Willie Brayshaw Yeadon (28 June 1907 – 16 January 1997), was a British railway historian known for his magnum opus, Yeadon's Register of LNER Locomotives and other works.

Biography
Willie Yeadon was born in Yeadon, West Riding of Yorkshire on 28 June 1907. He trained as a mechanical engineer, initially working for the Bradford Dyers' Association Ltd. After being made redundant in the 1930s he joined the Hull firm Fenner in 1931.

Yeadon's initial railway interest was the London & North Western Railway. On moving to East Yorkshire he began to study the activities of the London and North Eastern Railway, starting to collect railway images around 1933. British Rail's 1955 modernisation plan prompted him to begin a systematic study of the locomotives of the LNER, during which he visited engine sheds and works, collecting locomotive related documentation such as works records.

He joined the Railway Correspondence and Travel Society in 1936 and made significant contributions to its multi-volume publication Locomotives of the LNER. In 1984 he was made an honorary life member of the society.

During his career at Fenner he ultimately became marketing manager, before retiring in 1972. After retirement he started work on Yeadon's register of LNER locomotives. Volume 12 and after were published posthumously from his work.

He also published works documenting the locations of LNER locomotives on the first and last day of its existence, and on the railways of Hull. His final work was the two volume A compendium of LNWR locomotives. Yeadon also wrote article for railway periodicals, sometimes using the nom de plume "No. 9499".

Yeadon was married for 64 years to Annie, and had a daughter Jean. He died aged 89 in Hull on 16 January 1997.

Legacy
W.B. Yeadon's will donated his collection of photographs, documents and research notes to the Brynmor Jones Library of the University of Hull; the collection includes over 30,000 photographs, primarily of LNER locomotives and trains, as well as company (works) records of locomotive repairs, boiler repairs, allocations, and other documents. The collection was inherited by the Hull History Centre

Bibliography

Yeadon's Register

Vol. 1: Gresley A1 and A3 Classes (Irwell Press, 1990)
Vol. 2: Gresley A4 and W1 Classes (Irwell Press, 1990)
Vol. 3: Raven, Thompson & Peppercorn Pacifics (Irwell Press, 1991)
Vol. 4. Gresley V2 & V4 Classes (Irwell Press, 1992)
Vol. 5: Gresley B17 & Thompson B2 Classes (Irwell Press, 1993)
Vol. 6: Thompson B1 Class (Irwell Press, 1994)
Vol. 7: B12 class (Irwell Press. 1994)
Vol. 8: Gresley K3 & K4 Classes (Challenger Publications, 1995)
Vol. 9: Gresley 8-Coupled Engines - Classes O1, O2, P1, P2 & U1 (Challenger Publications, 1995)
Vol. 10: Gresley D49 & J38 Classes (Challenger, 1996)
Vol. 11: Gresley J39 Class (Challenger, 1996)

Posthumous

Vol. 12: Railcars & Sentinel Shunters (Challenger, 1996)
Vol. 13: Class C1, C2, C4 & C5 Atlantics (Challenger, 1998)
Vol. 14: Class D13, D15 & D16 - the Great Eastern 4-4-0s (Challenger, 1999)
Vol. 15: Class J94, O6 & O7 - the Engines from the Years of Expediency (Challenger, 1999)
Vol. 16: Class L1, V1 / V3 - Gresley & Thompson Six-coupled Tanks (Booklaw/Railbus, 2000)
Vol. 17: Class B13, B14, B15 & B16 - the North Eastern 4-6-0s (Booklaw/Railbus, 2000)
Vol. 18: Gresley K1 & K2, Thompson K1/1 & Peppercorn K1 (Booklaw/Railbus, 2000)
Vol. 19: Class D1, D2, D3 & D4, & the M&GN 4-4-0s (Booklaw / Railbus, 2001)
Vol. 20: Class Q1, Q2, Q3 & Q4, & The Q1 Tank
Vol. 21: Class A5 to A8, H1, H2, L1 (L3), L2, M1 & M2 Tank Engines (Booklaw/Railbus, 2001)
Vol. 22: Class B1 (B18) to B9 - the Great Central 4-6-0s (Booklaw/Railbus, 2001)
Vol. 23: Class Q5, Q6, Q7 & Q10 - the North Eastern 0-8-0s (Booklaw/Railbus, 2002)
Vol. 24A: Class O4/1 to O4/5 (Booklaw/Railbus, 2002)
Vol. 24B: Class O4/6 to O4/8, O5 & Thompson O1 (Booklaw/Railbus, 2002)
Vol. 25: Class N1 & N2 Tank Engines
Vol. 26: Class J31 to J37 - the NBR 0-6-0s
Vol. 27: Class N7
Vol. 28: Class R1, S1, T1 & WM&CQ 0-8-0T - The pre-Group 8-coupled tank engines
Vol. 29: Class D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, D10, D11/1 & D12 - the Great Central 4-4-0s
Vol. 30: Class E1, E2, GC 12A, E4, E5, '901', '1440', E7 & E8 - the 2-4-0s
Vol. 31: Class C6, C7, C8, C9 - the North Eastern Atlantics
Vol. 32: Class X1, X2, X3, X4, Y2, Y4, Y5, Y6, Y7, Y8, Y9, Y10, Z4 & Z5
Vol. 33: Class C12, C13, C14 & C17
Vol. 34: Class D17, D18, D19, D20, D21, D22, D23 & D24
Vol. 35: Class J14 & J15
Vol. 36: Class F1, F2, G1, G2, G3, G4, G7, G8, G9 & G10
Vol. 37A: Class J1, J2, J3 & J4
Vol. 37B: Class J5, J6, J7, J40 & J41
Vol. 38: Class F8, G5 & G6
Vol. 39: Class F3, F4, F5, F6, F7 & F9
Vol. 40: Class C10, C11, C15, C16 & D11/2
Vol. 41: Class J16, J17, J18, J19, J20
Vol. 42A: Class D25, D26, D27, D28, D29 & D30
Vol. 42B: Class D31, D32, D33, D34, D35 & D36
Vol. 43A: Class J71 & J72
Vol. 43B: Class J73-J80 & NER '44'
Vol. 44: Classes D38, D39, D40, D41, D42, D43, D44, D45, D46, D47 & D48 - The Great North of Scotland Railway 4-4-0s
Vol. 45: Classes J8. J9, J10, J11, J12, J13 - The Great Central 0-6-0 Tender Engines
Vol. 46A: Classes J52, J53, J54, J55, J56, J57 & GNR 19 – The Stirling Great Northern 0-6-0 Tank Engines
Vol. 46B: Classes J50, J51, J84, J93, N19 & M&GN 16A
Vol. 47A: Classes J21, J22, J23 & J24 - The North Eastern 0-6-0s (Booklaw/Railbus, 2010)
Vol. 47B: Classes J25, J26, J27, '1001' & '398' - The North Eastern 0-6-0s
Vol. 48: Classes J64, J65, J66, J67, J68, J69, J70 & J92
Vol. 49A: Classes N4, N5 & N6
Vol. 49B: Classes N8, N9, N10, N11, N12, N13, N14 & N15 (Booklaw/Railbus, 2011)
Vol. 50: Classes D50, D51, GC7, J58, J59, J60, J61, J62, J63, J81, J82, J83, J84, J85, J86, J88, J90, J91, N18, Diesel, Petrol & Electric motive power & Trams (Booklaw/Railbus, 2011)

Other LNER

 LNER locomotive allocations: 1947: the last day (Irwell Press, 1989)
 LNER locomotive allocations: the First Day, 1923 (Challenger Publications, 1996)

LNWR

 A compendium of LNWR locomotives
 Part 1: Passenger Tender Engines 1912–1949
 Part 2: Goods Tender Engines 1912–1964

Hull

 Illustrated history of Hull's railways, with M Nicholson (Irwell Press, 1993),
 More Illustrated History of the Railways of Hull (Challenger Publications, 1995).

See also
Ken Hoole, railway historian, with works on the North Eastern Railway and others
William Weaver Tomlinson, historian, author of "The North Eastern Railway its rise and development

References

1907 births
1997 deaths
People from Yeadon, West Yorkshire
People from Kingston upon Hull
Rail transport writers
20th-century English historians


The King cobra is the world's longest venomous snake.

King Cobra may also refer to:

Fictional characters
 Cobra (Marvel Comics)
 Kobra (DC Comics)
 A British superhero appearing in The Hotspur

Movies
 King Cobra (1999 film), a 1999 horror film
 King Cobra (2016 film), a 2016 biographical crime-drama film

Other
 King Cobra, a variety of lager beer produced by British beer company Cobra Beer
 King Cobra (malt liquor), a brand of malt liquor
 King Cobra (roller coaster), a roller coaster at Kings Island
 King Cobra (ride), a water slide at Six Flags Hurricane Harbor
 Colt King Cobra, a firearm
 Bell 309 King Cobra, a prototype attack helicopter
 P-63 Kingcobra, a Second World War fighter aircraft
 King Kobra, a 1980s hard rock band
 King Cobras (gang), a gang in New Zealand
 King Cobra, a professional wrestler from United States Wrestling Association


The Wraysbury River is an anabranch of the River Colne to the west of London.

Course
The river leaves the Colne at West Drayton and runs under the M4 motorway then close to Longford when it  passes under the M25 motorway. A branch then feeds the Colne Brook by the Poyle Channel while the Wraysbury River runs parallel to the M25, crossing back under it by the Wraysbury Reservoir. It then flows into Staines and rejoins the River Colne in the town centre, shortly before it flows into the River Thames.

The northern part of the river's course has been heavily modified to accommodate the M4 and M25 motorways.

References

See also
List of rivers of England

1Wraysbury
Rivers of Berkshire
Rivers of Buckinghamshire


Green rating or certification is used to indicate the level of environmental friendliness for real estate properties.

In the US, it is a real estate designation for REALTORs approved by the (American) National Association of Realtors (NAR). The program was developed in 2008 by the Real Estate Buyer's Agent Council of NAR, with administration transferred to the Green Resource Council. The course curriculum includes sustainable building practices, marketing, and rating systems (e.g., LEED, IFGICT and Energy Star).  As a result, there is some course content overlap with the EcoBroker and NAGAB's Accredited Green Agent and Broker designations.

In India, the Energy Resources Institute (TERI) developed the GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment). GRIHA is promoted by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) as a national rating system. It originally developed from LEED and has additional requirements. There is also the Indian green building council (IGBC) rating system.

See also
 Real estate professional designations
 LEED, green building certification program

References

Professional titles and certifications
Real estate in the United States
Real estate in India
Sustainable business


Ramthakur () (2 February 1860 – 1 May 1949), born Ram Chandra Chakraborty (), was a Bengali mystic, yogi and spiritual master during 19th-century India.

References

External links

1860 births
1949 deaths
19th-century Hindu religious leaders
20th-century Hindu religious leaders
Indian Hindu yogis
Bengali Hindu saints


Georgia Ridder (December 5, 1914 – June 14, 2002) was an American thoroughbred racehorse owner and a member of the board of directors of the Oak Tree Racing Association.

Biography
Born Georgia Buck in Baltimore, Maryland, she attended Ethel Walker School in Simsbury, Connecticut. She married Bernard J. Ridder, co-founders and operators of the Knight Ridder newspaper chain. The couple made their home on Long Island, New York until 1955 when they moved to Pasadena, California where her husband took over as publisher of the Pasadena Independent & Star News.

Active in Pasadena culture, Georgia Ridder was a member of the board of directors of the Pasadena Art Museum and the Pasadena Symphony Association.

Ridder Thoroughbred Stable
A few years after settling in California, Georgia and Ben Ridder became owners of Thoroughbred racehorses. Some of their notable runners included Flying Paster, the winner of the Grade 1 Santa Anita and Hollywood Derbys and California Horse of the Year plus the 1977 Eclipse Award winner, Cascapedia.

Following her husband's death in 1983, Georgia Ridder continue to operate their stable. She owned the  Hidden Springs Ranch in Mountain Center in the San Jacinto Mountains and enjoyed considerable further success highlighted by Cat's Cradle being voted California Horse of the Year in 1995 and Alphabet Soup's win in the 1996 Breeders' Cup Classic.

Georgia Ridder died at her Pasadena home in 2002 at age eighty-seven.

References
 June 17, 2002 Los Angeles Times obituary for Georgia Ridder
 Ridder Thoroughbred Stable at the NTRA
 Hidden Springs Ranch

1914 births
2002 deaths
American racehorse owners and breeders
American socialites
Businesspeople from Baltimore
People from Pasadena, California
20th-century American businesspeople


MACS J0025.4-1222 is a galaxy cluster created by the collision of two galaxy clusters, and is part of the MAssive Cluster Survey (MACS). Like the earlier discovered Bullet Cluster, this cluster shows a clear separation between the centroid of the intergalactic gas (of majority of the normal, or baryonic, mass) and the colliding clusters.

In the image, intergalactic gas is shown in pink and the mass centroids of the colliding clusters in blue, showing the separation of the two, similar to the Bullet Cluster. It provides independent, direct evidence for dark matter and supports the view that dark matter particles interact with each other only very weakly.

Details
The shown image is a composite of separate exposures made by Hubble Space Telescope ACS and WFPC2 detectors and the Chandra ACIS detector. The Hubble images were taken on November 5, 2006, and June 6, 2007. The visible light images from Hubble showed  gravitational lensing which allowed astronomers to infer the distribution of total mass (both dark matter and normal matter)(colored in blue). The distribution of normal matter is mostly in the form of hot gas glowing brightly in X-rays (shown pink).  Its distribution was accurately mapped from Chandra data. From these it was possible to tell that most of the mass in the two blue regions was dark matter.

The international team of astronomers in this study was led by Marusa Bradac of the University of California, Santa Barbara, and Steve Allen of the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology at Stanford University and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC).

The two clusters that formed MACS J0025 are each almost a million billion times the mass of the Sun. They merged at speeds of millions of miles per hour, and as they did so the hot gas in each cluster collided with the hot gas in the other and slowed down.  The dark matter (which interacts weakly) did not. The separation between the normal matter (pink) and dark matter (blue) therefore provides direct evidence for dark matter and supports the view that dark matter particles interact with each other almost entirely through gravity.

References

External links

Galaxy clusters


In Philippine history, the Tagalog bayan ("country" or "city-state") of Maynila was one of the most cosmopolitan of the early historic settlements on the Philippine archipelago. Fortified with a wooden palisade which was appropriate for the predominant battle tactics of its time, it lay on the southern part of the Pasig River delta, where the district of Intramuros in Manila currently stands, and across the river from the separately-led Tondo polity.

Maynila was led by paramount rulers who were referred to using the Malay title of "Raja". In popular literature and in history texts from the first few decades after Philippine independence, precolonial Maynila is often referred to as the "Kingdom of Maynila", and its Rajas portrayed as "kings," even if they did not exercise sovereignity in the technical sense of achieving a "monopoly on the legitimate use of force". Instead, limited population sizes, the ready availability of land, and seasonally migratory agricultural practices meant that their authority was based on interpersonal loyalty structures and social obligations vis a vis clearly defined territorial dominion. Maynila is sometimes interpreted to be the Kingdom of Luzon, although some historians suggest that this might rather refer to the Manila Bay region as a whole, expanding the possible dominion of the kingdom.

The earliest oral traditions suggest that Maynila was founded as a Muslim settlement as early as the 1250s, supposedly supplanting an even older pre-Islamic settlement. However, the earliest archeological findings for organized human settlements in the area dates to around 1500s. By the 16th century, it was already an important trading center, with extensive political ties with the Sultanate of Brunei and extensive trade relations with traders from the Ming dynasty. With Tondo, the polity on the northern part of the Pasig River delta, it established a duopoly on the intraarchipelagic trade of Chinese goods.

Maynila and Luzon are sometimes associated with the Bruneian legends which describe a settlement called "Seludong" which was said to be a vassal to the Bruneian Sultanate; but Southeast Asian scholars believe this refers to a settlement Mount Selurong in Indonesia. For political reasons, the historical rulers of Maynila maintained close cognatic ties through intermarriage with the ruling houses of the Sultanate of Brunei, but Brunei's political influence over Maynila is not considered to have extended to military or political rule. Intermarriage was a common strategy for large thassalocratic states such as Brunei to extend their influence, and for local rulers such as those of Maynila to help strengthen their family claims to nobility. Actual political and military rule over the large distances characteristic of Maritime Southeast Asia was not possible until relatively modern times.

By 1570, Maynila was under the rule of two paramount rulers (the more senior Rajah Matanda and the younger Rajah Sulayman), who in turn had several lower-ranked rulers ("Datu") under them. This was the political situation encountered by Martin de Goiti when he attacked Maynila in May of that year. This "Battle of Maynila" ended with a fire that destroyed the fortified settlement of Maynila, although it is not clear whether the fire was set by Goiti or by the inhabitants themselves as part of the scorched earth tactics typically used in the archipelago during that era.

Maynila had been partially rebuilt by the following year, 1571, when the full forces of de Goiti's superior, Miguel López de Legazpi, arrived in the city to claim it as a territory of New Spain. After extensive negotiations with the leaders of Maynila and those of the neighbouring settlement in Tondo, Maynila was declared as the new Spanish city of Manila on June 24, 1571, effectively ending Maynila's history as an independent polity.

Sources
Laura Lee Junker, in her 1998 review of primary sources regarding archaic Philippine polities, lists the primary sources of information regarding the river delta polities of Maynila and Tondo as "Malay texts, Philippine oral traditions, Chinese tributary records and geographies, early Spanish writings, and archaeological evidence." Primary sources for the history of Rajah Kalamayin's Namayan, further upriver, include artifacts dug up from archaeological digs (the earliest of which was Robert Fox’s work for the National Museum in 1977) and Spanish colonial records (most notably those compiled by the 19th century Franciscan Historian Fray Felix Huerta).

Junker noted the inherent biases of each of the written sources, emphasizing the need to counter-check their narratives with one another, and with empirical archeological evidence.

Etymology

Maynilà comes from the Tagalog phrase may-nilà, which translates to "where indigo is found." Nilà is derived from the Sanskrit word nīla (नील) which refers to indigo, and, by extension, to several plant species from which this natural dye can be extracted. The Maynilà name is more likely in reference to the presence of indigo-yielding plants growing in the area surrounding the settlement, rather than Maynilà being known as a settlement that trades in indigo dye, since the settlement was founded several hundred years before indigo dye extraction became an important economic activity in the area in the 18th century. The native Tagalog name for the indigo plant, tayum (or variations thereof) actually finds use in another toponym within the Manila area: Tayuman, "where the indigo (plant) is."

An inaccurate but nevertheless persistent etymology asserts the origin of the placename as may-nilad ("where nilad is found"). Here, nilad refers to either: (incorrectly) the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), which is a colonial introduction to the Philippines from South America and therefore could not have been the plant species referred to in the toponym; or (correctly) a shrub-like tree (Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, formerly Ixora manila Blanco) found in or near mangrove swamps, and known as nilád or nilár in Tagalog.

From a linguistic perspective, it is unlikely for native Tagalog speakers to completely drop the final consonant  in nilad to achieve the present form Maynilà. Historian Ambeth Ocampo also states that in all early documents the place had always been called "Maynilà" (eventually adopted into Spanish as Manila) — and never referred to with the final . Despite the may-nilad etymology being erroneous, it continues to be perpetuated through uncritical repetition in both literature and popular imagination.

Maynila as the Kingdom of Luzon
Portuguese and Spanish records in the 1500s state that Maynila was the same as the kingdom that was referred to as the Kingdom of Luzon (Portuguese: Luçon, possibly from the name "Lusong"), and whose citizens had been called "Luções".

Magellan expedition member Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz's account of the events of 1521 specifically describes how the Magellan expedition, then under the command of Sebastian Elcano after the death of Magellan, captured of one of the Luções: Prince Ache, who would later be known as Rajah Matanda, who was then serving as a commander of the Naval forces of Brunei. Aganduru Moriz described the "young prince" as being "the Prince of Luzon - or Manila, which is the same.” corroborated by fellow expedition member Gines de Mafra and the account of expedition scribe Antonio Pigaffetta.

This description of Ache as "King of Luzon" was further confirmed by the Visayan allies of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, who, learning that he wanted to "befriend" the ruler of Luzon, led him to write a letter to Ache, whom he addressed as the "King of Luzon".

Kapampangan researcher Ian Christopher Alfonso, however, notes that the demonym Luções was probably expansive enough to include even Kapampangan sailors, such as the sailors from Hagonoy and Macabebe who would later be involved in the 1571 Battle of Bangkusay Channel.

The name Luzon, which French linguist Jean-Paul Potet explains was the name given to the Pasig River delta area, is thought to derive from the Tagalog word lusong, which is a large wooden mortar used in dehusking rice. A 2008 PIDS research paper by Eulito Bautista and Evelyn Javier provides an image of a Lusong, and explains that, "Traditional milling was accomplished in the 1900s by pounding the palay with a wooden pestle in a stone or wooden mortar called lusong. The first pounding takes off the hull and further pounding removes the bran but also breaks most grains. Further winnowing with a bamboo tray (bilao) separates the hull from the rice grains. This traditional hand-pounding chore, although very laborious and resulted in a lot of broken rice, required two to three skilled men and women to work harmoniously and was actually a form of socializing among young folks in the villages."

Maynila as a bayan
According to the earliest Tagalog dictionaries, large coastal settlements like Tondo and Maynila, which were ultimately led by a lakan or rajah, were called bayan in the Tagalog language. This term (which is translated today as "town") was common among the various languages of the Philippine archipelago, and eventually came to refer to the entire Philippines, alongside the word bansa (or bangsa, meaning "nation").

History

Prehistoric migrations

Austronesian expansion ( 3,500 years ago)
There is some debate about whether the Austronesian culture first came to the island of Luzon from continental Asia as proposed by Peter Bellwood and Robert Blust, or from Maritime Southeast Asia as proposed by Wilhelm Solheim and William Meacham. But whichever route these Austronesians first used to get to the Philippine archipelago, the general consensus among scholars is that they settled on what is now the island of Luzon during the earliest stages of their migratory dispersal no later than about 3,500 years ago, and later waves of migration spread from the Philippine archipelago to reach as far east as Easter Island, and as far west as Madagascar.

Tagalog migrations

Not much is known about when the Tagalog and Kapampangan peoples came to occupy the lands surrounding Manila Bay, but linguists such as Dr. David Zorc and Dr. Robert Blust speculate that the Tagalogs and other Central Philippine ethno-linguistic groups originated in Northeastern Mindanao or the Eastern Visayas. The Tagalog language is believed to have branched out from a hypothesized "proto-language" which linguists have dubbed "Proto-Philippine language," another branch of which was the Visayan languages.

Some Filipino historians such as Jaime Tiongson have asserted that some of the words used in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription came from Old Tagalog, although the text itself used the Javanese Kawi script.

Theories and legends regarding the establishment of Maynila ( mid-13th century –  early 16th century)

Establishment through defeat of Rajah Avirjirkaya by Rajah Ahmad of Brunei ( 1258)
According to Mariano A. Henson's genealogical research (later brought up by Majul in 1973, and by Santiago in 1990) a settlement in the Maynila area already existed by the year 1258. This settlement was ruled by "Rajah Avirjirkaya" whom Henson described as a "Majapahit Suzerain".

According to Henson, this settlement was attacked by a Bruneian commander named Rajah Ahmad, who defeated Avirjirkaya and established Maynila as a "Muslim principality".

Nanhai Zhi annals (1304)
The Chinese History Annals, Nanhai Zhi, corroborate the claim that then (Hindu) Brunei had invaded Maynila as Maynila was mentioned as one of the polities being ruled over by Brunei (Malilu 麻裏蘆 as mentioned in Yuan records), this Malilu being Maynila, was ruled from Brunei which was then labelled as "Poni" and Maynila was subjugated alongsides other Philippine kingdoms such as: May-i (in Mindoro), Meikun 美昆 (present-day Manukan), Puduan (Butuan), Sulu, Shahuchong 沙胡重 (present-day Siocon), Yachen 啞陳 (present-day Oton), Manaluonu 麻拿囉奴, and Wenduling 文杜陵 (present-day Mindanao).

Early references to Selurong (1360s)

In the mid 14th century, the Majapahit empire mentioned in its manuscript Nagarakretagama Canto 14, written by Prapanca in 1365, that the area of Saludung (Selurong) and Solot (Sulu) were parts of the empire. Nagarakretagama was composed as a eulogy for their emperor Hayam Wuruk. Chinese source mentioned that in 1369, the pirates of Sulu attacked Pon-i (Brunei), looting it of treasure and gold. A fleet from Majapahit succeeded in driving away the Sulus, but Pon-i was left weaker after the attack.

Establishment by Sultan Bolkiah and the Sultanate of Brunei ( 1500)
According to Bruneian oral tradition, a city with the Malay name of Selurong, which would later become the city of Maynila) was formed around the year 1500. This oral tradition claims that Sultan Bolkiah (1485–1521) of the Sultanate of Brunei attacked Tondo and established the polity of Seludong (Maynila) as a satellite state of the Sultanate of Brunei. This is narrated through Tausug and Malay royal histories, where the names Seludong, Saludong or Selurong are used to denote Manila prior to colonisation.

The traditional rajahs of Tondo, the Lakandula, retained their titles and property but the real political power came to reside in the House of Soliman, the rajahs of Maynila.

Portuguese accounts of Luções (1511 – early 1570s)

During the early 16th century, Portuguese sailors in Malaysia referred to the Tagalog people who lived in Manila Bay ("Lusong", Portuguese: Luçon) using the demonym Luções (, Spanish: Luzones).

Surviving primary documents referring to these Luções include the accounts of Fernão Mendes Pinto (1614); Tomé Pires (whose written documents were published in 1944); and the survivors of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, including expedition members Gines de Mafra and Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz and the Italian scholar Antonio Pigafetta who served as the expedition's primary scribe, and published his account in 1524.

Territorial conflicts with Tondo (before 1521)

According to the account of Rajah Matanda as recalled by Magellan expedition members Gines de Mafra, Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz, and expedition scribe Antonio Pigafetta, Rajah Matanda's father (whose name was not mentioned in the accounts) died when he was still very young. Rajah Matanda's mother (also unnamed in the Spanish accounts) then became the paramount ruler of the Maynila polity. In the meantime, Rajah Matanda, then simply known as the "Young Prince" Ache, was raised alongside his cousin, who was ruler of Tondo - presumed by some to be a young Bunao Lakandula, although not specifically named in the Spanish accounts.

During this time, Ache realized that his cousin, who was ruler of Tondo, was "slyly"
taking advantage of Ache's mother, by taking over territory belonging to Maynila. When Ache asked his mother for permission to address the matter, his mother refused, encouraging the young prince to keep his peace instead.

Prince Ache could not accept this and thus left Maynila with some of his father's trusted men, to go to his "grandfather", the Sultan of Brunei, to ask for assistance. The Sultan responded by giving Ache a position as commander of his naval force.

Pigaffetta noted that Ache was "much feared in these parts", but especially the non-Muslim locals, who considered the Sultan of Brunei an enemy.

Capture of Prince Ache by the Elcano expedition (1521)
In 1521, Ache was coming fresh from a military victory at the helm of the Bruneian navy as he just razed the Buddhist city of Laoue in Southwest Borneo to the ground, under orders from his grandfather, the Bruneian Sultan, and was supposedly on his way to Maynila with the intent of confronting his cousin when he came upon and attacked the remnants of the Magellan expedition, then under the command of Sebastian Elcano. Some historians suggest that Ache's decision to attack must have been influenced by a desire to expand his fleet even further as he made his way back to Lusong and Maynila, where he could use the size of his fleet as leverage against his cousin, the ruler of Tondo.

Ache was eventually released, supposedly after the payment of a large ransom. One of Ache's slaves, who was not included in the ransom payment, then became a translator for the Elcano expedition.

Spanish advent (1570s)
In the mid-16th century, the areas of present-day Manila were governed by native rajahs. Rajah Matanda (whose real name was recorded by the Legaspi expedition as Ache) and his nephew, Rajah Sulayman "Rajah Mura" or "Rajah Muda" (a Sanskrit title for a Prince), ruled the Muslim communities south of the Pasig River, including Maynila while Lakan Dula ruled non-Muslim Tondo north of the river. These settlements held ties with the sultanates of Brunei, Sulu, and Ternate, Indonesia (not to be confused with Ternate in present-day Cavite). Maynila was centered on a fortress (kota) along the Pasig delta. When the Spanish came and invaded Manila they described the bayan as Kota Selurong, or "The City of Selurong" of Maynila, as a settlement with a fortress of rammed earth with stockades lined with cannons (lantaka) between battlements. The cannons were locally manufactured and forged by Panday Piray. When the Spanish invaded and burned the kota to the ground, they built up the Christian walled city of Intramuros on the ruins of Islamic Manila.

Austronesian origins of Maynila

Like the majority of peoples of Maritime Southeast Asia, the Tagalog people who established the fortified polity of Maynila were Austronesians. They had a rich, complex culture, with its own expressions of language and writing, religion, art, and music. This Austronesian culture was already in place before the cultural influences of China, the southern thassalocracatic mandalas of Srivijaya and Majapahit, and Brunei, and eventually, the western colonial powers. The core elements of this Austronesian culture also persisted despite the introductions of Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and, later, Christianity. Elements of these belief systems were syncretized by the Tagalogs to enrich their already-existing worldviews, elements of which still persist today in the syncretic forms of folk Catholicism and folk Islam.

These Austronesian cultures are defined by their languages, and by a number of key technologies including the cultural prominence of boats, the construction of thatched houses on piles, the cultivation of tubers and rice, and a characteristic social organization typically led by a “big man” or “man of power”.

Government and politics

Class structure
The precolonial Tagalog barangays of Manila, Pampanga and Laguna had a more complex social structure than the Visayans (except for lowland Panay), directly participating in commerce elsewhere with the rest of Southeast and East Asia through their Bornean political contacts and proximity to the South China Sea tradewinds, and engaging in widespread wet rice agriculture provided by the tropical savanna landscape. The Tagalogs were thus described by the Spanish Augustinian friar Martin de Rada as more traders than warriors.

In his seminal 1994 work "Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society" (further simplified in the briefer by the Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office in 2015), historian William Henry Scott delineates the three classes of Tagalog society during the 1500s:
 the maginoo (ruling class), which included the Lakan or Rajah and the Datus under him;
 A class described as "Freemen" consisting of timawa and maharlika; and
 Alipin (slaves), which could further be subcategorized as aliping namamahay or alipin sa gigilid.

Leadership and governance

One of the most cosmopolitan of the early historic settlements on the Philippine archipelago, Maynila was led by paramount rulers who were referred to using the Malay title of "Raja," which is in turn derived from the Sanskrit language. In popular literature, Maynila is often referred to as a "kingdom", and its Rajas as "kings," even if they did not exercise sovereignity in the technical sense of achieving a "monopoly on the legitimate use of force".

Because population density throughout the archipelago was very lowand agricultural practices involved regularly changing planting locations every season and year to maximize the fertility value of the soil, rulership was based on interpersonal loyalty structures and social obligations rather than clearly defined territorial dominion.

These leaders butressed their right to rule by gaining prestige, notably by establishing trade and family relations with other regional powers. This was manifested in these leaders taking on foreign symbols of prestige such as the sanskrit title raja and nominaly claiming Islamic beliefs, although early chroniclers noted that the population at large did not seem to hold on to Islamic beliefs and practices and continued, for example, to retain pork as an important part of their diet.

Diplomacy

Culture and society

Clothing and accoutrements
Early Spanish accounts describe the Tagalogs as using local plants to dye their cotton clothing.  This included tayum or tagum, which produced a blue dye, and dilao, which produced a yellow dye.

Unlike the Bicolanos and Visayans to the east and south and the peoples of the northern Luzon highlands, the Tagalogs did not practice tattooing.  In fact, Rajah Sulayman used tattooedness as a pejorative description when the Spanish forces first met him; Sulayman said that Tagalogs were unlike the "painted" Visayans, and thus would not allow themselves to be taken advantage of as easily.

Religion

Historical accounts, supported by archeological and linguistic evidence and corroborated by anthropological studies, show that the Tagalog people, including those in Tondo and Maynila, practiced a set of Austronesian beliefs and practices which date back to the arrival of Austronesian peoples, although various elements were later syncretized from Hinduism, Mahayana Buddhism, and Islam.

The Tagalogs did not have a specific name for this set of religious beliefs and practices, although later scholars and popular writers refer to it as Anitism, or, less accurately, using the general term animism.

Coexistence with and syncretistic adaptation from other beliefs
One specific exception to the predominance of Anitism in early Tondo and Maynila was that the apex-level leaders of these polities identified themselves as Muslims, as did the migrant sailor Luzones who were encountered by early 15th century chroniclers in Portuguese Malacca. However, the various ethnographic reports of the period indicate that this seemed to only be a nominal identification ("Muslim by name") because there was only a surface level acknowledgement of Muslim norms (avoidance of pork, non-consumption of blood, etc.) without an "understanding of Mohammedan teachings." Scholars generally believe that this nominal practice of Islam actually represented the early stages of Islamization, which would have seen a much more extensive practice of Muslim beliefs had the Spanish not arrived and introduced their brand of Iberian Catholicism.

Osborne (2004) describes a similar process of "adaptation" happening in connection with Hindu and Buddhist influences in the various cultures of Maritime Southeast Asia, and emphasizes that this "indianization" of Southeast Asia did not per-se overwrite existing indigenous patterns, cultures, and beliefs: "Because Indian culture “came” to Southeast Asia, one must not think that Southeast Asians lacked a culture of their own. Indeed, the generally accepted view is that Indian culture made such an impact on Southeast Asia because it fitted easily with the existing cultural patterns and religious beliefs of populations that had already moved a considerable distance along the path of civilization.[…] Southeast Asians, to summarize the point, borrowed but they also adapted. In some very important cases, they did not need to borrow at all."

Tagalog religious cosmology
The Tagalog belief system was more or less anchored on the idea that the world is inhabited by spirits and supernatural entities, both good and bad, and that respect must be accorded to them through worship.

According to the early Spanish  missionary-ethnographers, the Tagalog people believed in a creator-god named Bathala, whom they referred to both as maylicha (creator; lit. "actor of creation") and maycapal (lord, or almighty; lit. "actor of power").  Loarca and Chirino also report that in some places, they were  "Molayri" (Molaiari) or "Diwata" (Dioata)."

However, these early missionary-ethnographers also noted that the Tagalogs did not include Bathala in their daily acts of worship (pagaanito).  Buenaventura was informed that this was because the Tagalogs believed Bathala was too mighty and distant to be bothered with the concerns of mortal man, and so the Tagalogs focused their acts of appeasement to "lesser" deities and powers, immediate spirits which they believed had control over their day-to-day life.

Because the Tagalogs did not have a collective word to describe all these spirits together, Spanish missionaries eventually decided to call them "anito," since they were the subject of the Tagalog's act of pagaanito (worship). According to Scott, accounts and early dictionaries describe them as intermediaries ("Bathala's agents"), and the dictionaries "used the word abogado (advocate) when defining their realms."  These sources also show, however, that in practice, they were addressed directly: "in actual prayers, they were petitioned directly, not as intermediaries." Modern day writers divide these spirits are broadly into the categories of "Ancestor spirits, nature spirits, and guardian spirits," although they also note that the dividing line between these categories is often blurred.

Demetrio, Cordero-Fernando, and Nakpil Zialcita observe that the Luzon Tagalogs and Kapampangans' use of the word anito, instead of the word diwata which was more predominant in the Visayan regions, indicated that these peoples of Luzon were less influenced by the Hindu and Buddhist beliefs of the Madjapahit empire than the Visayans were.  They also observed that the words were used alternately amongst the peoples in the southernmost portions of Luzon - the Bicol Region, Marinduque, Mindoro, etc.  They suggested that this have represented transitional area, the front lines of an increased "Indianized" Madjapahit influence which was making its way north the same way Islam was making its way north from Mindanao.

Foreign cultural influences

Trade and cultural influences from China, India, and Maritime Southeast Asia

The early inhabitants of the present-day Manila engaged in trade relations with its Asian neighbours as well as with the Hindu empires of Java and Sumatra, as confirmed by archaeological findings. Trade ties with China became extensive by the 10th century, while contact with Arab merchants reached its peak in the 12th century.

Beginnings of Islamization in Luzon (1175 – 1500s)
Archeological findings provide evidence that followers of Islam had reached the Pasig River area by 1175; among the graves found on the Sta. Ana burial site were a number of Muslim burials.

Islamization was a slow process which occurred with the steady conversion of the citizenry of Tondo and Manila created Muslim domains. The Bruneians installed the Muslim rajahs, Rajah Salalila and Rajah Matanda in the south (now the Intramuros district) and the Buddhist-Hindu settlement was ruled under Lakan Dula in northern Tundun (now Tondo). Islamization of Luzon began in the sixteenth century when traders from Brunei settled in the Manila area and married locals while maintaining kinship and trade links with Brunei and thus other Muslim centres in Southeast Asia. The Muslims were called "Moros" by the Spanish who assumed they occupied the whole coast. There is no evidence that Islam had become a major political or religious force in the region, with Father Diego de Herrera recording that the Moros lived only in some villages and were Muslim in name only.

Economy
Historians widely agree that the larger coastal polities which flourished throughout the Philippine archipelago in the period immediately prior to the arrival of the Spanish colonizers (including Tondo and Maynila) were "organizationally complex", demonstrating both economic specialization and a level of social stratification which would have led to a local demand for "prestige goods".

Specialized industries in the Tagalog and Kapampangan regions, including Tondo and Maynila, included agriculture, textile weaving, basketry, metallurgy, carpentry, hunting, among others. The social stratification which gave birth to the maginoo class created a demand for prestige products including ceramics, silk textiles, and precious stones. This demand, in turn, served as the impetus for both internal and external trade.

Junker notes that significant work still needs to be done in analyzing the internal/local supply and demand dynamics in pre-Spanish era polities, because much of the prior research has tended to focus on their external trading activities. Scott notes that early Spanish lexicons are particularly useful for this analysis, because these early dictionaries captured many words which demonstrate the varied nuances of these local economic activities.

Trade
Junker describes coastal polities of Tondo and Maynila's size as "administrative and commercial centers functioning as important nodes in networks of external and internal trade." While the basic model for the movement of trade goods in early Philippine history saw coastal settlements at the mouth of large rivers (in this case, the Pasig river delta) controlling the flow of goods to and from settlements further upriver (in this case, the upland lakeside barangays of Laguna de Bay), Tondo and Maynila had trade arrangements which allowed them to control trade throughout the rest of the archipelago. Scott observes that while the port of Tondo had the monopoly on arriving Chinese merchant ships, it was Maynila's fleet of trading vessels which in turn retailed them to settlements throughout the rest of the archipelago, so much so that Maynila's vessels, alongside Bornean, came to be known as "Chinese" (sinina).

Redistribution of Chinese and Japanese goods
The most lucrative of Tondo's economic activities involved the redistribution of Chinese goods, which would arrive in Manila bay through Tondo's port and be  distributed throughout the rest of the archipelago, mostly through Maynila's extensive shipping activities.

The Chinese and Japanese migrations to Malaya and the Philippines shore began in the 7th century and reached their peak after 1644 owing to the Manchu conquest of China. These Chinese and Japanese immigrants settled in Manila, Pasig included, and in the other ports, which were annually visited by their trade junks, they have cargoes of silk, tea, ceramics, and their precious jade stones.

According to William Henry Scott (1982), when ships from China and Japan came to Manila bay, Lakandula would remove the sails and rudders of their ships until they paid him duties and anchorage fees, and then he would then buy up all their goods himself, paying half its value immediately and then paying the other half upon their return the following year.  In the interim, these goods would be traded throughout the rest of the archipelago. The result was that other locals were not able to buy anything from the Chinese and Japanese directly, but from Tondo and Maynila, who made a tidy profit as a result.

Augustinian Fray Martin de Rada Legaspi says that the Tagalogs were "more traders than warriors", and Scott notes in a later book (1994) that Maynila's ships got their goods from Tondo and then dominated trade through the rest of the archipelago.  People in other parts of the archipelago often referred to Maynila's boats as "Chinese"  or "Japanese' (Sina or Sinina) because they came bearing Chinese and Japanese goods.

Agriculture
The people of Maynila engaged in agriculture. A report during the time of Miguel López de Legazpi noted of the great abundance of rice, fowls, wine as well as great numbers of carabaos, deer, wild boar  and goat husbandry in Luzon. In addition, there were also great quantities of cotton and colored clothes, wax, wine, honey and date palms produced by the native peoples, rice, cotton, swine, fowls, wax and honey abound.

Crop production
Rice was the staple food of the Tagalogs and Kapampangans, and its ready availability in Luzon despite variations in annual rainfall was one of the reasons Legaspi wanted to locate his colonial headquarters on Manila bay. Scott's study of early Tagalog lexicons revealed that the Tagalogs had words for at least 22 different varieties of rice.

In most other places in the archipelago, rootcrops served as an alternate staple in seasons when rice was not readily available. These were also available in Luzon, but they were desired more as vegetables, rather than as a staple.  Ubi, tugi, gabi and a local root crop which the Spanish called kamoti (apparently not the same as the sweet potato, sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas) were farmed in swiddens, while "laksa" and "nami" grew wild. Sweet potatoes (now called camote) were later introduced by the Spanish.

Millet was common enough that the Tagalogs had a word which meant "milletlike": "dawa-dawa".

Notable rulers of Maynila

Historical rulers of Maynila
A number of rulers of Maynila are specifically identified in historical documents, which include:
 the epistolary firsthand accounts of the members of the Magellan and Legaspi expeditions, referred to in Spanish as "relaciones";  These include the Sulu and Maguindanao tarsilas, and the Batu Tarsila of Brunei.
 various notarized genealogical records kept by the early Spanish colonial government, mostly in the form of last wills and testaments of descendants of said rulers

[†] Term used by original Hispanocentric text); the exact local term used by the individual was not recorded in the historical account.

Legendary rulers
A number of rulers of Maynila are known only through oral histories, which in turn have been recorded by various documentary sources, ranging from historical documents describing oral histories, to contemporary descriptions of modern (post-colonial/national-era) oral accounts. These include:
 orally transmitted genealogical traditions, such as the Batu Tarsila, which have since been recorded and cited by scholarly accounts;
 legends and folk traditions documented by anthropologists, local government units, the National Historical Institute of the Philippines, and other official sources; and
 recently published genealogical accounts based on contemporary research.

Academic acceptance of the details recounted in these accounts vary from case to case, and are subject to scholarly peer review.

See also

Luções
 Rajah Sulayman
 Battle of Bangkusay Channel
 History of Manila
 List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
 History of the Philippines (Before 1521)
 Hinduism in the Philippines
 Namayan
 Cainta (historical polity)
 Tondo (historical polity)

Footnotes

References

Further reading
 Nick Joaquin's Almanac for Manileños
 The River Dwellers by Grace P. Odal

1571 disestablishments
States and territories established in 1500
Barangay states
Former countries in Bruneian history
Former countries in Philippine history
Historical regions
History of the Philippines (900–1565)
History of Manila
History of Luzon
States and territories established in the 1500s
1500 establishments in Asia
City-states
Former monarchies


Robert B. Barnett (born August 26, 1946) is an American lawyer who is a partner at the law firm Williams & Connolly.

Family, early life, and education
Robert Bruce Barnett was born to a Jewish family on August 26, 1946, in Waukegan, Illinois, the son of Betty and Bernard Barnett. His father ran the Waukegan office of the Social Security Administration and had a popular call-in radio show that offered advice on federal retirement benefits. In 1964, he graduated from Waukegan High School where he served as senior class president. In 1968, he graduated with a bachelor's degree in political science from the University of Wisconsin-Madison (where he was a member of Pi Lambda Phi fraternity), and in 1971 he graduated with a J.D. degree from the University of Chicago where he was comment editor for the University of Chicago Law Review.

On April 10, 1972, he married Rita Braver whom he met while in college. They have a daughter, Meredith Jane Barnett (born 1978); Meredith married Dr. Daniel Ross Penn, April 6, 2008.

Career
After school, he clerked for John Minor Wisdom in New Orleans (where he married Rita Braver who accepted a job at CBS affiliate WWL-TV). In 1972, the couple moved to Washington, D.C. where he clerked for Supreme Court justice Byron White (replacing David E. Kendall) and his wife became a news-desk editor at the CBS News bureau. After his one-year clerkship, he accepted a position as aide to Minnesota Senator Walter Mondale who assigned him the task of soliciting support for legislation to curb filibusters. He became close friends with fellow Mondale aide Michael Berman.

In 1975, he was hired by Joseph A. Califano Jr. and joined the law firm of Williams, Connolly & Califano. Soon after, Mondale was chosen as Jimmy Carter's presidential running mate and Barnett took a leave of absence from his law firm and went to Atlanta to help run Carter's campaign. After Carter's win, Barnett returned to his law practice. He made a name for himself defending white-collar clients including Toyota distributor, Jim Moran and former head of Fannie Mae, Franklin Raines. In 1984, Barnett helped to prep Mondale's running mate, Geraldine Ferraro, for her debate against George H. W. Bush; and defended her from accusations about her husband's alleged Mob affiliations and questionable tax returns. He also represented David Stockman and Kitty Dukakis, helping both to secure lucrative contracts with book publishers. In 1992, he again served as a debate coach this time for Bill Clinton in his successful presidential campaign. Returning to private practice, he found many customers eager to have him represent them in securing lucrative contracts and advances for their books, including Secretary of State James Baker; former Vice President Dan Quayle and that of his wife Marilyn Quayle; and James Carville and his wife Mary Matalin. He also expanded into representing television news people in contract negotiations including his wife, Rita Braver, Susan Mercandetti, Robin Lloyd, Chris Wallace, Andrea Mitchell, Brit Hume, Wolf Blitzer, and Ann Curry.

In 1992, he became the personal attorney of Hillary Clinton (per her memoir) and assisted the Clintons when their aide Vince Foster committed suicide. After criticism arose as to whether it was appropriate for Barnett to represent so many newscasters and journalists who were reporting on the White House while also serving as lawyer to the Clintons; Barnett resigned from representing the Clintons turning his work over to fellow Williams, Connolly & Califano attorney David E. Kendall. He represented George Stephanopoulos in an incriminating book about the Clintons. In 1997, after his wife resigned from CBS, he went back to representing the Clintons, and helped to negotiate the sale of their post-presidential memoirs; and helped former Clinton officials to secure new employment (Donna Shalala as president of the University of Miami and Lawrence Summers as president of Harvard University. He also represented Dick Cheney, Laura Bush, Jenna Bush, George Tenet, Alan Greenspan, and Tony Blair in securing book contracts and advances with publishers. In December 2000, he auctioned Hillary Clinton's memoirs to Simon & Schuster for $8 million - then the 2nd-largest advance ever paid for a nonfiction title; and followed it in August 2001 with Bill Clinton's memoirs for $10 million, the largest nonfiction advance to date. He later secured multimillion-dollar book deals for Tim Russert; Edward Kennedy; Karl Rove (purchased by former client Mary Maitlin); and in 2004, Barack Obama with the reissuance of Dreams From My Father and sell The Audacity of Hope and Change We Can Believe In. Despite this, he remained a Hillary Clinton supporter and assisted her preparing for all her debates against Obama. Barnett prided himself on representing clients regardless of political affiliation and also assisted outgoing Republican officials Karen Hughes and Ari Fleischer in finding new positions.

He also served as a practice debate opponent for many Democratic presidential and vice-presidential candidates.

See also

 Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates
 List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 6)

References

1946 births
American lawyers
Jewish American attorneys
American political consultants
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
Living people
People from Waukegan, Illinois
University of Chicago Law School alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
21st-century American Jews


Rockhill Barracks () was an Irish Army barracks located in Letterkenny, County Donegal. The Barracks was forced to close due to the 2008 economic meltdown.

History
Rockhill House is a 30-room period building originally built as a manor house in the 17th century for the gentry. Captain Thomas Chambers is the earliest recorded occupier of the house in 1660. The present structure dates from 1824 and is a listed building. Rockhill House was occupied by The Irregulars during the Irish Civil War. They were removed from the building by a pro-treaty crowd who were led by Letterkenny native James McMonagle. Rockhill House which houses the barracks was later privately owned by Sir Charles John Stewart. His two sons were killed during World War I. He sold the building in October 1936, through selling agent John King Robinson, due to the fear of attacks from the Irish Republican Army.

During years of vacancy the building was used as a Preparatory Irish College. The premises was used by The 24th Battalion from 1969 to 1973. Rockhill also hosted military combatants before members of the "B" company of the 28th Infantry settled there in 1973. The barracks opened in 1969 and covers  of land. The then Taoiseach, Jack Lynch, deployed Irish troops to the border during The Troubles in Northern Ireland.

There is evidence that golf was played at Rockhill before the 20th century, long before Letterkenny Golf Club was established in 1913. A steward wrote to his master stating that golf was being played on the land of Major General ACH Stewart. In a letter he stated "Mr Chambers, Manager of the Ulster Bank, Dr Carre and a few others been playing golf on the lawn starting at McDaid's old lodge and going across into the Fort Field".

Closure

Due to the 2008 Budget cutbacks on military spending the barracks was forced to close. 135 personnel moved to Finner Camp in Ballyshannon on 31 January 2009. Willie O'Dea, Minister for Defence, who defended the closure, said "There were too many army barracks for an army and a country of Ireland's size". Local people protested and stated that "the Government was walking on the people and the proposals would mean the loss of €6.5 million to the local economy". Dessie Larkin, a local councillor, said "I think it is a huge mistake to leave the north of the county without an army presence. The county would be cut off if it was blown up. What do people do in north Donegal now if there is a flooding crisis or other disaster?" He recalled how his father James (Big Jim) Larkin was presented with a membership card for the officer's mass. The Sunday mass was only part of what the barracks meant to the community. "For people living in Bomany, Oldtown and New Mills it was a God send", he said.

Protest
A protest march was held in Letterkenny on Saturday 15 November 2008 in objection to the barracks closure. It began at the Bus Éireann depot at 1.30pm and came to a climax at the Market Square. The protest was organised by the Donegal Steering Group Against Barrack Closures who include former Rockhill service personnel. Fine Gael politician Dinny McGinley was forced to leave the Dáil after he caused a row with Willie O'Dea. When O'Dea failed to answer McGinley's request for him to visit Donegal, the Donegal TD demanded that he prove whether he is "a man or a mouse". Leas Ceann Comhairle, Brendan Howlin asked McGinley to leave when he repeatedly shouted at O'Dea.

An open day was held at the barracks on 14 January 2009 and a final mass on 18 January was celebrated by Army Chaplain, Fr. Alan Ward. The open day provided soldiers and members of the general public with an opportunity to remember times gone by. On Wednesday, 28 January, soldiers marched down the Barracks avenue for the last time before proceeding to march from the Courthouse to the Library on the town's Main Street.

Proposals
While there have been no definitive plans made for Rockhill Estate, suggested proposals have included the following:

Neil Clarke, a former Green Party politician, has suggested using the Rockhill site as a boot camp for suitable prisoners. He stated that the inmates would receive a "short, sharp, shock" by serving a short sentence while being trained and educated for the rest of their lives.
Former commanding officer Lieutenant-Colonel Declan O'Carroll has suggested that Rockhill House could be used as a County Museum due to the lack of space at the Donegal County Museum on the High Road.
Rockhill House Heritage Association, a not-for-profit group, have been campaigning since 2009 to have Rockhill properly protected and developed so as to allow the property gain its full potential for the benefit of the people of County Donegal. They see its development as a flagship tourism project as the best option to begin to achieve that aim.

On 25 July 2014, it was announced that Rockhill House would be sold at public auction during August 2014. It was acquired by a local businessman, John Moloy, for €670,000.

Publications
Lt.-Col. Declan O'Carroll, commanding officer at the barracks from 1981 to 1983, 1984 to 1986 and 1992 to 1993, published his 62-page book "Rockhill House – A History" in 1984. It was published by Defences Forces Printing Press and it was revised in 1994.

References

External links
 Irish Defence Forces Statement

Barracks in the Republic of Ireland
Buildings and structures in Letterkenny
Irish military bases


Milton Road is an arterial road in Brisbane, Australia. It is currently signed as State Route 32 for its entire length.  Milton Road is a major corridor for traffic between the Brisbane central business district and the western suburbs.  It carried an average of 50,954 vehicles per day between July and December 2014.

Milton Road's western end is at the northern terminus of the Western Freeway at the base of Mount Coot-tha in the suburb of Toowong and progresses in a north-easterly direction through the suburbs of Auchenflower and Milton before terminating at Petrie Terrace in Brisbane City. 250 metres west of Petrie Terrace is an interchange with the Hale Street expressway which allows access to and from the Inner City Bypass. Milton Road closely parallels the Ipswich railway line.

Attractions along Milton Road include the XXXX Brewery and Lang Park stadium, both in Milton.  A pedestrian bridge crosses the road here, linking the stadium to Milton railway station.

The Toowong tram line ran along the entire length of Milton Road until 1962, when the Paddington tram depot fire compelled the closure of several tram lines. Part of the line was kept open to carry spectators to and from tennis matches at Frew Park in Milton for a short while after regular services ceased.

In 2015, the Legacy Way underground road tunnel was opened.  The new toll road initially reduced traffic on Milton Road by 16%.

Major intersections
The entire road is in the Brisbane local government area.

See also

References

External links

Roads in Brisbane
Milton, Queensland


"It Won't Be Like This for Long" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Darius Rucker, lead vocalist of the rock band Hootie & the Blowfish. It was released in November 2008 as the second from his first country music album Learn to Live.  Rucker co-wrote the song with Chris DuBois and Ashley Gorley.

Content
The song is a mid-tempo mostly accompanied by acoustic guitar and piano. The song describes a couple who have just had a baby, and throughout it chronicles how their lives change by the child's presence. In the first verse, the child is crying at night, keeping both parents awake. The mother then tells the father that evenings will change when the child grows.

In the second verse, the daughter is four years old, and is being taken to preschool. She hangs on to her father's leg because she is afraid, and the teacher tells him "it won't be like this for long". By the third verse and bridge, the father is observing the daughter and realizing that the daughter will soon be grown up, and he will not be able to observe her much longer.

According to Country Weekly magazine, Rucker met with Chris DuBois and Ashley Gorley to write the song. The three songwriters were talking about their kids and "how quickly life changes." As the songwriters were talking, they decided to write the song.

Critical reception
The song received a "thumbs down" review from the country music site Engine 145. Brady Vercher stated that "the lyric itself is too straightforward to carry much emotional resonance despite Rucker's best efforts." He also considered it derivative of Trace Adkins' early 2008 hit "You're Gonna Miss This", which was also co-written by Ashley Gorley and contains a theme of a parent observing a daughter's growing up. Allen Jacobs of Roughstock gave the song a more favorable review, saying that "Rucker's butter-smooth vocals catch a country cadence, as his balladeers a promise of improvement in a loved one - and his own life."

Music video
A music video was released for the song in February 2009. As with his previous two music videos ("Don't Think I Don't Think About It" and "Winter Wonderland"), the video for "It Won't Be Like This for Long" was directed by Wayne Isham.

Chart performance
The song debuted at number 45 on the Hot Country Songs chart dated November 1, 2008 and peaked at number 1 on the chart dated March 28, 2009 and remained there for the next two weeks.

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

2008 singles
Darius Rucker songs
Music videos directed by Wayne Isham
Songs written by Darius Rucker
Songs written by Ashley Gorley
Song recordings produced by Frank Rogers (record producer)
Songs written by Chris DuBois
Capitol Records Nashville singles
2008 songs


Andrei Chesnokov was the defending champion, but did not participate this year.

Karel Nováček won the title, defeating Thomas Muster 6–4, 6–2 in the final.

Seeds

  Stefan Edberg (second round)
  Aaron Krickstein (second round)
  Michael Chang (first round)
  Jim Courier (quarterfinals)
  Carl-Uwe Steeb (second round)
  Pete Sampras (first round)
  Guillermo Pérez Roldán (first round)
  Horst Skoff (first round)

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

External links
 Singles draw

Singles


Carsten Bleness (born 22 July 1958) is a Norwegian newspaper editor.

He was born in Oslo as a son of Magne Bleness. He took the examen artium in 1977 and worked as a sailor, then manual laborer at Jøtul from 1980 to 1982. He took education as a Chief Mate and served as such for two years, and then returned to manual labor at Standard Telefon og Kabelfabrik until 1985.

From 1985 to 1987 he led the radio station Radio Klassekampen. He worked in the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation from 1988 to 1992, and in Aftenposten from 1992 to 2005. He was the newspaper's correspondent in London for a period. In 2005 he was hired as the editor-in-chief of the newspaper Dagsavisen. He resigned in 2009 amid poor economic results, and was succeeded by Arne Strand as acting editor. In September 2010 he became editor-in-chief of Hamar Arbeiderblad.

References

1958 births
Living people
Norwegian sailors
Norwegian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Norwegian newspaper reporters and correspondents
Norwegian newspaper editors
Journalists from Oslo
Dagsavisen editors


April Gornik (born 1953, Cleveland, Ohio) is an American artist who paints American landscapes. Her realist yet dreamlike paintings and drawings embody oppositions and speak to America's historically conflicted relationship with nature. While she doesn't categorize herself as an environmental artist, she is a passionate supporter of environmental causes and has said, "I have no problem with people reading an ecological message into my work."

Biography
Gornik received in 1976 her B.F.A. from the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design (now called NSCAD University), and while attending the school she met her future husband, painter Eric Fischl.

Art dealer Ed Thorp hosted her first solo exhibition in 1981, after having caught sight of her paintings while viewing Fischl's work. She is influenced by the feminist consciousness-raising of the late 20th century and, in speaking about female artists who have worked in the shadows of better known male artists, including Elaine de Kooning and Lee Krasner, she has said, "It's a problem. Women artists still receive lower prices for their art and remain less shown than their male counterparts."

In 2014, FigureGround Press published the monograph April Gornik: Drawings, an extensive look at charcoal drawings done since the mid 1980s. The book includes essays by Steve Martin and Archie Rand, an interview with Lawrence Weschler, and a digital download of a piano and cello composition by composer Bruce Wolosoff, played by Wolosoff and Sara Sant'Ambrogio of the Eroica Trio.

Gornik has remained committed to helping her community and making a difference, Gornik and her husband invested in 26 acres of land in which they donated in 2017 to the town of North Haven to preserve land. She also adds her funds to the Southampton Animal Shelter as well as being involved with the Eastville Historical Society.

Collections
Various permanent art collections include Gornik's work, including: Smithsonian American Art Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Art (the Met), the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), Hood Museum of Art, Whitney Museum of American Art, Nasher Museum of Art,  The Museum of Fine Arts, and many others.

Two of her paintings, Virga (1992) and Storm and Fires (1990) are held in the Smithsonian American Art Museum collection. In 2007, the Smithsonian Art Collectors Program commissioned Gornik to produce a print to benefit the educational and cultural programs of the Smithsonian Associates. The lithograph, entitled Blue Moonlight hangs in the ongoing exhibition Graphic Eloquence in the S. Dillon Ripley Center in the National Mall, Washington, D.C.

Awards
Gornik has received several awards: the Neuberger Museum of Art Annual Honoree (2004), the 18th annual Lifetime Achievement in the Arts Honoree (2003) by the Guild Hall of East Hampton, and the Award of Excellence for Artistic Contributions to the Fight Against AIDS from the American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR).

Bibliography

Kuspit, Donald. April Gornik: Paintings and Drawings. San Francisco:  Neuberger Museum and Hudson Hills Press, 2006.

References

External links

April Gornik interviewed by Robert Ayers, May 2009
Gornik's Blue Moonlight, The Smithsonian Art Collectors Program

1953 births
Living people
Artists from Cleveland
NSCAD University alumni
American women painters
Painters from Ohio
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists


Pondfield Cove is a small, secluded, south-facing cove immediately to the east of Worbarrow Tout and west of Gad Cliff on the south coast of the Isle of Purbeck, in Dorset, England. It is about  south of Wareham and about  west of Swanage.

The cove is only accessible when the Lulworth Ranges are open to the public. It can be reached either by a  walk down an easy track alongside Tyneham Gwyle, from the car park alongside the ghost village of Tyneham, or alternatively via the South West Coast Path.

Geology

The geology of the Isle of Purbeck is very complex and this is shown very clearly along this stretch of coast. The extreme angular layers of rock visibly demonstrate the complex sedimentary folding that affected this area some 30 million years ago. The foldings were caused by the tectonic pressures as the African and European continents collided.

During this period, the sediments were twisted horizontally, this is why the younger Cretaceous formations, between 85 and 145 million years old, are found to the rear of Worbarrow Bay. Pondfield Cove lies entirely within the Portland limestones, 150 million, and Purbeck Beds, 147 million years old. The sequence of Purbeck limestones and shales is clearly visible within the low neck of land between Worbarrow Tout and the mainland. This cliff face separates the cove from Worbarrow Bay to the north.

See also
 List of Dorset beaches

References

Gallery

Isle of Purbeck
Jurassic Coast
Coves of Dorset


The Hand That Feeds the Dead () is a 1974 gothic horror film directed by Sergio Garrone and starring Klaus Kinski. In this film, a 19th-century doctor finds a laboratory in his basement and starts dabbling in reanimation.

Cast
Although they are credited, Carla Mancini does not appear in the film. Ayhan Işık, Erol Taş and are not credited in Italian prints of the film.
 Klaus Kinski as Prof. Nijinski
 Katia Christine as Masha / Tanja Nijinski
 Ayhan Işık as Alex
 Caterina Chiani as Katja Olenov
 Erol Taş as Vanya
Source:

Production
After directing the war film La colomba non deve volare, director Sergio Garrone began work on a horror film. After contacting the Italian distributor named Sabatini, he was introduced to the Rome-based Turkish producer Şakir V. Sözen. Sözen had previously produced Frank Agrama's crime film L'amico del padrino and offered the location of a huge villa and proposed casting the Turkish actor Ayhan Işık who had co-starred in L'amico del padrino. According to Garrone, Sözen suggested instead of making one film in six weeks, that they should make two films in eight weeks. This led to the production of both Le amanti del mostro and The Hand That Feeds the Dead.

Garrone described the general idea for the film as a variation on a "Frankenstein story" The film was shot in Istanbul and Elios Studios in Rome. The special effects for the surgical scenes in the film were provided by Carlo Rambaldi.

Release
The Hand That Feeds the Dead was released in Italy on 29 April 1974. The Turkish version of the film was not released until 1986 after actor and producer Yilmaz Duru bought the negatives from Sözen and released it as Ölümün Nefesi ().  Duru re-edited the film and added music by Arif Melikov. Ölümün Nefesi was released on home video for Turkish and German home video markets and broadcast on Turkish television. The Turkish version was shown at the 2001 Ankara Film Festival.

References

Footnotes

Sources

External links

The Hand That Feeds the Dead at Variety Distribution

1974 films
Turkish horror films
Italian horror films
1970s Italian-language films
1974 horror films
Gothic horror films
Turkish multilingual films
Italian multilingual films
Films shot in Istanbul
Films shot in Rome
1970s Italian films


The Hennops River is one of the larger rivers that drains Gauteng, South Africa. It has its source near Kempton Park, east of Johannesburg and meets the Crocodile River shortly before Hartbeespoort Dam. It is one of Gauteng's most polluted rivers.

Course

The Hennops River starts in Terenure, Kempton Park, and flows in a northerly direction towards Tembisa township. It then flows past Olifantsfontein and meets the Sesmyl Spruit which flows out of the Rietvlei Dam. The river then turns north-west flowing through the centre of Centurion. The river continues in this direction flowing through the foothills of the Magaliesberg before flowing into the Crocodile River on its right bank near the Hartbeespoort Dam.

Dams

The Rietvlei Dam, which provides water to City of Tshwane, as well as numerous farm dams are situated in the Hennops River Basin. Lake Centurion as well as numerous weirs are situated on the river.

Pollution

The Hennops River is one of Gauteng's heavily polluted rivers. Insufficient and poorly-maintained sanitation facilities in Tembisa, Ivory Park, Olifantsfontein and Erasmia have turned the river into an open sewer. AfriForum gathered water samples from the Hennops River and according to the results‚ more than 1 000 000 units of the indicator microbe Escherichia coli were present per 100 ml of water. The health risk is high for people coming into full or partial contact with water having more than 2000 colony forming units per 100 ml.

Untreated or partially treated sewage also contains high concentrations of phosphate and nitrate, which contribute to the eutrophication problems in Hartbeespoort Dam. In 2020 the FRESH NGO installed litter traps at Clayville township in Tembisa, and locals were employed to remove the waste which soon accumulated.

Tourist attractions

The valley of the river is a weekend and holiday destination for residents of the nearby cities. The banks of the Hennops are a popular location for hiking, fishing, camping, and picnicking. It is crossed by two small suspension bridges, one at Centurion Mall, and the other at Hennops Pride . There are also resorts and a 4x4 trail.

See also
Magaliesberg

References

External links
Natural and anthropogenic influences on water quality: an example from rivers draining the Johannesburg Granite Dome
Tourist Attractions near Hennops River, Gauteng, South Africa
Hennops Off-road Trail - Drive Out

Crocodile River (Limpopo)
Rivers of Gauteng


Norberto Barba (born September 12, 1963) is an American television and film director. He is known for his work on Grimm and the Law & Order franchise.

Biographical details
A native of the Bronx, New York, Barba studied at Regis High School in New York City. He also spent two years at Columbia University and later went to USC School of Cinematic Arts. After earning his degree, he became a director fellow at the American Film Institute, where he earned his postgraduate degree in film production.

Barba made his directorial debut in 1992 with the short film Chavez Ravine, which tells the story of a father and son struggling to defend their home against city developers planning to build Dodger Stadium in the mid-1950s. In addition, he directed Blue Tiger (1994) and Solo (1996), before specializing as a director/producer for television programs.

His television credits include series such as New York Undercover, Level 9, Resurrection Blvd., American Dreams, CSI: Miami, Numb3rs, CSI: NY, Blade: The Series, Fringe, Grimm, Law & Order: Criminal Intent, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Threshold, Kojak and Medical Investigation, as well in Apollo 11: The Movie (1996).

Barba is a three-time ALMA Award nominated.  He also served in the U.S. Army Reserves, attending basic training at Ft. Sill, OK in early 1990 and then serving in a Psychological Operations unit of the U.S. Army Special Forces.

He departed his position as executive producer and director on NBC's Grimm after Season Five to pursue other directing opportunities.

References

External links

Film directors from New York City
American television directors
1963 births
Living people
Columbia University alumni
USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni
Regis High School (New York City) alumni


The ministry of interior of Bosnia and Herzegovina had a few special forces that existed even before the war in Bosnia in 1992.

History
Bosnian special police units where a few during the war in Bosnia, but there was only one created before the war. In 1982, the MUP special police unit "BOSNA" was created. This unit, like others European units at the time, was created from the threat of terrorism, created by specialists of the police force and very well trained and prepared to fight terrorism. Before the war this unit was active in catching criminals accused of killings, and was sent to very intense stand off situations.

Bosnian war
At the beginning of the Bosnian war, this unit was placed in the Dom Policije base in Sarajevo. All athletes, predominantly soccer and martial arts athletes, were accepted to this unit. The unit got the official name "Odred za posebne namjene MUP-a R BiH" and their first commander Dragan Vikić, they became known as "Vikicevi specijalci". Along with that units other special police units were created: Jedinica za posebne namjene "Laste" and the Green Berets of MUP in Stari Grad.

Units
After the Dayton peace agreement, the country has 13 ministries of interior: 2 entity ministries, 10 canton ministries and the ministry of the interior of the District of Brčko. The ministry of interior of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a special unit called "FUP" (bs. Federalna uprava policije/en. Federal police administration), also every canton in the Federation of B&H has a special police unit. The Republic of Srpska has a special police unit called "SJP" (bs. Specijalna jedinica policije/en. Special unit of the police). Besides those 12 units, there is a state unit, legally operating on state level called "SIPA" (en. State investigation and protection agency).

References
Ministry of the interior of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Ministry of the interior of Republika Srpska
Ministry of the interior of Brčko District
Law enforcement agencies of Bosnia and Herzegovina


Diplomatic relations have existed between the Argentina and the Austria for decades. Both nations are members of the United Nations.

History

In 1864, Argentina and the Austro-Hungarian Empire established diplomatic relations. By the early 20th century, a few migrants from Austria had immigrated to Argentina. In 1921, Argentina donated 5 million Argentine pesos to a devastated Austria which had emerged as an independent nation after World War I. In gratitude, Austria named a street in Vienna (Argentinierstraβe). The majority of Austrian migrants who arrived to Argentina arrived in two great migratory waves during the First and Second World Wars.

In October 1994, Argentine President Carlos Menem became the first Argentine head-of-state to pay a visit to Austria. In December 2000, Argentina limited its relations with Austria with regards to the participation of the Alliance for the Future of Austria party led by Jörg Haider who was known for statements in praise of Nazi policies. In 2006, Argentine President Néstor Kirchner paid a visit to Austria to attend the Fourth Latin America, the Caribbean and the European Union Summit in Vienna. In May 2008, Austrian Chancellor Alfred Gusenbauer paid a visit to Argentina. There have since been numerous visits between leaders of both nations.

In 2018, political consultations were held between leading officials of both nations. In 2019, there is a community of approximately 30,000 Austrians residing in Argentina.

Bilateral relations

Both nations have signed several agreements such as an Agreement on compensation for accidents at work by Austrians working in Argentina (1926); Agreement on film cooperation (1958); Treaty on the conduct of military service for dual citizens (1979); Agreement on economic and industrial cooperation (1979); Agreement on scientific and cultural cooperation (1980); Agreement on the Promotion and Protection of Investments (1992); Air Service Agreement (2008) and an Agreement for the elimination of double taxation in the field of taxes on income and property and for the prevention of tax reduction and avoidance (2019).

Trade
In 2017, trade between both nations totaled US$304 million. Argentina's main exports to Austria include: parts and supplies for the automotive industry, beef, fruit and soybean oils and derivatives. Austria's main exports to Argentina include: machinery and equipment, pharmaceutical products, medical and measuring instruments, orthopedic products and iron and steel products.

Resident diplomatic missions
 Argentina has an embassy in Vienna.
 Austria has an embassy in Buenos Aires.

See also
 Foreign relations of Argentina
 Foreign relations of Austria
 Austrian Argentines

References

Austria
Argentina


"Dead Wrong" is a story arc of the Marvel Comics' award-winning comic series, Runaways. The story arc features the first appearance of the creative team of Terry Moore and Humberto Ramos. The arc is composed of the first six issues of the series' third volume.

Production
Terry Moore was announced to take over the series during summer 2006. Moore hadn't read Runaways until the job offer came up; after getting more information about the Marvel Universe and Runaways from his son, Moore "fell in love" and describes the characters with great detail and passion. Moore mentioned that one of his favorite scenes in this story arc involved the beach scene with Molly and Klara.

Humberto Ramos's incarnations of the Runaways differs greatly from those of previous artists Adrian Alphona, Mike Norton, and Michael Ryan. For Karolina, he used his personal opinion to draw her, deliberately breaking style with the previous artists for the benefit. His drawing of Nico was meant to look sexy. As for Chase, he modeled Chase into a typical "big blond hunk of California surfer", because Chase should be "the muscle in the team." Ramos regularly goes onto Yahoo! Shopping, looking for the latest ideas in fashion for Molly and Klara's Hannah Montana-inspired clothes. Xavin's gender is to be determined by the way the story progresses, Victor remains more or less the same, but Old Lace differs greatly. With a much longer jaw, the dinosaur appears a lot larger than previous incarnations.

Story

Plot
The duo's pilot issue (August 27, 2008) had the Runaways find a third hiding place at Chase's parent's former Malibu home. Klara saves her first life, Chase's new radio station manager boss, Bob, who mysteriously falls off the tower during a heart attack. When returning home, the Runaways discover that the remaining Majesdanians (Karolina's alien race) have arrived; deHalle, vaRikk, vaDanti, and the General have the desire to hunt Karolina down for the problems caused on their planet. With the help of a spell from Nico ("Scatter") she manages to separate the Majesdanians, sending vaRikk to Africa, deHalle to Antarctica, and the General to China (September 24, 2008). Her spell fails to work on vaDanti, so the Runaways hold him captive. Meanwhile, Val Rhymin kills Bob, the station manager. It is revealed in the third issue that Nico's spell actually also affected the Runaways; a reason why they are also slowly breaking up.

Setting
Like previous writers Brian K. Vaughan and Joss Whedon, Moore continues to make cultural references: YouTube, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), movie director Kevin Smith. The films Psycho, Jurassic Park, and Rocky Balboa from the Rocky film series are also referenced.

Characters
Nico Minoru leads the team. She is a witch who controls magic.
Karolina Dean is an extraterrestrial, who controls solar energy.
Chase Stein has a psychic link to a dinosaur and owns fire/electric-manipulating gauntlets.
Molly Hayes is a mutant whose powers include super-strength and invulnerability.
Victor Mancha is a cyborg who has the ability to control metal and electricity.
Xavin, a shape-shifting alien has the abilities of the Fantastic Four.
Klara Prast, the latest member, has the ability to control plants.

Notes

References

External links

Who Are The Runaways?: The Newcomer’s Guide to Volume 3
Marvel Page on the Runaways
Runaways at Merging Minds

Marvel Next


Jazz Samba Encore! is a bossa nova album by Stan Getz and Luiz Bonfá, released on the Verve label. It is bossa nova in a slower groove. It contains a mix of Jobim standards as well as originals from Bonfá. Performers also include Antonio Carlos Jobim and vocalist Maria Toledo, Bonfá's wife. The painting on the cover is a piece by the influential New York based abstract expressionist Olga Albizu from Puerto Rico.

Track listing
 "Sambalero" (Luiz Bonfá) – 2:08
 "Só Danço Samba (I Only Dance Samba)" (Antônio Carlos Jobim/Vinicius de Moraes) – 3:36
 "Insensatez (How Insensitive)" (Jobim/de Moraes) – 3:21
 "O Morro Não Tem Vez" (Favela) (Jobim/de Moraes) – 6:53
 "Samba de Duas Notas (Two Note Samba)" (Luiz Bonfá) – 4:18 (reference to Jobim's "One Note Samba")
 "Menina Flor" (Bonfá/Maria Toledo) – 4:08
 "Mania de Maria" (Bonfá/Maria Toledo) – 2:43
 "Saudade Vem Correndo" (Bonfá/Maria Toledo) – 3:39
 "Um Abração no Getz (A Tribute to Getz)" (Bonfá) – 4:23
 "Ebony Samba – Second Version" (Bonfá) – 4:33
 "Ebony Samba – First Version" (Bonfá) – 3:48 *

(bonus CD track)

Personnel
Stan Getz – tenor saxophone
Luiz Bonfá – guitar
Antônio Carlos Jobim – guitar (tracks 1, 2, 4, and 9), piano (track 3)
Maria Toledo – vocals (tracks 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 11)
Tommy Williams (tracks 1–4 and 9), George Duvivier (tracks 2–4 and 9), Don Payne (tracks 5–8, 10, and 11) – bass
Paulo Ferreira – drums
Jose Carlos (tracks 1–4 and 9), Dave Bailey (tracks 8 and 10) – drums, percussion

In popular culture
The bridge of "Saudade Vem Correndo" is prominently sampled in the 1995 song "Runnin'" by hip hop group The Pharcyde, from their album Labcabincalifornia. In turn, "Runnin" is interpolated in the 2003 song "Fallen" by R&B singer Mýa, from her album Moodring. "Saudade Vem Correndo" is also sampled in the 2019 song "Make Believe" by rapper Juice WRLD, from his album Death Race for Love.

References

1963 albums
Bossa nova albums
Stan Getz albums
Verve Records albums
Albums produced by Creed Taylor
MGM Records albums
Luiz Bonfá albums


Lover of the Monster () is a 1974 gothic horror film directed by Sergio Garrone and starring Klaus Kinski.

Plot
Dr. Alex Nijinski (Klaus Kinski) stumbles upon a secret experimental laboratory when he returns to his wife's ancestral homestead.  Work in the lab turns the curious doctor into a Jekyll and Hyde split personality, with the evil alter ago going on a killing rampage in the town which is blamed on a pair of tramps.

Cast

Although credited, Carla Mancini, Alessandro Perrella and Stella Calderoni to not appear in the film. Ayhan Işık, Erol Taş and Roberto Messina are not credited in the Italian prints of the film.

Production
After directing the war film La colomba non deve volare, director Sergio Garrone began work on a horror film. After contacting the Italian distributor named Sabatini, he was introduced to the Rome-based Turkish producer Şakir V. Sözen. Sözen had previously produced Farouk Agrama's crime film L'amico del padrino offered the location of a huge villa and proposed casting the Turkish actor Ayhan Işık who had co-starred in Lamico del padrino. According to Garrone, Sözen suggested instead of making one film in six weeks, that they should make two films in eight weeks. This led to the production of both le amanti del mostro and The Hand That Feeds the Dead.

Le amanti del mostro was filmed in Istanbul and at Elios Studios in Rome.

Release
Le amanti del mostro was released theatrically in Italy on 28 May 1974 where it was distributed by Morini.

Footnotes

References

External links

1974 films
Italian horror films
Turkish horror films
1974 horror films
Films shot in Istanbul
Gothic horror films
Films shot in Rome
1970s Italian films
Films shot in Turkey


Jonathan Coy (born 24 April 1953) is a British actor. He has worked since 1975 largely in television, notably as Henry in the long-running legal series Rumpole of the Bailey and as Bracegirdle in the television series Hornblower, adapted from the books by C. S. Forester. He also appeared as the German character, Kurt, in the British television mini-series Brideshead Revisited, in Episode 7, entitled "The Unseen Hook," and Colin Grove in The Sandbaggers in 1978.

In 2008, he played Lloyd in a UK tour of the play Noises Off, Leonato in the 2011 Wyndham's Theatre production of Much Ado About Nothing, with David Tennant, and Colonel Luykin in Pinero's The Magistrate at the Royal National Theatre in 2012-13, a production that was included in Season 4 of National Theatre Live.

In 1997, he appeared as Doug Arkwright in Hetty Wainthropp Investigates (“Daughter of the Regiment”, S3:E2).  He also played a German spy called "Hans Maier" in the BBC Series Foyle's War, Series 2 Episode 1; and played the Prince of Wales in the BBC series The Scarlet Pimpernel (1999). In 2003, he played Henry VIII in The Six Mothers-in-law of Henry VIII, "an unreliable history," on BBC Radio 4.

He appeared in the 2001 critically acclaimed television film Conspiracy as Erich Neumann, the Director of the Office of the Four Year Plan. His main scenes were with Brendan Coyle, who played Gestapo General Heinrich Muller. He would be reunited with Coyle over 10 years later on the set of Downton Abbey, where Coy played Mr George Murray, Lord Grantham's lawyer. Coy portrayed George Murray again in Downton Abbey: A New Era.

In 2014, he appeared in the world premiere production of Privacy at the Donmar Warehouse, London, and in 2015 in the world premiere production of Stoppard's The Hard Problem.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

1953 births
Living people
English male television actors
English male stage actors
Male actors from Hammersmith


Maja e Vukocës is a mountain in northern Albania in the Accursed Mountains range with a height of 2,450m. It lies close to the border with Montenegro, about 7 km southwest of the village Vusanje. Like others in the range, it too has a steep, rocky summit. It is even more difficult to climb it at winter when the snow and ice make the route to the peak and summit impossible to reach.

References

External links
Summitpost, Maja Vukoces

Mountains of Albania
Two-thousanders of Albania
Accursed Mountains


Arne Blix (born 20 September 1954) is a Norwegian journalist.

Since 2006 he is the editor-in-chief of the newspaper Adresseavisen. Starting his career as a journalist in Bladet Tromsø from 1976 to 1978 and in Verdens Gang from 1978 to 1985, he has worked in Adresseavisen since, except for the years 1987 to 1989. He took the cand.jur. degree at the University of Oslo in 1986.

References

1954 births
Living people
Norwegian newspaper editors
University of Oslo alumni


Ştiinţa Bacău may refer to:
 CS Știința Bacău - a men's football club founded in 1965 and dissolved in 1975
 FC Știința Bacău -a men's football club founded in 2008 and dissolved in 2009
 Știința Municipal Bacău - a men's handball club
 CS Știința Bacău - a women's handball club
 CS Știința Bacău - a women's volleyball club


Crash of Light is a live album by Norwegian new wave band Fra Lippo Lippi. It was originally prepared for the band's revived record label Uniton Records, but was never released in Norway due to legal problems with their distributor. The album was eventually released on LP, CD and cassette in the Philippines by OctoArts International in 1990.

This live recording is currently available as part of Rune Arkiv's re-release of the band's 1985 album Songs.

Track listing
 "Crash of Light"
 "The Distance Between Us"
 "Everytime I See You"
 "Fade Away"
 "Shouldn't Have to Be Like That"
 "Even Tall Trees Bend"
 "Say Something"
 "Regrets"

Personnel
Rune Kristoffersen - bass
Per Øystein Sørensen - vocals

with

Tore Elgarøy - guitar, backing vocals
Lasse Hafreager - keyboards, backing vocals
Berit Lohne - piano, backing vocals
Bjørn Juliusson - drums

References

Fra Lippo Lippi (band) albums
1990 live albums


Edward J. "Chip" Clancy Jr. (June 30, 1950 – June 6, 2021) was an American politician in the state of Massachusetts who served the 55th mayor of Lynn, Massachusetts. He was first elected in November 2001. Previously, Clancy served on the Lynn City Council. After the council, he served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives and the Massachusetts Senate.  In 2001, while still a member of the Massachusetts Senate, Clancy was elected as Mayor of Lynn; after his election as Mayor, Clancy resigned from the Senate. On November 3, 2009, he was defeated by Republican challenger Judith Flanagan Kennedy, by a margin of 27 votes.

Early life
Clancy was a native of Lynn, Massachusetts. His parents were Mrs. Claire M. (Luby) Clancy and Edward J. "Nipper" Clancy, a former political leader and city assessor of Lynn.

Early career
Clancy graduated from Providence College and Suffolk University Law School.  On December 15, 1975, Clancy was admitted to the Massachusetts Bar and served as an Assistant Attorney General in the Massachusetts Attorney General's office.

Lynn City Council
In 1977, Clancy was elected to the Lynn, Massachusetts, city council.

First run for Mayor
In 1981 Clancy lost his first campaign for Mayor of Lynn. In the 1981 preliminary election Clancy finished first, receiving 1,393 more votes than incumbent Mayor Antonio J. Marino. However, Mayor Marino defeated Clancy by 3,119 votes in the final election.

Return to the City Council
In 1983 Clancy was once again elected to the Lynn City Council as a City Councilor at large.

Election to the Massachusetts House of Representatives
In 1990 Clancy ran in the Democratic Primary for the Massachusetts House of Representatives.  Clancy ran against former Speaker of the House Thomas W. McGee.  Initially McGee was declared the winner with a nine-vote victory. However, after a recount Clancy was ahead of McGee by a five-vote margin. After McGee challenged the recount in court, Clancy ended up winning the primary by an 11-vote margin.  Clancy went on to defeat Republican Kimberly P. Simone and win the general election in November 1990.

Election to the Massachusetts Senate
In April 1994 Massachusetts State Senator Walter J. Boverini (D-Lynn) announced that he would not run for reelection the State Senate. Clancy ran for and won the Democratic Party's nomination for the seat being vacated by Boverini.

In November 1994 Clancy won the general election for State Senate seat from the 1st Essex District.

Clancy garnered 29,637 votes or 55% of the vote vs Republican Kathleen E. Caron's 24,663 votes or 45% of the total votes cast.

Election as Mayor of Lynn
Clancy ran unopposed in his first two elections for the Mayor of Lynn. On November 3, 2009, Clancy was defeated by Judith Flanagan Kennedy by a total of 8,043 votes to 8,016.

Later life and death
Clancy continued to practice law and remained active in the community. He died on June 6, 2021, at the age of 70, with his wife Linda and family by his side.

Election history

2009 Lynn Mayoral Election

Source: Our Campaigns

Source: Boston Globe Lynn Item

References

External links
Mayors of the City of Lynn since its incorporation in 1850 from the official website of the City of Lynn
Mayor Clancy's official Biography from the City of Lynn website
Mayor Clancy's record from the Massachusetts Board of Bar Overseers website

1950 births
2021 deaths
Democratic Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Democratic Party Massachusetts state senators
Massachusetts city council members
Mayors of Lynn, Massachusetts
Suffolk University Law School alumni