2007 marked the 25th anniversary of the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline. To commemorate the event, Hasbro released a G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero 25th Anniversary collection of newly sculpted 3¾" figures based on classic and new designs of many of the line's best known and most popular characters.  The 25th Anniversary figures added a swivel chest feature to replace the traditional O-ring construction, and they added swivel wrists, ankles, and double-hinged knees in addition to the usual shoulder, elbow, and knee articulations.

Originally planned to consist of only two sets of five figures each (one G.I. Joe and one Cobra), the 25th Anniversary collection was well received by retailers and collectors, and was expanded by Hasbro into a full-fledged toyline that ran through 2009, when Hasbro moved to figures based on the movie G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra. The later releases in this line do not include the "25th Anniversary" branding, but in all other respects constitute a continuation of the 25th anniversary collection.

Box sets
G.I. Joe Battle Pack #1 (2007)
 Duke
 Gung-Ho
 Roadblock
 Scarlett
 Snake Eyes (first version)

NOTE: Some Gung-Ho figures found with backwards arms; some Snake Eyes have "EXPLOSIVES" printed on bag

Cobra Battle Pack #1 (2007)
 Baroness
 Destro (first version)
 Cobra Commander (first version)
 Cobra Trooper (red logo)
 Storm Shadow (first version)

Cobra Legions 5-pack (2007)
 Cobra Commander (first version, black uniform)
 Cobra Trooper (red mask, with or without backpack hole)
 Cobra Air Trooper
 Cobra Vehicle Driver (STINGER driver)
 Storm Shadow (Valor vs Venom uniform)

Cobra Arctic Assault Squad pack (Internet Exclusive) (2008)
 Scrap-Iron
 Snow Serpent Officer
 Snow Serpent Trooper (Polar Combat Specialist)
 Snow Serpent Trooper (Heavy Weapons Specialist)
 Cobra Tele-Viper (Arctic Communications Specialist)
 Cobra Viper (Arctic Trooper)
 Cobra Viper (Heavy Weapons Trooper)

Cobra Night Watch 5-pack (Toys "R" Us exclusive) (2008)
 Cobra Officer (first version repaint, grey/black camo)
 Cobra Trooper x4 (first version repaint, blue/black camo)

Cobra Crimson Guard 5-pack (Toys "R" Us exclusive) (2008)
 Crimson Guard Leader (first version repaint, with silver facemask)
 Crimson Guard x4 (first version repaint, with silver facemask)

Cobra Desert Assault Squad pack (Internet Exclusive) (2008)
 Cobra Officer (first version repaint, tan uniform)
 Cobra Trooper (Explosives Specialist, tan uniform)
 Cobra Trooper (Flamethrower Specialist, tan uniform)
 Cobra Trooper (Hostile Environment Specialist, tan uniform)
 Crimson Guard x2 (first version repaint, tan uniform)
 Major Bludd

Firefly vs. G.I. Joe Troopers 5-pack (Toys R Us exclusive) (2008)
 Firefly (first version repaint)
 G.I. Joe Greenshirt x4

G.I. Joe Ninja Showdown 5-Pack (Toys "R" Us exclusive) (2008)
 Snake Eyes (first version repaint, with grey Timber)
 Red Ninja Leader (repaint)
 Red Ninja x3

G.I. Joe box set #2 (Jan 2009)
 Flint (first version, cartoon repaint with new arms)
 Hawk (cartoon repaint)
 Lady Jaye (cartoon repaint, new mold and DVD set head)
 Shipwreck (first version, cartoon repaint with new arms/head, new mold Polly with open wings)
 Snake Eyes (second version, black repaint of DVD set version, new mold Timber)

Cobra box set #2 (Jan 2009)
 Baroness (first version, cartoon repaint, new head/torso)
 Cobra Commander (hooded, cartoon repaint with cape/staff)
 Storm Shadow (first version, cartoon repaint, new arms)
 Cobra Viper (first version, cartoon repaint with new hands/chrome mask)
 Zartan (first version, cartoon repaint)

G.I. Joe Assault on Cobra Island box set (2009)
 Altitude (repaint of pieces from Ace, Airborne, Dusty, Red Star and Cobra Viper)
 Chuckles (repaint of pieces from Duke, Shipwreck and Spirit Iron-Knife)
 Hit & Run (repaint of pieces from Airborne, Hawk and Cobra Trooper)
 Outback (Night Force repaint of pieces from Flint, Snake Eyes and Cobra Trooper)
 Recondo (repaint of pieces from Duke and Dusty)
 Wet Suit (repaint of pieces from Snake Eyes and Torpedo)
 Zap (repaint of pieces from Clutch and Snake Eyes)

NOTE: All figures were created using pieces of multiple figures from 2007 and 2008.

Cobra Defense of Cobra Island box set (2009)
 Cobra Air-Viper
 Cobra Alley Viper (repaint of Snake Eyes, third version)
 Cobra B.A.T.
 Cobra Lamprey (repaint of pieces from Alpine and Snow Job)
 Cobra Night Creeper (repaint of pieces from Flint and Snake Eyes)
 Cobra Range-Viper (repaint of pieces from Beach Head, Snake Eyes and Cobra Trooper)
 Dr. Mindbender (repaint of pieces from Gung-Ho, Crimson Guard and Tomax & Xamot)

NOTE: The Cobra Air-Viper is the same as the Cobra C.L.A.W. Pilot that was released with the F.L.A.K. Cannon vs. Cobra C.L.A.W. Vehicle Set, but with a different flesh tone and a different shade of red on his uniform.

G.I. Joe: Resolute 5-pack (2009)
 Duke (Resolute)
 Cobra Commander (Resolute, black/red repaint)
 Cobra Officer (Resolute, red repaint)
 Cobra Trooper (Resolute, red repaint)
 Cobra B.A.T. (Resolute black/red)

Single Carded Figures

2007
Wave 1 (Aug 2007)
 Cobra Commander (second version, Hooded with darker hood color)  NOTE: Some figures had solid gold buckles on leg holster, others had gold buckle outline on leg holster.
 Cobra Officer (first version, with or without backpack hole)
 Flint (first version, with or without backpack hole)
 Snake Eyes (second version with grey Timber, with or without backpack hole)  NOTE: Some figures came with a variant Black Timber.
 Storm Shadow (second version, G.I. Joe camo)

NOTE: Although Flint was a hard-to-find figure in this wave due to short supply, Snake Eyes with Black Timber was the chase figure. The Black Timber was not a mistake, and actually was distributed widely but limited. The Cobra Officer figure also has a paint variation, with either brown or black eyebrows.

Wave 2 (Oct 2007)
 Beach Head (first version, 'diaper' crotch piece, later with updated articulation)
 Buzzer (first version)
 Cobra Trooper (Silver Emblem, Black Mask, with or without backpack hole)
 Lady Jaye (first version)
 Serpentor (first version)

NOTE: Beach Head was later fixed in the crotch area, as some figures in the line were not able to sit properly. The Cobra Trooper also has a paint variation, with a solid black gun.

Wave 3 (Oct 2007)
 Firefly ('diaper' crotch piece, later with updated articulation)
 Red Ninja (first version)
 Sgt. Stalker (green camo, 'diaper' crotch piece, later with updated articulation)
 Sgt. Stalker (yellow camo, 'diaper' crotch piece)
 Sgt. Stalker (green camo, with backpack hole)
 Shipwreck (shark tattoo, anchor belt buckle)
 Shipwreck (anchor tattoo, anchor belt buckle)
 Shipwreck (anchor tattoo, blank belt buckle)
 Zartan ('color change' text printed on card)
 Zartan ('color change' text removed from card)
 Zartan ('color change' sticker on card)

NOTE: Sgt. Stalker was released in a yellow variant uniform. This was released as a mistake and not intended to be a variant figure. This is by far the rarest figure in the 25th anniversary line. Shipwreck was produced with a shark tattoo on his arm, but later in the production run, the shark was replaced with an anchor tattoo. Zartan was released with variations of packages with a sticker or no sticker. The one with no sticker either says "color changing face" but was printed on the card, or did not say anything. There were also variations of the head and neck, with a color changing face, a color changing face and neck, or a face and neck that don't change.

Wave 4 (Dec 2007)
 Cobra Air Trooper (from the Cobra Legions 5-pack)
 Cobra Commander (first version)
 Destro (first version)
 Duke (first version, with backpack instead of the binoculars)
 Gung-Ho (either no anchor on cap, or unpainted anchor molded on cap)
 Roadblock (first version)
 Scarlett (first version)
 Storm Shadow (first version)

NOTE: This whole wave consists of figures from the G.I. Joe and Cobra Battle Packs, which were first released as collector sets. These figures were packaged on single cards to fulfill fans and collectors needs. Some fans and collectors were disappointed, due to the missing Baroness.

2008
Wave 5 (Jan 2008)
 Sgt. Flash
 Snake Eyes (first version, 'diaper' crotch piece, later with updated articulation)
 Snow Job
 Crimson Guard
 Destro (second version, Iron Grenadiers uniform)

Wave 6 (Mar 2008)
 Lt. Torpedo
 Sgt. Rock N' Roll
 Cobra Commander (battle armor)

Wave 7 (May 2008)
 Duke (first version cartoon repaint, with jet pack and U.S. flag)
 Snake Eyes (third version, with butterfly knives)
 Spirit Iron-Knife (with Freedom)
 Wild Bill
 Cobra HISS Driver
 Cobra Viper

Wave 8 (Jun 2008)
 Flint (first version Tiger Force repaint)
 Roadblock (second version)
 Snake Eyes (first version Arctic Trooper repaint)
 Baroness (blue cartoon repaint)
 Cobra Commander (first version cartoon repaint, with MASS Device radioactive crystals element)
 Cobra Officer (Python Patrol uniform)
 Major Bludd

Wave 9 (Jul 2008)
 Barbecue
 Hawk (second version)
 Sgt. Bazooka
 Cobra B.A.T.
 Cobra Snow Serpent
 Storm Shadow (Ninja Ku Leader)

Wave 10 (Oct 2008)
 Duke (first version Tiger Force repaint)
 Mutt & Junkyard
 Cobra Bazooka Trooper
 Cobra Para Viper
 Croc Master
 Wraith (standard version)
 Wraith (translucent blue version)

Wave 11 (Nov 2008)
 Flint (in Cobra disguise)
 Scarlett (blue and silver uniform)
 Sgt. Airborne
 Specialist Trakker (M.A.S.K.)
 Cobra EEL
 Zartan (with mini Swamp Skier)

Wave 12 (Dec 2008)
 Tripwire (with M.A.S.S. Device desert element)
 Cobra Diver (with M.A.S.S. Device heavy water element)
 Cobra Ninja Viper (Storm Shadow repaint)
 Cobra Trooper (red logo and mask)
 Crimson Guard (Python Patrol uniform)
 Ripper (Dreadnok)

2009
Wave 13 (2009)
 Blowtorch
 Duke (G.I. Joe: Resolute uniform)
 Cobra Commander (from the G.I. Joe: Resolute 5-pack)
 Cobra Trooper (from the G.I. Joe: Resolute 5-pack, blue repaint)
 Firefly (blue repaint)
 Torch (Dreadnok)

Hall Of Heroes (Internet Exclusive) (Spring 2009)
 Snake Eyes (second version with Timber, numbered 1 of 10)
 Firefly (numbered 2 of 10)
 Cobra B.A.T. (numbered 3 of 10)
 Storm Shadow (first version, numbered 4 of 10)
 Beach Head (numbered 5 of 10)
 Cobra Viper (numbered 6 of 10)
 Crimson Guard (numbered 7 of 10)
 Flint (numbered 8 of 10)
 Zartan (numbered 9 of 10)
 Snake Eyes (first version, numbered 10 of 10)

Comic 2-packs

Wave 1 (2008)
G.I. Joe comic #1: "Operation: Lady Doomsday" (reprint of G.I. Joe #1)
 Hawk (first version, 'diaper' crotch piece, black web gear)
 Scarlett (first version repaint)

G.I. Joe comic #21: "Silent Interlude" (reprint of G.I. Joe #21)
 Snake Eyes (first version repaint, 'diaper' crotch piece)
 Storm Shadow (first version repaint, 'diaper' crotch piece)

G.I. Joe comic #24: "The Commander Escapes" (reprint of G.I. Joe #24)
 Duke (first version repaint)
 Cobra Commander (first version repaint)

Wave 2 (2008)
G.I. Joe comic #14: "Destro Attacks" (reprint of G.I. Joe #14)
 Breaker
 Destro (first version repaint with vac-metal head)

G.I. Joe comic #30: "Darkness" (reprint of G.I. Joe #30)
 Ripper
 Torch

G.I. Joe comic #1: "Operation: Lady Doomsday" (re-release)
 Hawk (first version, updated articulation)
 Scarlett (first version repaint)

G.I. Joe comic #21: "Silent Interlude" (re-release)
 Snake Eyes (first version repaint, updated articulation)
 Storm Shadow (first version repaint, updated articulation)

Wave 3 (Apr/May 2008)
G.I. Joe comic #115: "Counting Coup" (reprint of G.I. Joe #115)
 Captain Ace
 Wild Weasel

G.I. Joe comic #21B: "Silence Between Borders" (new story by Larry Hama)
 Snake Eyes (battle damage)
 Storm Shadow (cloak/compound bow)

G.I. Joe comic #32 1/2: "One Day in Springfield" (new story by Larry Hama)
 Crimson Guard (Fred, with removable helmet)
 Cobra Officer (Scar-Face)

G.I. Joe comic #36 1/2: "Bad Day at the Circus" (new story by Larry Hama)
 Tomax and Xamot

Wave 4 (May/Jun 2008)
G.I. Joe comic #4: "Backstabbed" (new story by Larry Hama)
 Firefly (darker repaint with vest)
 Storm Shadow (Devil's Due uniform)

G.I. Joe comic #5: "Security Shield" (new story by Larry Hama)
 Copperhead
 Shipwreck (white/black repaint with life vest)

G.I. Joe comic #6: "Oblivion Express" (new story by Larry Hama)
 Duke (greenshirt first version repaint)
 Red Star

Wave 5 (Aug 2008)
G.I. Joe comic #7: "Move and Countermove" (new story by Larry Hama)
 Destro (released with both gold helmet and black helmet variants)
 Iron Grenadier

G.I. Joe comic #8: "Showdown at the Top of the World" (new story by Larry Hama)
 Lt. Falcon
 Nemesis Immortal (Nemesis Enforcer)

G.I. Joe comic #9: "Explosive Thoughts" (new story by Larry Hama)
 Cobra Commander (with cape)
 Tripwire

Wave 6 (Nov 2008)
G.I. Joe comic #10: "The Tiger and the Teapot" (new story by Larry Hama)
 Snake Eyes (ninja apprentice)
 Hard Master

G.I. Joe comic #11: "The Dark Beneath the Silence" (new story by Larry Hama)
 Beach Head (first version, '86 figure update, removable cowl)
 Dataframe (Mainframe)

G.I. Joe comic #12: "Showdown Under the Sun" (new story by Larry Hama)
 Scrap-Iron
 Wild Bill (cartoon repaint)

Wave 7 (Dec 2008)
G.I. Joe comic #25: "Zartan!" (reprint of G.I. Joe #25)
 Deep Six (first version, repaint)
 Rock N' Roll (first version, repaint, updated "fixed" arms)

G.I. Joe comic #64: "Maneuvering for Position" (reprint of G.I. Joe #64)
 Gung-Ho (first version repaint)
 Cobra Commander (battle armor with Fred VII head)

G.I. Joe comic #86: "Not Fade Away" (reprint of G.I. Joe #86)
 Iron Grenadier (first version)
 Cobra Viper (first version)

Wave 8 (Jan 2009)
G.I. Joe Resolute Comic #1: "Sicilian Defense" (new story by Larry Hama)
 Destro (Pilot)
 Shockblast (Shockwave)

G.I. Joe Resolute Comic #2: "22 Minutes" (new story by Larry Hama)
 Storm Shadow (training)
 Tunnel Rat

Team 3-packs (2008)

Wave 1
G.I. Joe Senior Ranking Officers 3-pack (Toys "R" Us exclusive) (set 1 of 3)
 Duke (first version, repaint from wave 7)
 General Hawk (green field uniform)
 Grunt (first version)

Crimson Guard Command 3-pack (Toys "R" Us exclusive) (set 2 of 3)
 Cobra Commander (hooded, red repaint)
 Crimson Guard Officer (CG repaint)
 Crimson Guard Trooper

Cobra Infantry Command 3-pack (Toys "R" Us exclusive) (set 3 of 3)
 Cobra Commander (first version, cartoon colors)
 Cobra Officer (cartoon colors)
 Cobra Trooper (cartoon colors)

Wave 2 (Sep 2008)
Senior Ranking Officers Air Command (Toys "R" Us exclusive) (set 1 of 3)
 Ace (first version, repaint)
 Skyduster (remake of Starduster)
 Wild Bill (first version, repaint)

Senior Ranking Officers Naval Command (Toys "R" Us exclusive) (set 2 of 3)
 Cutter
 Deep Six (Ace body repaint)
 Lt. Torpedo (yellow)

Senior Ranking Officers Iron Grenadiers (Toys "R" Us exclusive) (set 3 of 3)
 Destro
 Iron Grenadier Officer (packaging got mixed up, black/purple/gold)
 Iron Grenadier Trooper (regular black/red/gold trooper)

Figure exclusives
 Pimp Daddy Destro (SDCC 2007 exclusive, with both silver and gold head versions)
 Cobra Commander with podium (SDCC 2008 exclusive, with both black suit and blue suit versions)
 Doc (2008, exclusive mail-away) (Number 1 or number 2 on silver revolver)

DVD Battle Packs
"The Mass Device" DVD Battle Pack (July 2008) (set 1 of 5)
 Baroness (cartoon Scarlett mold in red, new head/legs, with scuba gear)
 Cobra Trooper (first version cartoon repaint)
 Snake Eyes (first version cartoon repaint, with translucent red parts and grey Timber)
 Stalker (first version repaint, with jet pack)
 MASS Device accessory

"Weather Dominator" DVD Battle Pack (July 2008) (set 2 of 5)
 Destro (first version cartoon repaint)
 Lady Jaye (first version cartoon repaint, with new head)
 Roadblock (first version cartoon repaint)
 Weather Dominator accessory
 MASS Device accessory

"Arise, Serpentor, Arise" DVD Battle Pack (Fall 2008) (set 3 of 5)
 B.A.T. (cartoon repaint)
 Serpentor (classic cartoon repaint)
 Dusty
 Montezuma's Skeleton
 MASS Device accessory

"Pyramid of Darkness" DVD Battle Pack (Fall 2008) (set 4 of 5)
 Cobra Commander (hooded, cartoon repaint)
 Major Bludd (silver cartoon repaint)
 Quick Kick
 Snake Eyes (second version cartoon repaint)
 MASS Device accessory

"Best of 80s Episodes" DVD Battle Pack (Fall 2008) (set 5 of 5)
 Alpine
 Duke (first version, with jetpack and yelling head)
 Cobra Commander (chrome facemask, with bomb)
 Cobra Trooper (paratrooper)
 Cobra C.L.A.W. Glider vehicle
 MASS Device accessory

"Greatest Battles" DVD Battle Pack (Spring 2009)
 Cobra Commander (Valor vs Venom style)
 Duke (Valor vs Venom style)
 Snake Eyes (Valor vs Venom style)
 Storm Shadow (Valor vs Venom style)

Vehicles
Target Exclusive vehicles (April 2008)
 A.W.E. Striker, with Crankcase
 Cobra H.I.S.S. tank (first version, blue repaint), with Cobra Driver (repaint)
 Night Specter (S.H.A.R.C. repaint), with Grand Slam

Vehicles Wave 1 (July 2008)
 Cobra H.I.S.S. tank (first version, black repaint), with H.I.S.S. Commander (Rip It)
 V.A.M.P., with Double Clutch
 Vehicle Set: Armadillo, with Steeler vs. Serpentor's Air Chariot, with Serpentor
 Vehicle Set: R.A.M., with Cpl. Breaker vs. Cobra Flight Pod (Trubble Bubble), with Tele-Viper

Target Exclusive vehicles Wave 2 (Sept 2008)
 Conquest X-30, with Lt. Slip Stream
 Cobra Rattler, with Wild Weasel

Vehicles Wave 2 (Oct 2008)
 Cobra Firebat, with A.V.A.C
 Sharc Tooth (S.H.A.R.C.), with Deep Six

Vehicles Wave 3 (Nov 2008)
 A.W.E. Striker (desert repaint), with Leatherneck (Mission Brazil uniform)
 Cobra F.A.N.G., with Cobra Pilot
 Cobra C.L.A.W., with Cobra Viper (first version, repaint)

Ultimate Battle Pack (Target Exclusive) (Nov 2008)
 M.O.B.A.T., with Steeler (repaint)
 Cobra Flight Pod (blue), with Cobra Commander (repaint)
 Crimson H.I.S.S., with Cobra H.I.S.S. Driver (repaint)
 Cobra Vehicle Gunner (repaint of Cobra Trooper)
 Destro (Iron Grenadier repaint)
 Short-Fuze
 Stalker (repaint)

Vehicles Wave 4 (2009)
 Ghost H.A.W.K. (Skyhawk V.T.O.L.), with Lift Ticket
 Sting Raider (Water Moccasin), with Copperhead (Python Patrol uniform)

Internet Exclusive vehicles (2009)
 Arctic H.I.S.S. (first version, white repaint), with Arctic H.I.S.S. Driver
 Cobra Stinger, with Cobra Stinger Driver
 Vehicle Set: F.L.A.K. Cannon, with Outback vs. Cobra C.L.A.W. (red repaint), with Air Viper Commando

Target Exclusive vehicles (Spring 2009)
 Python Patrol Conquest X-30, with Python Patrol Viper
 Tiger Rat, with Wild Bill (first version, Tiger Force repaint)

References

G.I. Joe
2000s toys


The following are international rankings of Qatar.

Cities
Doha
Urban areas by population ranked lower than 131

Demographics
United Nations: Population ranked 155 out of 221 countries
 Population density ranked 128 out of 241 countries
United Nations report World Population Policies 2005, Number of immigrants ranked 53 out of 192 countries

Economy
 United Nations: Human Development Index, ranked 33 out of 182 countries
Nominal GDP 2007, ranked 59 by IMF; ranked 67 by World Bank; ranked 60 by CIA
Nominal GDP per capita 2006, ranked 3 by IMF;  ranked 4 by CIA
 The Economist Quality-of-Life Index 2005, ranked 41 out of 111 countries
 * World Economic Forum:  Global Competitiveness Report  ranked 22 out of 133 countries
World Economic Forum: Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008, ranked 48 out of 130 countries

Environment
 Yale University Center for Environmental Law and Policy and Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network: Environmental Sustainability Index, insufficient data to rank countries
 US Department of Energy: CO2 emissions per capita 2004, ranked 1 out of 206 countries
The World Factbook: water resources ranked 164 out of 174 countries
 Waste generation: Per capita, the waste generation rate in Qatar is one of the highest in the world. Each person in Qatar generates an average of four pounds of trash every day. Qatar's population generates 2.5 million tons of solid waste every year.

Geography
 Total area ranked out of 234 countries

Military
Center for Strategic and International Studies: active troops ranked out of 166 countries

Politics
 Transparency International: Corruption Perceptions Index ranked 22 out of 180 countries
 Reporters without borders: Worldwide press freedom index, ranked out of 167 countries
The Economist Democracy Index 2007, ranked 144 out of 167 countries

Society
 Save the Children: State of the World's Mothers report 2006, ranked X out of 110 countries
World Health Organization: Suicide rate ranked out of 100 countries
Institute for Economics and Peace: Global Peace Index ranked 16 out of 144 countries

Technology
Brown University Taubman Center for Public Policy 2006: ranked in online government services

Other

See also
Economy of Qatar
Education in Qatar
Military of Qatar
Politics of Qatar
Lists of countries
Lists by country
List of international rankings

References

Qatar


is a Japanese manga series created by Zaurus Tokuda, originally serialized in Shogakukan's CoroCoro Comic magazine from December 1987 to March 1992. The story focuses on Yonkuro Hinomaru, a delinquent Mini 4WD enthusiast and member of a Mini 4WD racing team who tackles the world of miniature car racing. It is created as a tie-in to Tamiya's Mini 4WD franchise, and it is the first series to center on the franchise. An anime series based on the original manga was produced by Staff 21, Aubekku & Tokyu Agency and aired on TV Tokyo from October 3, 1989, to March 27, 1990. A sequel manga series, titled Hyper Dash! Yonkuro was created and illustrated by Hiroyuki Takei and began serialization on CoroCoro Aniki on March 14, 2015.

Plot
The story is a succession of races in fancy routes (pyramids, labyrinths, etc.) and tracks fit to make the cars race. During the series run, many characters will appear, like Momotaro (and his Mini 4WD, Crimson Glory, DashWarriors'last obstacle towards the final victory), Sabu Kinjiro (Aero Solitude) and also Jin that will race the Hell Rally with a new Mini4wd, the Proto Emperor ZX (the previous one was the Dash-X1 Proto Emperor, defeated in the regional finals by Yonkuro's then new mini4wd, the Dash-01 Super Emperor). The tracks become always more harder and the stories unlikely (in a volume of the manga, is mentioned that even the prehistoric children used mini4wd-like cars built with natural materials like wood and leaves that would be pushed by the wind), the story always will focus even more on which one would be the true "Emperor", it will be discovered are many mini4wds with this title that will confront against Yonkuro's Emperor, until the epilogue, in the epic challenge of the Hell Rally.

in this race Yonkuro will challenge a group of delinquents that want to take advantage of the best mini4wd racers to manage recovering a treasure hidden during the World War II by the nazis. Between his opponents there will be a revived Ken Hinomaru, ready to challenge the son and test his abilities with his new mini 4wd, the Dash-0 Infinite Boundless. In the end, Yonkuro, helped by his teammates (now far from racing, but always bound by a deep friendship), triumphs with his new car, the Liberty Emperor.

Characters

Main characters

Dash Warriors (Dash Corps)

He is the series' title main character and also the leader of the Dash!Warriors team. He is the boy with "the feather in the head" and his mini4wd is the Dash-1 Emperor.

Yonkuro is a mini4wd-enthusiast boy, Compared to his teammates, Yonkuro has a risky racestyle that aims to an overall efficiency in every route. His recklessness will bring always his mini4wd beyond the limits, to the point that he always will have the need to replace it due to the damages received and in order to compete with even more formidable opponents.

Yonkuro's final goal is  to take part at the Hell Rally, to honor his father, -that he believes to be dead while taking part to the Hell Rally- and to win. With such a dream in mind, Alan tries to become the best racer of the country and to convince many of his coetaneous that the Mini4wd cars are racing cars in miniature and not toys like most people believe.

Towards the end of the series, in the national races (seen only on the manga) he remains the only Dash Warriors' present and always active member. After leading the Dash Warriors to success in the final against Momotaro's team and their Crimson Glory, the las part of Dash!Yonkuro's story begins. Yonkuro finally will take part to the Hell Rally's last stage, the race that turn out the final goal: it was organised by delinquents that wanted to retrieve a treasure hidden by the nazis during the World War II, the Hell Rally is organised, so that the mysterious artefact, taking advantage from the best racers' abilities, in the vain attempt to discover the treasure's exact location. With the help of the other Dash Warriors, Yonkuro finally will manage to thwart the delinquents' plan and to win the race. At the end of the saga, Yonkuro will fulfill his dream of being a real scale car racer.

The name Yonkuro is a word pun: the word "Yonku" in Japanese means "four-wheel drive", while his Dash-1 Emperor is the result of a contest organised by Shogakukan, through which it was chosen the design of a new Mini4wD, that later, modified by the author, will become the ultimate model.

/

He is the Dash Warriors' second member and his mini4wd is the Dash-2 Burning Sun. Tankuro is a stout and very kind boy, even if at the beginning when he meets Yonkuro he seems a bit grumpy. His golden heart and his sacrifice spirit will reveal important to his team to access to the Mini4wd national tournament, despite his machine is not very fast. The quality and the style of Tankuro and his car are represented by the power of the car itself: increasing such power to the maximum at the expense of speed, the Dash-2 Burning Sun can be defined doubtlessly the most powerful and resistant car of the team. Shortly before the national finals, Tankuro will leave the team at the moment, realising of his opponents' strength and the not exaggerated confidence in him demonstrated by Yonkuro. He is seen again in the Momotaro team, the team that he should have faced in the finals, but his was not a betrayal: Tankuro, in fact took advantage of the situation to learn the use of the Front Motor chassis (F.M. Chassis) and to build Dash-2 Burning Sun's evolution, the Dash-02 Neo Burning Sun, a Mini4wd made even more powerful and innovative thanks to the then innovation of the front motor. During the last acts of the final race, in the attempt of crossing for first the finish line in the top of a building, he will use the condenser circuit of Pankuro's Dash-4 Cannonball, resulting in his mini4wd breaking into pieces after a few meters, but this sacrifice will be useful to Yonkuro, that thinks up an idea to win the race. At the end of the saga, during a reunion with the former teammates, all of them now grown up, he makes his last appearance.

The name Tankuro is a word pun with the word tank "Tank", referring to Tankuro's body mass and racing style. The word Tank even appears in the hood of the car.

The rich boy who lives in a coastal residence. Desiring the fact that he stands in apex of the Mini-4WD boundaries, he tries  to walk the road of loneliness, but fou running with in fight and interchange it awakes in friendship, participates in the dash corps. As for main machine "Dash-3 Shooting Star" of top speed concern. The extent which destroys condition in worry that the flat tire low/row with the unique close friend, he is not in the place of game. The Shin running being born, the parents divorced promptly, had lived with the mother and the older sister and 3 people, but in order to make the successor of the company of the father who remarries it came to the point of with being received in the south house. After that, it owed the scar of the cross to amount centering on the racing team of the older sister. The scar went out with operation, but when heart burns, like the south cruciform star it appears, it seems. There is a "southern cross express" the incompleteness as a shooting skill necessary. Also technology of remodelling was high, invented the stabilizer pole with improvisation. Shifting the counter gear, the body which accompanies shaft revolution twist it offsets and so on, it handles also complicated remodelling. With the black wind compilation, Mini 4WD, he runs to crisis.

/

Childhood friend of Shinkuro Minami. It has the guitar always with the flat tire make-up. The plain page two which is autonym the guitarist of the Led Zeppelin, the jitsu is thought also jimipeiji as the thing. In state of the element the soft unkind treatment it is dense with air weakness. It is not possible when it does not have the make-up, what to talk back and/or to resist. Changes to the rocker disposition whose is instantaneously wears the make-up personality strong. The machine uniting to be proud quickly, pace manufacturer part of the Shin. As for the main machine "Dash-4 The Cannonball" of acceleration force concern with, as for speed of start dash following of other things is not permitted. In addition, accumulating electricity, it lets flow to the motor, the "condenser circuit" is built in, but the application limit is the one time drill, furthermore after use you say that the machine itself causes large explosion, because "of the sword circuit of the blades" of hitting each other at the same time preparedness, to use, the preparedness which is suitable is needed. In the nationwide conference 2 game ninja [uoriazu] game, the machine which the offshoot is done was penetrated with travelling sound. In flat tire state the face is effective even in gang of hot-rodders of local end, as a name guitarist of the flat tire band which is formed with the family member is known. With the black wind compilation, Mini 4WD when it runs to crisis.

Younger sister of dash corps supervision and imperial fine fellow. Being strong, wisdom. Buffer agent part of the dash corps which adjusts inside the team. As a main machine, straight speed concern, it equips the fan in the fuselage rear surface and the inversion accident impossible machine "Dash-5 which acquires down fourth to friend dance (The Dancing Doll)" it has. At the beginning girl hair type such as twin tail and dumpling hair was many, but since trying it will be denounced the fact that it is the woman in race/lace in the reason, it will shave the hair with the cutter and probably to drop, it became many to make the long hair of straight. With the black wind compilation, Mini-4WD as it runs to crisis.

Secondary characters

Older brother of Rinko. To be dash corps supervision, the real parent of all the dash series. He participate in Hell Rally as a navigator of the source 4WD, the scar of the face is the damage which it owes on midst of rally.

Which the Shinkuro Minami has raised secretly at the one claw shrine. Four running with it comes to the point of from time of game of the Shinkuro being raised by the imperial boat, becomes emblem existence of from now on dash corps.

Which it tries it will pick up the emperor whom source thickly 4WD lose, probably to recover that with you have a match from 4WD. It is defeated in four running, that calls it reaches the top "the older brother" in opportunity and the point where you yearn. The cartoonist who cannot be sold in neighborhood has lived, illustration of the wild mini- four running which that cartoonist designed was brought to the imperial origin. Those where it is designed on the basis of the illustration were the dinosaur, it had reached the point where unnoticed you use that as your own love car. It registers as supplementation of the dash corps from the mini- four running championship nationwide conferences. With Musashi, the dash warriors was supported. At the time of dash corps dispersion you exchanged the new sun and the dinosaur of the tank low/row, you participated in also the hell caravan being newly born one member of the dash corps.

Moby Dick, the son of the manager of the Pavilion of the city's fine dining Hazime Hutoshi. They are proud of the Mini 4WD off-road machine originally mini 4WD Use a white whale. Yonkuro was lost and only had 4x4 Mini Wairudomini to deepen exchanges thereafter. Register as a substitute for the dash from the Army National Tournament Championship Mini 4WD. National competition in the semifinals, unable to participate for reasons of poor maintenance Yonkuro's 4WD machine, the emperor played over borrowed.

Rival Team

U, U2

Team "U" director. Law and Qigong with superhuman physical abilities. Ichiro source drive, the broth of a boy have known the Emperor.

Leader of the Team "U"  and Monk of the小輪寺超絶房（shō-rin-ji chō-zetsu-bou）. The team joined the army made a dash before the Sumeragi. Proto Emperor (原始皇帝)was the original machine that was used. Shoe says "demon." he apprenticed to a 博 (Po)　for seeking strongly body.　After the final qualification, the cooperation of the Corps who will dash. For training, that occasion in the past is to travel the country, meet Momotaro kido fake hospital incident.

Lost black wind, but realized the immaturity of his own into the training, Yonkuro,Genta and Momotaro vs Goro tactics anger in black like a black wind, drove Proto Emperor ZX(原始大帝) decide to join nascent army dash.

Team "U" member of the main temple chamber-eyed bunch of small wheels.

Team "U" member of the main bunch bunch of small-wheeled Hercules temple.

Team "U" member of the main bunch bunch of small-wheeled speedster temple. Known as "Sunflower". She always hiding their faces with bangs, are discovered and drive progress in the fight against Lang.

She has also participated in leading the women's team caravan.

Team "U" member of the chamber parallel to the main temple bunch of small circle. When the game is lost to Lang and 4WD small wheel in the temple. Something that the academy's training trip accompanied kido.

"U2" leader. Members call her "Princess" . Sister team.

"U2" member.

Momotaro Samurai Team

Okayama representative "Momotaro Samurai" team leader. Furontomiddoshippumashin Crimson placed in front of the chassis motor G is used. Hall Institute of friendship with the demons have a real hospital case fake demon temple. A dash to join a nascent army as hell, and the defeat of black wind, the feeling that the dog will bite time is increasing steadily not deny the appearance of sand cloth.

Okayama representative "Momotaro Samurai" team members. The original racer together plain area, the goal was to represent the district when the team was invited to put a representative in the race lost the Peach Boy, Momotaro Samurai joined the team since.

{{Nihongo|Kiziro Okuyama|奥山 喜次郎|Okuyama Kizirō}}

Okayama representative "Momotaro Samurai" team members. The original racer together mountainous area, the area was to be represented, when the team was invited to put a representative in the race lost the Peach Boy, Momotaro Samurai joined the team since. When there is a vacancy in the gears of the machine Momotaro National Convention, destroying their machines, Momotaro committed to victory.

Okayama representative "Momotaro Samurai" team members. The original racer together Konno village, district representatives had hoped, when the team was invited to put a representative in the race lost to Momotaro, Momotaro Samurai joined the team since.

Okayama representative "Momotaro Samurai" team coach. Momotaro's grandfather. Kurimuzonshirizu made drawings based on written sources Yonkuro Hinomaru drive.

Mini 4WD Championship Participants

"Herusu Kids" ace in the captain. Whether there twice in the bulk mate, fair play like.
Hell has also participated in leading a team caravan.

"Herusu Kids" members. The first round of races and two army dash.

"Herusu Kids" members. The first round of races and two army dash.

"Herusu Kids" members. Daido Cup race with a second round of the second dash and corps.

"Herusu Kids" members. Daido Cup races with the second round and third dash corps.

"Herusu Kids Health" alternate, substitute with any other team in the championship, "Desuparedo" play for. The participants played a game with Ichiro that Yonkuro, kids lost in the first round health.

 (one-edged splitting)

A team consisting of five children, "Brothers planets" members. Dash Warriors and participated in by qualifying in the area are also a national tournament quarterfinals. Dash Corps hear us, to check one's RC is to challenge, and lose out by Yonkuro  wit.Mike"Jet team" members. Ability to participate in the qualifying semi-final is less glamorous areas. Hall Institute, led by U semifinals defeated demon.

Osaka, western representative "Yoshimoto" team leader. In the Kansai region famous "Yoshimoto pop." Lang was a game and in cases of Urusena 4WD. Tuning is called God, and afflicted the national tournament quarterfinals dash Corps exact machine on stage decorated with a distinctive remodeling.

 Akita representative "phantom" team leader. The name was listed as a potential winner can not end the story involved.

Tokyo Representative East "Heavy Metal Army (Warriors)" leader. The name was listed as a potential winner, the Dash Corps and participated in the semifinal only three substitute emperor.

Mie representative "Ninja Warrior" leader. The team joined the army before the Emperor made a dash, use a shadow emperor. After we had learned the art of invisibility team went to the MIE. To defeat that one difference between the bumper to match against the second half track down a legion in the first half dash advantage of ninja tactics. After the game, things are said to participate in national competition three emperors.

Tokyo Representative East "Heavy Metal Army (Warriors)" in the alternate, a true leader. Has joined the team before the imperial army made a dash, use the sacred emperor. One of the three emperors. Lang's clever scheme to defeat before fighting their way back the 4WD can overwhelm the performance and how to fight with Goro 4WD machine.

Tokyo Representative East "Heavy Metal Army (Warriors)" in the alternate, three emperors. Has joined the team before the imperial army made a dash, use the Wind God Emperor.

Tokyo Representative East "Heavy Metal Army (Warriors)" in the alternate, three emperors. The team joined the army before the Emperor made a dash, use the magic emperor.

Black Wind Chapter

The mysterious boy Crimson Solitude Furontomiddoshippumashin using different strains. Crimson Solitude The G was created based on the drawings left by Ichiro Furontomiddoshippumashin drive as the source. Oni said Hall Institute "If you join a team national tournament if he was told absolutely winning." Appearance and name of the Moomin and the Snufkin that the motif. But in the  Sakuchū Kinji Ichiro, field book about the characters are written "欽次 - Qīn cì". The help of a man in black later clarified the portion of the drawing Furontomiddoshippumashin black filled, Earosorichudo to complete. Part filled black is said to set retrofit written by "waste of the same principle-driven injection oil" had been explained, in the play it decreases the driving force difference between driving and jet oil was no .

Black style leader. Use black wind 2WD. Yonkuro's after losing a battle with 4WD is effectively expelled from the black wind, and to present a united front after Yonkuro.Shimabukuro;

Captain of the team in Okinawa area. Use the mini-submarine and 4WD Nunchaku-stick Okinawa Karate style. After losing to the Yonkuro's gale winds will be a black leader.ElderBlack elder style. The rally participants from hell, after a dead heat source in the car and driven underground Lang Island, Orochi, meets with an accident suffered serious injury. Created a blueprint for the black wind driven sources Yonkuro.

Other characters
 (re-take initially atomic Maru The fire)

Father of Yonkuro. Racer. Horizon owners. The modifications to Supaenpera broth of a boy received from Imperial, Guretoenpera created. During the rally hell, which is missing. In the Amazon in South America, as has been said that God helped the girls division of the lake. Six feet loincloth wore. May have escaped from the crisis instead of a loincloth rope.

Infrared remote control at the horizon (acceleration and deceleration, steering), including features, has a very high technology. The name and car number on the horizon instead of drive Ichiro named by sources, is only to be told in Sakuchū on their own, called Imperial.

Hell during the rally, after a dead heat in the basement of the Island, Orochi, now meets with an accident amnesia. Then he spent months quietly in the basement of the island Orochi.Jackie "Jack" SakataPeople come to bring the army under the dash horizon. In delivering the horizon, was intended to convey a safe source driven Yonkuro, brought the race to know with infrared remote control capabilities to the horizon, and legion unexpected dash to struggle will be imposed. Lang looks exactly like the source drive to the appearance of unkempt long hair and side whiskers, 4x4 Ichiro had me confused with my father delivered horizon.

Yonkuro's grandmother. The animation was also serving as a cheerleader in support.

To: four wheel drive mini race commentary charge. Tamiya belongs publicity department (then) known as the "before her" and modeled on Mr. Maeda Yasuyuki with this, but a mole in the same position as himself, and glasses instead of sunglasses.

The Japanese Mini 4WD Association president, was a trial run at the national competition championship ceremony. Mini 4WD Association president yet, "switch it somewhere?" Remarks that person.

Live announcer in charge of Mini 4WD championship.

House butler south.

Jiro's sister drive progress. After her parents divorced, lived with his mother and three in custody until the drive home Yonkuro progress south. The team is participating in Sazankurosukantori.CaptainCaptain of the whole conditional clauses are scum. And fighting against piracy, but to tell the tale of triumph and escape from the tomb of the boat and, truth is not clear.

Place the caravan hell "Orochi Island," took to the nascent army dash.

 (Ōrudomango Kiburi)

Yopparai that roost on the site of District agencies. The former engineer, now disused C62 has been developed as a treasure.

After starting the scrap shop.Urusena IretonF-1 drivers. Italian GP was the continued slump since the accident, and four polished look of a desperate struggle to remember F1 Spirit Yonkuro. The model, of course, be responsible for triggering a boom in F1 at the time Ayrton Senna.IppeiArmy camp using the dash, the son of a certain hot springs spa town. God's plan to boost the swamp.SidBoy living in the Amazon in South America. Divine says, with a horizon-like machine.HereGirls living in the Amazon in South America. Divine says, with a horizon-like machine.S.The boy was carried into the hospital tank is low. Radio call sign, "Yonkuro." The first race was held on the Stars and surgeries, the Kabuki dance played in the chassis and body is S. Lang upstream 4WD.

Satoshi wireless fellow truck driver.C · TLarry Lang companion source drive. Mini 4WD is also a friend.AnastasiaC · T in childhood, and nuns. Accused of being witches.Xena IretonBrazilian RC · F1 racer. Poor, there are two brothers and one sister.Alejandro Jose'''

RC · F1 Championship in Brazil. Xena tried to buy.

The cartoonist living in the downtown area sell, the appearance of a potted flower head. Zaurus Tokuda identity of the creator of the work is saying. And the familiar face Genta. Zaurus is a sketch based on imperial "Wild Zaurus" were fabricated.

 (Agoyama)

Mini 4WD Team "Hirusu Kids" representative director. Yonkuro says 4WD, Agogorira.

Media
Manga
The manga was written and illustrated by Zaurus Tokuda, serialized in the monthly CoroCoro Comic from December 1987 until March 1992, compiling it into 14 Tankobon volumes. Several spinoff stories revolving the series were released before its successor series was serialized. This, alongside Bakusō Kyōdai Let's & Go!! contributed on the popularity of Tamiya's Mini 4WD franchise in Japan and overseas. Despite the author's death, a sequel manga series, titled  was created by Hiroyuki Takei (under Tokuda's family approval) and began serialization in CoroCoro Aniki magazine on March 14, 2015 and ending in March 15, 2021. 4 Tankobon Volumes were released in Japan.

Anime
An anime adaptation of the original manga was produced by Staff 21, Aubekku & Tokyu Agency and aired on TV Tokyo from October 3, 1989, to March 27, 1990, replacing Mister Ajikko in its original timeslot. The series was directed by Hitoshi Nanba and written by Takashi Yamada (Ojamajo Doremi, Jewelpet, HeartCatch PreCure). The opening song is titled "Be Top" by Taku Kitahara while the ending theme is titled  by Taku Kitahara.

Merchandise
Merchandise of the series were released by Tamiya under the Mini 4WD line of race car models.

Reception
Hiroyuki Takei, author of Shaman King and later Hyper Dash! Yonkuro cited he once submitted a design on a contest held by Shogakukan during his middle school years. Despite not be used for Yonkuro's machine, it became the basis for the Dash-3 Shooting Star. The one-shot autobiography manga Dear Zaurus Tokuda'' was based on Takei's story.

References

External links

1989 anime television series debuts
Animated television series about auto racing
Children's manga
CoroCoro Comic
Japanese children's animated sports television series
Motorsports in anime and manga
Seinen manga
TV Tokyo original programming
Tamiya Corporation


The  or simply Shin-Meishin for short is an expressway, linking Mie prefecture to Hyōgo Prefecture, which is partially open and partially under construction.  The expressways current length as of February 2008 is 49.7 km.  It connects to the Isewangan Expressway.

Interchanges, junctions, service areas and parking areas

IC: interchange
SIC: smart interchange
JCT: junction
SA: service area
PA: parking area
BS: bus stop
TN: tunnel

Main route

Kameyama connection route

Otsu connection route

See also
Central Nippon Expressway Company
West Nippon Expressway Company

References

Expressways in Japan
Roads in Hyōgo Prefecture
Roads in Kyoto Prefecture
Roads in Mie Prefecture
Roads in Osaka Prefecture
Roads in Shiga Prefecture


Jango is an American free online music streaming service available worldwide.

History
Based in New York City, Jango was launched in November 2007 by Daniel Kaufman, Chris Dowhan, and Giancarlo Delmo who were previously the founders of Dash.com.

At the time of 2009-2010, Jango only had 200,000 tracks from around 15,000 artists in its library. As of November 2014, Jango's library size is 15 times bigger, topping 30 million songs. As of February 2016, Jango had 8 million active users.

Jango's business model is derived from advertising revenues and transaction fees from selling music through the site.  There are currently no premium services available for the site.

Features
Stating that its uninterrupted playlists are handmade by music experts and many of them are updated weekly, the service will recommend its users on various playlists mainly based on mood or activity. Jango offers playlists for activities such as waking up, working out, commuting, concentrating, unwinding, entertaining, and sleeping. Unlike Songza, there are no other filters (activity, decades, mood) to narrow the searched results down except the genre-based ones. Users are able to skip unlimited times, like and ban a predetermined number of songs, alongside adjusting the variety, and add up to six artists onto the playlist. The service will adapt to the user's personal music preferences based on all of these settings. Users would find playlists not just based on artists or genres, but also based on themes, interests, and eras, such as "Featured in Apple Commercials", or "Misheard Lyrics".

In addition, users are also able to create their own playlists themselves based on their favourite artists.

The service can be accessed either through a web browser or with its mobile app on a smartphone.

In 2007, Jango became the first music streaming platform to introduce a social networking aspect to radio stations. Users can share their playlists or listen to playlists created by others in the Jango social network.

The site also provides independent artists the opportunity, for a fee, to showcase their music by recommending their songs alongside that of similar popular artists. This feature is called Jango Airplay, band and solo artists alike can buy 1,000 plays for as little as $30. There are three rules related to this feature:
 Airplay song can only be played once within any two-hour period.
 An Airplay song, once played, will not play again throughout that entire day.
 Any song receiving 50 upvotes from the listeners will get pushed into the regular playlist rotation at no extra cost.

See also
 List of online music databases
 List of social networking websites
 List of Internet radio stations

References

External links

Music streaming services
Internet properties established in 2007
2007 establishments in New York (state)


In gridiron football, roughing the kicker is an action in which a defender, having missed an attempt to block a kick, tackles the kicker or otherwise runs into the kicker in a way that might injure the kicker. This protection is also extended to the holder of a place kick. It is a separate penalty from "running into the kicker."

In the NFL, a defensive player commits a "roughing the kicker" foul if he (a) contacts the plant leg of the kicker while his kicking leg is still in the air; or (b) slides into or contacts the kicker when both of the kicker’s feet are on the ground. It is not a foul if the contact is not severe, or if the kicker returns both feet to the ground prior to the contact and falls over a defender who is on the ground.

The penalty for such a violation in most leagues is 15 yards and an automatic first down. When such a violation occurs, the team about to surrender possession via a punt will retain its possession as a result. If the violation occurs when a successful field goal is kicked, the yardage is assessed on the ensuing kickoff, unless the offended team elects to accept the penalty and continue its drive in hopes of scoring a touchdown, which is referred to "taking the points off the board".

Such protections are also extended to the holder during field goal kicks; the penalty for roughing the holder is identical.

History
In 1914, the term "roughing the kicker" came into use. Previously, it was known as "running into the fullback after the kick."

In 1917, penalties for roughing the kicker were measured from the spot where the ball was put out of play.

References

Gridiron football penalties


In gridiron football, roughing the passer is a foul in which a defensive player makes illegal contact with the quarterback after the latter has thrown a forward pass. The penalty is 10 or 15 yards (for the NFL is 15 yards), depending on the league, and an automatic first down for the offense and a disqualification if flagrant. Defenders are allowed to contact a player attempting a forward pass while he still has possession of the ball (e.g., a quarterback sack); however, once the ball is released, defenders are not allowed to make contact with the quarterback unless carried to do so by momentum. Judgment over whether contact following release was the result of a violation or momentum is made by the referee on a case-by-case basis.

Roughing the passer can also be called if the defender commits intimidating acts toward the passer, such as picking him up and stuffing him into the ground, or wrestling with him. It can also be called if the player who tackles the passer makes helmet to helmet contact, or lands with the full weight of his body on the passer.

An exception to the roughing rule is where the passer rejoins a play after throwing the ball, such as in an attempt to block, recover a fumble, or tackle a defensive player who has gained possession of the ball. In this case, the passer is treated as any other player and may legally be contacted. Roughing the passer also does not apply to lateral passes or backward passes.

Justification
The NFL makes roughing the passer against the rules in an effort to protect its quarterbacks. It also places an emphasis on unnecessary and flagrant roughness while sacks are being commited, and as such, even if the ball is not in the air, any strong slamming motion, head hits, etc. on the QB will result in a defensive roughing-the-passer foul.

Controversy
As the quarterback position is the most glorified and sought after position in football, the league has a history of overprotecting their quarterbacks. This is seen with notable season ending injuries like Carson Palmer in a 2005 playoff game against the Steelers, as well as Tom Brady's season ending ACL tear in his season opener by Chiefs safety Bernard Pollard in 2008.

Clay Matthews penalties

Prior to the 2018 NFL season, the NFL indicated that it would begin to increase enforcement of the roughing the passer penalty on defenders that make certain types of unnecessarily forcible contact with the quarterback. Such acts include unnecessary driving of the quarterback into the ground and contact that violates the body weight provision of the roughing the passer rule, which states that a defender that lands on the quarterback with his full body weight will be penalized for roughing the passer, regardless of whether the quarterback has released the football.

As a result of these changes to the enforcement of the rule, infractions for roughing the passer increased during the first weeks of the 2018 season. Most notably, Clay Matthews III, then-linebacker for the Green Bay Packers, was flagged for roughing the passer three times in the Packers' first three games of the season. In the final minutes of the fourth quarter of a Week 2 game against the rival Minnesota Vikings, Matthews was deemed to have unnecessarily driven quarterback Kirk Cousins into the ground as Cousins threw an interception that would have likely won the game for Green Bay. The penalty nullified the interception, and the Vikings subsequently scored the tying touchdown and two-point conversion in a game that eventually ended in a tie. During the team's next game against Washington in Week 3, Matthews landed with his full body weight on quarterback Alex Smith and was penalized for the act.

The aforementioned penalties on Matthews sparked criticism from NFL viewers, players, coaches, and former NFL officiating chiefs Mike Pereira and Dean Blandino. In the aftermath of said infractions, some argued that penalizing acts such as driving quarterbacks into the ground and landing with full body weight on quarterbacks has made it exceptionally difficult for defenders to perform their jobs. Others commented that Matthews got penalized for an inability to defy physics to argue against penalizing defenders such as Matthews for factors out of their control.

Tua Tagovailoa concussion and subsequent penalites

During the 2022 NFL season, the league's roughing the passer rules were once called into question in the aftermath of a concussion to Miami Dolphins quarterback Tua Tagovailoa during a Week 4 Thursday Night Football game against the Cincinnati Bengals. Just four days after being suspected of suffering a concussion during a game against the Buffalo Bills, Tagovailoa suffered a concussion when he got swung to the ground by Cincinnati nose tackle Josh Tupou. Tagovailoa was removed from the Cincinnati game and also missed Miami's next two games as a result of the concussion. In response to the Tagovailoa concussion in the Cincinnati game, NFLPA's Executive Director DeMaurice Smith has stated they would make sure "to pursue every legal option" to lessen the concussions.

In the following weeks, the NFL enforced multiple controversial roughing the passer penalties. In a Week 5 game the Atlanta Falcons and Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Atlanta trailed Tampa Bay by six points late in the fourth quarter. On a third down near midfield, Atlanta defensive tackle Grady Jarrett swung Tampa Bay quarterback Tom Brady to the ground for a sack, but Jarrett was penalized for roughing the passer. Referee Jerome Boger explained that he called the penalty because he perceived that Jarrett swung Brady to the ground unnecessarily. Had there been no penalty, Tampa Bay would have likely punted the ball back to Atlanta, who would have had the chance to win the game with a touchdown and extra point. Instead, the penalty awarded 15 yards and a fresh set of downs to the Buccaneers, who ran out the clock some plays later.

The next day, during a Monday Night Football game between the Las Vegas Raiders and the Kansas City Chiefs, Kansas City trailed their rival by ten points and just over a minute remaining in the second quarter. On a third down at the Las Vegas 46-yard line, Kansas City defensive tackle Chris Jones strip sacked Las Vegas quarterback Derek Carr and recovered the fumble as he tackled Carr, but Jones was penalized for roughing the passer. Referee Carl Cheffers explained that he called the penalty because he perceived that Jones landed with his full body weight on Carr. However, replays showed that Jones attempted to brace his fall with his left hand as he sacked Carr. Had there been no penalty, Kansas City would have had possession of the football at their opponent's 43-yard line with adequate time to narrow the deficit to three points. Instead, the penalty awarded 15 yards and a fresh set of downs to the Raiders, who extended the lead to 13 points after the ensuing plays. Chiefs fans relentlessly booed Cheffers and his officiating crew for the remainder of the half. Following the game, Jones stated that he believed that roughing the passer calls should be reviewable. Carr himself admitted that he thought that Jones made a good play and that his tackle was not egregious.

The two aforementioned calls resulted in even more criticism from viewers, players, and commentators. After witnessing the Jones penalty, ESPN color analyst and former Dallas Cowboys quarterback Troy Aikman suggested that the NFL let defenders perform their jobs when he stated that the NFL should "take the dresses off." Other observers not only questioned the league for penalizing the acts that it began to more frequently penalize in 2018, but also perceived the controversial penalties on Jarrett and Jones to be overreactions to the Tagovailoa situation. Following the outrage, the NFL indicated that it would consider making roughing the passer to be a reviewable penalty. However, the change has yet to be made as of the beginning of the 2023 NFL season.

Penalty assessed
Canadian Football League: 15 yards (also enforces at the end of the play) and automatic first down
NFL and NCAA: 15 yards (also enforces at the end of the play) OR half the distance to the goal, whichever is less, and an automatic first down.
NIRSA: 10 yards (also enforces at the end of the play) and automatic first down

References

Gridiron football penalties


The Yuma County Area Transit (YCAT)  system is a public transportation system based in Yuma County, Arizona.  Since 1990 the agency has grown from a new transit service offering paratransit to the current mix of fixed-route and demand-responsive services serving over 32,000 riders per month, with an annual operating budget of $2.5 million. YCAT is also the local Greyhound Lines agent.

Before 1999 only private transportation companies operated any type of transit service in Yuma County, with taxis serving the urbanized areas and private van services providing transportation between San Luis and Yuma. Paratransit in Yuma County began in February 1999. When the Saguaro Foundation began operating a public dial-a-ride system funded by Yuma Metropolitan Planning Organization (YMPO) in 1996, YMPO's fixed-route service began in February 1999 with service between San Luis and Yuma under the name Valley Transit.

The name YCAT or Yuma County Area Transit was adopted in 2002, with a new system of two routes, a local route within Yuma and an intercity route between San Luis and Yuma/Arizona Western College. YCAT service between Yuma and Foothills was initiated in 2001, but the ridership was not considered high enough to justify the cost, and the system was shortened to terminate at Arizona Western College.

After a comprehensive review of the transit system by Moore and Associates, as well as financial and operating difficulties in 2003 which nearly caused the fixed-route transit system to shut down, the city of Yuma and other member jurisdictions in Yuma County contributed additional funding to the system. YMPO selected a new operating contractor, and service survived. Two routes were added to the system in 2004, and an additional route to Wellton was initiated in January 2006. Service was expanded to 10:00 pm on all routes in the system on a network of seven routes.

In 2010, again after financial and operating difficulties, reductions in funding from the State of Arizona and local member entities, which resulted in the elimination of two routes within the City of Yuma, reduction of service hours from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm, Monday through Saturday. YCAT came very close to closing down. However, a new operations strategy adopted by YMPO came into play to save the transit system using a reduced level of local funding from its member entities with the exception of the City of Yuma. In December 2010, a new agency - Yuma County Intergovernmental Public Transportation Authority (YCIPTA) was formed to assume the operation of transit services from YMPO, which was completed on July 1, 2012. A new service delivery model was implemented on January 9, 2012, with a complete restructure of all routes to improve efficiency. Today, a total of 9 routes now operate Monday through Saturday on a fleet of 17 YCAT fixed route buses and 11 cutaways and vans.

Both demand-response and fixed-route service is administered and funded by the YCIPTA and its member agencies, and operated by a private contractor. Presently, YCIPTA owns all vehicles for fixed-route and demand-response service as well as the lease for the East 14th Street and Atlantic Avenue maintenance facility.

What is YCIPTA

Yuma County Intergovernmental Public Transportation Authority (YCIPTA)
Under Arizona Revised Statutes - Title 28 Transportation, an intergovernmental public transportation authority (IPTA) may be organized in any county in Arizona with a population of two hundred thousand persons or less. Besides the YCIPTA, the Coconino and Yavapai Counties; the city of Flagstaff, and Northern Arizona University formed the Northern Arizona Intergovernmental Public Transportation Authority (NAIPTA) to assume public transit services from the city of Flagstaff, and Coconino County in an attempt to unify and coordinate public transit services in this region.

The YCIPTA is an IPTA that was formed on December 13, 2010, by the Yuma County Board of Supervisors to administer, plan, operate and maintain public transit services throughout Yuma County, including within the political jurisdictional boundaries of the Cities of Yuma, San Luis, Somerton, Town on Wellton and the unincorporated Yuma County areas.

On September 21, 2010, the Town of Wellton and City of Somerton passed a resolution to petition the county to form the IPTA.  On October 3 and 20, 2010 respectively, the Cities of San Luis and Yuma passed a resolution to petition the county to form the IPTA.  On December 6, 2010, Northern Arizona University petitioned the county to join the IPTA. On December 13, 2010, the County held a public hearing and approved the formation of the IPTA.  On January 24, 2011, the Yuma County Intergovernmental Public Transportation Authority (YCIPTA) held its first Board of Directors meeting.

Since the first meeting, Arizona Western College, Quechan Indian Tribe, and Cocopah Indian Tribe has petition and joined the IPTA.

Support from the YMPO Executive Board was provided in August 2010 through the formation of a subcommittee to establish new governance structure for public transit management and again in August 2011 through the adoption of a resolution with an intent to transfer transit operations to YCIPTA by July 1, 2012. The transition was completed on July 1, 2012.

In 2014, National Express replaced First Transit as the operator.

It is the intent that the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) funding that is used to support Yuma County Area Transit (YCAT) and Greater Yuma Area Dial-A-Ride (DAR) would be used by YCIPTA through YCIPTA designation as a grantee.  YCIPTA would receive local match funding from the governmental entities, Indian tribes plus Northern Arizona University and Arizona Western College.

Yuma County Area Transit (YCAT) is the marketing name for the YCIPTA and the fixed route transit system.  YCAT OnCall is the marketing name for the demand responsive transit system, previously known as Greater Yuma Area Dial-A-Ride.  YCAT began in 2003 as a rebranded effort from what was previously known as Valley Transit. Greater Yuma Area Dial-A-Ride began in 1996 and was the county's first public transportation service.  The Yuma Metropolitan Planning Organization (YMPO) has been the administrator of public transit service in Yuma County since 1999 utilizing Federal Transit Administration (FTA) funding that has been available to the Yuma Urbanized Area since 1980 when the urbanized area exceeds 50,000 in population. YCIPTA has since taken over.

YCIPTA is managed by a Transit Director with support staff.  YCIPTA has agreements in place with Yuma County for human resources, financial services, Treasurer, Clerk of the Board, and Information Technology support. YCIPTA had a management agreement in place with YMPO to manage the day-to-day operations of the transit system until June 30, 2012.

There are nine board members that consist of City Administrators, Town Manager, Tribal Planning Directors, College Presidents and County Administrator from the member entities that set the overall policy for the transit system.  Each member entity receives one vote on the board of directors.  When financial contributions are discussed, the Board of Directors has opted towards a weighted voting structure to ensure that members that pay more into the system have fair representation. The Board of Directors meets on the 4th Monday of each month at 1:30 pm at Yuma County Development Services Building inside Aldrich Hall.

YCAT operates nine fixed routes and a demand responsive service throughout the southwestern quadrant of Yuma County and portions of Imperial County. YCAT operates Monday-Friday from 5:50 am to approximately 7:30 pm, with limited service continuing until 11:00 pm.  On Saturday, service operates from 9:15 am to 6:30 pm with headways every 60 minutes. There is no service on Sundays or major holidays at this time.  These services are provided under a contractual arrangement with First Transit of Cincinnati, Ohio. First Transit is part of First Group, a United Kingdom-based corporation that also consists of Greyhound, First Student and First Group operations in the United Kingdom.

YCAT operates 28 buses. 17 buses are powered by diesel and used on YCAT fixed routes.  8 buses and 3 vans are powered by gasoline and used on YCAT OnCall. All buses and vans are owned by YCIPTA and were purchased with Federal Transit Administration funding.

Routes

YCAT System Map

Red Route 1
Service from Downtown Yuma Transit Center in a counter-clockwise direction in the City of Yuma serving Redondo Center Drive, 1st Street, 4th Ave, West Yuma Transfer Hub at Walmart on 26th St at Avenue B, 32nd Street, Yuma Airport & Pacific Avenue.

Orange Route 2
Service from Downtown Yuma Transit Center via 16th Street, Araby Road, Arizona Western College (AWC)/Northern Arizona University (NAU), Avenue 9E, Walmart Foothills to Fortuna Road and 35th Place.

Brown Route 3
Service within Fortuna Foothills with timed transfers to Orange Route 2/2A at Arizona Western College/Northern Arizona University/University of Arizona.

Yellow Route 95
Service from Downtown Yuma Transit Center to San Luis via West Yuma Transfer Hub, Somerton and Gadsden.

Blue Route 5
Service within the Quechan/Fort Yuma Indian Reservation to Yuma connecting Quechan Casino Resort and Paradise Casino Resort.

Green Route 4
Service in a clockwise direction within the City of Yuma from Yuma Palms Regional Center Transit Center via Pacific Avenue, Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, West Yuma Transfer Hub at Walmart on 26th Street at Avenue B, MCAS Housing and 3rd Street in downtown Yuma to Yuma Palms Regional Center Transit Center via Castle Dome Avenue.

Purple Route 6/6A
Service from North Cocopah Reservation via Riverside Drive, Avenue C, 8th Street, Avenue A, 24th Street to West Yuma Transfer Hub at Walmart on 26th Street at Avenue B. Saturday service extended to Cocopah Casino, Somerton, East and West Cocopah Reservations.

Violet Route 7
Deviated fixed route service between Cocopah West Reservation, Cocopah East Reservation (westbound only), Mesa Verde/Orange Grove area and Cocopah Casino.

Gold Route 8
Deviated fixed route service from Downtown Yuma Transit Center to Wellton via AWC/NAU, Fortuna Foothills and on request to Ligurta.

Silver Route 9
Service from AWC/NAU to San Luis via AWC San Luis Center and State Route 195.y

Turquoise Route 10
Service from Yuma, AZ to El Centro, CA. Paradise Casino via Downtown Yuma and Winterhaven to Downtown El Centro (Operates Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday only).

YCAT - Special Services

NightCAT
Service from AWC/NAU to Winterhaven, Yuma, Somerton, San Luis, Cocopah Reservations, Fortuna Foothills and unincorporated areas within a ¾ mile radius of existing YCAT routes only.

Other Special Services
On Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day and Veterans Day, limited service is provided between AWC/NAU/UA and Yuma Palms Regional Center on an advance reservation basis only.

References

Further listening

External links

Bus transportation in Arizona
Transportation in Yuma County, Arizona
Transit agencies in Arizona
RATP Group


The  occurred in Tokyo, Japan at 14:04 PM on June 20. It affected downtown Tokyo and neighboring Kanagawa prefecture, especially the cities of Kawasaki and Yokohama.

The earthquake's epicenter was in Tokyo Bay, with a magnitude of 6.6 on the Richter magnitude scale. The depth of the 1894 earthquake has not been determined, but it is thought to have occurred within the subducting Pacific Plate under the Kantō region. The death toll was 31 killed and 157 injured.

The earthquake was mentioned by author Ichiyō Higuchi in her work Mizu-no-ue no nikki, in which she described damage to buildings in Yotsuya, and soil liquefaction in the Mita area of downtown Tokyo. She also commented on an aftershock which occurred at 22:00 that night. The earthquake is also mentioned by author Jun'ichirō Tanizaki in his autobiographical work, Yosho-jidai, in which he described how his family's house collapsed during the earthquake, a traumatic event to which he attributed his lifelong phobia of earthquakes. By 1894, Tokyo and Yokohama had numerous foreign residents, many of whom commented on the earthquake in their writings and diaries.

The National Science Museum of Japan in Tokyo has a collection of twenty two photographs of the earthquake in the form of albumen papers, lantern slides and dry plates. A considerable number of photographs were taken just after the event for the use at the former Imperial Earthquake Investigation Committee in its official reports of the 1894 earthquake, but almost all of the original plates have been lost.

See also
 List of earthquakes in Japan
 List of historical earthquakes

References

Further reading
 Clancey, Gregory. (2006). Earthquake Nation: The Cultural Politics of Japanese Seismicity. Berkeley: University of California Press.  (cloth)
 Danly, Robert Lyons. In the Shade of Spring Leaves: The Life of Higuchi Ichiyo, with Nine of Her Best Short Stories. Norton & Company (1992).
Tanizaki, Jun'ichirō. Childhood Years: A Memoir. Kodansha International (1998).

1894 earthquakes
1894 in Japan
Natural disasters in Tokyo
Meiji period
19th century in Tokyo
June 1894 events
Earthquakes of the Meiji period
1894 disasters in Japan


was a king of the Ryukyu Kingdom, the founder of the Second Shō dynasty. Prior to becoming king, he was known as .

Early life and rise to power
Kanamaru was born into a family of peasant farmers on Izena Island, a tiny island which lies off the northwestern coast of Okinawa Island. It is said that his parents died when he was around twenty and undertook to provide for his aunt and uncle, brother and sister, and his wife, whom he married at a very young age.

In one year in which the island had suffered from a particularly severe drought, the rice paddies of Kanamaru's family were found to be full of water; accused of having stolen the water, Kanamaru was forced to flee his home, and ended up in Ginama, in the northern region (Kunigami) of Okinawa Island.

After several years living in Ginama, there too some type of dispute or disagreement between Kanamaru and his neighbors emerged. Leaving Ginama, he traveled to Shuri, the capital of the Ryukyu Kingdom, in 1441, and became a servant or retainer to the prince, Shō Taikyū. After Shō Taikyū became king in 1454, Kanamaru was made royal treasurer, and was in 1459 granted the post of , a position involving responsibility for matters regarding foreign relations and trade. He was also granted territory, and made .

There emerged a difference of opinion between Kanamaru, and Shō Toku, who succeeded Shō Taikyū as king in 1461, possibly over the king's costly military efforts on the island of Kikai, leading Kanamaru to leave Shuri and retire to Uchima. Shō Toku died shortly afterwards, however, and it is said that in the ensuing discussions among the elder bureaucrats to choose a successor, Kanamaru was selected by popular demand, and thus came to the throne, taking the royal name Shō En. Historian George H. Kerr, however, points out that official histories produced in the following centuries were written with the patronage of Shō En's successors; also that the circumstances surrounding Shō Toku's death remain something of a mystery, and the traditional account may simply indicate that there was a shift in allegiances among the aristocrats and bureaucrats towards Kanamaru, or that those parties in support of Kanamaru simply outnumbered those on the side of the late king.

Reign

Shō En thus established the Second Shō dynasty, taking on the honorary surname granted the kings of Ryukyu by the Ming dynasty (and later, Qing dynasty) of China. He also banned members of the former Shō dynasty from high government office, and from marrying into the new royal family, and took steps to elevate the prestige of his own family. His father came to be honored as King of Izena, and a formal tomb was constructed for Shō En's parents on Izena Island. Shō En also named his sister high priestess, or "noro", of Izena; the lineage of high priestesses descended from her continued until the 20th century.

His reign marked the beginning of an institutional shift in the royal government, away from rule by a charismatic or otherwise gifted individual leader, i.e. the king, and towards a more bureaucratic system, with the king at its center.

Shō En's childhood wife is believed to have died, or otherwise separated from Kanamaru, before he rose to prominence at Shuri. He had his first son with his second wife, Yosoidon. Shō En died in 1476, after ruling for only a few years, and was succeeded by his brother Shō Sen'i, to Yosoidon's chagrin. Presently, the high priestess, daughter of the late king and Yosoidon, received a divine message indicating that Shō Sen'i should abdicate in favor of his nephew, son of Shō En, who then took the throne as Shō Shin.

See also
 Imperial Chinese missions to the Ryukyu Kingdom

Notes

References
 Kerr, George H. (1965). Okinawa, the History of an Island People. Rutland, Vermont: C.E. Tuttle Co. OCLC 39242121

Second Shō dynasty
Kings of Ryūkyū
1415 births
1476 deaths
15th-century Ryukyuan monarchs


Devarshi Kala Nath Shastry was born on 15 July 1936. He is a Sanskrit scholar honoured by the President of India in 1988. He is an Indologist and a prolific writer of Sanskrit, Hindi and English, and a well-known linguist, who has contributed to the campaign of evolving technical terminology in Indian languages and ensuring a respectable status to Hindi, the official language of his state and the Indian union.

Academic contribution

He has continued the rich tradition of introducing modern genres and modes of expression in an ancient language like Sanskrit for which his father late Kavishiromani Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri is known in the history of modern Sanskrit literature. He has authored more than two dozen books and edited equal number of books in Sanskrit, Hindi and English and is known for his interliterary translations of monumental works of Philosophy and literature in these languages and also Prakrit, Vraj Bhasha, Rajasthani and other Indian languages.

Literary achievements

He has contributed more than a thousand articles in Hindi and Sanskrit to reputed journals of India and broadcast more than 200 talks, poems, and plays in Sanskrit, Hindi and English. He is a literary historian, critic and commentator. In the history of modern Sanskrit literature he is known as a fiction writer who has introduced a modern idiom in creative Sanskrit writing through his novels, short stories, personal essays, and his books on the 20th century Sanskrit literature. He was the chairman of the Rajasthan Sanskrit Academy (2021) and the Director of Sanskrit Education and Bhasha Vibhag (1976–1994).

Career

His career started with the pursuit of traditional Sanskrit learning, Indian Aesthetics, Comparative Linguistics, the Vedas & Shastras under the tutelage of Sanskrit scholars like his own father Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri, Giridhar Sharma Chaturvedi, Pt. Pattabhiram Shastri, Pt. Hari Shastri, and Jagdish Sharma. He mastered linguistics and aesthetics of Sanskrit, and also studied the literatures of Hindi and English.

After obtaining his post-graduation degree with 1st Division in English he taught English Language and literature at the Postgraduate colleges of the University of Rajasthan for eight years, then took over the administration of official language as deputy director and later as Director of Bhasha Vibhag (Directorate of Official Language) of the Government of Rajasthan from which position he retired in 1994.

He was also Director of Sanskrit Education, Government of Rajasthan (1991–1993). He served as chairman, Rajasthan Sanskrit Academy (1995–1998) and founder- Chairman of Kavishiromani Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri Sanskrit Chair at the Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Rajasthan Sanskrit University, Jaipur. He is Chairman of the Modern Sanskrit Chair at the Sanskrit University. He is also advising as permanent member of Rajasthan Government's Hindi Law Committee, and as member of Kendriya Sanskrit Board, National Book Trust and Sahitya Academy. He is associated in different capacities with dozens of governmental and non-governmental associations, institutions and organisations related with Sanskrit and Hindi. He is also the founder Chairman of "Manjunath Smriti Sansthan", located in Jaipur.

Devarshi Kala Nath Shastry worked as a member of the 2nd Sanskrit Commission of the Government of India (2014-2016).

Major honours and awards

He has been honoured by a large number of institutions, universities, organisations and governments with titles such as 'Mahamahopadhyaya' (in 2008 by Shri LBS Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth, Deemed University, New Delhi), 'Sahitya Mahodadhi' (1993), and 'Sahitya Shiromani' (1999) and awards such as Lifetime Achievement Award for Sanskrit, Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur 2012, Lifetime Achievement Award for Sanskrit Journalism by Uttar Pradesh Sanskrit Sansthan, 2008, Award for Sanskrit by Central Sahitya Academy (2004), Honours by Ministry of Human Resources, Govt. of India (1995 and 1998).  He was recognised for his contribution to Sanskrit by none other than the President of India, Dr. K. R. Narayanan, in 1998. He was bestowed upon with "Rashtrapati Puraskar" for his contribution to Sanskrit.

Major published works

 Works of Panditaraj Jagannath's Poetry :1987 : 134pp 22 cm
 Aakhyanvallari (Story Collection in Sanskrit: Awarded by Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi in 2004)
 Sanskrit ke Gaurav Shikhar (Series-10), Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi, 2006
 Adhunik Kaal ka Sanskrit Gadya Sahitya (Series-17), Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi
 Jeewanasya Prishthadwayam (Novel)
 One Hundred Years of Philosophy (Translation of John Passmore's History of Modern Western Philosophy), Published by Rajasthan Hindi Granth Academy, Jaipur, 1966, 1987
 Sanskrit Sahitya ka Itihas ( History of Sanskrit Literature), 2009
 Sanskriti ke Vaataayan (Collection of Cultural Essays)
 Bhartiya Darshan ka Itihas ( Translation of Dasgupta's book in 5 volumes with Ramesh Kumar)Published by Rajasthan Hindi Granth Academy, Jaipur, 1978, 1988, 1998
 Makers of Indian Literature : Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri 'Manjunath', Central Sahitya Academy, New Delhi, 2013

 Kavitavallari (collection of poems), Jaipur, 2006
 Kathanakvalli (story collection), Jaipur, 1987
 Vidvajjanacharitamritam (biographies), New Delhi, 1982
 Vaidik Vangmaya mein Bharatiya Sanskriti, Bikaner, 2003
 Manak Hindi ka Swaroop, New Delhi, 2002 and Jaipur, 2010
 Bharatiya Sanskriti – Adhaar aur Parivesh, Jaipur, 1989
 Sahitya Chintan, Jaipur 2005
 Lalitkatha Kalpavalli, Jaipur, 2012
 Adhunik Sanskrit Sahitya:Ek Vyapak Drishtipaat, Allahabad, 2001
 Bhartiya Sanskriti-Swaroop aur Siddhaant, Jaipur, 2003
 Sanskrit Natyavallari (collection of drama), Jaipur, 1999
 Sudheejanvrittam (collection of biographies), Jaipur, 1997
 Sanskrit ke Yugpurush: Manjunath, Jaipur, 2004
 Jaipur ki Sanskrit Parampara, Jaipur, 2000
 Horizons of Sanskrit, Pub. Rajasthan Sanskrit Akademy, Jaipur, 2016.

He has translated a large number of books, research journals, commemorative volumes, in Sanskrit and Hindi, and also books to and from English, Sanskrit, Prakrit and Rajasthani languages.

He is the chief editor of renowned Sanskrit monthly Bharati.

References

External links
 Kala Nath Shastry
 Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zargot

Scholars from Rajasthan
Rajasthani people
Recipients of the Rashtrapati Award
Living people
1936 births
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Sanskrit
Indian Sanskrit scholars
Indian Indologists
Writers from Jaipur
20th-century Indian translators
21st-century Indian translators
20th-century Indian biographers
20th-century Indian poets
21st-century Indian poets


Larry Stephen McCall (born September 8, 1952) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the New York Yankees (–) and the Texas Rangers (). He bats left-handed and throws right-handed.

Playing career
McCall was signed by the Baltimore Orioles on February 27, 1971, as an amateur free agent. On September 16, 1974, he was purchased by the California Angels, but was returned to the Orioles by the Angels on October 25 of the year. On April 10, 1976, he was released by the Orioles, and on the same day, signed with the New York Yankees as a free agent.

McCall made his Major League debut on September 10, 1977, with the Yankees against the Toronto Blue Jays at Yankee Stadium, with 20,296 people attending the game. McCall was called to replace Stan Thomas, and pitched the top of the seventh inning; the Yankees lost the game to the Blue Jays 19–4. On November 10, 1978, McCall was traded by the New York Yankees with Mike Heath, Sparky Lyle, Dave Rajsich, Domingo Ramos, and cash to the Texas Rangers for Dave Righetti, Juan Beníquez, Mike Griffin, Paul Mirabella, and minor leaguer Greg Jemison. He played his final Major League game on September 27, 1979. On January 4, 1980, McCall was traded by the Rangers with Mike Bucci (minors) and Gary Gray to the Cleveland Indians for David Clyde and Jim Norris.

Coaching career
McCall served as the pitching coach with the Bluefield Orioles in 1990. He later coached the Class-A Kane County Cougars for two seasons. He was with the Frederick Keys for the 1993 season and spent three seasons there before going to the High Desert Mavericks in 1996. McCall was the pitching coach for the Double-A Bowie Baysox in 1997, and that off-season he went to Australia to serve as the pitching coach for the Perth Heat. After spending the four years with the Rochester Red Wings, he served as the pitching coach for the Gulf Coast League Orioles in 2002, and for the Delmarva Shorebirds in 2003.

In 2005, McCall was named the winner of the Cal Ripken Sr. Player Development Award. McCall was the bullpen coach for Baltimore during the second half of the 2006 season. His 21 years as a coach in the organization came to an end on September 24, 2010, when the Orioles declined to retain him.

References

External links

Larry McCall at CNN.com
Larry McCall at Baseball-Almanac.com
Larry McCall at Sportspool.com

1952 births
Living people
Major League Baseball pitchers
New York Yankees players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Texas Rangers players
Baseball players from Asheville, North Carolina
Major League Baseball bullpen coaches
Baltimore Orioles coaches
Bluefield Orioles players
Lodi Orions players
Rochester Red Wings players
Asheville Orioles players
West Haven Yankees players
Tacoma Yankees players
Tucson Toros players
Tacoma Tigers players
Knoxville Blue Jays players
Minor league baseball coaches


Epic Bible College (formerly known as Trinity Life Bible College or TLBC) is a private Bible college in Sacramento, California.

History
Epic Bible College was founded in 1974 under the name "Trinity School of the Bible" by Paul Trulin. Trulin was the pastor of Trinity Church (now Trinity Life Center; an Assemblies of God congregation) at the time and wanted to train people for Christian ministry. The church board and congregation shared his vision and approved the establishment of a church-based Bible college. Trulin served as pastor of the church as well as president of the Bible College until his retirement in 1982.

Trinity began to seek accreditation in 1993, and achieved accreditation candidacy level in 1999. In 2004 the process was complete and Trinity received full accreditation from the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools. Through the process, Trinity has seen academic improvement, the addition of a Division of General Education, upgrades in technology and facilities, and now has more opportunities to grant financial aid.

Academics
Epic offers one B.A. in Ministerial Studies, two Associate of Arts, one each in Ministerial Studies and Christian Studies, as well as several certificates in various ministry related areas. According to an Institute for Creation Research report, Trinity teaching holds to a strictly young earth creationist doctrine, which the ICR defines as "God created all life forms according to the literal interpretation of the Biblical record (six-day creation, recent global flood)."

See also
 List of colleges and universities in California

References

External links
Official website

Universities and colleges in Sacramento County, California
Educational institutions established in 1974
Seminaries and theological colleges in California


"Are You with Me" is the second single by the Potbelleez from the self-titled debut album The Potbelleez.

Track listing
Australian CD single
 Are You with Me (Radio Mix)
 Are You with Me (Original Mix)
 Are You with Me (Hook N Sling Mix)
 Are You with Me (Original Acid Mix)
 Are You with Me (Mind Electric Mix)

Chart performance
"Are You with Me" was a Gold-selling single in Australia and has yet to be released outside of Australia and New Zealand.

Charts

Weekly charts

(A) means that the Original Mix/Hook N Sling Mix/Original Acid Mix/Mind Electric Mix/mrTimothy Mix charted.

Year-end charts

Release history

References

2008 singles
2008 songs
Songs written by Ilan Kidron


Akkamma Cherian was an Indian independence activist from Travancore (Kerala), India. She was popularly known as the Jhansi Rani of Travancore.

Early life and education
She was born on 14 February 1909 in a Roman Catholic family (Karippaparambil) at Kanjirapally, Travancore, as the second daughter of Thomman Cherian and Annamma Karippaparambil. She was educated at Government Girls High School, Kanjirapally and St. Joseph's High School, Changanacherry. She earned a BA in History from St. Teresa's College, Ernakulam.

After completing her education in 1931, she worked as a teacher at St. Mary's English Medium School, edakkara), where she later became head mistress. She worked in this institution for about six years, and during this period she also did her L. T. degree from Tri Training College.

Freedom fighter
In February 1938, the Travancore State Congress was formed and Accamma gave up her teaching career to join the struggle for liberty.

Agitation for a responsible government

Civil disobedience movement
Under the State Congress, the people of Travancore started an agitation for a responsible government. C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar, the Dewan of Travancore, decided to suppress the agitation. On 26 August 1938, he banned the State Congress which then organised a civil disobedience movement. Prominent State Congress leaders including its President Pattom A. Thanu Pillai were arrested and put behind bars. The State Congress then decided to change its method of agitation. Its working committee was dissolved and the president was given dictatorial powers and the right to nominate his successor. Eleven 'dictators' (Presidents) of the State Congress were arrested one by one. Kuttanad Ramakrishna Pillai, the eleventh dictator, before his arrest nominated Accamma Cherian as the twelfth dictator.

Rally to the Kowdiar Palace

Accamma Cherian led a mass rally from Thampanoor to the Kowdiar Palace of the Maharaja Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma to revoke a ban on State Congress. The agitating mob also demanded the dismissal of the Dewan, C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar, against whom the State Congress leaders had levelled several charges. The British police chief ordered his men to fire on the rally of over 20,000 people . Accamma Cherian cried, "I am the leader; shoot me first before you kill others". Her courageous words forced the police authorities to withdraw their orders. On hearing the news M. K. Gandhi hailed her as 'The Jhansi Rani of Travancore'. She was arrested and convicted for violating prohibitory orders in 1939.

Formation of Desasevika Sangh

In October 1938, the working committee of the State Congress directed Accamma Cherian to organise the Desasevika Sangh (Female Volunteer Group). She toured various centres and appealed to the women to join as members of the Desasevika Sangh.

Imprisonments
Accamma had been imprisoned twice during her struggle for independence.

The Annual conference of the State Congress
The first annual conference of the State Congress was held at Vattiyoorkavu on 22 and 23 December 1932 in spite of the ban orders. Almost all leaders of the State Congress were arrested and imprisoned. Accamma, along with her sister Rosamma Punnose (also a freedom fighter, M.L.A., and a CPI leader from 1948), was arrested and jailed on 24 December 1939. They were sentenced to a year's imprisonment. They were insulted and threatened in the jail. Due to the instruction given by the jail authorities, some prisoners used abusing and vulgar words against them. This matter was brought to the notice of M.K. Gandhi by Pattom A. Thanu Pillai. C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, however, denied it. Accamma's brother, K. C. Varkey Karippaparambil also took part in freedom movement.

Quit India Movement

Accamma, after her release from jail, became a full-time worker of the State Congress. In 1942, she became its Acting President. In her presidential address, she welcomed the Quit India Resolution passed at the historic Bombay session of the Indian National Congress on 8 August 1942. She was arrested and awarded one year imprisonment. In 1946, she was arrested and imprisoned for six months for violating ban orders. In 1947, she was again arrested as she raised her voice against C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar's desire for an independent Travancore.

Life in Independent India
In 1947, after independence, Accamma was elected unopposed to the Travancore Legislative Assembly from Kanjirapally. In 1951, she married V.V. Varkey Mannamplackal, a freedom fighter and a member of Travancore Cochin Legislative Assembly. They had one son, George V. Varkey, an engineer. In the early 1950s, she resigned from the Congress Party after being denied a Lok Sabha ticket and in 1952, she unsuccessfully contested the parliamentary election from Muvattupuzha constituency as an independent. In the early 1950s, when the parties ideologies were changing, she quit politics. Her husband V. V. Varkey Mannamplackal, Chirakkadavu. served as an MLA in the Kerala Legislative Assembly from 1952 to 1954. In 1967, she contested the Assembly election from Kanjirapally as a Congress candidate but was defeated by the Communist Party's candidate. Later, she served as a member of the Freedom Fighters' Pension Advisory Board.

Death and commemoration

Accamma Cherian died on 5 May 1982. A statue was erected in her memory in Vellayambalam, Thiruvananthapuram.
A documentary film was made on her life by Sreebala K. Menon.

References

1909 births
1982 deaths
Politicians from Kottayam
Women from the Kingdom of Travancore
People from the Kingdom of Travancore
Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala
Indian independence activists from Kerala
Indian rebels
Indian women in war
Malayali politicians
Women in Kerala politics
Women in war 1900–1945
Women Indian independence activists
Indian people of World War II
Indian women of World War II
Military personnel from Kerala
20th-century Indian women politicians
20th-century Indian politicians
Activists from Kerala
Travancore–Cochin MLAs 1949–1952
Vazhappally
St. Teresa's College alumni


"Trouble Trouble Trouble Trouble" is a dance song by Irish Australian four piece band the Potbelleez, released as the third single from their self-titled debut album The Potbelleez.

Music video

The music video starts off with Ilan Kidron waking up after a party. As he strolls through the house, flashbacks occur and the night retraces itself. As he walks into the cellar he finds a woman dressed in a police uniform. The night rewinds and it is revealed Ilan was a police officer checking on the party who was then seduced by the woman.
The video closes with Ilan strolling over to his patrol car.

Track listing

Digital download
"Trouble Trouble" (radio edit) - 3:29
"Trouble Trouble" - 5:54
"Trouble Trouble" (Carl Kennedy vocal mix) - 7:37
"Trouble Trouble" (Carl Kennedy club mix) - 8:11

Charts

The single debuted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 77 on 3 November 2008, and reached its peak of 54 on 1 December.

The Goodwill remix charted on the ARIA Club Chart.

Release history

References

2008 singles
2008 songs
Song articles with missing songwriters


Zaykiel Leong (born 9 November 1980) is a Malaysian footballer who plays as a striker for Sabah FA in Malaysia Premier League.

Zaykiel has represented Sabah since 2002. He made it into the first eleven games during the 2003 season. He showed impressive playing style during the 2003 season as he netted 8 goals during the season and helped Sabah to reach the final of Malaysia Cup, but failed to win the cup after losing 3–0 to Selangor MPPJ by Juan Arostegui from Argentina.

For the 2009 season, he returned to play for Sabah after previously playing for Beverly FC in 2007.

References

1980 births
Living people
Malaysian men's footballers
Malaysian people of Chinese descent
Sabah F.C. (Malaysia) players
Footballers from Sabah
Men's association football forwards