WJZ-FM (105.7 MHz) is a commercial radio station licensed to Catonsville, Maryland, and serving the Baltimore metropolitan area. The station is owned by Audacy, Inc. through licensee Audacy License, LLC, and it broadcasts a sports radio format.  Local shows are heard on weekdays, with programming from the CBS Sports Radio Network airing nights and weekends. Studios and offices are located in Towson.

WJZ-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 50,000 watts. The transmitter is located off Moravia Road in Baltimore's Frankford neighborhood at ().  WJZ-FM broadcasts using HD Radio technology.  The HD2 digital subchannel carries the Bloomberg Radio business news format heard on WDCH-FM, while the HD3 subchannel rebroadcasts co-owned WJZ (1300 AM), which primarily carries BetQL shows.

History

History of the WJZ-FM call sign

The call letters WJZ-FM were originally used on what is now WPLJ in New York City from its founding in 1948 to 1953 when the station became WABC-FM, alongside WABC-TV and WABC (AM).

The call letters "WJZ" were originally created by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, the direct predecessor to the current CBS Corporation. Westinghouse was the owner of WJZ radio in Newark, New Jersey from 1921 to 1923, before it moved to New York. Apocryphal stories claimed the "JZ" in the call sign referred to New Jersey, but call letters in 1921 were assigned by the Department of Commerce, often in sequential alphabetical order, and few of them stood for anything.  Often, years later, owners retroactively created a slogan to fit their call letters. Meanwhile, the WJZ call letters have been used in Baltimore since 1957, when WAAM (channel 13) was renamed to WJZ-TV, an ABC Network affiliate that was changed to CBS in 1995.

WCBC, WBMD-FM, WKTK
The station signed on the air on November 22, 1963.  The original call letters were WCBC, owned by Christian Broadcasting Company and it aired a Christian radio format.

The station was purchased on March 6, 1968, by Key Broadcasting, which continued the Christian radio format, changing its call sign to WBMD-FM in late 1969.  The new call sign referred to Baltimore, Maryland.  The FM station simulcast a country music AM station, WBMD, already owned by Key.

In 1970, the FM's format became progressive rock at night, with country during the day. On July 5, 1971, the station's call sign was changed to WKTK and the format shifted to all progressive rock music. From 1977 to 1979, WKTK played disco music.  It later changed to oldies with the decline of disco. In 1982, the call letters became WQSR as the station planned to join "Super Radio", a new national adult contemporary music network to be operated by ABC, using noted disc jockeys such as Dan Ingram, Ron Lundy and Jay Thomas. Shortly before Super Radio's scheduled launch, ABC decided not to go forward with the network. WQSR kept its new call letters but aired local programming.

WQSR was then sold to Sconnix Broadcasting in 1988 and continued playing oldies music. The station, along with WBMD, was sold to American Radio Systems (ARS) for $39 million in 1994; ARS would merge with CBS Radio in 1998.

WXYV

On September 8, 2001, at 6 a.m., WQSR moved to WXYV's 102.7 FM frequency to broadcast on a better signal. After two days of simulcasting, at 3 p.m. on September 10, 105.7 FM became the new home for WXYV, and flipped to urban contemporary format, branded as "X105.7". (X105.7 marked WXYV's second stint as an urban station; the first incarnation was known as "V103", which flipped to CHR/Top-40 and became "102.7XYV" in 1997, and was then re-branded as "B102.7" in 1998, with the same CHR/Top-40 format.) The call letter swap between the two stations became official four days later.

Both stations were owned by Infinity Broadcasting (forerunner to CBS Radio). The morning show was a simulcast of former V103 and 92Q personality Frank Ski's wake up program, originating from WVEE, "V103" in Atlanta.

Revival of WHFS
"X105.7" would fail to compete for urban listeners against WERQ-FM; as a result, CBS Radio flipped WXYV to hot talk on March 10, 2003. The station carried the nationally syndicated Howard Stern Show and the Don and Mike Show. The station adopted the name "Live 105.7", which would later change to "105.7 Free FM" in 2006, and then "Baltimore's FM Talk 105.7" in 2007 after CBS phased out the Free FM branding nationwide.

Meanwhile, Infinity Broadcasting saw an unexpected public reaction to the company's decision to change the format of 99.1 FM, located halfway between Washington and Baltimore. The story was covered by local TV stations for many days afterwards, and mentioned nationally by The Washington Post, Howard Stern and The Today Show. The corporate offices of Infinity Broadcasting in New York City were flooded with phone calls and e-mails from irate listeners.

An online petition protesting the format change gathered tens of thousands of signatures in only a few days. Media attention was attracted by a public protest in downtown Washington, outside a skate shop where WHFS maintained a remote storefront studio in its last few months.  WHFS' main competitor, DC101, paid tribute to the station, airing many memories of WHFS from its DJs and listeners.

Infinity Broadcasting responded by resurrecting the WHFS format on nights and weekends at 105.7, beginning at 7 p.m. on January 21, 2005, with former WHFS afternoon DJ Tim Virgin. The station rebranded itself as "The Legendary HFS, Live on 105.7"; Infinity Broadcasting moved the WHFS call letters to the station days later. 'HFS was pulled from the airwaves again on February 1, 2007, immediately before KMS on HFS premiered, yet retained the WHFS call letters traditionally associated with the music the station used to broadcast. Currently, HFS2 and Locals Only with Neci remain WHFS's only ties to its original format.

HFS2
In 2006, WHFS began to broadcast a digital subchannel signal for radios using the new HD Radio technology, and launched an all-music station named "HFS2". The station focuses primarily on new alternative rock and indie rock, and currently has no DJs or commercials. On January 19, 2007, the online stream of "HFS2" was launched with the slogan "What You've Been Missing" hinting at the death of HFS music on the regular 105.7 frequency.

On Thursday, November 1, 2007, Neci Crowder began broadcasting a midday program on HFS2. This marked the first time a live DJ had been heard on HFS2.

105.7 the Fan
On November 3, 2008, WHFS flipped to all-sports, branded as "105.7 The Fan". Along with the format change came a new call sign: WJZ-FM. The station put Ed Norris and Rob Long in morning drive time with "The Norris & Long Show". Mark Viviano and Damon “Bulldog” Yoffe had a late morning program, and Bruce Cunningham and Mark Zinno hosted in early afternoons. Scott Garceau and Anita Marks were named to host "The Scott Garceau Show" in afternoon drive.

WJZ-FM retained WHFS' status as the flagship radio station for Baltimore Orioles baseball and Maryland Terrapins football and men's basketball. The WHFS call sign landed on 1580 AM (formerly WPGC) one week later. Orioles broadcasts moved from WJZ-FM back to WBAL (which WHFS had replaced as flagship in 2007) in 2011. In 2015, WJZ-FM reacquired the broadcast rights to Orioles games from WBAL for the second time.

Entercom ownership
On February 2, 2017, CBS agreed to merge CBS Radio with Entercom, at the time the fourth-largest radio broadcaster in the United States; the sale was conducted using a Reverse Morris Trust so that it would be tax-free. While CBS shareholders retain a 72% ownership stake in the combined company, Entercom was surviving entity, separating WJZ radio (both 105.7 FM and AM 1300) from WJZ-TV. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on the 17th.

Despite no longer sharing common ownership with WJZ-TV, the deal grants the station the right to use the call letters in perpetuity.

Short-spaced signal
WJZ-FM is short-spaced to WQXA-FM 105.7 The X (licensed to serve York, Pennsylvania) as they operate on the same channel and the distance between the stations' transmitters is  as determined by FCC rules. The minimum distance between two Class B stations operating on the same channel according to current FCC rules is . Both stations use directional antennas to reduce their signals toward each other.

References

External links

Catonsville, Maryland
JZ
Sports radio stations in the United States
American Basketball Association flagship radio stations
Radio stations established in 1963
1963 establishments in Maryland
CBS Sports Radio stations
Audacy, Inc. radio stations


Wabasha III (Wapahaśa) (c. 1816–1876) was a prominent Dakota Sioux chief, also known as Joseph Wabasha. He succeeded his father as head chief of the Mdewakanton Dakota in 1836. Following the Dakota War of 1862 and the forced removal of the Dakota to Crow Creek Reservation, Wabasha became known as head chief of the Santee Sioux. In the final years of his life, Chief Wabasha helped his people rebuild their lives at the Santee Reservation in Nebraska.

In 1862, Wabasha had opposed the Dakota uprising from the start but had struggled to gain support. In the final weeks of the war, Wabasha — together with Wakute II and Taopi — sent messages to Colonel Henry Hastings Sibley voicing their opposition to Little Crow and offering their assistance to the U.S. Wabasha's son-in-law, Hdainyanka, was one of the 38 Dakota men executed in Mankato, Minnesota on December 26, 1862.

In 1986, a bust of Chief Wabasha III was installed at the Minnesota State Capitol.

Succession as chief
Before succeeding his father in 1836, Chief Wabasha III was known as Tatepsin, which is translated as "Upsetting Wind" or "Bounding Wind."

Chief Wabasha II died during a smallpox epidemic that killed many in his Kiyuksa (Keoxa) band.

Around the time that Tatepsin became chief, the Kiyuksa band was twice as large as any other Mdewakanton band.The Kiyuksa band migrated periodically between the mouth of the upper Iowa River and Lake Pepin, and hunted on both sides of the upper Mississippi River.

Wabasha had extensive kinship ties to "mixed-blood" traders and settlers in the area. In 1842, Chief Wabasha III presuaded Indian agent Amos Bruce to employ his relative, James Reed.

Treaties
On September 10, 1836, Tatepsin signed the fifth Treaty of Prairie du Chien with acting Indian agent Colonel Zachary Taylor. The treaty relinquished all Sioux claims to what is now northwest Missouri to the United States.

Chief Wabasha signed the 1851 and 1858 treaties that ceded the southern half of what is now the state of Minnesota to the United States. These land sales began the removal of his band to the reservation on the Minnesota River.

Opposition to Dakota uprising
In 1862, Wabasha had opposed the Dakota uprising from the start but had struggled to gain support.

Removal to Crow Creek
The Dakota were removed from Minnesota to Crow Creek Reservation in Dakota Territory.

Santee Sioux Reservation
They then moved to the Santee Reservation in Nebraska, where the last chief Wabasha died on April 23, 1876.

References

External links
Dakota-Lakota-Nakota Human Rights Advocacy Coalition: Chiefs: Chief Wapasha III c. 1816 – April 23, 1876, excerpted from: "Explorers found hills, valleys alive with Indians," Steve Kerns, Winona Sunday News, 14 november 1976
grave of Chief Wabasha, III

Native American leaders
Dakota people
1810s births
1876 deaths
Native Americans in Minnesota


Mohammad Iqbal Khan  () was a senior general in the Pakistan Army who served as the third Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee from being appointed in 1980 until 1984.

Biography
Mohammad Iqbal Khan was educated and graduated from the Military College in Jhelum and was commissioned in the British Indian Army in 1944. He joined the Guides Infantry in the 2nd Frontier Force Regiment as 2nd-Lt. and later serving in the first war with India on Kashmir front in 1947.

After participating in Second war with India in 1965, Brigadier Iqbal was appointed as the Director-General of the Military Intelligence in 1969, and was politically involved in supporting the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) against the Awami League. Eventually, Brig. Iqbal held the responsibility of Military Intelligence in 1971.

In 1971–73, Major-General Iqbal held the command of the 33rd Infantry Division in Quetta as its GOC, and oversaw the military operations against the armed insurgency groups in Balochistan in Pakistan.

In 1974, Major General Iqbal was posted as Chief of General Staff (CGS) under Chief of Army Staff General Tikka Khan at the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi which he served until 1976. In 1976, Maj-Gen. Iqbal was promoted to the three-star rank army general and was posted as field commander of the IV Corps based in Lahore.

In 1977, Lieutenant-General Iqbal took over the control of the Punjab in Pakistan as its martial law administrator when Chief of Army Staff Gen. Zia-ul-Haq imposed the martial law against the civilian government on 5 July 1977. Lt-Gen. Iqbal was later rotated when Lt-Gen. Sawar Khan took command of the IV Corps, and appointed as the field commander of the V Corps and served as the martial law administrator of Sindh in Pakistan.

In 1978, Lt-Gen. Iqbal was again posted at the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi when he was appointed as the Deputy Chief of Army Staff (DCOAS) under President Zia-ul-Haq. During this time, he was appointed as the Colonel Commandant of the Frontier Force Regiment, which he served until his retirement in 1984.

Chairman Joint chiefs (1980–1984)
In 1980, Lt-Gen. Iqbal, who at that time was the senior military officer in the military, was promoted to the four-star rank and appointed as the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.

In 1980, Gen. Iqbal played a crucial role in maintaining of the Afghan Arabs in the country and supported the anti-Russian agitation when Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan. Gen. iqbal eventually and coordinated the national security meetings concerning the covert efforts in Afghanistan. In 1984, Gen. Iqbal completed his four-year term and eventually retired from the military.

Awards and decorations

Foreign Decorations

References

|-

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
People from Rawalpindi District
Punjabi people
British Indian Army officers
Frontier Force Regiment officers
Indian military personnel of World War II
Pakistani generals
Pakistani military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
Governors of Punjab, Pakistan
Military government of Pakistan (1977–1988)
Chairmen Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee
People of the Soviet–Afghan War
Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz
Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz


Pankaj Rag is an Indian poet and IAS officer of 1990 batch. He has served as the  Commissioner of Directorate of archeology,  archives and museums, in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Director-General of National Archives of India, and Director of Film and Television Institute of India, Pune, Maharashtra.

Rag was born on 30 October 1964 in Muzaffarpur, Bihar. He graduated in History from St. Stephen's College, Delhi, and completed his Master of Philosophy in modern Indian history from Delhi University. Rag is a recipient of Kedar Samman and Mira Smriti award.

Bibliography

Vintage Madhya Pradesh
Rag Ragini Folio (Hindi & English) along with V.P. Nagayach

See also
 List of Indian writers

References

External links
Profile of Pankaj Rag at National Archives of India

1964 births
20th-century Indian archaeologists
20th-century Indian male writers
20th-century Indian poets
Hindi-language poets
Hindi-language writers
Indian civil servants
Indian male poets
Living people
People from Muzaffarpur
Poets from Bihar
Scientists from Bihar


Hasina is a 2004 Kannada-language film by Girish Kasaravalli.The lead actress, Taara, won the National Film Award for Best Actress for her role as Hasina about the story of a Muslim Indian woman deserted by her husband.

Plot

The film, based on the story Kari Nagaragalu by Kannada writer Banu Mushtaq, looks at Hasina (Taara) who marries auto driver Yakub (Chandrahas Ullal) against his mother's wishes. The couple have three daughters  the visually impaired Munni, Shubby and Habeeb. Pregnant with their fourth child, the couple break social codes and do a pregnancy scan to ascertain the baby's gender. When Yakub realises it is yet another girl, he becomes at turns abusive and neglectful, eventually leaving Hasina to fend for herself.

Cast

Tara as Hasina
 Chandrahas Ullal as Yakoob
 Chitra Shenoy as Jhuleka Begum
 Purushottam Talavata as Muthuvalli Saab
 Ruthu as Muthuvalli's Wife
 Baby Bodhini as Munni

Awards and honours

References

External links

2004 films
2000s Kannada-language films
Films featuring a Best Actress National Award-winning performance
Films directed by Girish Kasaravalli
Films that won the Best Costume Design National Film Award
Best Film on Family Welfare National Film Award winners


MLS Cup 2009 was the 14th edition of the MLS Cup, the championship match of Major League Soccer (MLS). The soccer match took place on November 22, 2009, at Qwest Field in Seattle, Washington, and was contested between the Los Angeles Galaxy and Real Salt Lake.

Real Salt Lake won the match 5–4 in a penalty shoot-out following a 1–1 draw. Salt Lake goalkeeper Nick Rimando was named man of the match for making several saves in the shootout, allowing defender Robbie Russell to score the winning goal. It was the club's first championship, coming in their fifth season in the league, and the second MLS Cup to be decided by a shootout.

An attendance of 46,011 people made the 2009 final the sixth-largest in MLS Cup history. It was also the first MLS Cup to be played on artificial turf. The match was broadcast in the United States on ESPN and Galavisión.

Venue and pre-match

Qwest Field was announced as the venue for the MLS Cup on March 11, 2009, a week before Seattle Sounders FC played their inaugural match at the stadium. Qwest Field became the eighth stadium to host the MLS Cup and the first new stadium chosen for the final since 2005. The selection of a venue with an artificial turf playing surface, a first for the MLS Cup, was criticized by several players prior to the final.

Qwest Field was built for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League in 2003, but was designed with soccer in mind. It hosted several international friendly matches, as well as part of the 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup, prior to becoming the home stadium of the Seattle Sounders. Due to the use of Qwest Field as the MLS Cup venue, the Seattle Seahawks schedule was modified to include three away games in November. In their inaugural season, the Sounders set the league record for average attendance, with 30,897, prompting additional interest in the cup.

The initial offering of 30,000 tickets were sold out in early November, prompting the release of 6,000 additional tickets. Ticket sales passed 40,000 on the day before the match. To celebrate the MLS Cup final, the logos of the league and the two finalists were painted onto the roof of the city's iconic Space Needle. The Philip F. Anschutz Trophy was brought to the city aboard a state ferry by Sounders coach Sigi Schmid and technical director Chris Henderson. Other pre-cup festivities included a free concert by rock band Third Eye Blind, a summit of supporters representing several MLS clubs, a March to the Match from Pioneer Square, and a "Soccer Celebration" festival outside the stadium plaza.

Road to the final

The MLS Cup is the post-season championship of Major League Soccer (MLS), a professional club soccer league in the United States and Canada. The 2009 season was the 14th in MLS history, and was contested by 15 teams in two conferences. Each club played 30 matches during the regular season from March to October, facing each team twice and two in-conference teams a third time. The playoffs, running from October 29 to November 22, were contested by the top two clubs in each conference and four wild card teams in the next positions regardless of conference. It was organized into three rounds: a home-and-away series in the Conference Semifinals, a single-match Conference Final, and the MLS Cup final.

The 2009 edition of the MLS Cup was contested by the Los Angeles Galaxy and Real Salt Lake. The two teams were from the Western Conference, marking the second consecutive edition to be played between two teams from the same conference. The Galaxy and Real Salt Lake played each other twice in the regular season: a 2–2 draw hosted by Real Salt Lake in May and a 2–0 loss for hosts Los Angeles in June.

Los Angeles Galaxy

The Los Angeles Galaxy were one of the original teams in MLS and appeared in five previous MLS Cup finals, winning in 2002 and 2005. The team finished joint-last in the league in 2008, replacing manager Ruud Gullit with former United States national team coach Bruce Arena midway through the season.

In the 2009 SuperDraft, the Galaxy selected Omar Gonzalez and A. J. DeLaGarza, both of whom would lead a revamped defense alongside newly-acquired goalkeeper Donovan Ricketts. Though without star midfielder David Beckham due to an extended loan to A.C. Milan, the Galaxy began the season with one loss and two wins in their first twelve matches. After Beckham's return in July, the team went on a six-match unbeaten streak and secured a playoff berth in late August. The Galaxy finished the season with 12 wins, 6 losses, and 12 draws, placing first in the Western Conference with 48 points.

The Galaxy played the Western Conference Semifinals against Chivas USA, the co-tenant of the Home Depot Center appearing in their fourth consecutive playoffs. The first leg ended in a 2–2 draw, marked by four goals that were the result of defensive mistakes by both teams. The Galaxy advanced to the Conference Final after winning 1–0 in the second leg, with Landon Donovan scoring the lone goal from a penalty kick. The Western Conference Final was played against the Houston Dynamo and hosted by the Galaxy at the Home Depot Center. The match was interrupted by two power outages in both halves of regulation time, which ended scoreless after a Dynamo goal in the 80th minute was disallowed. Defender Gregg Berhalter scored in the 103rd minute and was followed six minutes later by a Landon Donovan penalty to give the Galaxy a 2–0 win and a place in the MLS Cup final.

Real Salt Lake

Real Salt Lake entered MLS as an expansion team in 2005, but failed to qualify for the playoffs in its first three seasons. Veteran midfielder Jason Kreis, who had scored the franchise's first goal, was appointed head coach after six straight losses to begin the 2007 season and worked with new general manager Garth Lagerwey to rebuild the team. After acquiring several key players in 2008, including captain Kyle Beckerman, and defenders Nat Borchers and Jámison Olave, the team qualified for the playoffs and advanced to the Western Conference Final, where they were defeated by the New York Red Bulls.

Salt Lake began the 2009 season, their first to be fully played at Rio Tinto Stadium and fifth overall, with nine home wins, five draws, and one loss. The team failed to produce similar results in away matches and finished with a losing record of 11 wins, 12 losses, and 7 draws. Real Salt Lake qualified for the playoffs on the last day of the season with 40 points, thanks to favorable results from three matches that eliminated five other teams competing for the final two wild card spots.

As a wild card, the team was seeded into the Eastern Conference Semifinals against the Columbus Crew, the defending MLS Cup champions. Real Salt Lake won the home leg 1–0 on a goal by Robbie Findley, but conceded two early goals in the opening 35 minutes of the away leg in Columbus. The team responded with three goals scored by Javier Morales, Findley, and Andy Williams to win 3–2 and advanced 4–2 on aggregate. Real Salt Lake faced the Chicago Fire in the Eastern Conference Final at Toyota Park in Bridgeview, Illinois, which ended in a scoreless draw after extra time. Salt Lake won the ensuing penalty shootout 5–4 after seven rounds, relying on three saves by goalkeeper Nick Rimando. Real Salt Lake became the third MLS Cup finalist to have qualified for the playoffs as the lowest seed, mirroring the New York Red Bulls the previous year, and was the second expansion team to contest an MLS Cup.

Summary of results

Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).

Broadcasting

The MLS Cup final was televised in the United States on ESPN and ESPN360.com in English and Galavisión in Spanish. GolTV Canada broadcast the match in Canada, and ESPN International carried the match in 122 countries, primarily in Latin America, the Middle East, and Oceania. This was the first edition of the MLS Cup to be carried on a cable network, as the previous thirteen were on ABC, and was scheduled later at night to compete with NBC Sunday Night Football. ESPN covered the match using 19 cameras and several digital features, including player tracking statistics and an offside line displayed on instant replays. JP Dellacamera was the lead play-by-play commentator and John Harkes provided color commentary. The network's coverage of the final was later criticized by Salt Lake City-area media outlets for its favoritism of the Galaxy.

Match

Summary

The Galaxy were described as the favorites in the MLS Cup match-up, with a better set of players and manager Bruce Arena's previous cup victories with D.C. United. Both teams fielded their regular lineups, with no major injuries; David Beckham was forced to skip several practice sessions prior to being injected with a painkiller to alleviate a bruised right ankle. Kevin Stott was named the head referee for his third MLS Cup final, following the 2001 and 2005 finals.

Despite a forecast of rain, the weather at kickoff was cloudy and the air temperature was . During the first half, the Galaxy had the majority of possession and chances on goal, taking six shots. Real Salt Lake midfielder Javier Morales was substituted in the 22nd minute after suffering from a torn meniscus in his left knee after a collision with David Beckham; Morales left the field in tears and was replaced by Clint Mathis. After two missed opportunities, Los Angeles forward Mike Magee scored the final's opening goal in the 41st minute, finishing a cross from Landon Donovan. At halftime, the Galaxy led 1–0 and Real Salt Lake were forced to substitute midfielder Will Johnson, who was suffering from food poisoning contracted days earlier.

Real Salt Lake regrouped in the second half and set up a chance in the 47th minute for Robbie Findley, who collided with Omar Gonzalez and Galaxy goalkeeper Donovan Ricketts. After being clipped by Gonzalez's right foot, Ricketts broke his right hand but elected to continue playing after being evaluated by on-field trainers. Salt Lake continued attacking and Findley scored the equalizing goal in the 64th minute by finishing a deflected shot from Yura Movsisyan. Ricketts walked off the field and was substituted in the 66th minute for his backup Josh Saunders in what was the first goalkeeper substitution in MLS Cup history. Both teams exchanged several chances late in the second half, including misses from Movsisyan and Donovan, but neither could score a second goal. The half ended with seven minutes of stoppage time due to Ricketts' treatment.

In extra time, Real Salt Lake continued to have the majority of possession and chances, eventually tallying nineteen shots to the Galaxy's thirteen. Shots by Findley and Mathis were blocked and sent wide of the goal, grazing the outside of the side net. The match remained tied after extra time, leaving the MLS Cup to be decided through a penalty shootout for the second time in its history.

The shootout began with David Beckham, who scored on his attempt, and was followed by successful penalties taken by Clint Mathis for Salt Lake, Gregg Berhalter for the Galaxy, and Findley for Salt Lake. With the score tied 2–2, Salt Lake goalkeeper Nick Rimando saved an attempt by Jovan Kirovski, and Saunders saved a kick by Salt Lake captain Kyle Beckerman. Despite his proficiency in penalties, Landon Donovan missed by putting it over the goalpost, and Ned Grabavoy scored to give Salt Lake a 3–2 lead going into the final rounds. Magee scored to keep the Galaxy in the shootout and an attempt by Salt Lake midfielder Andy Williams was saved by Saunders to trigger sudden death rounds. Williams was chosen as the final kick taker for Salt Lake by manager Jason Kreis because of the emotional connection to the team and Seattle that he had due to his wife's then-ongoing battle with a rare form of leukemia, which was being treated in Seattle. Chris Klein and Chris Wingert both scored their respective penalties, bringing the score to 4–4 before Rimando saved an attempt by Galaxy forward Edson Buddle. Salt Lake defender Robbie Russell scored the winning penalty in the seventh round, bringing the score to 5–4. After scoring the penalty, he turned around and fell to his knees as he was swarmed by his teammates.

Details

Post-match

Real Salt Lake's upset victory gave Utah its first major professional sports championship since the Utah Stars won the American Basketball Association championship in 1971. The 2009 final was the second in MLS Cup history to be won by an expansion team and the second to finish with a penalty shootout. Nick Rimando was named the MLS Cup most valuable player, only the second goalkeeper to earn the honor, and Jason Kreis became the youngest coach to win the MLS Cup, along with the fourth former player to coach a championship team.

The 2009 final was attended by 46,011 spectators, then the fourth-largest crowd for an MLS Cup final and the largest since the 2002 final at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts. Approximately 2,000 fans attended from Salt Lake City and were joined by Seattle Sounders FC supporters, who chose to root for the "underdog" team. The crowd and atmosphere at the stadium were praised by league officials (including executive Don Garber), the teams, and the media. The stadium, later renamed CenturyLink Field, hosted its second MLS Cup final in 2019, which saw the Sounders defeat Toronto FC in front of 69,274 spectators—a stadium record for a sporting event.

The Real Salt Lake team returned the following afternoon and was greeted by hundreds of fans at Salt Lake City International Airport. The team was honored by a reception at the Utah Governor's Mansion and the Utah State Capitol, culminating in a parade from the state capitol to a rally at Rio Tinto Stadium attended by 5,000 fans. Governor Gary R. Herbert declared November 24, 2009, as Real Salt Lake Day. The team was later honored with a traditional champion's ceremony at the White House by President Barack Obama on June 4, 2010.

Real Salt Lake qualified for the 2010–11 CONCACAF Champions League, where they became the first MLS team to reach the modern tournament's finals, losing 3–2 on aggregate to C.F. Monterrey. Real Salt Lake would later return to the MLS Cup final in 2013, finishing as runners-up to Sporting Kansas City after losing a penalty shootout. The Galaxy and Real Salt Lake met in the 2011 Western Conference Final, where Los Angeles won 3–1 and advanced to the MLS Cup final and win their first championship since 2005. Los Angeles would also win the cup in 2012 and 2014, bringing their total number of MLS Cup championships to five and surpassing the record set by D.C. United.

References

2009

LA Galaxy matches
Real Salt Lake matches
Association football penalty shoot-outs
Sports competitions in Seattle
Soccer in Washington (state)
November 2009 sports events in the United States
2009 in sports in Washington (state)
2009 in Seattle


The Battle of Torà was a defensive battle of the Reconquista, fought between an alliance of Catalan counts and an army of the Caliphate of Córdoba in 1003 at Torà, Lleida. The main source for the battle is Andrew of Fleury, who probably received his information, which is detailed and generally accurate, during a trip to the Catalonia. He incorporated the account in his Miracula sancti Benedicti around 1043.

The four Christian counts of the battle were Raymond Borell of Barcelona, Bernard I of Besalú, Wifred II of Cerdagne, and Ermengol I of Urgell. The German historian of the Crusades Carl Erdmann supposed the leader of the Muslim army to be Abd al-Malik, the son of the recently deceased hajib Almanzor. When Andrew records that the caliph himself, then Hisham II, died in the encounter, he is probably rehearsing a local legend. The battle is not dated precisely by any chronicler, but the names of the counts (all given by Andrew) restrict it to between the years 992 and 1010. A date of 1003 has been deduced by Erdmann from other accounts that a Muslim army moved through the County of Barcelona and passed into the south of the County of Urgell in the summer of 1003. The exact location of the battle, Thoranum castrum (the castle, or fortified place, of Torà), is given by Andrew. The Muslims, according to both Latin and Arabic sources, were defeated and one of their leading men killed. The Muslims retreated to their own territory, where a second battle was fought at Albesa. The result of this second battle is unclear, but it was the end of the brief war, and possibly the campaigning season.

Importantly, Andrew reports the battle in terms as if describing a holy war. The Muslims, whose numbers he puts at 17,000, are "new Philistines". Bernard of Besalú he quotes as reasoning that if the saints Peter and Michael and the Virgin Mary each kill 5,000 Muslims, there will be a manageable number left for the soldiers. Bernard recalls that the Muslims are often slain before they have a chance to retreat. According to Andrew, after the battle the Virgin Mary miraculously brought news of the Christian victory to as far away as Monte Sant'Angelo. Despite the theme of religious warfare, Spanish historians have not picked up on Andrew's account.

Notes

Torà
Torà
1003 in Europe
Tora
11th century in al-Andalus
Medieval Catalonia
Torà


The aromas of wine are more diverse than its flavours. The human tongue is limited to the primary tastes perceived by taste receptors on the tongue – sourness, bitterness, saltiness, sweetness and savouriness. The wide array of fruit, earthy, leathery, floral, herbal, mineral, and woodsy flavour present in wine are derived from aroma notes sensed by the olfactory bulb. In wine tasting, wine is sometimes smelled before taking a sip in order to identify some components of the wine that may be present. Different terms are used to describe what is being smelled. The most basic term is aroma which generally refers to a "pleasant" smell as opposed to odour which refers to an unpleasant smell or possible wine fault. The term aroma may be further distinguished from bouquet which generally refers to the smells that arise from the chemical reactions of fermentation and aging of the wine.

Aroma vs. bouquet

In professional wine tasting, there is generally a distinction made between "aromas" and a wine's "bouquet" while in casual wine tasting these two terms are used interchangeably. An aroma refers to the smells unique to the grape variety and are most readily demonstrated in a varietal wine – such as lychees with Gewürztraminer or black currant with Cabernet Sauvignon. These are smells that are commonly associated with a young wine. As a wine ages, chemical reactions among acids, sugars, alcohols and phenolic compounds create new smells that are known as a wine's bouquet. These can include honey in an aged Sauternes or truffles in a Pinot noir. The term bouquet can also be expanded to include the smells derived from fermentation and exposure to oak. In Burgundy, the aromas of wines are sub-divided into three categories – primary, secondary and tertiary aromas. Primary aromas are those specific to the grape variety itself. Secondary aromas are those derived from fermentation. Tertiary aromas are those that develop through either bottle or oak aging.

The technique of microoxygenation affects the aromatic bouquet.

Components of a wine's aroma
Within wine there are volatile and non-volatile compounds that contribute to the make up of a wine's aroma. During the fermentation and for the first few months of a wine's existence, chemical reactions among these compounds occur frequently and a wine's aroma will change more rapidly during this period than at any other point. As a wine ages and matures, changes and developments in aroma will continue to take place but at a slower and more gradual pace. Volatile aroma compounds are present in the skin and juice of a grape berry and will vary in composition according to the individual grape variety. It is theorized that the Vitis vine developed these compounds as an evolutionary tool to aid in procreation by attracting insects to assist with pollination and birds and other animals to eat the berries and disperse the seeds. The diverse spectrum of aromas associated with individual grape varieties is a reflection of the vine's adaptation to ecological conditions and competition among other plants.

The majority of volatile compounds responsible for aroma combine with sugars in the wine to form odourless glycosides. Through the process of hydrolysis, caused by enzymes or acids in the wine, they revert to an aromatic form. The act of tasting wine is essentially the act of smelling these vaporized aroma compounds. Olfactory receptors cells, each sensitive to a different aroma, pick up these compounds and transfer the information to the brain by way of the olfactory bulb. In the 1980s there was renewed focus in studying the correlation between aroma/flavor compounds in grapes and the resulting quality of wine. Scientists were able to use chromatograph – mass spectrometers to identify volatile aroma compounds in various grape varieties.

Study of the compounds responsible for aroma and flavour, as well as their correlation with a wine's quality, continues. As understanding of these compounds grows, there is concern that wines in the future could be "manipulated" through the use of chemical additives to add complexity and additional aromas to wine (such as creating a manufactured perfume). In 2004, a winery in South Africa was found to have added illegal flavouring to their Sauvignon blanc to enhance the aroma. Viticultural studies have focused on how aroma compounds develop in the grapes during the annual growth cycle of the vine and how viticultural techniques such as canopy management may contribute to developing desirable aromatics in the wine.

Identified aroma compounds
Some of the identified aroma compounds include the following:
 Methoxypyrazine – grassy, herbaceous aroma compound associated with Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc.
 Monoterpenes – responsible for the floral aromatics of varieties like Gewürztraminer, Muscat and Riesling. Includes geraniol, linalool and nerol.
 Norisoprenoids – Carotenoid derived aromatic compounds that includes megastigmatrienone which produces some of the spice notes associated with Chardonnay and zingerone responsible for the different spice notes associated with Syrah. Other norisoprenoids include raspberry ketone which produces some of the raspberry aromas associated with red wine, damascenone which produces some of the rose oil aromas associated with Pinot noir, and vanillin.
 Thiols/Mercaptans – sulfur-containing compounds that can produce an aroma of garlic and onion that is considered a wine fault. They have also been found to contribute to some of the varietal aromas associated with Cabernet Sauvignon, Gewürztraminer, Merlot, Muscat, Petit Manseng, Pinot blanc, Pinot gris, Riesling, Scheurebe, Semillon and Sylvaner.

Esters
Some of the aromas perceived in wine are from esters created by the reaction of acids and alcohol in the wine. Esters can develop during fermentation, with the influence of yeast, or later during aging by chemical reactions. The precise yeast strain used during fermentation and temperature are two of the strongest indicators of what kind of esters will develop and helps explain partially why Chardonnay grown in the same vineyard but made by two different producers could have different aromatics. During bottle aging hydrogen ions, found in higher concentration in low pH (high acid) wines, serves as a catalyst in the formation of esters from acids and alcohols present in the wine. However, at the same time these hydrogen ions encourage esters to also split apart back into acids and alcohols. These two counterbalancing acts gradually inch a wine closer to a state of equilibrium where there is equal parts alcohol, acids, esters and water (a by product of the reactions). During this period the ester influenced bouquet of the wine is constantly changing due to the concentration, formulation and splitting of different esters. This is partly the reason why a wine will have one set of aromas at one time and other aromas later in its life.

In wine tasting

The sense of smell and detecting the aromas in wine is the primary means through which wine is tasted and evaluated. Prior to tasting the wine, wine drinkers will often smell the wine in the glass. Large bowl glasses with tapered openings, some of which are specifically designed to enhance aromatics of different wines, can assist in capturing more aromatics within the glass for the drinker to detect. Wines served at warmer temperature will be more aromatic than wine served cooler due to heat's ability to increase the volatility of aromatic compounds in the wine. Swirling, or aerating, the wine will increase available surface area, increasing the rate at which aroma molecules volatilize. Some subtle aromatics can be overwhelmed by more dominant aromatics that arise after swirling, so most professional tasters will sniff the wine briefly first before swirling. The closer the nose is to the wine, even right inside the glass, the greater chances of aromatics being captured. A series of short, quick sniffs versus one long inhale will also maximize the likelihood of aromatics being detected. The human nose starts to "fatigue" after around six seconds and so a pause may be needed between sniffs.

When wine is sipped, it is warmed in the mouth and mixes with saliva to vaporize the volatile aroma compounds. These compounds are then inhaled "retro-nasally" through the back of the mouth to where it is received by nearly five million nerve cells. The average human can be trained to distinguish thousands of smells but can usually only name a handful at a time when presented with many aromas. This phenomenon, known as the "tip of the nose phenomenon", is countered when a person is given a list of possible choices, through which they can often positively identify the aroma. Professional wine tasters will often mentally cycle through a list of potential aromas (and may use visual aids like the aroma wheel, developed by Ann C. Noble of University of California, Davis) until one choice stands out and can be identified in the wine.

Detecting an aroma is only part of wine tasting. The next step is to describe or communicate what that aroma is and it is in this step that the subjective nature of wine tasting appears. Different individuals have their own way of describing familiar scents and aromas based on their unique experiences. Furthermore, there are varying levels of sensitivity and recognition thresholds among humans of some aromatic compounds. This is why one taster may describe different aromas and flavours from another taster sampling the very same wine.

See also

 Speyer wine bottle

References

Wine
Wine tasting


Wabasha IV (1854–1925) was a Mdewakanton Dakota minister, also known as "Hdakinyan" and Napoleon Wabasha. As a young man he served as a scout for the 7th Cavalry Regiment 1873–4. He was elected to the tribal council of the Santee Sioux Reservation in 1878, when the Santees voted to end the old chief system. He became a United States citizen in 1909.

References
 (Ship namesake paragraph)

External links
Grave of Chief Napoleon "Hdakinyan" Wabasha, IV

1854 births
1925 deaths
Native American leaders
Mdewakanton people


Fredrick A. Hudson (5 December 1863 in Winnipeg, Rupert's Land - 7 May 1932) was the manager of the Kenora Thistles for both the challenge for the Stanley Cup in 1905 (losing to Ottawa) and for of their 1907 Stanley Cup championship.

1863 births
1932 deaths
Stanley Cup champions
People from Rupert's Land


Kenneth S. Apfel (born October 12, 1948) is the 13th Commissioner of Social Security in the United States, filling a four-year term of office that ran from 1997 through 2001.

Background
Apfel was born in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts. A graduate of University of Massachusetts Amherst, Northeastern University, and University of Texas at Austin, he started his federal career as a Presidential Management Intern at the United States Department of Labor.

Since 2006, he has held the position of Professor at the University of Maryland's School of Public Policy.

Prior to becoming Commissioner of the Social Security Administration in 1997, he had served as Associate Director for Human Resources at the Office of Management and Budget since 1995, and as Assistant Secretary for Management and Budget at the United States Department of Health and Human Services from 1993 to 1995.

Apfel is a Fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration.

References

External links

1948 births
Clinton administration personnel
Commissioners of the Social Security Administration
Living people
Maryland Democrats
Northeastern University alumni
People from Shrewsbury, Massachusetts
United States Department of Health and Human Services officials
United States Office of Management and Budget officials
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni
Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs alumni
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities


The Texas Book Festival is a free annual book fair held in Austin, Texas.  The festival takes place in late October or early November. It is one of the top book festivals in the United States.

Beginnings
The festival was established in 1995 by Laura Bush, then the First Lady of Texas, and Mary Margaret Farabee, wife of former State Senator Ray Farabee. The festival was initially created to benefit the state's public library system, promote the joy of reading, and honor Texas authors. The first festival took place at the Texas State Capitol in November 1996.

Expansion
Since then, the festival has greatly expanded, with a focus on nationally known authors, attracting major bestsellers and award-winners. The revised mission statement: "The Texas Book Festival connects authors and readers through experiences that celebrate the culture of literacy, ideas, and imagination."

With the assistance of Honorary Chairman and librarian, Mrs. Bush, and a task force, the festival has grown, hosting more than 2,000 authors since its introduction. It grew to hosting about 250 authors each year and attracting more than 40,000 attendees.

Bookend Award
Each year, the festival honors a writer with the "Bookend Award" for outstanding contribution to the literature of Texas. In addition to the award event, the festival includes children's books, crafts, and costumed characters.

Selected annual details
In 2015, the festival hit a record 300 authors, including Booker Prize winner Margaret Atwood, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Elizabeth Strout, Pulitzer Prize-winning critic Margo Jefferson, politicians Gary Hart and John Sununu, Jonathan Lethem, Lemony Snicket, Taye Diggs, Leonard Pitts, Robert Christgau and Jessica Hopper.

In 2020, the festival was held online, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2021, a hybrid was held, with both online and limited in-person components.

See also

 Books in the United States
 National Book Festival, founded by Laura Bush and James H. Billington in 2001

References

Citations

Works cited

Further reading

External links

 Official website
 Photos of the 2015 festival
 The Austin Chronicle's full coverage of the current/latest festival

1995 establishments in Texas
Book fairs in the United States
Festivals established in 1995
Festivals in Austin, Texas
Laura Bush
Literary festivals in the United States
Texas literature


James Arthur Link (February 27, 1874 – March 21, 1964) was the coach and athletic trainer of the Kenora Thistles during the team's three Stanley Cup challenges in 1903, 1905, and 1907. He was born in Rat Portage, Ontario, Canada.

In 1907, James Link coached Kenora to the Stanley Cup Championships, the smallest city ever to win the Stanley Cup. He was also member of the Rat Portage Rowing Club. Link died March 21, 1964, in Vancouver, British Columbia.

References

1874 births
1964 deaths
Stanley Cup champions


Ralston Malcolm Otto (26 December 1957 – 14 July 2023) was an Antiguan cricketer who played as a batsman for the Leeward Islands in the 1980s, and subsequently coached and managed the team. He managed the Antigua and Barbuda team that competed in the 2008 Stanford 20/20 tournament.

Ralston Otto was a cousin of former West Indies fast bowler Curtly Ambrose. He died from complications of Parkinson's disease on 14 July 2023, at the age of 65.

References

External links

1957 births
2023 deaths
Antigua and Barbuda cricketers
Leeward Islands cricketers
Deaths in Antigua and Barbuda
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Sportspeople from the British West Indies


Virtual Pinball is a follow-up to EA's 1983 title Pinball Construction Set from the same author, Bill Budge, released 10 years later for the Sega Genesis. One to four players can choose from either 29 premade tables or design one using in-game editor tools. Designing options include ten different backgrounds and six themes, and a player can choose where objects are placed, the style of music, and the ball speed. Virtual Pinball lacks the unlimited floppy disc storage used by the original, and the ability to create self-booting disks that can be played without the construction set software.

Gameplay
The player can play the 29 existing games, go to the blueprint plans, or play one of the ten user created games. It also allows the player to change the Game theme, Parts theme, Board background, Skill level, ball action, and music.

Workshop Mode allows starting with a blank game where up to 256 parts can be placed anywhere on the board. These parts include Bumpers, Flippers, Walls, Kick Walls, Targets, Tracks, Specials, Launchers, Blasters, and Grabbers. All of these items are related to items found on a real table.

A game starts with four balls. The ball is launched by pressing and holding the A button, with the time held determining the power of the launch. All left flippers are controlled by the D-pad, while all right flippers are controlled by the C button. Hitting B will nudge the table, and can be used in conjunction with the D-pad to nudge in a certain direction.

Scoring

References

1993 video games
Electronic Arts games
Pinball video games
Sega Genesis games
Sega Genesis-only games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States


Astragalus casei is a species of milkvetch known by the common name Case's milkvetch. It is native to the Mojave Desert and its sky island woodlands of eastern California and western Nevada.

Description
Astragalus casei is a wiry, branching perennial herb forming an open clump of jagged stems up to  long. Leaves are up to  long and made up of thin, narrow, lance-shaped leaflets. The plant bears an inflorescence of up to 25 pink, lilac, or white flowers. Each flower is between  long. The flowers bloom in the months of April, May and June. The petals colors are usually pink-purple with white tips, and sometimes just white.

The fruit is a hanging legume pod  long. It is narrow, slightly hairy, and tipped with a sharp beak. It is pulpy when new and it dries to a tough texture.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment - Astragalus casei
USDA Plants Profile
Astragalus casei - Photo gallery

casei
Flora of Nevada
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


The Grande River (Uruguay) (Spanish: Arroyo Grande) is a river in Uruguay.

Location

The river forms much of the boundary between the Flores and Soriano Departments.

The main settlement on the river is Ismael Cortinas.

Fluvial system
It is a tributary of the Rio Negro.

The Grande is in the south of Uruguay and  flows northwards for the most part, rising in the range of hills known as the Cuchilla Grande.

References

See also
 Geography of Uruguay

Rivers of Uruguay
Rivers of Flores Department
Rivers of Soriano Department


Ridgway Brewster Knight (June 12, 1911 – August 14, 2001) was a French-born American diplomat who served as Ambassador to Syria (1961–1965), Belgium (1965–1969) and Portugal (1969–1973).

Early life and career
The son of American parents living in Paris (painter Louis Aston Knight and Caroline Ridgeway Brewster), he studied and graduated from Harvard Business School in 1931.

Following his studies, Knight began importing French wine to the US. He was vice consul in Casablanca, and in 1942 took part in organizing the US landing in Algeria.

Knight served as U.S. ambassador to several countries, and later served as president of the American Club of Paris (1984–1989). From 1973 to 1981, he worked for Chase Manhattan Bank .

Personal life and death
Knight married Christine Saint-Léger at Inxent on February 19, 1983. His grandson, Ridgway B. Knight 3rd, married Patricia Wachtell on May 30, 1987. He died in Inxent, at the age of 90.

References

Sources

"AMBASSADOR RIDGWAY B. KNIGHT", The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training
The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963

1911 births
2001 deaths
People from New York (state)
Harvard Business School alumni
Ambassadors of the United States to Belgium
Ambassadors of the United States to Portugal
Ambassadors of the United States to Syria
American expatriates in France


Daniel Weld may refer to:

 Daniel Weld (Weld family), colonial Boston teacher
 Daniel S. Weld, American computer scientist


LeRoy A. Stumpf (born May 29, 1944) is a Minnesota politician and former member of the Minnesota Senate. A member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), he represented District 1, which included all or portions of Kittson, Marshall, Pennington, Polk, Red Lake and Roseau counties in the northwestern part of the state.

Background
Stumpf was born in Waverly, Minnesota.

Education
Stumpf graduated from Nazareth Hall High School, and then went on to receive a B.A. from the St. Paul Seminary in Saint Paul, Minnesota. He later received a M.P.A. from the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York.

Minnesota House of Representatives
Stumpf served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1981 to 1983, representing District 1B.

Minnesota Senate
Stumpf was first elected to the Senate in 1982 and was re-elected in every subsequent election since then until he didn't seek re-election in 2016. He served as a majority whip from 1991 to 1993, and chaired the Education Committee from 1993 to 1997 and from 2009 to 2011, and the Children, Families and Learning Committee from 1997 to 2001. Stumpf announced his retirement in February 2016, saying that he would finish out the rest of the term and not run for reelection.

Electoral history

Personal life
Stumpf and his wife, Carol, are the owners of Two Fools Vineyard near Plummer.

References

External links

Minnesota Public Radio Votetracker: Senator LeRoy A. Stumpf
Project Vote Smart - Senator LeRoy A. Stumpf Profile
Follow the Money - LeRoy A. Stumpf Campaign Contributions
2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 1996

1944 births
Living people
Democratic Party Minnesota state senators
Democratic Party members of the Minnesota House of Representatives
People from Red Lake County, Minnesota
People from Wright County, Minnesota
21st-century American politicians
Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs alumni


David Ephraim Hayden (October 2, 1897 – March 18, 1974) was a United States Navy Hospital Corpsman who served during World War I and earned the Medal of Honor for valiant actions in France.

Biography
Hayden was born in Florence, Texas, and enlisted in the Navy in October 1917. He received training in San Diego Naval Base, California, and Quantico, Virginia. During the war, he was attached to the 2/6th Marines as a Hospital Apprentice First Class. The Marine outfit saw action in France at the Battle of Saint-Mihiel, during which Hayden ran through heavy enemy fire to administer aid to a wounded Marine, Corporal Creed. For this action, he was awarded the Medal of Honor.

After the war, Hayden was promoted to Pharmacist's Mate Third Class. He served aboard the troop transport Princess Matoika until the summer of 1920. He then served as a U.S. Marshal in California until the age of seventy. David E Hayden died on March 18, 1974, and He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Hospital Apprentice First Class, U.S. Navy, serving with the 2d Battalion, 6th Regiment, U.S. Marines. Place and date: Thiaucourt, France, 15 September 1918. Entered service at: Texas. Born: 2 October 1897 Florence, Tex.

Citation:

For gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. During the advance, when Cpl. Creed was mortally wounded while crossing an open field swept by machinegun fire, Hayden unhesitatingly ran to his assistance and, finding him so severely wounded as to require immediate attention, disregarded his own personal safety to dress the wound under intense machinegun fire, and then carried the wounded man back to a place of safety.

See also

 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War I

References

External links

 David E. Hayden at ArlingtonCemetery.net, an unofficial website
 Who's Who in Marine Corps History

1897 births
1974 deaths
United States Navy personnel of World War I
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
United States Navy corpsmen
Military personnel from Texas
People from Williamson County, Texas
United States Marshals
World War I recipients of the Medal of Honor


Wendell Craig Williams is a former federal prosecutor, Assistant United States Attorney, member of the United States Marine Corps, and member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the 160th district. He received his bachelor's degree from Duke University in 1987, his J.D. degree from the University of Florida Levin College of Law in 1997 and his master's degree from Columbia University in 2001.

Craig served as second lieutenant during the Persian Gulf War. He was later promoted to colonel in the United States Marine Corps.

Currently, in addition to his work as a prosecutor, he devotes many hours to support the youth of America as the Scoutmaster of a local Scout troop and advisor and founder of a Venturing Crew.

Personal life
Craig Williams lives in Glen Mills, Pennsylvania with his wife, Jennifer Arbittier Williams, an Assistant United States Attorney, and their four children, Emma, Clayton, Cole, and Charlotte.

Career

Marines
In 1987, he was commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant. During the 1991 Persian Gulf War, he flew 56 combat missions in the F/A-18D Hornet. In 1996, he became a Marine Judge Advocate and joined the Reserves. In 2005, he was mobilized to active duty to serve as Deputy Legal Counsel to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was later selected for promotion to the rank of colonel in the Marine Corps.

Legal work

Williams worked as a federal prosecutor, and served on the Joint Terrorism Task Force. During active duty, he served as deputy legal counsel to the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Williams clerked with the Honorable J.L. Edmondson, the Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. He has served as an assistant U.S. Attorney in Colorado and Pennsylvania, and worked under former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Richard B. Myers and General Peter Pace.

2008 congressional campaign

Craig Williams announced his candidacy for the U.S. House of Representatives in  (map). on January 16, 2008. He was endorsed by several high-profile organizations, including The Philadelphia Inquirer. He also received endorsements from, among others, vice presidential nominee Sarah Palin, Pennsylvania Senator Arlen Specter, former Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge and former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani, all of whom also campaigned for Williams.  His campaign was ultimately unsuccessful, losing to the incumbent Joe Sestak.

2020 House of Representatives campaign

Craig was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 2020.

Committee assignments

 Aging & Older Adult Services
 Human Services
 Urban Affairs
 Veterans Affairs & Emergency Preparedness

Electoral history
 2008 Race for Congress
 Joe Sestak (D) (inc.), 59.6%
 Wendell Craig Williams (R), 40.4%

See also

Craig Williams Voting Record

References

1965 births
21st-century American politicians
American prosecutors
Columbia University alumni
Duke University alumni
Living people
People from Selma, Alabama
Politicians from Delaware County, Pennsylvania
Republican Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
United States Marine Corps officers
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Iraq War
University of Florida alumni


Osborne Hart (born 1952) is an American socialist activist. Hart was the vice-presidential nominee of the Socialist Workers Party in the 2016 presidential election. He has run for several other offices, including for mayor of Philadelphia in 2015.

Hart's father was a career soldier and he traveled extensively as a youth. His activism began in the 1960s during the Civil Rights Movement. He has also been active in the solidarity movement with socialist Cuba and other political movements.

References

1952 births
Living people
African-American candidates for Vice President of the United States
Socialist Workers Party (United States) vice presidential nominees
Socialist Workers Party (United States) politicians from Pennsylvania
Politicians from Philadelphia
2016 United States vice-presidential candidates
21st-century African-American politicians
21st-century American politicians
20th-century African-American people


Nepal Wireless Networking Project (NWNP) is a social enterprise that provides Internet access, e-commerce, education, telemedicine, environmental and agricultural services as well as job opportunities to a number of remote villages in Nepal, using wireless technologies. The project was created and is led by Mahabir Pun, who received international recognition including the Magsaysay Award for his work in this field.

Development of the wireless network infrastructure
Himanchal High School, founded in 1993, is located in Nangi, a mountain village in western Nepal. In 1996, Mahabir Pun started using the school's Web site to attract volunteers and collect materials for the school. After requesting assistance from the BBC, Pun attracted volunteers and computer equipment donations from around the world. Pun used two small hydro-generators installed in nearby streams to power computers which had been donated by people in Australia, Singapore and Malaysia. In 2002, Wi-Fi-based wireless connectivity was established between Nangi and a neighbouring village, Ramche. After five years, the team succeeded in connecting Nangi to Pokhara, the closest city with Internet access.

Numerous institutions and technology firms provided support for the project, including the Donald Strauss Foundation, the International Center for Applied Studies in Information Technology at George Mason University, the World Bank, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Doodle Labs, Pacific Wireless and others. Besides the international support, local institutions including the E-Networking Research and Development, Gandaki College of Engineering and Sciences and Prime College also contributed to the project.

By 2008, forty-two villages in Myagdi, Kaski, Parbat, Makawanpur, Dolakha, Palpa, Bajhang and Khumbu region had acquired Internet access through the project. At that time, nineteen further villages in Rasuwa, Nuwakot, Gorakha, Tanahu, Myagdi and Baglung districts were also anticipating Internet access.

 Nepal Wireless serviced more than 140 remote mountain villages.

Communications

Using Wi-Fi technology, many villages within the project region have been connected to the Public-switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Previously, most of them did not have telephone access. The communications centers in these villages now provide call services, Internet access, and video conferencing facilities. These centers are also capable of providing photocopying, document processing and photography services.

Distance Education
High school students began using the Internet for educational purposes, and using e-mail to communicate with fellow students abroad.

The project worked with the Open Learning Exchange, Nepal Research and Education Network, a non-governmental organization, to develop interactive educational materials based on government curricula. While live distance education programs have been tested, due to poor video quality, the project is seeking technical assistance to make the system functional. This is required to address the problem of providing education and training in remote areas of Nepal.

Telemedicine
Three villages, Nangi, Ramche and Tikot, are connected to the city hospital in Pokhara. In order to treat patients, health workers in these villages use video-conferencing facilities to share information with the doctors in the city hospital. The project also helped to launch a telemedicine service between Kathmandu Model Hospital and Dolakha General Hospital, and plans to expand services in the rural areas of Makawanpur.

E-Commerce
In 2007, with the help of student volunteers of Gandaki College of Engineering and Sciences of Pokhara, the project launched a Web site for local electronic commerce. This Web site is used to trade supplies such as grain, poultry, and cattle. Virtual credit card transaction was also being tested in 2008.

Agricultural
Farmers have been using the network to buy and sell livestock as well as exchange veterinary tips. The web-based agriculture application called Haatbazar (local market) has facilitated increasingly diverse agriculture applications, including yak raising, cheese making, yak and cow cross-breeding farms, fisheries and vegetable farming.

Environmental
Nepal Wireless is developing a surveillance system at Chitwan National Park to monitor poachers and to help save endangered species like tigers, leopards, and rhinos. Environmental applications have mostly been collaborations with larger projects, including setting up of weather stations at high altitude locations like Mohare Danda.

Social enterprises
The project also provides a plant nursery, a carpentry facility, paper-making and sewing machine workshops, a camping ground for trekkers, a fish farm and a yak farm  to support the local economy and provide employment.

Future and long-term goals
The future and long-term goals of NWNP include:
 acquiring additional resources to improve and extend distance education and telemedicine programs
 running electronic commerce training programs in the villages
 improving the quality of Internet connectivity
 extending the existing network and services
 starting remittance and credit card transactions in the villages and tourist towns
 organizing training programs to help others replicate the network in other parts of the country
 developing a formal Web application dedicated to telemedicine
 adding redundancy and backup to existing network services
 developing a limited liability company with multiple stakeholders.

References

External links
 Nepal Wireless Networking Project
 Himanchal Education Foundation
Mahabir's center for nepal connection

Internet in Nepal
Communications in Nepal
Wireless network organizations
Community networks
2002 establishments in Nepal


Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation were the lands granted the Southern Cheyenne and the Southern Arapaho by the United States under the Medicine Lodge Treaty signed in 1867. The tribes never lived on the land described in the treaty and did not want to.

Recognizing this fact, on August 10, 1869 President Ulysses S. Grant issued an executive order to set aside lands instead on the North Fork of the Canadian River for the tribes, closer to their territory. The lands were located in western Indian Territory south of the Cherokee Outlet and north of the Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Indian Reservation. However, a portion of it was split off later to form the Caddo-Wichita-Delaware Indian Reservation. The area occupied by the tribes is now referred to as the Cheyenne-Arapaho Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area.

The last of the buffalo
Following the Red River War, nearly all of the Southern Cheyenne and the Southern Arapaho began to live on the reservation. Despite the best efforts of the Indian Agent, John DeBras Miles, the promised government rations were inadequate. The tribes also suffered from infectious diseases. Congress appropriated inadequate funds for support of the reservations, and poor quality cattle were sold to the government. Texas cattlemen illegally grazed thousands of cattle on the reservation, but refused to sell any to the Indian agent. Some cattle were confiscated on promise of payment.

On the advice of the army, fearful of an outbreak, Miles withheld ammunition from the tribes. This made them vulnerable to white horse thieves. Cheyenne women gained some paying work by tanning hides for white traders. In 1875, 1876, and 1877 the tribes had to compete with white buffalo hunters for the last of the diminishing buffalo herds. Many buffalo were taken, but never enough to satisfy the tribes' needs; by 1877 there were few left. In the winter of 1877-78 the remaining stragglers of the southern herd were hunted down.

Northern Cheyenne
In 1877 nearly a thousand Northern Cheyenne came or were escorted to the reservation from their home ranges in the north. Rations were inadequate, as was medical care. In September 1878, a band under the leadership of Dull Knife and Little Wolf escaped and fled north, in what became known as the Northern Cheyenne Exodus. Some were rounded up and returned to the Darlington Agency. Most of the Northern Cheyenne remained on the reservation in Indian Territory. By 1883 all who wanted to were permitted to return to the north, where the Tongue River Indian Reservation was established in 1884.

Agriculture, education, and work
In the late 1870s and the early 1880s, both the Cheyenne and Arapaho attempted some subsistence farming. The Arapaho were more committed and successful. Recurrent droughts resulted in crop failures. It took several years for the US Indian agent and these farmers to develop and learn basic techniques of dryland farming to handle the difficult conditions, such as conserving winter moisture. Some men earned money by hauling supplies, making hay, and cutting wood.

Gradually more children were enrolled in the Indian boarding schools on the reservation and at Carlisle Institute in Pennsylvania. A separate facility patronized by the Cheyenne was established in Caddo Springs. But, the Cheyenne and Arapaho could find little work, even for Carlisle graduates who returned to the reservation. The Indian agent's promising attempt to build a cattle herd was ended when the Office of Indian Affairs commanded distribution of the herd. They gave each Indian head of household an average of three cattle, too few to be productive. Shortages of rations continued, and the Indian agent had few resources available to develop work opportunities for his charges.

Grazing licenses, 1882 to 1885
During the early 1880s, the vast majority of the reservation was licensed for grazing to large cattle outfits in 8 large parcels, at the rate of 2 cents per acre, about a third of the fair market price. They were not leases, as a legal lease of reservation land was forbidden by law. John DeBras Miles, the Indian agent, called a council of chiefs and cattlemen on December 12, 1882 to consider grazing permits, and believed he had obtained the consent of the vast majority of the representatives of the tribes. There was still strong opposition, particularly among the Cheyenne camped at Cantonment. They killed some cattle for food and also as cultural resistance. The soldier societies began requiring the Cheyenne to participate in medicine ceremonies and punished Cheyenne who farmed or sent their children to school.

Miles resigned on March 31, 1884. His replacement, D. B. Dyer, did not respect the Cheyenne and his relations with them were strained. His approach to disorder was to request troops, which were not provided. Escalating conflict continued between Indians and the cattlemen. In July 1885, by presidential order of Grover Cleveland, the cattlemen were ordered off the reservation, which was placed under military control. Dyer was replaced by an army officer, Captain Jesse M. Lee.

Dawes Allotment Act
The lands granted by the Treaty of Medicine Lodge were extensive, setting aside a substantial portion of western Oklahoma for the exclusive use of the Cheyenne and Arapaho.
...The United States now solemnly agrees that no persons except those herein authorized so to do, and except such officers, agents, and employés of the Government as may be authorized to enter upon Indian reservations in discharge of duties enjoined by law, shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in the territory described in this article....

In 1890, the United States, operating through the agency of the Cherokee Commission, acting under the provisions of the Dawes Act, broke the treaty. It allotted a 160-acre parcel to each household for subsistence farming. The remainder was classified as surplus and sold to settlers. At the time, the government believed that forced assimilation to the European-American farm model would help the Indian learn to fit into United States society, as would the associated extinguishment of tribal government and communal tribal interest in land.

The allotments were held in trust by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, which leased much of that land to settlers. This process took several years, but by 1910 nearly all the lands of the reservation were in the possession or control of settlers, leaving the Indians as a small minority of the population of the reservation and possessing only a small portion of their original lands. At noon April 19, 1892, the lands of the Cheyenne and Arapaho reservation were opened for settlement by homesteaders; the Indians retained  located mostly along the North Fork of the Canadian River, the Canadian River, and the Washita River.

The Cheyenne

In Oklahoma, the Cheyenne live near Thomas, Clinton, and Weatherford, Custer County; Hammon (Red Moon), Roger Mills County; El Reno and Concho, Canadian County; Kingfisher, Kingfisher County, Watonga and Canton, Blaine County; Seiling, Dewey County.

The Cheyenne are a Plains Tribe and are of the Algonquian language family. They have long been associated with the Arapaho. The two tribes are referred to in Oklahoma as the Southern Cheyenne and the Southern Arapaho, a reference intended to distinguish them from their respective northern divisions on reservations in Montana (Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation) and Wyoming (Wind River), respectively. The southern bands were forced to move to the Indian Territory as a result of the Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867, which was signed by Chief Little Raven as leader of the Southern Arapaho.

The Arapaho

In Oklahoma, the Arapaho live mostly in rural areas near the towns of Canton, Greenfield and Geary in Blaine County, and at Colony in Washita County. The name Arapaho originates in the Pawnee term tirapihu (or larapihu), meaning, "He buys or trades", probably due to their being the dominant trading group in the Great Plains region. The Arapaho call themselves Inun-ina meaning "our people" or "people of our own kind."

The Arapaho are one of the westernmost tribes of the Algonquian language family. Members of the Northern Arapaho who live on the Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming call the Oklahoma group Nawathi'neha or "Southerners."

With the Organic Act of 1870, the Arapaho retained a nominal tribal government, and twelve chiefs were selected by a scout and retired Arapaho chief named Ute. The twelve chiefs were Jesse Rowlodge, David Meat, John Hoof, Dan Blackhorse, Ben Spotted Wolf, Bill Williams, Wilburn Tabor, John Sleeper, Annanita Washee, Scott Youngman, Saul Birdshead, and Theodore Haury. Two Cheyenne were elected by custom to serve as Arapaho chiefs, Ben Buffalo and Ralph Whitetail.

Notes

References
Berthrong, Donald J. The Cheyenne and Arapaho Ordeal: Reservation and Agency Life in the Indian Territory, 1875-1907. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992. .
Moore, John L. Moore. The Cheyenne. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996. .

Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes
American Indian reservations in Oklahoma
Native American history of Oklahoma
Former American Indian reservations


First Class is 2008 Singaporean comedy television series produced by local TV station MediaCorp.

This new comedy series takes a humorous yet insightful look at the education system in Singapore - specifically, Secondary School.

The interactive website was a Nominee for 2009 International Digital Emmy (Children & Young People).

Synopsis
In Achiever Secondary School, a new teacher fresh from NIE arrives for his first day of school, his mind filled with thoughts of sweet young kids who are willing to learn and altruistic dedicated teachers eager to teach. He later finds that his dream job has some nightmare moments, the kids are not so easy to lovingly nurture and the teachers he loved and respected are somewhat lacking when he has to work alongside them.

Also, a group of new Secondary 1 students become friends, learning through school activities and classes about growing up and the meaning of true friendship, and sometimes even learn something academic, if they're lucky.

Cast

Episodes

Season 1 (2008)
"Series #" refers to the episode's number in the overall series, whereas "Episode #" refers to the episode's number in this particular season.

Season 2 (2009)
"Series #" refers to the episode's number in the overall series, whereas "Episode #" refers to the episode's number in this particular season.

External links

 First Class

Singaporean television series
Singaporean comedy television series


Leo the Mathematician, the Grammarian or the Philosopher ( or ὁ Φιλόσοφος, Léōn ho Mathēmatikós or ho Philósophos;  – after January 9, 869) was a Byzantine philosopher and logician associated with the Macedonian Renaissance and the end of the Second Byzantine Iconoclasm. His only preserved writings are some notes contained in manuscripts of Plato's dialogues. He has been called a "true Renaissance man" and "the cleverest man in Byzantium in the 9th century". He was archbishop of Thessalonica and later became the head of the Magnaura School of philosophy in Constantinople, where he taught Aristotelian logic.

Life
Leo was born in Thessaly, a cousin of the Patriarch of Constantinople, John the Grammarian. He was probably at least in part of Armenian descent. In his youth he was educated at Constantinople, but found higher education options limited in the city and thus travelled to the monasteries of Andros, where he could obtain rare manuscripts and was taught mathematics by an old monk. He originally taught privately in obscurity in Constantinople. The story goes that when one of his students was captured during the Byzantine–Arab Wars, the Caliph al-Mamun was so impressed by his knowledge of mathematics, providing proofs that his own scholars were unable to complete, and predictive abilities that he offered Leo great riches to come to Baghdad. Leo took the letter from the caliph to the Byzantine emperor Theophilos, who, impressed by his international repute, conferred on him a school (ekpaideutērion) in either the Magnaura or the church of the Forty Martyrs.

In the version of the story recorded by Theophanes Continuatus, the caliph, upon receiving Leo's letter of refusal, sent a letter requesting answers to some difficult questions of geometry and astrology, which Leo obliged. Al-Mamun then offered two thousands pounds of gold and a perpetual peace to Theophilos, if only he could borrow Leo's services briefly; the request was declined. The emperor then honoured Leo by having John the Grammarian consecrate him metropolitan of Thessalonica, which post he held from the spring of 840 to 843. There is a discrepancy in this account, however, in that the caliph died in 833. It has been suggested that either the connection between the caliph's final letter and Leo's appointment as metropolitan is in error, or the caliph in question was actually al-Mutasim. This latter option squares with the account of Symeon the Logothete, who makes Leo teach at the Magnaura from late 838 to early 840 and was paid handsomely.

Leo, an iconoclast sometimes accused of paganism, lost his metropolitancy with the end of the Iconoclasm in 843. Despite this, he delivered a sermon favourable of icons within months of Theophilos' death. Around 855, Leo was appointed at the head of a newly established Magnaura School by Bardas. He was renowned for his philosophical, mathematical, medical, scientific, literary, philological, seismological, astronomic, and astrological learning, and was patronised by Theoktistos and befriended by Photios I of Constantinople. Cyril was his student. Leo has been credited with a system of beacons (an optical telegraph) stretching across Asia Minor from Cilicia to Constantinople, which gave advance warning of Arab raids, as well as diplomatic communication. Leo also invented several automata, such as trees with moving birds, roaring lions, and a levitating imperial throne. The throne was in operation a century later, when Liutprand of Cremona witnessed it during his visit to Constantinople.

Works
Most of Leo's writings have been lost. He wrote book-length works, poems, and many epigrams, and was also a compiler, who brought together a wide range of philosophical, medical, and astronomic texts. His library can at least partially be reconstructed: Archimedes, Euclid, Plato, Paul of Alexandria, Theon of Alexandria, Proclus, Porphyry, Apollonius of Perga, the lost Mechanics of Quirinus and Marcellus, and possibly Thucydides. He composed his own medical encyclopaedia. Later Byzantine scholars sometimes confused Leo with the scholar Leo Choirosphaktes and the emperor Leo VI the Wise, and ascribe to him oracles.

Primary sources
Recent years have seen the first translations into English of a number of primary sources about Leo and his times.
 Featherstone, Jeffrey Michael and Signes-Codoñer, Juan (translators). Chronographiae quae Theophanis Continuati nomine fertur Libri I-IV (Chronicle of Theophanes Continuatus Books I-IV, comprising the reigns of Leo V the Armenian to Michael III), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2015.
 Kaldellis, A. (trans.). On the reigns of the emperors (the history of Joseph Genesios), Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies; Byzantina Australiensia 11, 1998.
 Ševčenko, Ihor (trans.). Chronographiae quae Theophanis Continuati nomine fertur Liber quo Vita Basilii Imperatoris amplectitur (Chronicle of Theophanes Continuatus comprising the Life of Basil I), Berlin: De Gruyter, 2011.
 Wahlgren, Staffan (translator, writer of introduction and commentary). The Chronicle of the Logothete, Liverpool University Press; Translated Texts for Byzantinists, vol. 7, 2019.
 Wortley, John (trans.). A synopsis of Byzantine history, 811-1057 (the history of John Scylitzes, active 1081), Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Notes

External links
 Katerina Ierodiakonou and Börje Bydén (2008), "Byzantine Philosophy." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

790s births
9th-century deaths
9th-century Byzantine physicians
9th-century mathematicians
9th-century philosophers
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death unknown
Byzantine bishops of Thessalonica
People from Thessaly
9th-century Byzantine writers
9th-century Byzantine scientists
Byzantine astronomers
9th-century Greek philosophers
9th-century Greek scientists
9th-century Greek mathematicians


Sum: Forty Tales from the Afterlives, also simply called Sum, is a work of speculative fiction by American neuroscientist David Eagleman. It is in press in 28 languages . The Los Angeles Times described it as "teeming, writhing with imagination."<ref name= "LATimes">[http://www.latimes.com/features/books/la-ca-discoveries1-2009feb01,0,6815929.story David Eaglemans Sum] (book review), Los Angeles Times, February 1, 2009. Retrieved on February 8, 2009.</ref>  Barnes and Noble named it one of the Best Books of 2009.

Overview
As a short story cycle, the book presents forty mutually exclusive stories staged in a wide variety of possible afterlives. The author has stated that none of the stories is meant to be taken as serious theological proposals but, instead, that the message of the book is the importance of exploring new ideas beyond the ones that have been traditionally passed down.

The title word "Sum" refers to the Latin for "I am", as in Cogito ergo sum.

Like Italo Calvino's Invisible Cities, Sum does not fit entirely into the traditional category of a novel. Sum has been called "philosofiction", an "experimental novel", and "a collection of thought experiments".  Most of the stories are understood to "posit the afterlife as mirroring life on Earth"Stark, A. In Our End Is Our Beginning, Wall Street Journal, February 13, 2009.

The New York Times Book Review called Sum a "delightful, thought-provoking little collection [which] belongs to that category of strange, unclassifiable books that will haunt the reader long after the last page has been turned". Sum was chosen by Time magazine for their 2009 Summer Reading list, with the acclaim "Eagleman is a true original. Read Sum and be amazed. Reread Sum and be reamazed.". Sum was selected as Book of the Week by both The Guardian and The Week and was the featured subject on the cover of two magazines in 2009, The Big Issue and Humanitie. On September 10, 2009, Sum was ranked by Amazon as the #2 best-selling book in the United Kingdom.

The book received accolades from non-religious reviewers as well as from the religious community. The recommendations of Stephen Fry, Philip Pullman, Brian Greene, Brian Eno, and others appear on the cover. In 2018, Tim Ferriss wrote in his newsletter, "Don't let the title of this book fool you; it isn’t making a case for the afterlife. Instead, this short read... is a collection of 40 thought exercises on the nature of existence, reality, perception, death, pain, boredom, and more. It's remarkably elegant and fun. At the very least, it should make you appreciate your own life — warts and all — much more."

Philosophy
Eagleman refers to himself as a possibilian and to Sum as a reflection of that position.Choose your afterlife,  MSNBC.com, September 10, 2009.  According to his definition, possibilianism rejects both the idiosyncratic claims of traditional theism and the certainty of atheism in favor of a middle, exploratory ground.  The possibilian perspective is distinguished from agnosticism in that it consists of an active exploration of novel possibilities and an emphasis on holding multiple hypotheses at once when no data is available to privilege one position over the others.  Possibilianism is understood to be consonant with the "scientific temperament" of creativity and tolerance for multiple ideas when there is a lack of data.  Speaking with The New York Times, Eagleman stated that he was working on a book entitled Why I Am a Possibilian.

Related publications and performances

In June 2009, Eagleman and musician Brian Eno performed a musical reading of Sum at the Sydney Opera House in Australia.

In May 2010, Sum debuted as an opera at the Royal Opera House in London. The music was composed by Max Richter, with choreography by Wayne McGregor.

A September 2009 episode of Radiolab featured a discussion with Eagleman and readings of two of the stories by actor Jeffrey Tambor.

The scientific journal Nature originally published one of the stories in Sum, "A Brief History of Death Switches". This story was subsequently anthologized in Futures from Nature.

The audiobook of Sum was narrated by Eagleman as well as by Gillian Anderson, Emily Blunt, Nick Cave, Jarvis Cocker, Jack Davenport, Lisa Dwan, Noel Fielding, Kerry Fox, Stephen Fry, Clarke Peters, Lemn Sissay, and Harriet Walter. In 2010, Canongate Books released an iOS enhanced eBook version of Sum, integrating the audiobook with the text.

Readings from the book are featured in a number of episodes of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's radio programme WireTap:

References

External links
 Author's official website
 Starred review from  Publishers Weekly''
 Sum in Random House catalog
 Possibilian.com

Philosophy of religion
2009 speculative fiction novels
American short story collections
2009 short story collections
Pantheon Books books
Speculative fiction short story collections


Byzantine philosophy refers to the distinctive philosophical ideas of the philosophers and scholars of the Byzantine Empire, especially between the 8th and 15th centuries. It was characterised by a Christian world-view, closely linked to Eastern Orthodox theology, but drawing ideas directly from the Greek texts of Plato, Aristotle, and the Neoplatonists.

History
Greek science and literature remained alive in the Byzantine world, and Byzantine philosophy drew heavily on Plato, Aristotle, and the Neoplatonists, even if it was now Christian in tone. In the 7th century, John of Damascus produced a three-part encyclopedia containing in its third part a systematic exposition of Christian theology. In the 9th century Photios, the Patriarch of Constantinople, collected many works by ancient writers, and studied Aristotelian logic, and his pupil Arethas commentated on works by Plato and Aristotle. By the 11th and 12th centuries there was a growing interest in the teaching of philosophy, and figures such as Michael Psellos, Eustratius of Nicaea, and Michael of Ephesus wrote commentaries on Aristotle. In the 13th and 14th centuries we have important philosophers such as Nicephorus Blemmydes and Theodore Metochites. An important figure was Gregory Palamas who developed a mystical movement known as Hesychasm, which involved the use of the noetic Jesus prayer to achieve a vision of the uncreated Light also called the Illumination or Vision of God. It was the Hesychast movement that caused a rift in the Christian East which led many philosophically minded individuals to go West. This migration played a critical role in the manifestation of the Renaissance in the West. Especially the role Barlaam of Calabria, who opposed Hesychasm, played in the formation of Roman Catholic theology in the West. The last great philosopher of Byzantium was Gemistus Pletho who felt that a restored Platonism could reverse the decline of the Empire. He was an important figure in the transmission of ancient philosophy to the West.

University of Constantinople
Byzantine society was well educated by the standards of its time, with high levels of literacy compared to the rest of the world. Significantly it possessed a secular education system that was a continuation of the academies of classical antiquity. Primary education was widely available, even at the village level. Uniquely in that society education was available for both sexes. It was in this context that the secular University of Constantinople can be understood. Further still secular education was common, to a degree, in the empire. As for many centuries, before the Muslim conquest, similar institutions operated in such major provincial capitals as Antioch and Alexandria.

The original school was founded in 425 by Emperor Theodosius II with 31 chairs for Law, Philosophy, Medicine, Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy, Music, Rhetoric and other subjects, 15 to Latin and 16 to Greek. The university existed until the 15th century.

The main content of higher education for most students was rhetoric, philosophy and law. With the aim of producing competent, and learned personnel to staff the bureaucratic postings of state and church. In this sense the university was the secular equivalent of the Theological Schools. The university maintained an active philosophical tradition based on Platonism and Aristotelianism, with the former being the longest unbroken Platonic school, running for close to two millennia until the 15th century.

The School of Magnaura was founded in the 9th century and in the 11th new schools of philosophy and law were established at the Capitol School. The period of decline begun with the Latin conquest of 1204 although the university survived as a non-secular institution under Church management until the Fall of Constantinople.

Issues and ideas
The principal characteristics of Byzantine philosophy are:
The personal hypostases of God as the principle not only of substance but also of being (Ontology, Metaphysics). Person as ontological rather than substance or essence.
The creation of the world by God and the limited timescale of the universe
The continuous process of creation and the purpose behind it
The perceptible world as the realization in time of that which is perceptible to the mind, having its eternal hypostasis in the divine intellect (nous)

The world and humanity are subject to divine providence, but the Byzantine philosophers asserted the need for free will and self-determination. The soul as immortal is uncreated in its energies but created in itself. Soul is body plus spirit, and directly connects with the intellect to enable the achievement of happiness by means of the freedom of decision. The relationship between God and human beings is based on love, which explains the central place of humans in creation.

Neoplatonism
The relationship between the mystic, religious understanding of God and a philosophical one has various stages of development in the history of the Roman East. The nous as mind in Byzantine philosophy is given the central role of understanding only when it is placed or reconciled with the heart or soul of the person. The soul being the whole unit of man the mind as rational and noetic being an integral part of man's soul. Earlier versions of Christian and Greek philosophical syncretism are in modern times referred to as Neoplatonic. An example of this can be seen in the works of Origen and his teaching on the nous as to Origen, all souls pre-existed with their Creator in a perfect, spiritual (non-material) state as "minds" or nous, but later fell away in order to pursue an existence independent of God. Since all souls were created absolutely free, God could not simply force them to return to Him (this was, according to Origen, due to God's boundless love and respect for His creatures). Instead, God created the material cosmos, and initiated history, for the purpose of guiding the wayward souls back to contemplation of His infinite mind, which is, according to Origen, the perfect state.

See also

Eastern Orthodox theology
Byzantine literature
Byzantine science
Halki seminary
Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae
Greek scholars in the Renaissance
Medieval Greek

Notes

References
 Tatakis, B., 1949, La philosophie Byzantine, Paris. Modern Greek translation with bibliography for 1949–76 by L. Benakis, Athens 1977. English translation by N. J. Moutafakis, Indianapolis & Cambridge 2003.

Further reading

 Linos Benakis, Texts and Studies on Byzantine Philosophy, Parousia, Athenai, 2002.
 Linos Benakis, Byzantine Philosophy B, Parousia, Athenai, 2013.
Linos Benakis, Byzantine Philosophy - An Introductory Approach, Lambert Academic Publishing (LAP), Saarbrücken 2017, 104 pp. .
 Alberto del Campo Echevarría, La teoría platónica de las Ideas en Bizancio (ss. V-XI), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 2010.
 Katerina Ierodiakonou (ed.). Byzantine Philosophy and Its Ancient Sources. Oxford University Press, 2002.
 Frederick Lauritzen]], Sarah Wear (eds.), Byzantine Platonists (284-1453), Franciscan University Press, Steubenville Ohio, 2021. .
 B. N. Tatakis, La philosophie Byzantine, Paris, 1949. English translation: Byzantine Philosophy by Nicholas Moutafakis, Hackett Publishing, 2003.
 Michele Trizio, Byzantine Philosophy as a Contemporary Historiographical Project, Recherches de Théologie et Philosophie Médiévales, 74, 247–294, 2007.
 Denis Walter: Michael Psellos – Christliche Philosophie in Byzanz, Mittelalterliche Philosophie im Verhältnis zu Antike und Spätantike. De Gruyter, Berlin, Boston 2017, .
 Ján Zozulak, Inquiries into Byzantine Philosophy, Peter Lang, Berlin 2018, . .

External links

The Platonic Theory of Ideas in Byzantium, digital thesis by Alberto del Campo Echevarría, at the E-Prints section of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid