the game "does enough to entertain for an hour or two, fans of proper football, played with feet, are likely to find it quite dull." Jim Schaefer of Detroit Free Press gave the PS2 version a score of two stars out of four and called it "a fine game, just like the first version, which earned three stars from me. But the scant innovations in Street 2 make it optional for anyone who has the original." The Sydney Morning Herald similarly gave the same version two-and-a-half stars out of five and stated, "While Street 2 is appealingly approachable, it gets monotonous, particularly for owners of the original. Solo modes are dull and arduous."

During the 8th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, NFL Street 2 received a nomination for "Console Action Sports Game of the Year" by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences.

References

External links

2004 video games
EA Sports Big games
EA Sports games
GameCube games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
National Football League video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Portable games
Video games developed in the United States
Xbox games


Lana J. Marks (born November 18, 1953) is a South African-born American business executive who founded the eponymous fashion brand. She is the former United States Ambassador to South Africa, having served from 2020 to 2021.

Early life and education
Lana Bank was born in East London, South Africa. Her father, Alec Bank, had immigrated from Lithuania as a child; he was an affluent property developer and a leader in the Jewish community. She attended Clarendon High School for Girls in East London, and speaks Xhosa and Afrikaans.

Marks is an avid tennis player, having played for Bermuda, having won bronze medals for the United States in the Maccabiah Games in 1985, playing in the South African Open, and also made it to the qualifying rounds of the French Open.

Career
Marks was the CEO and designer of Lana Marks, a fashion accessories brand which specializes in exotic leathers and is known for creating some of the world's most expensive handbags. When Helen Mirren won an Academy Award in 2007, she carried a handbag designed by Marks to the stage. Her daughter currently runs the brand. The Lana Marks company has stores in Palm Beach, New York, Beverly Hills, and Dubai.

Ambassador to South Africa

Marks’s rumored appointment to the ambassadorship was leaked from a source within the Department of International Relations and Cooperation, South Africa's foreign affairs department. On November 14, 2018, President Donald Trump nominated Marks to be the United States Ambassador to South Africa. Marks had known Trump for more than two decades and was a member of his Mar-a-Lago club. She was unanimously confirmed by the Senate on September 26, 2019. She was sworn into office on October 4, 2019, and arrived at her posting on November 9, 2019, and presented her diplomatic credentials to President Cyril Ramaphosa on January 28, 2020.

Marks has been a member of Donald Trump's Mar-a-Lago resort since 2010. She was among several Mar-a-Lago members to be chosen by Trump for a role in his administration.

Marks stated that her primary goals include youth and women’s empowerment.  During her first sixty days, Marks launched two major initiatives, to invite all of Africa's leaders to a U.S.-Africa investment summit in Washington D.C., and to lift South Africa into a top-20 U.S. trading partner.

In September 2020, anonymous U.S. intelligence sources claimed that Iran was planning an assassination attempt on Marks in South Africa. The plot, claimed the sources, was in retaliation for the U.S. drone strike in Baghdad, Iraq, that killed the former commander of Qods Force, Qasem Soleimani, and deputy leader of Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces militia, Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis on January 3, 2020.

The signing of a letter of intent between the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) and NuScale, to develop 2,500 MW of nuclear power in South Africa, was cited as perhaps being one of her most significant accomplishments.

In March 2020, Marks refused to quarantine after being exposed to COVID-19 at an event at Mar-a-Lago, President Trump’s club in Florida. In December 2020, Marks spent 10 days in intensive care with Covid-19.

As a Trump political appointee ambassador, she resigned from the office following the inauguration of President Joe Biden on 20 January 2021 and was succeeded by John Groarke as Charge d'Affaires ad interim.

Personal life
Marks has been married to Dr. Neville Marks, a practicing psychiatrist affiliated with JFK Medical Center, since 1976. Marks and her husband later lived in Bermuda before moving to Florida in 1987. She has two children.

Marks was a personal friend of Diana, Princess of Wales. According to Marks, the two women had planned a four-day trip to Italy for the end of August 1997. Marks canceled at the last minute when Marks's father had a heart attack. Diana went to Paris with her partner Dodi Fayed where they were killed in a car accident.

Since 2010, Marks has been a member of Mar-a-Lago. According to Marks, she joined because other country clubs in Palm Beach did not admit Jewish members.

References

External links
Lana Marks Official Website
Lana Marks CFDA Profile

1953 births
Ambassadors of the United States to South Africa
American fashion designers
American women ambassadors
Artists from Florida
Businesspeople from Florida
High fashion brands
Living people
Luxury brands
People from East London, South Africa
People from Palm Beach, Florida
South African emigrants to the United States
South African people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
American women fashion designers
South African female tennis players
21st-century American women
Alumni of Clarendon High School for Girls


The Sibylle class was a class of five 32-gun sail frigates designed by Jacques-Noël Sané and built for the French Navy in the late 1770s. They carried 26 x 12-pounder guns on the upper deck and 6 x 8-pounder guns on the forecastle and quarter deck.

 Sibylle
Builder: Brest
Begun: April 1777
Launched: 1 September 1777
Fate: Captured by the Royal Navy in February 1783, broken up in 1784

 Néréide
Builder: Saint Malo
Begun: October 1778
Launched: 31 May 1779
Fate: Captured by the Royal Navy in December 1797, becoming HMS Nereide; retaken by the French Navy in August 1810, but destroyed at the Battle of Grand Port in December 1810.

 Fine
Builder: Nantes
Begun: October 1778
Launched: 11 August 1779
Fate: Wrecked in Chesapeake Bay in November 1793.

 Diane
Builder: Saint Malo
Begun: December 1778
Launched:  18 January 1779
Fate: Lost in a tempest on 17 March 1780 off St Lucia

 Émeraude
Builder: Nantes
Begun: December 1778
Launched: 25 October 1779
Fate: Broken up in 1797.

Citations

References

Frigate classes


Buda Engine was founded in 1881 by George Chalender in Buda, Illinois, to make equipment for railways. Later based in Harvey, Illinois, Buda from 1910 manufactured engines for industrial, truck, and marine applications. Early Buda engines were gasoline fueled. Later, diesel engines were introduced, utilizing proprietary Lanova cylinder head designs, injection pumps and nozzles. These were known as Buda-Lanova diesel engines. Buda Engine Company was acquired by Allis-Chalmers in 1953. The Buda-Lanova models were re-christened "Allis-Chalmers diesel".

Buda began by manufacturing railroad maintenance of way tools and equipment, switches, switch stands and signal devices.  By the end of the century, Buda was producing a line of hand cars and velocipedes, and eventually moved into the motorcar business also.  Velocipedes were equipped with single-cylinder, air-cooled engines and motorcars were equipped with 2-cylinder opposed "pancake" air-cooled engines.  The motorcar production was later either sold or licensed to Fairbanks-Morse, which continued production.  Truck, tractor, bus, and marine engines continued in production by Buda who eventually was taken over by Allis-Chalmers.

Buda's engines were water-cooled, in-line four, six, or eight-cylinder models. Buda advertisements in the early 1900s proclaimed Buda as "Pioneer of the cast-in-block" method. Their engines featured long stroke, enclosed valves, noiseless timing gears, and self-contained oiling system. Early four-cylinder gasoline-fueled models produced 30 to 60 bhp. Later six-cylinder diesel Buda-Lanova engines exceeded 200 bhp.

Their principal competitors were Hercules, Waukesha, Continental Motors, Wisconsin, Lycoming, Rutenber, Hall-Scott, LeRoi, Weidely, and Herschell-Spillman.

The four-cylinder Buda gasoline engine was favored by many early truck manufacturers, who were converting horse-drawn vehicles to self-propelled models. In 1918 a 42-hp version was fitted to the American-built M1917 light tank, a licensed copy of the Renault FT.  By the late 1920s, trucks were getting larger and required larger engines, such as Buda's six-cylinder models. As diesel engines grew in popularity in the 1930s, Buda responded with four and six-cylinder diesel engines.

A Buda six-cylinder engine was one of the offerings in the Carroll Six (1920-1922). The 66hp engine's top speed was 62mph/100km/h.

Users
Kenworth's early models (1922–1925) featured Buda four-cylinder gasoline engines as standard equipment. Buda six-cylinder gasoline engines were offered by Kenworth until the late 1930s. Other truck manufacturers that used Buda engines include:

 Acorn (made in Chicago 1923–1930)
 Air-O-Flex (Detroit 1919–1920)
 Armleder (Cincinnati 1909–1936)
 Atco (Kankakee, IL 1920–1923)
 Barber (New York City 1917–1918)
 Bell (Ottumwa, IA 1919–1923)
 Betz (Hammond, IN 1919–1929)
 Brown (St Cloud & Duluth, MN 1922–1924)
 Clydesdale (Clyde, OH 1917–1938)
 Cockshutt Plow Company (Ontario, CA)
 Coleman (Littleton, CO 1925–1943)
 Columbia (Pontiac, MI 1916–1925)
 Commerce (Detroit 1917–1932)
 Concord (Concord, NH 1917–1933)
 Day-Elder (Irvington, NJ 1919–1937)
 Dearborn (Chicago 1919–1924)
 Dependable (East St Louis, IL 1918–1923)
 Double Drive (Benton Harbor, MI 1922–1930)
 Douglas (Omaha 1917–1931)

 Durant-Dort Carriage Company "Flint" (1915-1916)
 Eagle (St Louis 1920–1928)
 Fremont-Mais (Fremont OH 1914–1915)
 Fulton (Farmingdale, NY 1916–1925)
 Gary Motor Truck (Gary, IN 1916–1927)
 Gotfredson (Detroit, Michigan & Walkerville, Ontario 1923–1948)
 Hawkeye Truck (Sioux City, IA 1915–1933)
 Hug (Highland, IL 1921–1942)
 Hurlburt (New York City 1912–1927)
 International Harvester (1925-195?)
 Jeffery (Kenosha, WI 1913–1917)
 Jumbo (Saginaw, MI 1918–1924)
 Kalamazoo (Kalamazoo, MI 1913–1924)
 Kleiber (San Francisco 1914–1937)
 LaPlant-Choate (1911-1952)
 Lehigh (Allentown, PA 1925–1927)
 Maccar (Allentown, PA 1914–1935)
 MacDonald (San Francisco 1920–1942)

 Nash (Kenosha, WI 1917–1929)
 Relay (Lima, OH 1927–1933)
 Rogers Una-Drive (Sunnyvale, CA 1919–1922)
 Rumely (LaPorte, IN 1919–1928)
 Sandow (Chicago Heights, IL 1915–1928)
 Service (Wabash, IN 1911–1932)
 Sisu (Finland 1938–1941)
 Stewart (Buffalo, NY 1912–1941)
 Sullivan (Rochester, NY 1916–1923)
 Thomas (New York City 1916–1917)
 Tiffin (Tiffin, OH 1913–1923)
 Titan (Milwaukee 1917–1932)
 Trabold (Johnstown, PA 1911–1932)
 Transport (Mt Pleasant, MI 1919–1925)
 Traylor (Allentown, PA 1920–1928)
 Walker-Johnson (East Woburn, MA 1919–1923)
 Watson (Conestoga, NY 1917–1925).

Buda-Lanova engines were also used by the Whitcomb Locomotive Company of Rochelle IL. Two Buda-Lanova model DCS 1879 6 cylinder supercharged Diesel engines (6.75 bore x 8.75 stroke, 325 hp @ 1,200 rpm) were installed in both 65-DE-14a and 65-DE-19a Diesel electric centercab locomotives that were purchased by the Army and shipped over to Africa and Europe during WW II, helping Whitcomb to earn the Army-Navy "E" award. These engines suffered from poor cooling and cracking in the cylinder heads and resulted in many locomotives being disabled while waiting for new heads.

Chicago-based Condor offered Buda-Lanova diesels in their 1939 & 1940 trucks. Ag-tractor manufacturers, such as Massey-Harris (see Massey Ferguson), Cockshutt, and Oliver used Buda engines. Bus, taxi, and motorcoach makers such as Bridgeport, Luxor, and Pennant (see Barley Motor Car Co.) all used Buda engines.  From 1925 to 1930, California coach operator, El Dorado, re-fitted new four-cylinder White buses with six-cylinder Budas. Firetruck builders Seagrave Fire Apparatus, Duplex, and American LaFrance used Buda engines. Buda engines were also used in electric generators, fire pumps, sawmills, cotton gins, and feed mills. Gardner-Denver used Buda engines in their air compressors. Buda-Lanova diesels were used by Australian Navy and U.S. Coast Guard in the 1940s.

Parts were available from Buda Engine Company in Shreveport, LA, till Owner Jim Cousins' passing in the early 2000's. After his passing, his family scrapped the rest of the inventory facing pressure to vacate the warehouse. Since then, most of the flathead-era Pre-WWII Buda parts have become impossible to source.

One vessel used by the Australian Navy in WW2, HDML 1321 is still afloat and working as a tourist dive boat based in Darwin.

HDML 1321 is now the subject of a restoration venture aimed at purchasing and restoring the vessel to its wartime configuration. An inspection of the vessel in 2016 found the hull in excellent condition and the original two Buda diesels still functioning, although one is slightly down on power due to wear of the original cylinder liners.

See also

 Guiberson A-1020

References

Companies established in 1881
Engine manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Cook County, Illinois
1881 establishments in Illinois


EdChoice, formerly the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice, is an American education reform organization headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana. It was founded in 1996 by economist spouses Milton and Rose D. Friedman. The organization's mission is to advance "school choice for all children" nationwide.

EdChoice has been called "the nation's leading advocate of vouchers" by The Wall Street Journal. EdChoice, according to its website, works with "nonprofits, schools, community organizations, businesses, parents, teachers, and concerned citizens to provide general education, outreach, and advocacy on school choice".

History
The Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice was founded in March 1996 in Indianapolis, Indiana. It originally was known as the Milton & Rose D. Friedman Foundation. Indiana politician and friend of the Friedmans, Gordon St. Angelo, served as the foundation's first president, a position he held until 2009, when he was succeeded by Robert Enlow. Other notable founding directors of the foundation include J. Patrick Rooney and Mitch Daniels.

In 2016 the Friedman Foundation announced it would change its name later in the year to reflect the Friedmans' desire to separate their personal legacy from the intellectual legacy of educational choice. They specifically directed the Foundation's board of directors to stop using the Friedman name at some point after their deaths. The Friedman Foundation announced that its new name would be EdChoice and that it would focus its mission on three areas: educating and informing the public about the benefits of school choice; training and equipping policymakers and stakeholders with the skills they need to support school choice; and advancing high-quality school choice programs in states across the nation.

School choice
In 1955, Milton Friedman put forth an idea of using free market principles to improve the United States public school system. Typically, public schools are funded by state and local taxes, and children are assigned a public school based on where their parents live. Friedman proposed that parents should be able to receive those education funds in the form of vouchers, which would allow them to choose their children's schools, including both public and private, religious and non-religious options. The Foundation follows in Friedman's view and is focused on the creation and expansion of school choice programs, either through vouchers, tax-based incentive programs, or education savings accounts.

Policy influence
The organization's work is state-focused, with an emphasis on legislation and judicial matters related to school choice. EdChoice also conducts educational and advocacy work on school choice legislation in states, including Alaska, Indiana, Montana, New Hampshire, North Carolina, and Tennessee.

The Friedman Foundation was involved with the U.S. Supreme Courts' landmark decision on Ohio's private school choice program in Cleveland, filing an amicus brief along with the Center for Individual Freedom, Cato Institute, and Goldwater Institute in support of the petitioners. The Supreme Court in Zelman v. Simmons-Harris concluded Cleveland's school voucher program did not violate the First Amendment's Establishment Clause.

In 2013, the Friedman Foundation was credited with influencing the Indiana Supreme Court's unanimous ruling that the nation's largest school voucher program was constitutional. The Friedman Foundation was cited in the official ruling. In responding to the court's decision, then-Indiana Governor Mike Pence credited the Friedman Foundation for its work in ensuring the program's continuation.

Research and publications
EdChoice produces numerous state and national policy studies, research briefs, and voter surveys. Its reports include "The School Staffing Surge: Decades of Employment Growth in America's Public Schools" and "A Win-Win Solution: The Empirical Evidence on School Choice".

EdChoice also releases annually "The ABCs of School Choice", a guide to every private school choice program in America. The guide provides a summary of each voucher, tax-credit scholarship, education savings account, and individual tax credit/deduction program in operation. This publication details each program's funding levels, eligibility requirements, historic participation rates, stories of enrolled students, parents, and schools, and "Friedman Feedback" on how to "improve" according to Milton and Rose D. Friedman's vision.

References

External links

 Organizational Profile – National Center for Charitable Statistics (Urban Institute)

Education policy organizations in the United States
Organizations established in 1996
1996 establishments in Indiana
Non-profit organizations based in Indianapolis


Bodybuilding at the 2008 Asian Beach Games was held in Bali, Indonesia from 19 October to 20 October 2008. The competition included only men's events for six different weight categories. All events were held at Kuta Beach.

Medalists

Medal table

Results

60 kg

Prejudge
19 October

Final
20 October

65 kg

Prejudge
19 October

Final
20 October

70 kg

Prejudge
19 October

Final
20 October

75 kg

Prejudge
19 October

Final
20 October

80 kg

Prejudge
19 October

Final
20 October

85 kg

Prejudge
19 October

Final
20 October

References
 Official site

2008 Asian Beach Games events
2008
Bodybuilding competitions in Indonesia
2008 in bodybuilding


Pageant of Empire is the title given to a set of songs, to words by Alfred Noyes, written by the English composer Sir Edward Elgar and given important positions in the Pageant of Empire at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley Park.

Details
The songs were first performed at the Pageant on 21 July 1924, when they were conducted by the composer.

The songs were published by Enoch & Sons. They are:

1. "Shakespeare's Kingdom"
2. "The Islands (A Song of New Zealand)"
3. "The Blue Mountains (A Song of Australia)"
4. "The Heart of Canada"
5. "Sailing Westward"
6. "Merchant Adventurers"
7. "The Immortal Legions"
8. "A Song of Union"

Nos. 1 - 7 are for solo singer with accompaniment.

No. 2 "The Islands", No. 5 "Sailing Westward", and three other poems by Noyes: "Indian Dawn", "The Cape of Good Hope" (for South Africa) and "Gloriana" (Queen Elizabeth I) were also arranged for chorus SATB and have the same musical accompaniment.

No. 7 "The Immortal Legions" was also arranged for chorus SATB.

No. 8 "A Song of Union" is a part-song for chorus SATB written for but not actually performed in the Pageant.

Three movements from Elgar's "The Crown of India" were included in the Pageant, representing "The Early Days of India": the Introduction, the March of the Mogul Emperors and the Crown of India March.

Elgar composed his Empire March for the same occasion, and it was at that time considered part of the Pageant of Empire.  However the Empire March was not performed then and Elgar's Imperial March took its place.

The orchestral scores and parts for all the songs with the exception of "Immortal Legions" and the "March" have been lost, but they have been orchestrated by conductor Martin Yates and recorded complete on Dutton Epoch by Baritone Roderick Williams with the BBC Concert Orchestra conducted by Martin Yates.

Recordings

 The CD with the book Oh, My Horses! Elgar and the Great War has many historical recordings including
The Immortal Legions, a 1975 recording with Anthony Ransome (baritone), Kensington Choir and Symphony Orchestra conducted by Leslie Head
A Song of Union, a 1975 recording by the Kensington Choir and Symphony Orchestra conducted by Leslie Head
 The CD "The Unknown Elgar" has Sailing Westward and The Immortal Legions, Tudor Choir directed by Barry Collett, with Ken Burley (piano) PEARL SHE CD 9635
 Elgar Pageant of Empire & Sea Pictures Roderick Williams (Baritone) BBC Concert Orchestra conducted by Martin Yates on Dutton Epoch

Notes

References

Foreman, Lewis "Oh, My Horses!: Elgar and the Great War" (Elgar Editions, Rickmansworth, 2001) pp 280–284
Richards, Jeffrey "Imperialism and Music: Britain 1876-1953" (Manchester University Press, 2002)

External links

Songs by Edward Elgar
Compositions by Edward Elgar
1924 compositions
World's fair music
British Empire Exhibition


Raj Ghatak is a British actor. He is known for diverse roles across stage and screen, notably as Sweetie in Andrew Lloyd Webber's Bollywood musical Bombay Dreams and, as Grayson in the Channel 4 drama Dead Set written by Emmy-winning Charlie Brooker. In 2018, Ghatak won the Eastern Eye ACTA Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Amir in The Kite Runner on stage. From 2020 to 2021, he appeared in the BBC soap opera Doctors as Aashiq Sawney.

Career

Stage
Ghatak has worked extensively on stage, and in many original ground-breaking productions. His first professional job was at the award-winning Tara Arts in a production directed by artistic director Jatinder Verma MBE. Ghatak appeared in East is East (Oldham Coliseum), West Side Story (Prince of Wales Theatre, London), and Hijra (The Bush Theatre and West Yorkshire Playhouse). In 2002, Ghatak landed a leading role in Andrew Lloyd Webber's production of A. R. Rahman's Bombay Dreams at the Apollo Victoria Theatre, London, directed by Steven Pimlott, where he was cast alongside Raza Jaffrey and Preeya Kalidas. Ghatak was nominated for Best Actor, and Best Supporting Performance in a Musical for his portrayal of Sweetie and scored unanimous rave reviews; "Raj Ghatak steals the show" (Roger Foss, What's On).

In 2007, Ghatak appeared at the world-famous Royal Court Theatre in Anupama Chandrasekhar's play Free Outgoing. Charles Spencer of The Telegraph wrote: "Raj Ghatak is outstanding as a friend in need who might not be what he seems." The play was performed twice at the Royal Court, and once at the Traverse Theatre in Edinburgh. Ghatak's other notable performances at the Royal Court Theatre include Shades/Unheard Voices, The Spiral, Rough Cuts and the ground-breaking The Low Road by Pulitzer Prize-winning Bruce Norris and multi Olivier Award-winning director Dominic Cooke.

Further stage highlights include performances in Soho Cinders, nominated for Best New Musical, directed by Jonathan Buttrell who also directed Ghatak in the musical Everybody’s Talking About Jamie. This production went on to the Apollo Theatre in London and has since been adapted into a film. In 2017, Ghatak was cast as the lead of Miss Meena in Miss Meena and the Masala Queens. In 2018, Ghatak was invited to play the lead role of Amir in The Kite Runner the page-to-stage adaptation of the multimillion bestseller by Khaled Hosseini. Both Ghatak's portrayal of Amir and the production earned standing ovations and sensational reviews, with Chris High reviewing "Raj Ghatak's performance of Amir, the story's narrator, is breathtakingly bold and vibrant. A powerful and tumultuous mix of touching self-awareness and pig-headed selfishness, Amir both warms and chills the heart whilst searching for acceptance and Ghatak's prowess truly shines from the very first moment he steps on stage; a platform he does not leave until the final light goes out, having delivered a performance that can only be described as energy-sapping as it is glorious." For his portrayal of Amir, Ghatak won the Eastern Eye ACTA Award for Best Actor.

Following on from The Kite Runner, Ghatak joined the original cast in the first stage version of Yann Martell’s novel Life of Pi at the Sheffield Crucible. Lolita Chakrabharti's adaptation, featuring the puppetry of Gyre and Gimble and directed by Max Webster, won Best New Play, Best Director, Best Design and a Best Actor award in the UK Theatre Awards 2019.

Screen
Ghatak has appeared on a number television shows in the United Kingdom; as Ranjeev in All About Me, guest lead as Jemima in Synchronicity, Doctors for the BBC, BAFTA-nominated The 7.39, BAFTA-nominated Hetty Feather and the BAFTA-winning Taboo, with Tom Hardy, directed by Ridley Scott. He was a series regular Grayson in the horror series Dead Set, written by Charlie Brooker (Black Mirror) and directed by Yann Demange. In 2016 and 2019, Ghatak appeared in the BBC soap opera EastEnders as Dr. Vikram Suresh, and in November 2020, he began appearing in the BBC soap opera Doctors as Aashiq Sawney, making his final appearance in February 2021. Later in 2021, he is set to appear in the fourth series of Ackley Bridge as Asif, a recurring character.

In film, Ghatak has appeared in a wide variety of projects, including Birthday Girl with Nicole Kidman, seminal British comedy Starter for 10 with James McAvoy, Benedict Cumberbatch, Mark Gatiss, Rebecca Hall and Dominic Cooper. Ghatak played the lead in the short film Diary of a Thagee, which achieved a Best Thriller Nomination, the short film Karma Magnet and Defrosted. In 2013, Ghatak was asked to play Rab Patel in Mrs. Brown's Boys D'Movie, the film version of the television series. He also appeared in Disney's 2018 Christopher Robin with Ewan McGregor in the titular role.

References

External links

British people of Indian descent
British people of Bengali descent
Indian emigrants to England
English male film actors
English male television actors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
British male actors of Asian descent


Holmen or Holmens (in genitive) means a small island or islet in Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, and may refer to:

Places

Denmark
 Holmen, Copenhagen, a district in central Copenhagen
 Holmen Church, church in central Copenhagen
 Holmen Cemetery, oldest cemetery in Copenhagen
 Holmens Kanal, street in central Copenhagen
 Holmen Naval Base, naval base, today mainly located in Nyholm, Copenhagen

Norway
 Holmen, Oslo, a village in Asker municipality, Akershus county
 Holmen (station), a station on the Røa Line of the Oslo Metro system
 Holmenkollen, a mountain and a neighbourhood in the Vestre Aker borough of Oslo; known for its international skiing competitions
 Holmen IF, a sports club from Asker
 Holmen Hockey, the ice hockey division of Holmen IF
 Holmen, Målselv, a hamlet in Målselv municipality, Troms og Finnmark county
 Holmen Church (Sigdal), principal parish church for Sigdal municipality, located at Prestfoss

United States
 Holmen, Wisconsin,  a village in southwest Wisconsin
 Holmen High School

Other
 Holmen (surname)
 Holmen (company), a Swedish forest industry group

See also
 -hou
 Holm (disambiguation)
 Holme (disambiguation)
 Holmes (disambiguation)


The Lexington Barbecue Festival is a one-day food festival held each October in Lexington, North Carolina, the "Barbecue Capital of the World."  Each year it attracts as many as 200,000 visitors to the uptown Lexington area to sample the different foods from up to 20 different area restaurants, dozens of visiting food vendors, and hundreds of other vendors.

The annual event is listed in the book 1000 Places to See in the USA & Canada Before-You-Die, a part of the series based on the best-selling 1,000 Places to See Before You Die.  In 2012, the U.S. News & World Report ranked Lexington as #4 on its list of the best cities for barbecue.

History

The idea for an annual festival was first brought up in 1983 by Joe Sink, Jr., publisher of Lexington's daily newspaper, The Dispatch. He approached the bank BB&T, which agreed to look into the idea and hired Kay Saintsing, a local organization developer and manager, to conduct a study of the feasibility of such a festival. The investigation concluded that the festival was a valid idea, as Lexington was already a popular weekend destination for barbecue, and the first festival was held October 27, 1984.

The Lexington Barbecue Festival was to become one of the nation's most popular food festivals. The first festival attracted 30,000 people, and the barbecue chefs cooked 3,000 pounds of barbecue to meet demand;  by 1994, attendance had risen to over 100,000, and 11,000 pounds of meat were cooked. In 1995, the North Carolina Championship Pork Cook-Off was held in conjunction with the festival, allowing visitors from the Piedmont to watch whole-hog cooking experts from the eastern part of the state demonstrate their methods.The festival is held each October in uptown Lexington. Several city blocks on main street, are closed to vehicle traffic for the event. Besides barbecue, there are typically over 400 other vendors of arts and crafts, homemade fudge and other wares. Over the years, sponsors have included Childress Vineyards, Pepsi, BB&T, Walmart, and other large and local corporations.

When the festival first started in 1984, the participants were primarily local restaurants and a few local merchants. Since then it has grown to hundreds of vendors displaying every type of product. While the primary focus is still the barbecue, a large number of merchants sell other items that are unique to the area.

Amtrak station

During the festival, NC By Train establishes a temporary train station a block away, which is served by Amtrak's Carolinian and Piedmont.

"Pork-Barrel Politics"
While the focus of the festival is Lexington style barbecue, several vendors of the eastern variety can also be found, sparking mild (and sometimes not so mild) controversy.  The battle of Lexington style vs. eastern style has even gone as far as the state government.  In 2006, North Carolina House Bill 21 and North Carolina Senate Bill 47 were introduced and would have made the Lexington Barbecue Festival the official barbecue festival of North Carolina.  A separate amended bill, North Carolina House Bill suggested making the Lexington Barbecue Festival the official food festival of North Carolina.  Neither garnered enough support to pass, as nearly half of the state favors the eastern style barbecue, sparking genuine controversy about the bill incidentally creating an "official state barbecue" (as opposed to just the festival) with either Lexington or eastern style.

One example of the more light-hearted feud that exists between the proponents of the two types of barbecue is when author Jerry Bledsoe, the self-professed "world's leading, foremost barbecue authority." claimed that Dennis Rogers, (columnist for The Raleigh News & Observer and self-professed "oracle of the holy grub.") "has ruined any chances of this state being distinguished in its barbecue."  While a degree of humor is involved, choice of barbecue type is a politically charged topic.

Official status
In 2007, NC House Bill 433 passed, granting the Lexington Barbecue Festival the  title "Official Food Festival of the Piedmont Triad Region of the State of North Carolina".  By excluding the eastern part of the state when making an official designation, they effectively bypassed any controversy regarding eastern barbecue and avoided any style of barbecue being considered the "official" barbecue for the State of North Carolina.

Other activities
Some of the other activities include lumberlack games, live music from up to five different stages, and street performers.

See also
 Pigs in the City
 North Carolina Barbecue Society
 Regional variations of barbecue
 List of North Carolina-related topics
 Lexington station (North Carolina)
 List of festivals in North Carolina

References

External links
Official website
Lexington Tourism Authority
Stamey's Barbecue
Official list of barbecue restaurants in Davidson County
North Carolina Barbecue Society

Barbecue
Festivals in North Carolina
Tourist attractions in Davidson County, North Carolina
Food and drink festivals in the United States
Annual events in North Carolina
Recurring events established in 1984
1984 establishments in North Carolina


XLI3H (leet for Greek:Εξέλιξη meaning Evolution) is a hip hop album by 2008 MTV EMA Winner for Best Greek Act Stereo Mike and was released by Minos EMI. Stereo Mike is also the producer of the album.

The album features many collaborations with other artists including Haris Alexiou, Andiana Babali, Shaya, Lagnis {N.T.P.}, Mihos24, Reggae Philharmonic Orchestra, Skrein, Sandman, Ghetto Priest and Zeraw (Tang-Ram).

Chart performance

Sources

 Music Corner
 MAD TV Greece
 MAD TV Greece

2007 albums
Greek-language albums
Minos EMI albums
Stereo Mike albums


Coming Soon is a 1982 American direct-to-video documentary film directed by John Landis for Universal Pictures. Landis used trailers of old Universal horror and thriller films to create his own contribution to his favorite film genres. The film is narrated by Jamie Lee Curtis.

Production
Jamie Lee Curtis's scenes were filmed at Dracula's Castle, European Street, and the Psycho House on the backlot of Universal Studios in Universal City, California.

Featured clips

The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923)
The Phantom of the Opera (1925)
Frankenstein (1931)
Dracula (1931)
The Mummy (1932)
The Bride of Frankenstein (1935)
The Mummy's Hand (1940)
The Wolf Man (1941)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941)
Invisible Agent (1942)
The Mummy's Tomb (1942)
Captive Wild Woman (1943)
Son of Dracula (1943)
Weird Woman (1944)
The Mummy's Ghost (1944)
The Mummy's Curse (1944)
House of Frankenstein (1944)
House of Dracula (1945)
Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948)
Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1953)
Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954)
Revenge of the Creature (1955)
Tarantula (1955)
This Island Earth (1955)
Curucu, Beast of the Amazon (1956)
The Mole People (1956)
The Creature Walks Among Us (1956)
The Deadly Mantis (1957)
The Incredible Shrinking Man (1957)
Psycho (1960)
Brides of Dracula (1960)
King Kong vs. Godzilla (1962)
The Birds (1963)
The Night Walker (1964)

References

External links

American documentary films
1982 direct-to-video films
1982 documentary films
American direct-to-video films
Films directed by John Landis
Documentary films about films
Documentary films about horror
Direct-to-video documentary films
Universal Pictures direct-to-video films
Films with screenplays by John Landis
Films with screenplays by Mick Garris
Films produced by John Landis
Films produced by Mick Garris
1980s English-language films
English-language documentary films


William Beresford Inglis (died 1967) was a Scottish architect. He came from a large family with 6 siblings. His office was in Blythswood Square in Glasgow near his most important work, the Beresford Hotel on Sauchiehall Street (restored in 2003 as residential apartments). He also built 4 cinemas in Glasgow; The Toledo in Muirend, the Boulevard (later renamed Vogue) in Knightswood and the Hippodrome in Oatlands. He was helped in this operation by his eldest daughter Margaret Helen Scott Inglis. He died in 1967 in Keighley, Yorkshire.

He was survived by his third wife. His first wife died on Arran during a family holiday, and his second wife divorced him and emigrated to New Zealand with the couple's two daughters.

References
Dictionary of Scottish Architects
The Glasgow Story

20th-century Scottish architects
Year of birth missing
1967 deaths
People associated with Glasgow


The HAN University of Applied Sciences, mostly referred to as HAN, is one of the largest universities of applied sciences in the Netherlands. It offers bachelor's and master's degree programs to over 36,000 students. HAN is a knowledge institute for higher education in the Dutch province of Gelderland, with campuses in Arnhem and Nijmegen and a research center in Doetinchem.

History
In the 1980s there were many small universities of applied sciences in the Netherlands. The government at the time believed this was inefficient, both in terms of the financing and organizing of education. In 1983 the government pushed smaller universities of applied sciences to merge. The Netherlands Association of Universities of Applied Sciences agreed, and gradually more and more universities of applied sciences in Arnhem and Nijmegen merged.

On 1 February 1996, the HAN conglomerate was finally established and it became a large, broad-based educational institution. Since then the number of students has grown while costs have been reduced, entirely in line with the goals of the government and the Association of Universities of Applied Sciences.

In June 2019, HAN changed its name. Formerly known under its Dutch name Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen, it now bears the name HAN University of Applied Sciences. In the process, HAN also changed its logo and corporate identity.

Organization
Thera are 14 HAN schools:

 School of Built Environment
 School of Business and Communication
 School of Education
 School of Engineering and Automotive
 School of Finance
 School of Health Studies
 School of IT and Media Design
 School of Social Studies
 School of Organisation and Development
 School of Allied Health
 School of Law
 International School of Business
 School of Sport and Exercise
 School of Applied Biosciences and Chemistry

The degree programs, research and consultancy are organized by these schools. All supporting services are incorporated in the Services Department, divided over seven Service Units.

Management layers
The organization has three management layers:

 The university of applied sciences under management of the Executive Board
 The schools under management of the Executive Board / the Services Department under the management of a director
 The degree programs under management of the schools / the Service Units under management of a head

Participation
HAN has a structurer in place for staff and student participation and representation in decision-making. This involves:

 A central participation council. This council is a member of the Intercity Student Consultation and the Dutch Association of Participation Councils for Universities of Applied Sciences.
 Fourteen school councils and one Services Department council.  These councils also receive support from the Student Consultation on Participation.
 Degree committees for each of the degree programs. The degree committee deals with the operational policy of a degree program and supports the program manager in this.
 The class representatives form the basis for the participation structure.

In 2010-2011, HAN decided not to split the participation council up into a separate student council and a works council, and so instead of following the Works Councils Act they adhere to the Higher Education and Research Act (Wet op Hoger en Wetenschappelijk Onderwijs). At the same time, however, it was decided that each employee participation body may determine its own rules of procedure about whether the student and employee sections within that council convene separately or jointly.

Degree programs
HAN offers bachelor, master and post-graduate programs and courses for professional in various fields, such as economics, management, education, health, ICT and technology.

Bachelor programs
The school offers around 64 bachelor programs in the following fields:

 Business, Management and Law
 Engineering and Life Sciences
 Information Technology, Media and Communication
 Education and Training
 Behavior and Social Studies
 Health
 Sport and Exercise
There are also 9 English-taught bachelor programs for international students:

 Automotive Engineering
 Chemistry
 Communication
 Electrical and Electronic Engineering
 Embedded Systems Engineering
 International Business
 International Social Work
 Life Sciences
 Mechanical Engineering

Master programs and research

Master programs
HAN offers 18 master programs in the following fields:

 Business, Management and Law
 Engineering and Life Sciences
 Information Technology, Media and Communication
 Education and Training
 Behavior and Social Studies
 Health

Research
HAN supports companies and institutions with innovation through its research groups in various fields. They conduct research on issues from professional practice and they develop practical solutions together with the work field. This includes:

 Research groups and knowledge networks (50 research groups)
 PhD research

Post-graduate degrees, professional courses and consultancy service
HAN offers over 150 practice-based post-graduate programs and courses for professionals. It also offers internships, projects and graduation assignments.

Masterclasses
Three times a year HAN also organizes Creative Masterclasses. These are lectures, masterclasses and seminars with international speakers on the theme of economy and creativity.

See also
 Radboud University Nijmegen

References

External links

 Official website
Han University Scholarships
Tuition Fees

Vocational universities in the Netherlands
Universities and colleges established in 1996
1996 establishments in the Netherlands
Organisations based in Gelderland
Buildings and structures in Arnhem
Education in Arnhem
Buildings and structures in Nijmegen
Education in Nijmegen


Holmengrå (historically: Holmengraa) may refer to the following:

Places
Holmengrå, Finnmark, a small fishing village in Sør-Varanger municipality, Troms og Finnmark county, Norway
Holmengrå, Østfold, a small island in Hvaler municipality in Viken county, Norway
Holmengrå, Vestland, a small island in Fedje municipality, Vestland county, Norway
Holmengrå Lighthouse, a lighthouse on the island of Holmengrå in Fedje municipality, Vestland county, Norway
Holmengrå, Sweden, a small island just west of Strömstad in Västra Götaland County, Sweden

Other
Battle of Holmengrå (in Hvaler), a battle during the Civil war era in Norway on 12 Nov 1139
 is the name of a Norwegian tanker which was sunk on 28 December 1944 in an Allied air strike during World War II

See also
Grey Island, originally called Holmen graa, in the South Orkney islands near Antarctica
Holmengråfjorden, a fjord that flows past Holmengrå in Sør-Varanger, Norway
Holmengråfjellet, a mountain to the north of Holmengrå in Sør-Varanger, Norway


Brian John Blume (January 12, 1950 – March 27, 2020) was an American game designer and writer, principally known as a former business partner of Gary Gygax at TSR, Inc., original publishers of the fantasy role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons.

Biography

Early life
Brian Blume was born January 12, 1950, in Oak Park, Illinois to Melvin and Kathleen Blume, and grew up in Wauconda, Illinois with four brothers and three half-brothers. Blume began playing chess at age seven, and Gettysburg at age nine.

He was fascinated by history in junior high school and was involved in miniature wargaming in high school. After graduating as class valedictorian, Blume attended Wabash College, but left to become a tool and die making journeyman for his father's company for five years.

Dungeons & Dragons and TSR
Blume met Gary Gygax at the Gen Con game convention in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. Gygax and his friend Don Kaye had recently formed Tactical Studies Rules in Lake Geneva in order to publish a new type of game that Gygax and Dave Arneson had developed, Dungeons & Dragons. Gygax and Kaye had each invested $1,000 into the venture but still did not have enough money to print the game. In December 1973, Blume offered to become an equal partner in the company for an investment of $2,000. Using Blume's money, the three partners printed a thousand copies of the new game and sold their first copy in January 1974. Blume and Gygax also co-authored the Warriors of Mars miniatures wargame adaptation. Before the end of 1974, the first printing of D&D had sold out, and demand for the game was skyrocketing.

Just as the young company was gearing up to meet demand, unexpected disaster struck. Don Kaye, although only 36, suddenly died of a heart attack. Kaye had not made any specific provision in his will regarding his one-third share of the company, so his share of TSR passed to his wife Donna. In July 1975, Gygax and Blume reorganized their company from a partnership to a corporation called TSR Hobbies, with Gygax as president. Gygax owned 150 shares, Blume owned the other 100 shares, and both had the option to buy up to 700 shares at any time in the future. But TSR Hobbies had nothing to publish — D&D was still owned by the three-way partnership of Tactical Studies Rules, and neither Gygax nor Blume had the money to buy out the share owned by Donna Kaye. Blume persuaded a reluctant Gygax to allow his father, Melvin Blume, to buy Donna's share, and that was converted to 200 shares in TSR Hobbies. In addition, Brian bought another 140 shares. The Blumes and Gygax formed the company's three-person board.

Shortly afterward, Blume received a blind mailing of the first issue of the monthly newsletter Owl and Weasel from Games Workshop, recently formed by Ian Livingstone and Steve Jackson. In return, Blume sent them a copy of Dungeons & Dragons. Livingstone and Jackson felt that this game was more imaginative than anything being produced in the UK at the time, so they worked out an arrangement with Blume for a three-year exclusive deal to sell D&D in Europe.

As various new rules and products for D&D were created,  Blume provided material for The Rogues Gallery, and co-authored the Dungeons & Dragons supplement Eldritch Wizardry with Gygax in 1976, naming the character Vecna as an anagram of Jack Vance. Blume and Gygax also co-authored the Boot Hill role-playing game as a tribute to Don Kaye, who had been a fan of Westerns. In addition, he co-edited (with Tom Wham, Timothy Jones, and Mike Carr) the first edition of Gamma World. Blume also authored the Panzer Warfare miniatures wargame in 1975.

Power struggle within TSR
Brian met Victoria Miller and married her in 1980.

At about the same time, Blume persuaded Gygax to allow Blume's brother Kevin to purchase Melvin Blume's 200 shares. By 1981, the Blume brothers were increasingly unhappy with Gygax's conservative approach to the business, so using their greater stock ownership, they effectively took control by splitting TSR Hobbies into TSR, Inc., and TSR Entertainment, Inc.  While Kevin Blume became president of TSR, Inc., Gygax was made president of TSR Entertainment, Inc., and the Blumes sent him to Hollywood to develop TV and movie opportunities.

Bank creditors insisted on the appointment of three independent directors with business experience, so the Blumes brought in three outside directors from the American Management Association – a lawyer from a large Milwaukee firm, a personnel officer from a Milwaukee area company, and an owner of a company that made medical equipment – to enlarge the Board of Directors to six people. None of the new directors knew anything about gaming, but they always voted with the Blumes.

With Gygax gone, the Blumes were free to move TSR Inc. into new directions. After TSR acquired SPI in March 1982, the Blumes declared that they had "bought assets but not liabilities". Actually, SPI owed money to their printers, who refused to release the plates for printing SPI's games until TSR repaid SPI's bills. On a more successful note, the Blumes moved into the book trade with popular series such as Endless Quest. The Blumes also moved into toy manufacturing, metal miniatures, and even the needlecraft business. In the company's main business of role-playing games, the Blumes oversaw the creation of the new role-playing lines Dragonlance and Marvel Super Heroes. However, all of these new ventures were expensive, and by 1984, although TSR Inc. was the games industry leader, grossing $30 million, it was barely breaking even and had debts of $1.5 million. The Blume brothers began to shop around for someone to buy the company.

When Gygax heard that TSR was being shopped around, he returned to Lake Geneva. After some investigation of the company finances, Gygax charged that the financial crisis was due to mismanagement by Kevin Blume: excess inventory, overstaffing, too many company cars, and some questionable (and expensive) projects such as dredging up a 19th-century shipwreck. Gygax persuaded the board of directors to remove Kevin Blume as president. The final vote was 4–1, with Brian Blume abstaining. However, the outside directors still believed the company's financial problems were terminal and the company needed to be sold. In an effort to prevent this, in March 1985 Gygax exercised his 700-share stock option, giving him just over 50% control. He appointed himself president and CEO, and in order to bring some financial stability to TSR, he hired a company manager, Lorraine Williams, who dismissed the three outside directors. Bringing Williams on board backfired for Gygax when in October 1985, Brian Blume revealed that he had triggered his own 560-share option, and then he and his brother Kevin had sold all their shares to Williams, leaving her as the majority shareholder. Gygax took TSR to court in a bid to block the Blumes' sale of their shares to Williams, but he lost, and Williams replaced Gygax as president and CEO.

Having sold all his company shares, Brian Blume stepped down from the board of directors and left TSR.

Subsequent game work
Blume later worked as a cartographer, making maps for numerous White Wolf supplements.

Later life
Blume died on March 27, 2020, at the Lakeland Nursing Home in Elkhorn, Wisconsin from Lewy Body Dementia and Parkinson's disease.

References

1950 births
2020 deaths
Dungeons & Dragons game designers


Jasia Reichardt (born 1933) is a British art critic, curator, art gallery director, teacher and prolific writer, specialist in the emergence of computer art. In 1968 she was curator of the landmark Cybernetic Serendipity exhibition at London's Institute of Contemporary Arts. She is generally known for her work on experimental art. After the deaths of Franciszka  and Stefan Themerson she catalogued their archive and looks after their legacy.

Her own self-description reads: Jasia Reichardt writes, lectures and organises events about subjects which deal with the relationship of art to other areas of human activity such as architecture, science, technology. She was assistant director of the ICA, director of the Whitechapel Art Gallery, and tutor at the AA. She has written books on art,  computers, robots and the future.

Childhood
Jasia Reichardt was born to Maryla and Seweryn Chaykin in Warsaw, Poland, in 1933. Her mother was an illustrator and pianist and her father an architect and engineer. An assimilated middle-class Jewish family, they were overwhelmed by the German invasion of Poland in 1939 and were incarcerated among the capital's Jewish population in the Warsaw Ghetto. Jasia survived there for a while with her mother and grandmother who tried to shield her from the unfolding horror. In 1942 she was smuggled out, but both her parents were murdered in the Holocaust. She was subsequently hidden under an assumed identity by a series of Poles, spending time in a convent, until she was able to join her mother's sister, Franciszka Themerson, and her husband, Stefan Themerson, in London in 1946. She attended Dartington Hall school and then went  to study production at the Old Vic Theatre School in London.

Career

In the 1950s she was assistant editor of Art News and Review, for which she wrote numerous reviews, as well as exhibition introductions for various galleries of contemporary art. In the early 1960s she was the general editor of the "Art in Progress" series published by Methuen. She organised various exhibitions of new art, and in 1963 – 1971 was assistant director of the ICA

In 1968, she organised the ground-breaking Cybernetic Serendipity exhibition, and edited the special issue of Studio International, which replaced the catalogue. The same year, she curated Fluorescent Chrysanthemum, an exhibition of contemporary experimental Japanese art. Other exhibitions followed, including Play Orbit of objects to play with by British artists.

From 1974 to 1976 Reichardt was director of the Whitechapel Art Gallery. Between 1989 and 1998 she was one of the directors of Artec biennale in Nagoya. In 1998 she curated Electronically Yours, an exhibition of electronic portraiture at the Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography.
Apart from writing and organising exhibitions, she broadcast on the arts programme, "Critics’ Forum" for the BBC, 1965 – 1977.  She collaborated with artists and continued to focus on the intersection of the arts and science on which she wrote a monthly column in the New Scientist.  After 1990, she collaborated on various projects with Nick Wadley, until his death in 2017.
She has taught at the Architectural Association and other colleges. After 1988, she organised the archive of Franciszka and Stefan Themerson; the 3 volume catalogue of the archive was published in 2020 and distributed by MIT.

She served on numerous committees; belonged to a number of professional organisations, gave lectures at conferences, and received several distinctions.

In 2022 the Australian National University's School of Cybernetics launched the school by presenting an exhibition Australian Cybernetic: a point through time. The exhibition included works from Cybernetic Serendipity (1968), Australia ‘75: Festival of Creative Arts and Science (1975), and contemporary pieces curated by the School of Cybernetics. In describing Reichardt's Cybernetic Serendipity exhibition the school stated that it "represented points of expanding the cybernetic imagination" and was a "ground-breaking" "glimpse of a future in which computers were entangled with people and cultures, and through this she fashioned a blueprint for the future of computing that has since inspired generations".

Personal life
Jasia Reichardt was married first to Tony Richards (later Reichardt), art dealer and collector, and secondly to art historian and artist Nick Wadley.

Exhibitions organised by JR
in London unless otherwise indicated

 Image in Progress (first exhibition of Pop Art in London), Grabowski Gallery, 1962
 The Inner Image (between painting and sculpture), Grabowski Gallery, 1964
 Art in Britain 1930-40 (A tribute to Sir Herbert Read), Marlborough Fine Art and New London Gallery, 1965
 Between Poetry and Painting, ICA, 1965
 London Under Forty, Galleria Milano, Milan, 1966
 Essays in Narrative, Zwemmer Gallery, London, 1966
 Ventures, (experimental works in three dimensions), Arts Council touring exhibition, 1967
 Cybernetic Serendipity, ICA, 1968, also in Washington and San Francisco
 Fluorescent Chrysanthemum (new Japanese art, music and films), ICA, 1968–69, and Vancouver
 Play Orbit (playthings by artists), ICA, 1969–70
 Ten Sitting Rooms (created by artists), ICA, 1970
 Time, Words and the Camera (photoworks by British artists), Künstlerhaus, Graz, 1976–77
 Electronically Yours, Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography, 1988
 Yolanda Sonnabend, House of Memory, Galeria Stara, Lublin, 2001
 Nearly Human, Łaźnia Centre for Contemporary Art II, Gdańsk, 2015
 Nick  in Europe, 12 Star Gallery, London, 2018
 Nick in Gdańsk, Łaźnia Centre for Contemporary Art II, Gdańsk, 2019
 Fluorescent Chrysanthemum Remembered, Łaźnia Centre for Contemporary Art I, Gdańsk, 2019

Bibliography

Articles in regular magazine series:

 Monthly column. Architectural Design. 1963-79
 Column on modern art. Apollo, 1960–63
 'Developments in Style.' The London Magazine, 1962–64
 Column on art in London. Art d'aujourd'hui, 1962–66
 'Comment.' Studio International, 1965–69
 'Art at large,' on the connections between art and science. New Scientist, 1971–74
  Monthly column. Building Design, 1982–88
  Contributor to Artefactum, 1984–86
  Contributor to Cedal, Puerto Rico, 1986

Books written by:

 Victor Pasmore. Art in Progress series. London: Methuen & Co 1962. ASIN: B0000CLE70
 Yaacov Agam. Art in Progress series. London: Methuen. 1966. ASIN: B0006BSCLM
 The Computer in Art. London: Studio Vista. 1971
 Robots: Fact, Fiction, and Prediction. Thames & Hudson. 1978
 Magdalena Abakanowicz. New York: Abbeville Press. 1982. ISBN 0896593231.
 Fifteen Journeys from Warsaw to London. London: Dalkey Archive Press. 2012.

Books edited by:

 Series of 13 monographs on living artists 'Art in Progress', Methuen, 1962–66
 Hausmann, Raoul and Schwitters, Kurt; ed. Jasia Reichardt. PIN, Gaberbocchus Press (1962); Anabas-Verlag, Giessen. 1986
 Cybernetics, art, and ideas. Studio Vista. 1971
 Stefan Themerson - Collected Poems, Gaberbocchus Press/Uitgeverij De Harmonie, Amsterdam, 1997
 Stefan Themerson – Wiersze Wybrane 1939 – 1945, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, Katowice, 2004
 Kurt Schwitters: Three Stories, Tate Publishing, 2010
 Unposted Letters [of] Franciszka and Stefan Themerson, Gaberbocchus & De Harmonie, Amsterdam, 2013
 The Themerson Archive Catalogue, MIT, 2020

Books contributed to:

 "Multiples" in The Year’s Art, Penguin Books, 1974
 "Op Art" in Concepts of Modern Art, Penguin Books, 1974
 "Art and Cybernetics" in Le Temps et la Cybernetique, Micromégas, 1975
 "After Malraux" in 360 degrees around Katsuhiro Yamaguchi, Rikuyo-sha Publishing Inc., 1981
 "Die Paradoxe mechanijsche Lebens" in Wunschmaschine Welterfindung, Springer, Vienna, 1966
 "In the beginning", White Heat Cold Logic, MIT, 2009
  "A meeting with Borges", with Borges, My Work in Prose, Obscure Publications, 2010
 "Borges", with Borges, My life in Books, Obscure Publications, 2010

Texts in exhibition catalogues include:

 Janina Baranowska. London: Grabowski Gallery. 1962. ASIN: B00MAPQH32
 Marc Vaux/Tess Jaray. London: Grabowski Gallery. 1963. ASIN: B0016702SG
 Peter Schmidt - Autobiographical Mono Prints. London: Lisson Gallery. 1970. ASIN: B00C3YNUP8
 Paul Van Hoeydonck Space Sculpture. London: Annely Juda Fine Art. 1973. ASIN: B001E0DNUY
 Folon, Jean-Michel; Reichardt, Jasia. FOLON "Catalogue of an exhibition organised by the Belgian Ministry of French Culture and held at the Institute of Contemporary Arts Gallery 21 April - 29 May 1977". 1977. London: Institute of Contemporary Arts Gallery. 1977. ASIN: B0010LNM3A
 Margaret Priest. Recent Drawings. London: Waddington Fine Art. 1980. ASIN: B002GE5TB8
 Liliane Lijn: Imagine the Goddess. London: Fischer Fine Art exhibition catalogue. 1987
 Karl Gerstner, First London Exhibition. Marlborough Fine Art (London) Ltd. 1999. ISBN 978-0900955785
 Andrew Logan, an Adventure in Art. Museum of Modern Art, Oxford. 1999. ISBN 978-0905836737
 Uncanny Valley: Recent Sculptures by Tim Lewis. Liverpool: National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside. 2004. ASIN: B00LXOO5V2
 Piero Fogliati - The Poet of Light. Turin, 2004.
 Swinging London - The Grabowski Collection. Museum of Art in Łódź (Łódź: Muzeum Sztuki). 2007

Journals and magazines contributed to: AA files, Ambit, Architectural Review, Art Monthly, Art International, Art News, Arte Oggi, Arts, Arts Review, Artscribe, Arts Review, Billedkunst, Bonhams magazine, The British Journal of Aesthetics, Cambridge Opinion, Cimaise, Connoisseur, The Creative Holography Index, Domus, Eye, Image Roche, The Independent, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Konteksty, Das Kunstwerk, Kwartalnik Literacki, Leonardo, Marmo, Metro, Museumjournaal, Opus, Pagina, Pa`renthesis, Penrose Annual, Pix 1, Progressive Architecture, Quadrum, The Royal Academy Magazine, RSA Journal, Skira Annuel, Studio International, Sunday Times, Typographica, L'Uomo e l'Arte, Vytvarne Umeni, Zodiac, and others

See also
 Algorithmic art
 Computer Art
 Electronic art
 Generative art
 New media art
 Virtual art
 Post-conceptual art

References

1933 births
Polish emigrants to the United Kingdom
British women curators
British curators
Art museum people
British art historians
Women art historians
British digital artists
Women digital artists
New media artists
Living people
British art critics
British women art critics
Polish art critics
Polish women art critics
Warsaw Ghetto inmates
Postmodernists
Mass media theorists
Cultural historians
Polish translators
Translators from Polish
Polish–English translators
20th-century Polish women writers
21st-century Polish women writers


The Triumph TR65 Thunderbird is a motorcycle made by the Triumph worker's co-operative at the Meriden factory from 1981 to 1983. The TR65 was a reintroduction of the Triumph Thunderbird model name first used on the original 6T Thunderbird of 1949. A short stroke model, the Daytona 600 was designed in 1983 but not produced.

Development

The TR65 was a 650 cc parallel twin with a short-stroke version of the 750 cc T140 Bonneville engine. This made the engine livelier with a better throttle response and with maximum torque produced at higher engine speeds. The TR65 also has a single 30 mm Amal carburettor and a mild cam.

Aimed at the economy market, it was cheaper to insure than the T140 and could return . Costs were reduced by having a single silencer, using mechanical contact breaker points instead of electronic ignition and using a drum rear brake instead of the more expensive disc brake. Instead of a tachometer, the warning lights and ignition switch were housed in the right hand pod of the instrument binnacle. Cycle parts, including the Girling rear suspension units, were painted in satin black rather than being chromed or polished and the exhaust system was black chromed to match.  Dunlop Gold Seal economy tyres were fitted instead of the more expensive Avon Roadrunners specified for the 750cc roadster range. Triumph however included newly introduced European components such as German ULO direction indicators and Italian Radaelli wheel rims and Paioli petrol taps. The original 'paper dart' Thunderbird logo designed by Edward Turner for the first Thunderbirds in 1949 was retained on the side panel badge as a reminder of the model's lineage. Triumph described the TR65 in their publicity poster as combining Performance With Economy.

Although produced in a USA variant with a 2-gallon tank and high handlebars as compared to the 4 gallon tank, with low handlebars for the UK and the rest of the world, no TR65 was ever exported to the United States because, as with the 750 cc TR7V Tiger, from mid-1978 on, the fitted Amal Mk 1 carburettor offended that country's Environmental Protection Agency's regulations. The TR65 was exported to Western Europe and to British Commonwealth countries including Australia, Canada and New Zealand, albeit in small numbers.

A TR65S Thunderbird model was one factory-fitted with the electronic ignition and electric starter options. A TR65S fitted with after-market Hedingham leading link front forks carried London residents Richard and Mopsa English and a Squire sidecar around the world from 1982 to 1986. The journey is detailed in their book, Full Circle, and the TR65S combination used has been on display at the London Motorcycle Museum since 2010 having initially been housed at the National Motorcycle Museum upon the English's return.

Models

All UK/RoW TR65 models were to come with the newly designed, Italian-sourced, 4 gallon fuel tank (pictured) but in his 2009 book 'Save the Triumph Bonneville!' former Triumph chairman, John Rosamond, details shortages of this part meant that the older 4 gallon 'breadbin'-style tank was initially used.

A trail version with electronic ignition, the TR65T Tiger Trail, was also introduced in 1981 but together with the earlier 750 cc version was dropped from the range due to poor sales in late 1982, perhaps understandable given that it was priced the same as the 750 cc version.

According to Triumph's 1982/3 range brochure the cycle parts of that season's 'USA' styled Thunderbird dispensed with the satin black finish, instead adopting bright chrome, polished alloy, a tachometer, twin bright-chromed exhausts and Marzocchi rear suspension units which came with black springs as standard. The UK version added the twin exhausts, Marzocchis suspension and a tachometer but retained the satin black cycle parts of the 1981/2 models. Whilst both versions retained their contact breaker points ignition, they were now, like the 750 cc models, shod with Avon Roadrunner tyres. There were price differentials for 1982 USA and UK/RoW styles.

Ten TR65 were specially ordered from Meriden and modified as Dernys for bicycle speed trials work/pace bikes at the Leicester Velodrome although they were since located at London's Herne Hill facility.

Planned for 1984 and styled after the T140 TSX, a custom model and further sleeved-down TR60 600 cc Thunderbird was exhibited but not produced, the co-operative closing down towards the end of 1983. The new 600cc engine's bore and stroke was 76mm x 66mm with a compression ratio of 8.5:1. Electric starting came as standard with no kick start fitted. These were aimed at the newly qualified rider for whom the cost of insuring Triumph's larger models was too expensive.

The prototype Thunderbird 600 was converted by the factory into a conventional kick start TR65 to fulfil a Ministry of Defence order. From the Meriden Triumph factory production records held by the Vintage Motor Cycle Club this TR65 made on 1 June 1983 was the last 650 cc motorcycle and the second to last motorcycle made at Meriden before the factory's closure that August.

Triumph Daytona 600 cc prototype

A 600 cc Triumph Daytona 600 was manufactured in 1983 by Triumph Motorcycles in their Meriden factory. It was a short-stroke twin-carburettor version of the 650 cc TR65 Thunderbird with an 8.5:1 compression ratio, but it was exhibited at the 1983 motorcycle show at the National Exhibition Centre as a new model for their (eventually unrealised) 1984 range. Unique for that year's home market models, it featured rear-set foot rests and a plastic 'ducktail' rear end over the short chromed rear mudguard from the Triumph T140 TSX. Although sporting a front disc brake, it retained the drum rear brake of the TR65 Thunderbird.

With a claimed top speed of over 100 miles per hour, the target market was said by Meriden to be newly qualified riders for whom the cost of insurance made their 650cc and 750cc bikes prohibitively expensive. Two prototypes were made, one show version with electric start, the other with a kick start for testing. The latter, the only one left after the Meriden factory finally closed in 1983, is on display at the London Motorcycle Museum.

See also
List of Triumph motorcycles

Notes

References

Richard & Mopsa English One Lap of the Earth (Cycle World magazine)
 Triumph Motorcycle (Meriden) Ltd publicity material
 Contemporary road tests from Motor Cycle News, Motor Cycle Weekly, Superbike, Motorcycling, Bike, Motorcycle Mechanics, Classic Bike magazines

TR65 Thunderbird
Standard motorcycles
Motorcycles powered by straight-twin engines
Motorcycles introduced in 1981


"More" is a song written and performed by American contemporary Christian musician Matthew West, from his first album, Happy. The album was released in late 2003, and it was the first and most successful radio single of West's career up to that time. The song stayed at No. 1 on Christian radio for nine consecutive weeks during 2004, breaking the previous record of eight weeks. In 2004, it was the most-played contemporary Christian song of the year.

By request of astronaut Rex J. Walheim, "More" was played during the Day 5 wake-up call aboard STS-135, NASA's last Space Shuttle flight.

Release
"More" was released as a radio single at the very end of 2003, near the time of Matthew West's debut album Happy on December 26. It remained at No. 1 on Radio & Records' Christian AC chart for nine consecutive weeks during 2004, breaking the previous record of eight weeks. No other new artist's debut single had received as much chart success since April 2001, when R&R began reporting Christian music chart information. According to R&R, it was the most-played Christian AC song of the year in 2004. The single was named Christian Song of the Year in 2003. "More" is also featured on the compilation album WOW Hits 2005.

Awards

In 2005, the song was nominated for two Dove Awards: Song of the Year and Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year, at the 36th GMA Dove Awards.

Charts

Weekly charts

Decade-end charts

References

2003 debut singles
Matthew West songs
Songs written by Matthew West
Songs written by Kenny Greenberg
2003 songs


Katharsis - Czesław Niemen's concept album released in 1976. It is about dead ends and traps on the road of expanding human civilization and space exploration. This album was recorded by Czesław Niemen alone, without help from other musicians.

The track "Epitafium (Pamięci Piotra)" is dedicated to drummer Piotr Dziemski, who helped to record Niemen's previous album "Aerolit" and who had died in 1975.

Track listing
 "Odkrycie nowej galaktyki" - 2:20
 "Mleczna Droga" - 3:15
 "Planeta Ziemia" - 6:45
 "Fatum" - 2:23
 "Pieczęć" - 2:51
 "Z listu do M." - 4:45
 "Próba ucieczki" - 2:46
 "Katharsis" - 4:45
 "Epitafium (Pamięci Piotra)" - 3:58
 "Dorożką na Księżyc" - 5:21 (2003 CD reissue bonus)

Personnel
 Czesław Niemen - vocal, synthesizers, mellotron 400, clavinet D6, 12 string guitar, synth percussion, cymbals, tape effects, flutes
 All lyrics by Czesław Niemen.

References

Czesław Niemen albums
1976 albums
Electronic albums by Polish artists
Concept albums


The Mega-D, also known by its alias of Ozdok, is a botnet that at its peak was responsible for sending 32% of spam worldwide.

On October 14, 2008, the U.S Federal Trade Commission, in cooperation with Marshal Software, tracked down the owners of the botnet and froze their assets.

On November 6, 2009, security company FireEye, Inc. disabled the Mega-D botnet by disabling its command and control structure. This was akin to the Srizbi botnet takedown in late 2008. The Mega-D/Ozdok takedown involved coordination of dozens of Internet service providers, domain name registrars, and non-profit organizations like Shadowserver. M86 Security researchers estimated the take down had an immediate effect on the spam from the botnet. On November 9, 2009, the spam had stopped altogether, although there was a very small trickle over the weekend, directed to a couple of small UK-based domains that they monitored.

Since then the botnet bounced back, exceeding pre-takedown levels by Nov. 22, and constituting 17% of worldwide spam by Dec. 13.

In July 2010, researchers from University of California, Berkeley published a model of Mega-D's protocol state-machine, revealing the internals of the proprietary protocol for the first time. The protocol was obtained through automatic Reverse Engineering technique developed by the Berkeley researchers. Among other contributions, their research paper reveals a flaw in the Mega-D protocol allowing template milking, i.e., unauthorized spam template downloading. Such a flaw could be used to acquire spam templates and train spam filters before spam hits the network.

Arrest

In November 2010, Oleg Nikolaenko was arrested in Las Vegas, Nevada by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and charged with violations of the CAN-SPAM Act of 2003. Nikolaenko eventually pleaded guilty of operating the Mega-D botnet to create a "zombie network" of as many as 500,000 infected computers.

See also
Storm botnet
MPack malware kit
E-mail spam
Internet crime
Internet security
Operation: Bot Roast
McColo
Srizbi botnet

References

Internet security
Distributed computing projects
Spamming
Botnets


Ascension Saint Thomas Hickman Hospital, formerly Hickman Community Hospital, Saint Thomas Hickman Hospital, originally Hickman County Hospital, is a not-for-profit hospital in Centerville, Tennessee, United States.

It was the first hospital in Tennessee to qualify as a Critical Access Hospital. Its specialty clinics include eye care, gastroenterology, cardiology, urology and orthopedics. Complete ancillary services consist of physical therapy, cardiopulmonary services with full pulmonary function testing, and radiology with CAT scan and echocardiography capabilities.

Saint Thomas Hickman Hospital employs approximately 150 people and includes a nursing home (ICF), two physician clinics, an affiliated home health agency, and an outpatient geriatric psychiatry program.

Saint Thomas Hickman Hospital is part of Ascension Healthcare System, a Catholic-related healthcare group which also includes Saint Thomas West Hospital, Saint Thomas Midtown Hospital and Saint Thomas Hospital for Specialty Surgery in Nashville, Saint Thomas Rutherford Hospital in Murfreesboro, Saint Thomas DeKalb Hospital in Smithville, Tennessee, Saint Thomas River Park Hospital in McMinnville, Saint Thomas Stones River Hospital in Woodbury and Saint Thomas Highlands Hospital in Sparta.  Saint Thomas Health is part of Ascension Health, the largest Catholic health care system in the United States.

History
Saint Thomas Hickman Hospital was established in 1964 as Hickman County Hospital through a  land donation by the Huddleston family of Centerville, Tennessee, and federal Hill-Burton Funds.

Over its history, Saint Thomas Hickman Hospital has expanded its services to include a local home health program and become the first hospital in Tennessee to qualify as a Critical Access Hospital.  In 1996, Baptist Hospital of Nashville purchased the hospital and the name was changed to Baptist Hickman Community Hospital. In January 2002, Hickman Community Hospital became a member of Saint Thomas Health Services when this group assumed the operation of Baptist. In 2013, its name was changed to Saint Thomas Hickman Hospital in a rebranding in which the use of the "Baptist" name was terminated group-wide.

Hospital services
 Primary care clinics
 Home health
 Nursing home
 Emergency services
 Diagnostic imaging
 Senior care
 Physical therapy
 Cardiopulmonary services
 Specialty clinics

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Hickman County, Tennessee
Christian hospitals
Hospitals in Tennessee


Robert Andrew Mitchell was Dean of Lincoln from 1930 to 1949. Born in 1870, he was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, and ordained  in 1893. His first post was as a curate at St Mary-at-the-Walls, Colchester, after which he was Vicar of Highfield, Hampshire then of St. Michael's Church, Chester Square, before his appointment to the Deanery.

Notes

1870 births
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Deans of Lincoln
1949 deaths


The Texas Rangers are a Major League Baseball (MLB) team based in Arlington, Texas. They play in the American League West division. From 1961 to 1971, the team played in Washington, D.C., as the Washington Senators, one of three different major league teams to use the name. The franchise relocated to Arlington as the Rangers in 1972. The first game of the new baseball season for a team is played on Opening Day, and being named the Opening Day starting pitcher is an honor which is given to the player who is expected to lead the pitching staff that season, though there are various strategic reasons why a team's best pitcher might not start on Opening Day. The Rangers have used 37 different Opening Day starting pitchers in their 60 seasons.

The Senators' first Opening Day game was played against the Chicago White Sox at Griffith Stadium in Washington, on April 10, 1961. Dick Donovan was their starting pitcher that day; he took the decision in a game the Senators lost, 4–3. In 1962, the team moved to District of Columbia Stadium (renamed Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in 1969). Opening Day starter Bennie Daniels earned the win in a 4–1 victory over the Detroit Tigers on April 9. Through their 11 years in Washington, the Senators started every Opening Day game at home. Their final Opening Day game in Washington was an 8–0 win over the Oakland Athletics on April 5, 1971, with starter Dick Bosman being credited with the win.

The team moved to Texas in 1972, and played their home games at Arlington Stadium. Their 1972 season opener was played on the road, but they played their first Opening Day game in Arlington on April 7, 1973, with Bosman taking the loss in a 3–1 loss to the White Sox. The Rangers' final Opening Day at Arlington Stadium occurred on April 8, 1991, when starter Nolan Ryan was handed the loss by the Milwaukee Brewers, 5–4. They moved into The Ballpark in Arlington in 1994, but did not host their first Opening Day at new facility until 1996. In the game, starting pitcher Ken Hill got the win in a 5–3 defeat of the Boston Red Sox. The stadium was subsequently renamed Ameriquest Field in Arlington (2004–2006), Rangers Ballpark in Arlington (2007–2013), and Globe Life Park in Arlington (2014–2019). Starter Mike Minor took the loss in Globe Life Park's final Opening Day game against the Chicago Cubs on March 28, 2019, a 12–4 loss. The Rangers played their first Opening Day game at their current ballpark, Globe Life Field, on July 24, 2020. Earning the win was starter Lance Lynn, as Texas beat the Colorado Rockies, 1–0.

The Rangers' Opening Day starting pitchers have a combined Opening Day record of 20 wins, 30 losses and 10 no decisions. In Washington, they had a record of 2 wins and 9 losses in 11 Opening Day starts. In Texas, they have 18 wins, 21 losses, and 10 no decisions in 49 Opening Day starts. They have an aggregate record of 15 wins, 19 losses, and 6 no decisions in 40 Opening Day starts at home. Texas starters have a record of 5 wins, 11 losses, and 4 no decisions in 20 Opening Day starts on the road.

Charlie Hough has the most Opening Day starts for the Rangers, with six, followed by Dick Bosman and Kevin Millwood (4); Jon Matlack, Kenny Rogers, and Nolan Ryan (3); and Cole Hamels, Rick Helling, Ken Hill, Ferguson Jenkins, Camilo Pascual, and Pete Richert (2). Bosman (1970–1973) and Millwood (2006–2009) made four consecutive Opening Day starts. Hough (1987–1989) and Ryan (1990–1992) made three consecutive starts, while Hill (1996–1997), Hough (1984–1985), Matlack (1980–1981), Pascual (1968–1969), and Richert (1966–1967) made back-to-back starts.

Three Texas Rangers Opening Day pitchers—Ferguson Jenkins, Gaylord Perry, and Nolan Ryan—have been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.

Table key

Opening Day results

Pitchers
Opening Day starting pitchers are listed in descending order by the number of Opening Day starts for the Senators/Rangers.

References

Lists of Major League Baseball Opening Day starting pitchers
Opening Day starting pitchers


Perugia is a city in central Italy, the capital of Umbria.

Perugia may also refer to:

Art, entertainment, and media
 Cippus of Perugia, a stone tablet bearing an Etruscan inscription
 "From Perugia", a poem by American Quaker poet John Greenleaf Whittier
  Perugia (album), a 1974 jazz album by American pianist Roland Hanna
 Polyptych of Perugia, a Renaissance painting by Italian artist Piero della Francesca

Military
 151 Infantry Division Perugia, an Italian infantry division of World War II
 Battle of Perugia, an ancient Roman battle

People
 André Perugia (1893-1977), French shoe designer
 Andrew of Perugia (died c. 1332), Franciscan friar and bishop
 Constantius of Perugia (died c. 170 AD), Christian martyr, bishop, and saint
 Giannicolo da Perugia (c. 1460–1544), Italian painter during the Renaissance
 Herculanus of Perugia (died 549 AD), bishop of Perugia and Christian martyr
 Ilaria Perugia (born 1969), Italian mathematician
 John of Perugia and Peter of Sassoferrato (13th century), Franciscan friars
 Matteo da Perugia (fl. 1400–1416), Medieval Italian composer
 Niccolò da Perugia (fl. 14th century), Italian composer of the "ars nova"
 Paul of Perugia (14th century), Italian mythographer
 Vincenzo Perugia (1881–1925), the man who stole the Mona Lisa

Places
 Duchy of Perugia, a duchy in the Italian part of the Byzantine Empire
 Province of Perugia, Umbria, Italy

Other uses
 A.C. Perugia Calcio, an Italian football (soccer) club based in Perugia
 Cippus of Perugia, a stone tablet discovered near Perugia, Italy, in 1822
 Perugia Cathedral, Perugia, Italy
 Perugia Press, an American poetry press
 Perugia's limia, a small fish of the family Poeciliidae
 University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy


DJMax Portable Clazziquai Edition (DJMAX Portable Clazziquai Edition, DMP:CE; Korean: 디제이맥스 포터블 클래지콰이 에디션) is a music video game published and developed by Pentavision in South Korea for the PlayStation Portable released on October 24, 2008. This is the third title for the PlayStation Portable from in the DJMax Portable series after  DJMax Portable 2. The game features songs from the Korean band Clazziquai.

Features
This version includes new songs from DJMax Technika, 015B, BJJ, and from Clazziquai's 2008 mini album Metrotronics. Two additional modes have been revealed for the game called 2B and 4BFX.
Club Tour is a mode where the player can play in different clubs. Each club features one of three gameplay types. Music type clubs give the player a list of songs to play and the player must complete each song. Repertory type clubs have several sets of songs given to the player, and the player must complete each song in the set in order to complete the set. Mission type clubs contains challenges with various other DJ's with specific goals (example: clear a song with a certain number of points). If the player wins, their rank goes up, and if they lose their rank goes down. Players can earn new titles once their rank reaches a certain threshold. Players cannot challenge a DJ if the DJ's rank is too high compared to theirs.
Arcade mode features playing through one of six button modes in three stages. In general, the songs get harder the more buttons you use and the higher the stage number.
Album combines M/V and O.S.T. modes from past games. You can switch modes by pressing the Square button to view either the M/V or O.S.T.
Collection is a mode where the player can view records of the songs you have played, play count, images (which players can save on to the PSP memory stick and use as PSP wallpapers), movies, emblems and internet ranking for Platinum Crew members only.
Multi-Player using Ad hoc PSP connections is also available.
Link Disc is a mode that connect to DJMax Portable, DJMax Portable 2, and DJMax Portable Black Square. Link Disc with DJMax Portable unlocks an additional Gear, three avatars, and a new song. Link Disc with DJMax Portable 2 unlocks another additional Gear, two avatars and a new song. Link Disc with Black Square unlocks three new songs.
Game Modes
2B – uses ◄ and ▲ as one button, and Triangle and Circle as one button; the middle is for the analog spinning notes.
4B – uses ◄, ▲, Triangle, and Circle buttons.
5B – uses ◄, ▲, Square and ► as one button, Triangle and Circle buttons
4BFX – a variation of 6B, uses ◄, ▲, Triangle, Circle, buttons along with the L and R shoulder buttons.
6B – uses ◄, ▲, ►, Square, Triangle, and Circle buttons.
Freestyle – Play songs without the stage and combo limit in any button modes. You have to unlock each song first in order to play it in this mode.
Full Motion Videos – The videos in the background are more detailed than in past games.
Sound Equalizer While Playing – DJMax uses PlayStation's built-in equalizer enhancements. It can be set to Off, Unique, Heavy, Pops, and Jazz.
Simplified Analog Use – The player can use just one direction for the analog stick as opposed to having to move it in a circle.
Media Install Ready – Part of the game can be installed on the PSP Memory Stick to decrease loading times.
Effector Changes – New Effectors:
Fever – Sets the maximum Fever multiplier. Fever can either be Automatically or  Manually activated. Note that the automated Fever gauge fills up slower than that of the manual option.
HP UP – Increases maximum HP.
Auto – Counts a certain number of missed notes as a Max 1% hit or allows for easy long notes (by holding after the note ends, get 100%)
Track – Adds note effects such as Blinking.

Platinum Crew Patch
Players who were members of Platinum Crew (a premium service dealing with DJMax) were given a game patch for Clazziquai Edition that can be turned on or off, once in effect the patch gives these changes:
Club Tour Season 2: This changes certain clubs, as in it changes its gameplay type, objectives and difficulty.
New Song Patterns: Harder versions of songs can be played, but it won't be show as an alternative pattern and will appear as a certain pattern in disguise (EX: Dark Envy 4B MX Style will play when the player selects Dark Envy 4B Normal Style as long as the patch is on).
Eight hidden songs: Eight of the game's songs could have their O.S.T. and music videos unlocked without the patch, but due to a glitch, the songs themselves can't be unlocked to play in Arcade mode. With the patch, the player had to play the song once in a Club Tour Music-type Club, then the song was unlocked to be played in any button mode and Freestyle. The eight songs are:
"To you [80's POP]" – Sweetune
"Tell me [Couple R&B]" – Lee Geol
"Proposed, Flower, Wolf [Piano Ballad]" – ReX**
"DJMAX [MAX HOUSE]" – Humming Urban Stereo
"Every Morning [80's 8bit]" – ND Lee
"Memory of Beach [Dance Pop]" – M2U
"Sunny Side [Bright RnB]" – Croove
"Ask to wind [R&B Fantasy]" – Forte Escape

** This song is also unlocked by Link Disc to DJMax Portable Black Square.

See also
 DJMax Portable 2
 DJMax Portable Black Square
 DJMax Technika

External links
 Official Website (Korean)

Video games developed in South Korea
2008 video games
Portable Clazziquai Edition
PlayStation Portable games
PlayStation Portable-only games
South Korea-exclusive video games
Music video games
Turntable video games