Fomalhaut b, formally named Dagon (), was a directly imaged extrasolar object and former candidate planet observed near the A-type main-sequence star Fomalhaut, approximately 25 light-years away in the constellation of Piscis Austrinus. The object's discovery was initially announced in 2008 and confirmed in 2012 via images taken with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) on the Hubble Space Telescope. Under the working hypothesis that the object was a planet, it was reported in January 2013 that it had a highly elliptical orbit with a period of 1,700 Earth years. The planetary hypothesis has since fallen out of favor; more recently gathered data suggests a dust or debris cloud is far more likely, and more recent analysis placed the object on an escape trajectory.

The true nature of Fomalhaut b has been the subject of significant debate. Fomalhaut b was initially identified as one of the first exoplanets to be directly imaged: its detection was attributed to reflected light from circumplanetary material (e.g. a dust ring) and thermal emission from a jovian planet atmosphere. Later, Fomalhaut b was described as a low-mass planet which was only detected due to its surrounding dust cloud or, most recently, debris from a collision of asteroids instead.

The object was one of those selected by the International Astronomical Union as part of NameExoWorlds, their public process for giving proper names to exoplanets. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new name. In December 2015, the IAU announced the winning name was Dagon. The name Dagon was proposed by Dr. Todd Vaccaro and forwarded by the St. Cloud State University Planetarium to the IAU for consideration. Dagon was a Semitic deity, often represented as half-man, half-fish.

Summary
The most likely composition of Fomalhaut b is a dust cloud. Prior to 2020, a possible alternative was that Fomalhaut b could be a planet less than twice Jupiter's mass that is enshrouded in a spherical cloud of dust from ongoing planetesimal collisions.

Fomalhaut b's discovery and preliminary identification as an exoplanet was announced at the same time as three others around HR 8799, described as the first directly imaged extra-solar planets (among earlier claims such as e.g. 2M1207 b, GQ Lup b, DH Tau b, AB Pic b, CHXR 73 b, UScoCTIO 108 b, CT Cha b, 1RXS 1609 b) in that their emission was thought to originate at least in part from a planetary atmosphere.  However, subsequent studies from the Spitzer Space Telescope and a reanalysis of the original HST data instead suggest that Fomalhaut b's light is scattered starlight, not planet thermal emission.

History of observations

Initial discovery by Hubble

The existence of a massive planet orbiting Fomalhaut was first inferred from Hubble observations published in 2005 that resolved the structure of Fomalhaut's massive, cold debris disk (or dust belt/ring).  The belt is not centered on the star, and has a sharper inner boundary than would normally be expected.  The initial theory was that a massive planet on a wide orbit but located interior to this debris ring could clear out parent bodies and dust in its vicinity, leaving the ring appearing to have a sharp inner edge and making it appear offset from the star.

In May 2008, Paul Kalas, James Graham and their collaborators identified Fomalhaut b from Hubble/ACS images taken in 2004 and 2006 at visible wavelengths (i.e. 0.6 and 0.8 μm). NASA released the composite discovery photograph on November 13, 2008, coinciding with the publication of discovery by Kalas et al. in Science.

Kalas remarked, "It's a profound and overwhelming experience to lay eyes on a planet never before seen. I nearly had a heart attack at the end of May when I confirmed that Fomalhaut b orbits its parent star." In the image, the bright outer oval band is the dust ring, while the features inside of this band represent noise from scattered starlight.

Early follow-up observations and doubts
In the discovery paper, Kalas and collaborators suggested that Fomalhaut b's emission originates from two sources: from circumplanetary dust scattering starlight and from planet thermal emission. Here, the former explains most of the 0.6 μm brightness and planet thermal emission contributes to much of the 0.8 μm brightness. Their non-detections with ground-based infrared data suggested that Fomalhaut b could not be more massive than about three times Jupiter's mass if it were a planet.

However, Fomalhaut b should be detectable in space-based infrared data if its mass is between 1-3 times Jupiter's mass and it is a planet. On the contrary, observations from the infrared-sensitive Spitzer Space Telescope failed to detect Fomalhaut b, implying that Fomalhaut b has less mass than Jupiter if it is a planet.  Furthermore, although Fomalhaut b was thought to be a plausible explanation for Fomalhaut's eccentric debris ring, measurements in the Kalas et al. paper hinted that it was moving too fast (i.e. not apsidally aligned) for this explanation to work.  Finally, researchers analyzing September–October 2011 data from the ALMA for Fomalhaut's debris ring suggested an alternate hypothesis: that the ring could be shaped by much smaller, shepherding planets, neither of which needed to be Fomalhaut b.  These results invoked skepticism about Fomalhaut b's status as an extrasolar planet.

Recovery and independent confirmation by Hubble
On October 24, 2012, a team led by Thayne Currie at the University of Toronto announced the first independent recovery of Fomalhaut b and revived the claim that Fomalhaut b was a planet. They reanalyzed the original Hubble data using new, more powerful algorithms for separating planet light from starlight and confirmed that Fomalhaut b does exist. They also provided a new detection of Fomalhaut b at 0.4 µm.
They modeled the optical detection and infrared upper limits for Fomalhaut b, showing that Fomalhaut b's emission can be completely explained by starlight scattered by small dust and arguing that this dust surrounds an unseen planetary-mass object. Thus, they consider Fomalhaut b to plausibly be a "planet identified from direct imaging" even if Fomalhaut b is not, strictly speaking, a directly imaged planet insofar as the light does not come from a planetary atmosphere.

A second paper made public a day later and led by Raphael Galicher and Christian Marois at the Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics also independently recovered Fomalhaut b and confirmed the new 0.4 µm detection, claiming the spectral energy distribution (SED) of Fomalhaut b cannot be explained as due to direct or scattered radiation from a massive planet. They considered two models to explain the SED: (1) a large circumplanetary disk around a massive, but unseen, planet and (2) the aftermath of a collision during the past 100 years of two Kuiper belt objects of radii about 50 km.

Subsequent Hubble data obtained in 2010 and 2012 with the STIS instrument by Paul Kalas and collaborators again recovered Fomalhaut b. However, analysis of Fomalhaut b's astrometry showed that the object has a high eccentricity (e = 0.8), its orbit (projected on the sky) crosses the plane of Fomalhaut's debris ring, and thus it is unlikely to be the object sculpting the debris ring's sharp inner edge.  Fomalhaut b's high eccentricity may be evidence for a significant dynamical interaction with a hitherto unseen planet at a smaller orbital separation.

The revival of the claim that Fomalhaut b was (possibly) a planet after it had been discounted led some to nickname the object a "zombie planet", although this is a non-technical term used in press material and does not appear in any peer-reviewed manuscript.

Confirmation as a debris cloud
Analyses of additional STIS data obtained in 2013 and 2014, published in 2020, found that Fomalhaut b is fading and expanding in size, a behavior that supports the interpretation of Fomalhaut b as a debris cloud from a collision between two asteroid-sized objects on an escape trajectory, rather than a planet. On May 7, 2020, the NASA Exoplanet Archive officially removed Fomalhaut b from its list of exoplanet candidates (confirmed or not).

By 2023, Fomalhaut b had dissipated and was no longer visible in images from the James Webb Space Telescope.

Physical characteristics
Formalhaut b was hypothesized to be a gaseous planet, the planet was disproven, and confirmed to be a dust cloud.

Other hypothesized planets
Based on the (now disproven) assumption that Fomalhaut b was a gaseous planet, the existence of additional planets closer to the star had been postulated. Fomalhaut b would be orbiting its host star at a wide separation, where forming massive planets is difficult. To explain its current location, Fomalhaut b would have had to be dynamically scattered by a more massive, unseen body located at smaller separations. Several ground-based observations have searched for this hypothetical Fomalhaut "c", but have yet to find it. At very small, Solar-System-like scales, any additional companions must have a mass less than thirteen times that of Jupiter. At slightly larger scales, comparable to the locations of the planets around HR 8799, any additional planets of Fomalhaut must have masses below about 2 to 7 Jupiter masses. A gaseous planet in an orbit like Fomalhaut b could have formed in situ if it coalesced from small pebble-sized objects that rapidly formed into a protoplanetary core which in turn accreted a gaseous envelope.

Gallery

See also
 Direct imaging of extrasolar planets
 Lists of exoplanets
 List of star systems within 25–30 light-years

References

External links
Hubblecast 22: Hubble directly observes planet orbiting Fomalhaut
Preprint of recovery/confirmation paper
Preprint of discovery paper
Preprint of prediction paper
NASA's Hubble reveals rogue planetary orbit for Fomalhaut b

Piscis Austrinus
Exoplanets detected by direct imaging
Exoplanets with proper names
Disproven exoplanets
Astronomical objects discovered in 2008
Dagon


The Coal Creek Patrol Cabin in Glacier National Park, Montana, is a rustic backcountry log cabin. Built in 1925, the cabin has a single room with a board floor and a small cellar for a food cache. The cabin was used by rangers on patrol routes from the Nyack and Paola ranger stations.

The cabin is notable for its original roof construction, which consisted of peeled logs laid along the pitch of the roof, culminating in a log ridgepole.  The added weight was borne by double log purlins, one on top of the other.  The configuration was apparently intended to protect against deadfalls, falling trees or branches. The logs were replaced by shingles in the 1940s and by metal in the 1960s. While the Paola ranger station was abandoned in 1932, as well as the Nyack station, the Coal Creek cabin is maintained and used by trail maintenance crews.

References

Ranger stations in Glacier National Park (U.S.)
Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
Houses completed in 1925
Government buildings completed in 1925
Log cabins in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Flathead County, Montana
Log buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
1925 establishments in Montana
National Register of Historic Places in Glacier National Park
National Park Service rustic in Montana


Barry Leiba (born 1957) is a computer scientist and software researcher.  He retired from IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Hawthorne, New York in February 2009, and now works for FutureWei Technologies as a Director of Internet Standards.  His work has focused for many years on electronic mail and anti-spam technology, on mobile computing and the Internet of things, and on Internet standards.

Work on e-mail and anti-spam technology
Leiba's interest in e-mail began in the early 1980s, with IBM's PROFS system, and with a proprietary e-mail system developed for an IBM customer.  In the early 1990s he and his team at IBM Research developed an early implementation of an integrated multimedia e-mail system, called Ultimail, which became part of IBM's TCP/IP product for OS/2.  The work on Ultimail led to development of the Internet Messaging Framework, a toolkit for developing Internet-standards-compliant clients and servers.  He was part of the team that developed the SpamGuru anti-spam engine at IBM Research.

He has published a number of papers at the Collaboration, Electronic messaging, Anti-Abuse and Spam Conference, and was a program chair for the conference in 2008 and 2010.

Work on Internet standards
Leiba has been involved with the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) since the mid-1990s, working on e-mail-related standards, including IMAP, ACAP, updates to SMTP and the Internet message format, lemonade, the Sieve e-mail filtering language, internationalization in general and e-mail address internationalization in particular, and DKIM.  He has chaired a number of working groups, including DKIM, OAUTH, CBOR, and DMARC, and served on the Internet Architecture Board from 2007 to 2009.  He served on the Internet Engineering Steering Group as Applications Area Director from 2012 to 2016 and as Applications and Real-Time (ART) Area Director from 2019 to 2021, and is the IETF liaison to the Messaging, Malware and Mobile Anti-Abuse Working Group (M3AAWG).  He was appointed to the ICANN Security and Stability Advisory Committee (SSAC) in 2018.

Other work
Leiba has also worked on IBM Research projects involving context awareness, mobile and distributed computing, and computer security and access controls.  He has been on the editorial board of the IEEE Computer Society's Internet Computing magazine since January 2008, where he is currently serving as Associate Editor in Chief.  In June of 2022 he was elected to the Internet Society Board of
Trustees.

Authored Requests For Comments (RFCs)
 RFC 2177 – IMAP4 Idle Command
 RFC 2683 – IMAP4 Implementation Recommendations
 RFC 5231 – Sieve Extension: Relational Tests
 RFC 5258 – IMAP4 LIST Command Extensions
 RFC 5435 - Sieve Extension: Notifications
 RFC 5436 - Sieve Notification Mechanism: mailto
 RFC 5825 - Displaying Downgraded Messages for Email Address Internationalization
 RFC 6131 - Sieve Vacation Extension: Seconds parameter
 RFC 6132 - Sieve Notification Using Presence Information
 RFC 6133 - Sieve Email Filtering: Use of Presence Information with Auto Responder functionality
 RFC 6134 - Sieve Extension: Externally Stored Lists
 RFC 6154 - IMAP LIST extension for special-use mailboxes
 RFC 6237 - IMAP4 Multimailbox SEARCH Extension
 RFC 6430 - Email Feedback Report Type Value: not-spam
 RFC 6468 - Sieve Notification Mechanism: SIP MESSAGE
 RFC 6474 - vCard Format Extensions : place of birth, place and date of death
 RFC 6558 - Sieve Extension for converting messages before delivery
 RFC 6715 - vCard Format extension: to represent vCard extensions defined by the OMA Converged Address Book group
 RFC 6785 - Support for IMAP Events in Sieve
 RFC 6854 - Update to Internet Message Format to Allow Group Syntax in the "From:" and "Sender:" Header Fields
 RFC 6859 - Update to RFC 3777 to Clarify Nominating Committee Eligibility of IETF Leadership
 RFC 6924 - Registration of Second-Level URN Namespaces under "ietf"
 RFC 7114 - Creation of a Registry for smime-type Parameter Values
 RFC 7377 - IMAP4 Multimailbox SEARCH Extension
 RFC 7803 - Changing the Registration Policy for the NETCONF Capability URNs Registry
 RFC 7957 - DISPATCH-Style Working Groups and the SIP Change Process
 RFC 8067 - Updating when Standards Track Documents may Refer Normatively to Documents at a Lower Level
 RFC 8126 - Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs (BCP 26 edition 3)
 RFC 8174 - Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words
 RFC 8457 - IMAP "$Important" Keyword and "\Important" Special-Use Attribute
 RFC 8788 - Eligibility for the 2020-2021 Nominating Committee
 RFC 9051 - Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) - Version 4rev2

References

External links
 Internet Messaging Technology home page
 Radio interview about anti-spam (mp3 audio) on Tech Talk, KFNX radio, 5 June 2005
 Interview in ITBusinessEdge, 25 May 2007
 Radio interview about Internet standards (mp3 audio) on Tech Talk, KFNX radio, 9 October 2011

American computer programmers
American computer scientists
American skeptics
People in information technology
Internet Society people
1957 births
Living people
IBM employees
OS/2 people


This article provides information on candidates who stood for the 1903 Australian federal election. The election was held on 16 December 1903.

By-elections, appointments and defections

By-elections and appointments
On 14 September 1901, Littleton Groom (Protectionist) was elected to replace William Henry Groom (Protectionist) as the member for Darling Downs.
On 26 March 1902, William Hartnoll (Free Trade) was elected to replace Frederick Piesse (Free Trade) as one of the five members for Tasmania.
On 21 January 1903, Robert Reid (Free Trade) was appointed as a Victorian Senator to replace Sir Frederick Sargood (Free Trade).
On 20 May 1903, Henry Saunders (Free Trade) was appointed as a Western Australian Senator to replace Norman Ewing (Free Trade).
On 4 September 1903, George Reid (Free Trade) won the seat of East Sydney, which he had re-contested to assert his leadership.
On 8 October 1903, Charles Mackellar (Protectionist) was appointed as a New South Wales Senator to replace Richard O'Connor (Protectionist).

Defections
In 1902, Free Trade MP Alexander Poynton (Grey) joined the Labour Party.
South Australian Free Trade MP Sir Frederick Holder had resigned from the party by the 1903 election after being elected Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1901. He contested the election as an Independent, but was unopposed by the other parties.
Queensland Protectionist MP Thomas Macdonald-Paterson (Brisbane) lost pre-selection and contested the election as an Independent.
Tasmanian Free Trade Senator Henry Dobson contested the election as a member of the Tariff Reform Party.
Queensland Protectionist Senator Thomas Glassey lost pre-selection, and contested the election as an Independent.

Redistributions and seat changes

South Australia and Tasmania, which for the first federal election were contested as single electorates for the House of Representatives:
South Australia was divided into seven electorates: Adelaide, Angas, Barker, Boothby, Grey, Hindmarsh and Wakefield. Of the seven members elected for the division of South Australia in 1901, Charles Kingston (Protectionist) contested Adelaide, Paddy Glynn (Free Trade) contested Angas, Sir Langdon Bonython (Protectionist) contested Barker, Lee Batchelor (Labour) and Vaiben Louis Solomon (Free Trade) contested Boothby, Alexander Poynton (Labour) contested Grey, Sir Frederick Holder (the Speaker) contested Wakefield, and no sitting members contested Hindmarsh.
Tasmania was divided into five electorates: Bass, Darwin, Denison, Franklin and Wilmot. Of the five members elected for the division of Tasmania in 1901, William Hartnoll (Free Trade) contested Bass, King O'Malley (Labour) contested Darwin, Sir Philip Fysh (Protectionist) and Norman Cameron (Free Trade) contested Denison, Sir Edward Braddon (Free Trade) contested Wilmot, and no sitting members contested Franklin.
The Free Trade MP for Lang, Francis McLean, contested Hume.

Retiring Members and Senators

Protectionist
 Sir Edmund Barton MP (Hunter, NSW)
 George Cruickshank MP (Gwydir, NSW)
 Chester Manifold MP (Corangamite, Vic)
Senator Sir John Downer (SA)
Senator Charles Mackellar (NSW)

Free Trade
 Samuel Cooke MP (Wannon, Vic)
 Arthur Groom MP (Flinders, Vic)
 Sir William McMillan MP (Wentworth, NSW)
Senator John Ferguson (Qld) — seat declared vacant prior to election due to lack of attendance
Senator Edward Harney (WA)
Senator Robert Reid (Vic)

Independent
 Alexander Paterson MP (Capricornia, Qld)

House of Representatives
Sitting members at the time of the election are shown in bold text.
Successful candidates are highlighted in the relevant colour. Where there is possible confusion, an asterisk (*) is also used.

New South Wales

Queensland

South Australia

Tasmania

Victoria

Western Australia

Senate
Sitting Senators are listed in bold.
Tickets that elected at least one Senator are highlighted in the relevant colour. Successful candidates are identified by an asterisk (*).

New South Wales
Three seats were up for election. The Protectionist Party was defending one seat. The Free Trade Party was defending two seats. Free Trade Senators Albert Gould, Edward Millen and James Walker were not up for re-election.

Queensland
Three seats were up for election. The Protectionist Party was defending one seat. The Free Trade Party was defending one seat. The Labour Party was defending one seat. Protectionist Senator James Drake and Labour Senators Anderson Dawson and William Higgs were not up for re-election.

South Australia
Three seats were up for election. The Protectionist Party was defending one seat. The Free Trade Party was defending one seat. The Labour Party was defending one seat. Protectionist Senator Thomas Playford and Free Trade Senators Sir Richard Baker and Sir Josiah Symon were not up for re-election.

Tasmania
Three seats were up for election. The Protectionist Party was defending one seat. The Free Trade Party was defending two seats. Protectionist Senator John Keating, Free Trade Senator John Clemons and Labour Senator David O'Keefe were not up for re-election.

Victoria
Four seats were up for election, one of which was for the short-term vacancy caused by Free Trade Senator Sir Frederick Sargood's death which had been filled in the interim by Free Trader Robert Reid. The Protectionist Party was defending two seats. The Free Trade Party was defending one seat. The Labour Party was defending one seat, although Senator John Barrett had been denied Labour endorsement and instead ran on the Protectionist ticket. Protectionist Senators Simon Fraser and Sir William Zeal were not up for re-election.

Western Australia

Three seats were up for election. The Free Trade Party was defending two seats. The Labor Party was defending one seat. Free Trade Senators Alexander Matheson and Staniforth Smith and Labour Senator George Pearce were not up for re-election.

References
Adam Carr's Election Archive - House of Representatives 1903
Adam Carr's Election Archive - Senate 1903

See also
 1903 Australian federal election
 Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1901–1903
 Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1903–1906
 Members of the Australian Senate, 1901–1903
 Members of the Australian Senate, 1904–1906
 List of political parties in Australia

1903 elections in Australia
Candidates for Australian federal elections


Jason Smith (born April 30, 1986) is a former American football offensive tackle. He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams with the second overall pick in the 2009 NFL Draft. He played college football at Baylor University. As a professional, he was a member of the Rams, the New York Jets and the New Orleans Saints.

High school career
Smith attended W. T. White High School, in Dallas, Texas. He was a First-team All-District honors as a sophomore and junior as an offensive tackle. As a senior, he was moved to tight end, catching seven passes for 101 yards and one touchdown. He was rewarded with All-District honors as a senior.

At  and , Smith did not have ideal size and was only considered a two-star prospect by Rivals.com.  He drew few scholarship offers and committed to Baylor on the same day that he received his offer.

College career
After redshirting his first season at Baylor, Smith played tight end in 2005, appearing in 11 games, starting eight. He caught 6 passes for 70 yards and one touchdown. As a sophomore in 2006, he was moved to the offensive line and started all 12 games of his sophomore season at right tackle. Despite missing several games due to a sprained knee, Smith earned an All-Big 12 honorable mention as he started seven games at left tackle as a junior.

Prior to his senior year, Smith graduated a year early from the school in May 2008, having graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Education degree in recreation. As a senior in 2008 he was an All-American selection and an All-Big 12 Conference selection as well. Smith was named Baylor's co-Most Valuable Player. He was credited by the school with 96 knockdown blocks, which were the most ever by a Baylor offensive lineman. Smith gave up  sacks and was penalized five times. With Baylor running a spread offense since the arrival of new head coach Art Briles, Smith was usually in a two-point stance for pass protection, which caused NFL scouts to question his run blocking ability.

College awards and honors
2008 First-team All-Big 12
2008 Associated Press and Rivals.com Third-team All-American
2008 Football Writers Association of America All-American
2008 Pro Football Weekly honorable mention All-American

Professional career

2009 NFL Draft
At the 2009 NFL Combine, Smith recorded the 11th-fastest 40-yard dash (5.09 seconds), tied for the fourth-most repetitions in the bench press (33), and was sixth in the three-cone drill (7.53 seconds) among all offensive linemen who participated. He scored a 23 on the Wonderlic Test. Smith drew comparisons to Ryan Clady.

Smith was drafted in the first round with the second overall pick in the 2009 NFL Draft by the St. Louis Rams. He was Baylor's first first-round draft pick since Daryl Gardener in 1996.

St. Louis Rams
On July 30, 2009, the Rams agreed to terms with Smith on a six-year contract worth up to $61 million, with $33 million in guarantees.

As a rookie in 2009, Smith played mostly right tackle, although he played some left tackle, the position for which he was drafted. In his rookie season Smith, suffered a serious concussion November 22, 2009. "My situation was real serious," Smith related, and it caused him to miss the remainder of his rookie season. In 2010, Smith was beaten out by rookie Rodger Saffold.

New York Jets
The St. Louis Rams agreed to trade Smith to the New York Jets in exchange for tackle Wayne Hunter on August 27, 2012. He was released from the Jets on February 19, 2013.

New Orleans Saints
On April 11, 2013, Smith signed with the New Orleans Saints. On August 21, 2013, he was released by the Saints.

New York Jets (second stint)
On August 23, 2013, Smith was re-signed by the New York Jets. He was released on August 31, 2013.

References

External links
Baylor Bears bio
Baylor's Smith leaves no doubts
December 22, 2008 interview with Scout.com

1986 births
Living people
Players of American football from Dallas
American football tight ends
American football offensive tackles
Baylor Bears football players
St. Louis Rams players
New York Jets players
New Orleans Saints players
W. T. White High School alumni


The Taunton Locomotive Manufacturing Company was one of the earliest firms in the United States established especially for the manufacture of steam locomotives. Located in Taunton, Massachusetts, the company was organized in 1849 and incorporated the following year by William A. Crocker, Willard W. Fairbanks, William R. Lee and their associates. Their first engine, the Rough and Ready was delivered in May 1849.

Company history
Willard W. Fairbanks was a machinist who had worked in Providence, Rhode Island building stationary and marine engines. The company's first engine was built from castings and plans prepared by George S. Griggs, who had been associated with the Boston & Providence Railroad, one of the earliest railroads in New England, which began operation in 1849.

The company's shops were located on Wales Street just west of downtown Taunton along what was then the Taunton Branch Railroad, and later part of the Old Colony Railroad's vast system in Southeastern Massachusetts.

In 1852 the company faced new competition from their neighbor across the tracks, the Mason Machine Works, a successful Taunton textile machine company, that decided to enter the locomotive-building trade.

By 1860, Taunton Locomotive had produced almost 300 engines. In 1861, Harrison Tweed would take over control the company from Fairbanks, and lead it through perhaps its most productive period. He was succeeded by Parley I. Perrin (P.I. Perrin) in about 1871. Perrin began as a machinist had joined the company in 1846 as a forman and draftsman, and worked his way up through the leadership ranks.

By 1877, Taunton Locomotive had its 675th locomotive. However, by then the company lagged far behind the larger locomotive builders of the time, such as Baldwin and Schenectady. The engines of Taunton, and the other New England locomotive builders were considered obsolete compared to these larger establishments.

In 1883, the locomotive works established the Huber Printing Press Company to supplement its dwindling locomotive business. That same year, Nahum Stetson became president, after the death of Samuel L. Crocker.

The last locomotive produced by Taunton Locomotive was built in 1889. The company also ventured into steam-powered snow plows, and other items, but sales gradually declined during the last decade of the 19th century. The company lasted until 1899. Over 900 steam locomotives had been produced by the Taunton Locomotive Manufacturing Company in its roughly sixty years in existence.

Legacy
In 1906 the site of the locomotive works was purchased by New England Cotton Yarns, a large conglomerate of textile mills, based in Boston.

In 1947 the buildings of the Taunton Locomotive Manufacturing Company were demolished.

The site is now occupied by a shopping center, constructed in the 1970s as part of an urban redevelopment plan by the City of Taunton.

References

Defunct locomotive manufacturers of the United States
Taunton, Massachusetts
Industrial archaeological sites in the United States
Industrial buildings and structures in Massachusetts
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1849
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1899
1849 establishments in Massachusetts
1899 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Massachusetts


The Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation: Identity, Emotions, and Foreign Policy is a 2006 book by Jacques E. C. Hymans, published by Cambridge University Press. In the book, Hymans draws on the humanities and social sciences to build a  model of decision-making that links identity to emotions and ultimately to nuclear energy policy choices.

See also
List of books about nuclear issues
List of nuclear whistleblowers
Nuclear disarmament
Nuclear weapons

References

2006 non-fiction books
Cambridge University Press books
Books about nuclear issues


Spinneret principally refers to the silk spinning organ on a spider, silk worm, or insect larvae.

Spinneret may also refer to:
Spinneret (polymers), a device used to extrude polymers into fibers (by analogy with a spider)
Spinneret (novel), a novel by Timothy Zahn
Spinneret (Marvel Comics), a comic-book character related to the High Evolutionary
Spinneret, a web server board made by Parallax, Inc.

See also
Spinnerette, an alternative rock project


Peria Edward Jerry (; born August 23, 1984) is a former American football defensive tackle. He was selected by the Atlanta Falcons in the first round of the 2009 NFL Draft. He played college football for the University of Mississippi. Jerry retired from football in 2014 after five seasons with the Falcons. He is the older brother of former offensive guard John Jerry.

High school career
While playing for South Panola High School in Batesville, Mississippi, Jerry was selected first team All-State and Class 5A Defensive Player of the Year by the Mississippi Association of Coaches. He was also named first team All-State by The Clarion-Ledger.

Jerry signed with Ole Miss in the 2004 recruiting class, but decided to attend Hargrave Military Academy. There, he was rated as the No. 15 prep school player in the country by Rivals.com. He played in eight games at Hargrave during the 2004 season and was credited with 30 tackles, including five quarterback sacks.

College career
The 2005 season was Jerry's true freshman season at Ole Miss. After missing the first four games due to injury, he played in six of the final seven games. He finished the season with three total tackles.

In 2006, Jerry battled through injuries to play in eight games, making six starts along the defensive line. He made starts at end, tackle and nose tackle. He totaled 22 tackles on the season with 1 tackle for a loss and 1 QB sack. In the Spring, he received the Jeff Hamm Memorial Award for the most improved defensive player of spring drills. He moved from tackle to end and promptly emerged as the starter. Jerry was rated an "Emerging Star" at Ole Miss by Lindy's magazine.

In 2007, Jerry was named to the Second Team All-SEC by the Associated Press and Rivals.com. He started all 12 games at defensive tackle and was ranked sixth in the SEC in tackles for losses (TFLs) with 14. He finished second on the team in TFLs, 3 and a half QB sacks, 4 QB hurries and 58 total tackles.

In 2008, Jerry was named to the All-SEC First Team by the leagues coaches and to the All-SEC First Team by the nation's news media. Additionally, he was named to the Associated Press All-America First Team.

Professional career
Drawing comparisons to Vonnie Holliday and Cory Redding, Jerry was commonly ranked as the second-best defensive tackle available in the 2009 NFL Draft, behind only Boston College's B. J. Raji. He was drafted in the first round with the 24th overall pick by the Atlanta Falcons.

Jerry was signed to a five-year contract by the Falcons on July 30, 2009. He competed with Trey Lewis to replace Grady Jackson, who was not re-signed by the Falcons, at defensive tackle.

Peria Jerry suffered a major knee injury on September 20, 2009, which caused him to miss the remainder of the 2009 season.

In 2010, he came back from injury, and played in all 16 games. However, he lost his starting job to rookie DT Corey Peters.

On July 31, 2014, Jerry announced his retirement from the NFL.

NFL statistics

Personal
Peria Jerry is the older brother of former NFL player John Jerry.

References

External links
Ole Miss Rebels bio
Atlanta Falcons bio

1984 births
Living people
American football defensive tackles
Atlanta Falcons players
Ole Miss Rebels football players
People from Batesville, Mississippi
Players of American football from Mississippi


Major General Hadush "Hayelom" Araya (1955–1996) was an Ethiopian guerrilla commander and former member of the Tigrayan Peoples' Liberation Front (TPLF), which was the leading member of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) political coalition. While fighting as a TPLF fighter, he earned the nickname Hayelom, "Overpowering" for his brave and daring acts.

He was born in Addi Nebreid in Northwestern Tigray, and although he completed high school in Adwa. After the Ethiopian revolution broke out, he joined the TPLF. As a commander of EPRDF forces, General Hayelom led his forces to northern Shewa and later marched to Addis Ababa coming out victorious in 1991. One of his most daring acts was the "Agazi Operation", which happened on the early evening of 5 February 1985: he led a squad of TPLF fighters in attacking the main prison in Mek'ele, and freed over a thousand prisoners, killed 16 prison guards and wounded 9 soldiers without losing a single man. He later become one of the military leaders in the defence force of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia.

General Hayelom was shot down point blank in a restaurant bar in Addis Ababa on 14 February 1996; the motives for his assassination still remain unexplained. In May 2008, the Late General Hayelom Araya Monument was unveiled at his birthplace, Shire, in the Tigray Region.

See also
 Holeta

References

1955 births
1996 deaths
People from Tigray Region
Ethiopian generals


Sherman E. Unger (October 9, 1927 – December 3, 1983) was a former official in the administrations of Presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan, with his final role being the top lawyer for the United States Department of Commerce.  Unger also was a federal judicial nominee to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit at the time of his death.

Early life and education

Born in Chicago, Unger earned a bachelor's degree in 1950 from Miami University in Ohio and a law degree in 1953 from the University of Cincinnati College of Law.

Professional career

Unger began his career in the United States Air Force as a judge advocate, from 1953 until 1956.  He then worked in private legal practice in Cincinnati as an associate and then as a partner for the firm of Frost & Jacobs from 1956 until 1969, when he became the general counsel of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development.  Unger served in that role until 1970.  Unger worked as a vice president of Cincinnati-based American Financial Corp. from 1971 until 1972.  From 1972 until 1981, Unger practiced law in Cincinnati and Washington, D.C.

In 1981, Reagan appointed Unger to be general counsel for the United States Department of Commerce.

Failed nomination to the Federal Circuit

On December 15, 1982, Reagan nominated Unger to a newly created seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.  While the nomination died at the end of the 97th Congress, Reagan renominated Unger to the same Federal Circuit seat on April 21, 1983.  Upon both times Unger was nominated to the Federal Circuit, the American Bar Association gave him a unanimous rating of "not qualified."  The ABA's committee members who had investigated Unger, including former Secretary of Transportation William Thaddeus Coleman, Jr. and committee chair and future Commodity Futures Trading Commission chief Brooksley Born, had testified that he was not qualified "because he lacked the personal integrity and judicial temperament required of a federal judge."  However, many supporters vouched for Unger's personal integrity, including Democrats from the Carter administration like former White House counsel Lloyd Cutler and former United States Attorney General Griffin Bell.

While the United States Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on Unger's nomination on September 30, 1983, it took no action on Unger's nomination because he was diagnosed with terminal cancer.  Unger died on December 3, 1983.

Unger wound up being the only Reagan administration judicial nominee to earn a unanimous rating of "not qualified" from the ABA.

For more than 20 years after Unger's nomination, no other federal judicial nominee earned a unanimous "not qualified" rating from the ABA.  Michael Wallace, a failed nominee of President George W. Bush to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, was the next nominee to earn such a rating.

See also
 Ronald Reagan judicial appointment controversies

References

1927 births
1983 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
Miami University alumni


Leela Charitra is a biography of Chakradhar Swami, the guru of the Mahanubhava sect, and is a sacred text of that sect.  It was written in the late 13th century by his follower Mhaimbhat.

The Lilacharitra, though written in Marathi, is replete with Kannada words.

References

Hindu literature
Mahanubhava sect


Edward Hyde (18 March 1881 – 9 October 1941) was an English cricketer who played for Northamptonshire. He was born in Earls Barton and died in Cambridge.

Hyde made a single first-class appearance, during the 1907 season, against Kent. From the tailend, he scored 3 runs in the first innings in which he batted, and a duck in the second innings. Northamptonshire lost the match by an innings margin.

Hyde took two catches during the match.

External links
 Edward Hyde at Cricket Archive

1881 births
1941 deaths
English cricketers
Northamptonshire cricketers
People from Earls Barton


"Crash and Burn" is a song by Australian pop group Savage Garden from their second album, Affirmation, released as the album's fourth single (third in the UK) on 20 March 2000. It reached the top 20 in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, as well as number 24 on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming their last hit on the chart.

Background
The song's lyrics describe the difficult search for solace and meaningful relationships in a cold world, peaking in a chorus that argues it is fine to "crash and burn" during tough times in order to get over heartache and pain. In a June 2017 interview, singer Darren Hayes described it as one of his favourite Savage Garden songs: "Musically it’s a dear song to me, because it’s all the words I wished someone would have said to me during the period after the first Savage Garden album."

Music video
The video is shot in a partially fantastical theme, featuring scenes of troubled young adults interspersed with scenes of the group singing in a warehouse. Messages such as "stay connected" and lyrics from the song, such as "fall apart" appear on the screen. At the end of the video, Hayes uses Auslan to sing the last lyrics of the song.

Track listings and formats

 Australian CD single
 "Crash and Burn"  – 4:41
 "I Knew I Loved You" (12-inch Mini Me mix) – 8:25
 "I Knew I Loved You" (club mix) – 6:03

 European CD single
 "Crash and Burn" (radio edit) – 3:50
 "I Don't Care" (vocal and drum mix) – 4:10

 European maxi-CD single
 "Crash and Burn"  – 4:41
 "I Knew I Loved You" (Eddie's Savage Dance mix) – 5:58
 "Gunning Down Romance" (Drum and Bass mix) – 6:05
 "I Knew I Loved You" (Eddie's Rhythm radio mix) – 4:24

 UK CD1
 "Crash and Burn"  – 4:41
 "I Don't Care" (vocal and drum mix) – 4:10
 "Crash and Burn" (instrumental) – 4:42

 UK CD2
 "Crash and Burn" (radio edit) – 3:50
 "Two Beds and a Coffee Machine" (vocal and drum mix) – 3:26
 "Gunning Down Romance" (drum and bass mix) – 6:05

 UK cassette single
 "Crash and Burn" (radio edit) – 3:50
 "Two Beds and a Coffee Machine"  – 3:26

Credits and personnel
Credits and personnel are adapted from the Affirmation album liner notes.
 Darren Hayes – writer, co-producer, lead vocals, background vocals
 Daniel Jones – writer, co-producer, keyboards, synthesizers, drum and rhythm programming, electric guitars
 Walter Afanasieff – producer, keyboards, synthesizers, drum and rhythm programming
 Greg Bieck – Macintosh and digital programming
 Michael Thompson – electric guitars
 Dean Parks – acoustic guitars
 Nathan East – bass
 Dave Way – mixing at Wallyworld Studios (Marin County)
 Dave Frazer – vocals engineering at Wallyworld Studios, guitars engineering at Wallyworld Studios and Andora Studios (Hollywood)
 Kent Matcke – track engineering
 Luis Quine – assistant engineer
 Tony Rambo – assistant engineer
 Pete Krawiec – assistant engineer
 Mark Gregory – assistant engineer

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications and sales

Release history

References

1999 songs
2000 singles
APRA Award winners
Savage Garden songs
Song recordings produced by Walter Afanasieff
Songs written by Daniel Jones (musician)
Songs written by Darren Hayes


A spinneret is a device used to extrude a polymer solution or polymer melt to form fibers. Streams of viscous polymer exit via the spinneret into air or liquid leading to a phase inversion which allows the polymer to solidify. The individual polymer chains tend to align in the fiber because of viscous flow. This airstream liquid-to-fiber formation process is similar to the production process for cotton candy. The fiber production process is generally referred to as "spinning". Depending on the type of spinneret used, either solid or hollow fibers can be formed.
Spinnerets are also used for electrospinning and electrospraying applications. They are sometimes called coaxial needles, or coaxial emitters.

Spinnerets are usually made of metals with melting points too low to withstand the heating processes employed in industrial metallurgy, and thus are generally not used to form metallic fibers.

See also
 Electrospinning
 Hollow fiber membrane
 Spinning (polymers)
 Textiles
 Thermal cleaning
 Spinneret

References

Plastics industry


Alphonso Smith, Jr. (born October 20, 1985) is an American former professional and college football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL) for four seasons.  Smith played college football for Wake Forest University, and received consensus All-American honors.  He was selected by the Denver Broncos in the second round of the 2009 NFL Draft, and also played for the NFL's Detroit Lions.

Early years
Smith was born in Pahokee, Florida.  He played quarterback and cornerback at Pahokee High School, and was runner up for the state Player of the Year award as a senior after leading the school to a 13–1 record and the Class 2B state championship.  He earned first-team all-state honors as a senior cornerback, totaling 27 tackles, four interceptions and one sack.  On offense, he threw for 2,400 yards and 32 touchdowns while also rushing for 640 yards and six scores as a senior. He also started on the school's basketball team.

College career
Smith attended Wake Forest University, where he played for coach Jim Grobe's Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team from 2004 to 2008.  Smith redshirted as a true freshman in 2004.  As a redshirt freshman in 2005, Smith started all 11 games and finished the season with 60 tackles (52 unassisted), three interceptions, two sacks, 12 pass breakups and one forced fumble.  He received first-team Freshman All-America honors from CollegeFootballNews.com, ESPN.com and Scout.com.  In 2006, the sophomore played 14 games with three starts, registering 48 tackles (37 solo), three interceptions, four sacks, 11 pass breakups and one forced fumble.

As a junior in 2007, Smith started all 13 games as a junior for the Demon Deacons and had 44 tackles (36 solo), eight interceptions, three sacks, 18 pass breakups and four forced fumbles and returned three of the interceptions for touchdowns.  He tied for first in the nation with a school-record eight interceptions and was first-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) selection and received second-team All-America honors from Walter Camp.

In 2008 Smith started all 13 games as a senior for Wake Forest, totaling 37 tackles (28 solo), seven interceptions, 20 pass breakups and two forced fumbles and tied for first in the nation in both interceptions and pass breakups.  He was a first-team All-ACC selection and a consensus first-team All-American.  He was also named one of five finalists for the Bronko Nagurski Trophy.  He continues to hold the ACC record for career interceptions (21), and broke the record previously held by Dré Bly of North Carolina in the 2008 EagleBank Bowl.

Professional career

Pre-draft

Denver Broncos

The Broncos selected Smith in the second round (37th overall) in the 2009 NFL Draft.  The Broncos traded their first round pick in 2010 in order to select him.  This trade, among other poor decisions, led to the firing of coach Josh McDaniels.  The pick Denver traded to Seattle was used to select Pro Bowler Earl Thomas. On July 26, 2009, Smith signed a four-year, $4.08 million contract with a $2.15 million signing bonus.  The contract allowed Smith to earn $750,000 through a one-time playing-time incentive that was guaranteed for injury.  In addition, if Smith won Defensive Rookie of the Year in 2009, he would have received $100,000.  The contract also included a $50,000 workout bonus in 2011 and a $130,000 workout bonus in 2012.  His base salary was $310,000 in 2009, $395,000 in 2010, $480,000 in 2011, and $565,000 in 2012.

Detroit Lions
On September 4, 2010, Smith was traded to the Detroit Lions for TE Dan Gronkowski. He had his first career interception on September 26 against the Minnesota Vikings. The following week, he beat Green Bay Packers receiver Greg Jennings on a jump ball for his second career interception. In a home game against the St. Louis Rams on October 10, Smith returned an interception 42 yards for a touchdown in the Lions' 44–6 win. Against the Washington Redskins on October 30, Smith had a big interception late in the game to help the Lions comeback to beat Washington. He led the Lions in interceptions for the 2010 season.

A memorable moment of his Detroit tenure came in a Week 12 Thanksgiving loss to the Patriots in 2010. Coming into the game, Smith was first on the team with five interceptions. While the Lions were leading in the third quarter, Smith taunted New England quarterback Tom Brady with a finger wag after an incompletion. Brady would target Smith on three of his next four touchdown passes, as the Patriots ultimately scored 24 points unanswered to win 45-24. Overall, he was thrown at seven times accounting for five catches and three touchdowns, the last of which led to him being benched. Smith accepted responsibility for the turnaround, considering himself the catalyst and apologizing to the Detroit fans.

On August 31, 2012, the Lions released Smith as one of their final roster cuts. He was re-signed on October 18 due to injuries to Jacob Lacey and Bill Bentley. In Week 7 against the Chicago Bears, Smith was fined $15,750 for horse-collar tackling Brandon Marshall.

NFL statistics

Key
 GP: games played
 COMB: combined tackles
 TOTAL: total tackles
 AST: assisted tackles
 SACK: sacks
 FF: forced fumbles
 FR: fumble recoveries
 FR YDS: fumble return yards
 INT: interceptions
 IR YDS: interception return yards
 AVG IR: average interception return
 LNG: longest interception return
 TD: interceptions returned for touchdown
 PD: passes defensed

References

External links
 Wake Forest Demon Deacons bio

1985 births
Living people
People from Pahokee, Florida
Players of American football from Palm Beach County, Florida
All-American college football players
American football cornerbacks
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football players
Denver Broncos players
Detroit Lions players
Pahokee High School alumni


Marco Jhonnier Pérez Murillo (born September 18, 1990 is a Colombian footballer who plays as a striker for Categoría Primera A club Águilas Doradas.

Career
Pérez debuted for Boyacá Chicó in 2006 at the age of 17, and became a starter ahead more experienced strikers. He played the 2009–10 Argentine Primera División season on loan with Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata, and helped the team avoid relegation from the first division. On 14 July 2010, Pérez signed a two-year loan deal with La Liga club Real Zaragoza. However, in July 2011 the Colombian forward left Zaragoza after poor performances, and returned to Argentina, joining Independiente.

In January 2012, he joined Belgrano, but had a very poor spell, making 18 appearances without scoring a single goal. In July 2012, he joined Chilean club O'Higgins. In January 2013, he joined Independiente Medellín, leaving after the 2014 Apertura. He joined Deportes Tolima for the 2014 Finalizacion, and was part of the squad that won the 2018 Apertura title against Atlético Nacional. In 2020, he joined Deportivo Cali on a one year contract, and left when it expired in 2021.

Perez has been capped internationally with Colombia at the u-20 level, playing from 2006 to 2009.

Career statistics

International career
After a great first season with his club, Pérez won a place in the Colombia national under-20 football team that played the 2009 South American Youth Championship. After helping Boyacá Chicó F.C. lift the Copa Mustang, he received a call up to the full Colombia national football team.

Honours
Club
Boyacá Chicó
Categoría Primera A (1): 2008-I
Deportes Tolima
Categoría Primera A (1): 2018-I
Copa Colombia (1): 2014

Individual
All-time top scorer in Deportes Tolima (77 goals).
2023 Categoría Primera A Apertura top scorer (13 goals) .

References

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Quibdó
Colombian men's footballers
Colombia men's under-20 international footballers
Colombian expatriate men's footballers
Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata footballers
Boyacá Chicó F.C. footballers
Real Zaragoza players
Club Atlético Independiente footballers
Club Atlético Belgrano footballers
O'Higgins F.C. footballers
Deportes Tolima footballers
Independiente Medellín footballers
Al Raed FC players
Chilean Primera División players
Argentine Primera División players
La Liga players
Categoría Primera A players
Saudi Pro League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Chile
Expatriate men's footballers in Argentina
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Chile
Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Argentina
Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Men's association football forwards


Castle Brands is a developer and international marketer of premium and super premium beverage alcohol brands. Its core spirits include rum, whiskey/bourbon and liqueurs, which are marketed and sold in the United States, Canada, Europe, Latin America and Asia.

About
In 1998, Castle Brands Inc. was founded by Mark Andrews. The company has built its portfolio with both wide market and niche liquor products, including Jefferson's Presidential Collection whiskies.

It distributes its products in all 50 states in the United States and the District of Columbia, in thirteen primary international markets, including Ireland, Great Britain, Northern Ireland, Germany, Canada, South Africa, Bulgaria, France, Russia, Finland, Norway, Sweden, China and the Duty Free markets, and in a number of other countries in continental Europe, Asia and Latin America.

History
The company was founded in 1998 by Mark Andrews under the name Great Spirits LLC, through Mr. Andrews’ contribution of family-owned Knappogue Castle Irish Whiskey. Castle Brands Inc, was later established in 2003 and Great Spirits LLC was merged into Castle Brands. Between 2003 and 2006, Castle Brands acquired Roaring Water Bay Spirits, later acquired McLain & Kyne, established Gosling-Castle Partners and signed a distribution agreement with Pallini SpA. These four deals expanded the portfolio with Jefferson’s Bourbon, Boru Vodka, Clontarf Irish Whiskey, and Brady’s Irish Cream Liqueur and provided exclusive distribution rights to Gosling’s rums and Pallini Limoncello.

Castle completed its IPO in April 2006, at $9.00 per share, and raised net $29.3 million on 3.5 million shares. Proceeds were used to fund product expansion with the October 2006 acquisition of McLain & Kyne as well as an increase in sales and marketing efforts. Additional private financing in later years allowed the company to add more product lines.

Since 2014, the company management focused on growing its current brands across four categories: rum, whiskey/bourbon, liqueurs and vodka.

In October 2019, the company was purchased by the French group Pernod Ricard, second worldwide producer of wines and spirits.

Brands
Castle Brands’ current portfolio contains the following brands:

Gosling’s Rum, Ginger Beer and Tonics
Ramazzotti Liqueurs
Mary Dowling Bourbon
Method and Madness Irish Whiskey

References

Companies listed on NYSE American
American distilled drinks
Alcoholic drink companies
Drink companies of the United States
Food and drink companies based in New York City


The minister responsible for multiculturalism was a government position in the province of Manitoba, Canada. The position was created in 1991, when Bonnie Mitchelson was designated as Minister of Multiculturalism in the government of Gary Filmon. The position was not a full ministerial portfolio and was always held by a member of government with other responsibilities.

In 2012, responsibility for multiculturalism was transferred to the Minister of Immigration and Multiculturalism.

List of ministers responsible for multiculturalism

References

Multiculturalism, Minister responsible for
Multiculturalism in Canada


Archform: Beauty is a science fiction novel by American writer L. E. Modesitt,  published in 2002. It is set in 24th century Earth.

Reception
Roland Green in his review for Booklist said that "Modesitt creates exceptionally vivid but the narrative continuum somewhat hard to get into. Ultimately most readers will probably be absorbed in the book and glad that the ending doesn't preclude further stories in its setting".  Kirkus Reviews wrote that "Modesitt's always worth reading, but this may well be his best ever."  Peter Cannon in his review for Publishers Weekly said that "set against a background of biological terrorism, Modesitt's tale explores social issues (only the rich can afford privacy as well as injections of microscopic, medical robots to stay healthy) sure to resonate with many readers. This brilliant novel is as thought provoking as it is entertaining."

Notes

2002 American novels
2002 science fiction novels
Novels by L. E. Modesitt Jr.
Tor Books books


"Southern Star" is a song written Rich Alves, Steve Dean and Roger Murrah, and recorded by American country music band Alabama.  It was released in November 1989 as the fourth and final single and title track from the album Southern Star.  The song hit number one in the United States on the Hot Country Singles charts.

Chart history

Year-end charts

Other versions
David Allan Coe recorded the song on his 1989 album Crazy Daddy.

References

External links

1989 singles
Alabama (American band) songs
David Allan Coe songs
Songs written by Roger Murrah
Song recordings produced by Barry Beckett
RCA Records singles
1989 songs
Songs written by Steve Dean
Songs written by Rich Alves
Songs about the American South


Chardon Local School District is a school district which serves part of Geauga County, Ohio, United States. It is based in Chardon, Ohio. In 2023, Niche ranked the district 84th best school district in Ohio out of 607 districts.

Schools
It operates the following schools:
Chardon High School
Chardon Middle School
Chardon Early Learning Center
Munson Elementary School
Park Elementary School

Board of Education
The Chardon Board of Education consists of 5 elected officials that ensure students of the district receive a quality education and oversee other school decisions like sports, teaching staff, administrative staff, and maintenance. The board is made up of a president (Mr. Keith Brewster), vice-president (Dr. Guy Wilson), and 3 board members (Mr. CJ Paterniti, Mrs. Karen Blankenship, and Mr. Todd Albright). Each person serves a 4-year term elected on a non-partisan ballot.

References

External links

School districts in Ohio
Education in Geauga County, Ohio
Local School District


Mauricio José Arroyo Bertel (born September 18, 1990) is a Colombian central midfielder who currently plays for Independiente Medellín.

Debuting at the  for Real Cartagena his great play saw him bench more experienced strikers and a place on the
Colombia national under-20 football team (2007–2009) where he was once the captain after a great showing in a Youth tournament in Spain where he out shined many of the more know players playing abroad. After helping Real Cartagena get in position to be promoted into the Copa Mustang, has helped him get a call up to the full Colombia national football team where he will debut at the age of 18 on November 19 against Nigeria.

External links
- Arroyo to Spain

Living people
1990 births
Colombian men's footballers
Real Cartagena footballers
Gimnàstic de Tarragona footballers
Independiente Medellín footballers
Colombian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Bogotá
21st-century Colombian people


Beautiful Ballads & Love Songs is Barry Manilow's 38th album release, a compilation album featuring his greatest ballads and love songs.

Track listing
 "Could It Be Magic"
 "My Baby Loves Me"
 "Weekend In New England"
 "Somewhere In The Night"
 "I Don't Want To Walk Without You"
 "No Other Love"
 "Stardust"
 "Where Or When"
 "The Best Of Me"
 "I Should Care"
 "Angel Eyes"
 "Unchained Melody"
 "Can't Take My Eyes Off You"
 "If"

References

2008 compilation albums
Barry Manilow compilation albums
albums produced by Walter Afanasieff
albums produced by Phil Ramone
albums produced by Clive Davis
albums produced by Ron Dante


The Church of the Holy Cross in Middletown, Rhode Island, is a parish church of the Episcopal Diocese of Rhode Island of The Episcopal Church. The church is located at 1439 West Main Road, Middletown, Rhode Island. It is an early example of Richard Upjohn's work in translating Gothic architecture from stone to affordable designs for small, wooden churches. Built in 1845, Holy Cross Church exemplifies the architecture made accessible by the publication in 1852 of Upjohn's book, Rural Architecture. In its survey of Middletown's architectural resources, the Rhode Island Historical Preservation Commission recommended the Church of the Holy Cross for inclusion in the National Register, along with Upjohn's more luxurious Italianate Hamilton Hoppin House.

Description
A 1-story, end-gable, Gothic Revival structure with patterned-shingle sides, a projecting pedimented entry, square belfry in front and stained-glass Gothic windows.

History
Holy Cross Church was designed by Mr. Richard Upjohn, an Englishman, who also designed Trinity Church in New York and St. Stephen's and Grace Church in Providence, Rhode Island. Upjohn was commissioned to build three Episcopal churches on Aquidneck Island, the other two being St. Mary's in Portsmouth and the now demolished Old Emmanual Church in Newport.
At its consecration on October 14, 1845, Bishop Henshaw said, "Rustic in its exterior, but so chaste in its interior finish, and so perfect in its proportion, that it is more imposing in its religious impression and far better adapted to its sacred use than many buildings of far greater cost and pretensions."

From the church history:
"The Church of the Holy Cross had its beginnings specifically with two people, Miss Sarah Gibbs and John Henry Gilliat and possibly indirectly with a third person, Miss Cynthia Taggart, also with the unnamed people who welcomed the opportunity to attend religious services near their homes. In the early 1840s, Miss Gibbs became interested in bringing religious services and instruction to her neighbors. In November 1843, at the invitation of Rev. Francis Vinton, rector of Trinity Church, the Rev. Hobart Williams arrived in South Portsmouth to organize a mission. Miss Gibbs invited Rev. Williams to make his home at Oakland. Services were held at Oakland, a nearby school house, at homes of neighbors and in a school house on Middle Road in Portsmouth. In the spring of 1844 the attendance at the morning services became too large for the small school house and was transferred to Oliphant School on West Main Road in Middletown. On the first Sunday after Easter, April 14, 1844, Morning prayer was publicly offered in that place for the first time. Services were continued until the fall of the same year. The growing religious interest in the neighborhood now seemed to justify the building of a free chapel to provide a place where services could be held in the middle of the island. In April 1845, Mr. John H. Gilliat purchased from Thomas George Rogers, a brother-in-law of Cynthia Taggart, 1/2 acre of land on the South corner of Oliphant Lane and West Road for $75. Mr. Richard Upjohn, an Englishman, was employed as the architect. Mr. Upjohn had designed Trinity Church in New York and St. Stephen's Church and Grace Church in Providence. The Church was built with the gift from Mr. Gilliat of $2,145. Others gave $283.50 for the site and some special interior furnishings."

See also

Carpenter Gothic

References

External links
Church page on diocese website
Town of Middletown History

Episcopal churches in Rhode Island
Richard Upjohn church buildings
Religious organizations established in 1843
19th-century Episcopal church buildings
Carpenter Gothic church buildings in the United States
Gothic Revival church buildings in Rhode Island
1843 establishments in Rhode Island


Hof Prison () was a prison in Hof in Vestfold og Telemark, Norway.

It had a capacity of 105 prisoners, serving sentences of up to one year. It was closed in 2019.

External links
Hof Prison
Closed in 2019

Buildings and structures in Vestfold og Telemark
Prisons in Norway
Year of establishment missing


Logan High School is the high school for the town of Logan, West Virginia under the jurisdiction of Logan County Schools. Its current campus was built in 1957. The school campus sits on Hatfield Island, at the confluence of the Guyandotte River and Island Creek. The island is shared with an elementary school, middle school, and the town's public library.

Notable alumni
 Richard Ojeda, state senator
 Patricia Tolliver Giles, district judge

References

Educational institutions established in 1911
Public high schools in West Virginia
Schools in Logan County, West Virginia
1911 establishments in West Virginia


The Greatest Songs of the Eighties is Barry Manilow's 38th album, and follow-up to his 2007 album, The Greatest Songs of the Seventies. This album, which features 12 songs from the decade of the 1980s, was released on November 24, 2008.

It was announced that Manilow would preview the album on November 20, 2008, on QVC in an hour long show, QVC Live from the Las Vegas Hilton.
Additional recordings that didn't make the final cut include "Every Time You Go Away" (released in the UK) and "Biggest Part of Me", "Everybody Wants To Rule the World" and "Every Breath You Take", all three of which can be found on the rare Songs From the Vault CD.

Track listing
 "Islands in the Stream" (Kenny Rogers & Dolly Parton cover) (Bee Gees) – 4:06
 Performed by Barry Manilow & Reba McEntire
 "Open Arms" (Journey cover) (Steve Perry & Jonathan Cain) – 3:39
 "Never Gonna Give You Up" (Rick Astley cover) (Stock Aitken Waterman) – 2:54
 "Have I Told You Lately" (Van Morrison cover) – 4:03
 "I Just Called to Say I Love You" (Stevie Wonder cover) – 4:05
 "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Phil Collins cover) – 3:11
 "Careless Whisper" (George Michael cover) (George Michael & Andrew Ridgeley) – 3:59
 "Right Here Waiting" (Richard Marx cover) – 3:38
 "Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)" (Christopher Cross cover) (Christopher Cross; Burt Bacharach; Carole Bayer Sager; Peter Allen) – 3:46
 "Hard to Say I'm Sorry" (Chicago cover) (Peter Cetera & David Foster) – 4:04
 Performed by Barry Manilow & Chicago
 "Time After Time" (Cyndi Lauper cover) (Cyndi Lauper & Rob Hyman) – 4:06
 "(I've Had) The Time of My Life" (Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes cover) (Franke Previte, John DeNicola, Donald Markowitz) – 3:55

Notes

2008 albums
Barry Manilow albums
Albums produced by Clive Davis
Albums produced by Michael Lloyd (music producer)
Covers albums
Arista Records albums


Manitoba Film and Music (MFM), officially Manitoba Film & Sound Recording Development Corporation, is the primary support for the film and television sector of Manitoba, and runs the provincial film commission. As a Crown corporation, it is funded by the provincial government through the Department of Sport, Culture and Heritage.

Overseen by a nine-member board of directors, MFM's purpose is to foster, develop, and promote the film- and sound-recording industries of Manitoba. MFM administers the tax credit for film & video production on behalf of the Manitoba government; delivers film funding and equity programs; and provides location packages and scouting services.

MFM is a member of the Association of Film Commissioners International (AFCI).

History
Established in 1987, Manitoba Film and Music was originally created as a joint initiative between Manitoba and the Government of Canada, and was known as the Cultural Industries Development Office. It became a not-for-profit corporation in 1992, and acquired its current status in 1998.

MFM reported CA$173 million in production revenue for 2017. The following year, MFM's funding was reduced to $3.58 million from $3.87 million in 2017. Considering the allocation of public funding, in early December 2018, the Manitoba government also ordered a review of the effectiveness of Manitoba Film and Music.

Further helping MFM in its gains, on 15 January 2019, Manitoba Culture Minister Cathy Cox announced that the provincial government would be making permanent its Film and Video Tax Credit, which reduces film-makers labour costs, encouraging productions to use local talent, which in turn allows local artists to find employment closer to home. That year, Manitoba Film and Music projected a record high in revenue, looking at “a quarter billion" dollars.

References

External links
Manitoba Film and Music: About Us

Manitoba government departments and agencies
Cinema of Manitoba
Film organizations in Canada
Crown corporations of Manitoba


Philip Loadholt Jr. (born January 21, 1986) is a former American football offensive tackle. He played college football at Oklahoma, and played for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL) from 2009 until his retirement in 2015.

High school career
Loadholt attended Fountain Middle School and Fountain-Fort Carson High School in Fountain, Colorado, where he was a two-way lineman, team captain and a two-time All-State selection. His senior year of football ended in the second round to Palisade High School; in that match-up, he played against another two-time All-State selection, Matt Popick. In his senior year he also had 113 tackles along with eight touchdowns and was named Colorado Springs Area Player of the Year. He obtained a 1.23 GPA throughout his high school career as well. Also a standout in basketball and track, Loadholt led Fountain-Fort Carson's basketball team to the state title game when he averaged 17 points, 11 rebounds and three blocks per game. In track & field, Loadholt won a state championship title in the discus with a throw of 48.23 meters (158-2), and was a state runner-up in the shot put with a personal-best of 16.44 meters (53-10).

He originally committed to play college football at Colorado, but did not qualify academically, and therefore he headed to junior college.

College career

Garden City
At Garden City Community College, Loadholt was a two-time junior college All-American. In his sophomore year, he had 93 pancake blocks and 113 tackles in 2006 and was named 2006 Jayhawk Conference Lineman of the Year.  Loadholt was also rated the No. 1 junior college offensive tackle prospect in the nation by JCGridiron.com for the class of 2007.

He signed with LSU in February 2006, but decommitted in August and finally chose to attend Oklahoma.

Oklahoma
Enrolling at OU in January 2007, Loadholt made an immediate impact for the Sooners, as he started all 14 games at left tackle and logged 740 plays with 104 knockdowns. He had the highest run grade on the team at 75%. He received All-Big 12 first team honors by the Dallas Morning News and an All-American honorable mention by Sports Illustrated

In his senior year, Loadholt played left tackle in an offensive line that allowed 11 sacks all season, the third-lowest total of any team in the country, in 476 passing attempts. Protecting quarterback Sam Bradford, who threw 48 touchdown passes and went on to win the 2008 Heisman Trophy, and leading the way for DeMarco Murray and Chris Brown, who both ran for more than 1,000 yards, Loadholt helped the 2008 Sooners to become the highest-scoring team in college football’s modern era.

Professional career

2009 NFL Draft
Loadholt was regarded as one of the better offensive tackles in the 2009 NFL Draft. Although his size and athletic ability were never in doubt, scouts questioned his poor aggressiveness and technique.

Minnesota Vikings
Loadholt was selected in the second round, 54th overall, by the Minnesota Vikings. He was signed by the Vikings on July 29, 2009.

2009 season
As a rookie, Loadholt stepped into a starting role at right tackle, opening 15 regular season games and both playoff contests, including the NFC Championship game. The 15 starts were the most by a Vikings rookie offensive tackle since Korey Stringer back in 1995 and he became just the fifth Vikings rookie offensive tackle to start a season opener, joining Doug Davis in 1966 as the only other right tackle. He was inactive for the game at St. Louis on October 11 due to a leg injury. For his first-year performance, he was named to the NFL All-Rookie team by Sporting News and PFWA as he helped the Vikings offense rank No. 5 in the NFL in total offense, the highest ranking since the 2004 season, and paved the way for running back Adrian Peterson to rush for 1,383 yards and 18 touchdowns, a new team record for rushing scores and the third-best single-season rushing total in team history.

2010 season
In his second year, Loadholt started all 16 games, joining only fellow offensive tackle Bryant McKinnie along the offensive line to start all 16 games. He helped pave the way for Adrian Peterson to rush for 1,298 yards and break the 100-yard mark 5 times during the season. In week 3, he helped Adrian Peterson rumble for an 80-yard touchdown against the Detroit Lions. In a game against the Dallas Cowboys in week 6, he joined former Oklahoma teammate Jon Cooper as a starter on the line when Cooper opened the game at center. In a comeback win against the Arizona Cardinals in week 9, he protected Brett Favre as he threw for a career-best 446 yards that helped the Vikings prevail 27-24 in OT over the Cardinals.

2011 season

In 2011, Loadholt joined fellow offensive line teammate Charlie Johnson as the only Vikings linemen to start all 16 games during the season, helping Adrian Peterson break the 100-yard mark in 3 games during the season with fullback Toby Gerhart and quarterback Joe Webb each breaking the 100-yard plateau once during the year. He helped pace the Vikings rushing offense to rank No. 4 in the NFL with an average of 144.9 yards per game and rank No. 3 in the NFL with 18 rushing touchdowns.

2012 season
Loadholt was part of a Vikings offensive line that started all 16 games and a playoff contest as well as a unit that helped pave the way for Adrian Peterson to notch the 2nd-best rushing season in NFL history with 2,097 yards en route to earning NFL MVP. He cleared the path for Peterson to tie his own Vikings record with 10 games of +100 yards and a pair of +200 yards performances. The Vikings rushing offense tied a team record with 2,634 team rushing yards, an average of 164.6 per game. He also helped Adrian Peterson rush for a pair of 82 yard touchdowns in games at Green Bay in week 13 and at St. Louis two weeks later.

2013 season
On March 12, 2013, Loadholt re-signed with the Vikings through 2016 on a $25 million contract.

Lined up as the starting right tackle for the fifth straight season, Loadholt opened 15 games for the Vikings, marking the fourth time in his career where he has helped Adrian Peterson go over 1,000 rushing yards and 10 rushing touchdowns in a single-season. The Vikings rushing attack ranked No. 8 in the NFL and led the NFL with 23 rushing touchdowns. He paved the way for third-string running back Matt Asiata to tie a team record with 3 rushing scores against the Philadelphia Eagles in week 15 and have his first career +100 yards rushing day versus the Detroit Lions in week 17. He also helped the Vikings put up a franchise-record 48 offensive points in the Metrodome in the game against the Eagles.

2014 season
On January 14, 2014, ProFootballFocus.com recognized Loadholt as one of their highest-rated offensive tackles in the league, stating, "Right tackle Phil Loadholt (+25.0) earned All-Pro honors in our eyes. He didn’t get the press he garnered last year as the team struggled but he remains the prototypical right tackle."

A member of the offensive line that started its third-consecutive season together, Loadholt started all 11 games he played in before being placed on injured reserve on November 26. In the Vikings opening win over the St. Louis Rams, Loadholt anchored the right side of the offensive line that paved the way for wide receiver Cordarrelle Patterson to run for 102 yards, the highest rushing output by a non-running back in team history. The Unit was one of five offensive lines that didn’t allow its opponents to record a sack in the opening week of the 2014 season. He paved the way for 3 different leading rushers in the first 4 games of the 2014 campaign. On November 23, he suffered a season-ending pectoral injury against the Green Bay Packers.

2015 season
On August 15, 2015, Loadholt tore his Achilles tendon during the Vikings' first preseason game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The injury made Loadholt miss the entire 2015 season.

On July 25, 2016, Loadholt announced his retirement.

References

External links

Minnesota Vikings bio
Oklahoma Sooners bio

1986 births
Living people
Players of American football from Honolulu
People from Fountain, Colorado
American football offensive tackles
Oklahoma Sooners football players
Minnesota Vikings players


Garden City Community College (Garden City CC or GCCC) is a public community college in Garden City, Kansas. It was established in 1919 to provide a means for post-secondary education for area residents. The school initially shared facilities in Sabine Hall and Calkins Hall in the 100 block of Buffalo Jones Avenue with Garden City High School and opened with a first class of less than three dozen students. The college moved to the then-new Garden City High School building in 1954. The Kansas Legislature passed the Community College Act in 1965, authorizing establishment of 22 independent colleges including GCCC. Today GCCC is one of 19 Kansas community colleges.

Garden City Community College is a member of the Kansas Jayhawk Community College Conference and offers a variety of sports programs, referred to as the Broncbusters and Lady Broncbusters. GCCC has experienced large success in football, basketball, and baseball.

History

Early years
The first four community colleges in Kansas were established in 1919, and GCCC is one of two from that group which still exist. It was created by county-wide election on April 1, 1919, and opened in September of the same year. GCCC initially shared facilities in Sabine Hall and Calkins Hall in the 100 block of Buffalo Jones Avenue with Garden City High School, and opened with a first class of less than three dozen students. The first graduate, Mildred Hope of Garden City, earned her degree in the spring of 1920.

1950s–1990s
The college moved to the then-new Garden City High School building in 1954, and first occupied a campus of its own in 1958 on property where Buffalo Jones Elementary School is located. The first effort to establish GCCC as an entity separate from the Garden City public school system was launched in 1958. It was killed in a Kansas legislative committee, a second attempt was also rejected in 1962. In 1963, the college moved back to Sabine and Calkins Halls, and also made use of nearby Ben Grimsley Gym, as well as a group of adjacent World War II-era barracks buildings.

The Kansas Legislature passed the Community College Act in 1965, authorizing establishment of 22 independent colleges including GCCC. This authorized the institution to levy taxes, conduct its own programs, and function independently of the K-12 school system. County voters elected the first GCCC Board of Trustees in July 1965. Today, GCCC is one of 19 Kansas community colleges. The present 14-building,  campus at 801 Campus Drive was designed between July 1965 and January 1966.

Voters approved a $2.5 million bond issue, supplemented by a $538,000 federal grant for construction. Erected between 1968 and 1970 were the original residence hall, Academic Building, Saffell Library, Administration Building, Fouse Science-Math Building, Pauline Joyce Fine Arts Building and Physical Education Building. The Collins Technical Building was added in 1974, and a residential life addition was built in 1978. The Penka Building was added in 1986, when additions were completed to the Joyce, Collins and PE Buildings. Williams Stadium, a baseball facility, was also added. In January 1996 a . 1.4 million dollar technical teaching laboratory was completed so that GCCC could provide more training for workers in area and national industries.

2000s–present
A three-building student apartment complex opened in 2002, and a , two-level addition to the original student center was completed in 2003, with the entire structure renamed the Beth Tedrow Student Center. The , three-level, two-story Student and Community Services Center opened in August 2006 and was dedicated in October of the same year. Attached to the original Administration Building, the $3.12 million facility consolidated public and student services, provided an on-campus home for adult basic education, added a series of 21st-century classrooms and created a single point of assistance for most services GCCC provides.

In the summer of 2018, the college board of trustees fired the college's president, Herbert Swender, after the college's faculty senate presented the board with a report describing "bullying, intimidation, sexual harassment and retaliation allegations against Swender and concerns about the college’s upcoming accreditation review." His termination agreement with the college includes continued employment through the end of 2018 as a consultant.

Accreditation
Garden City Community College is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. The college's nursing program is approved by the Kansas State Board of Nursing and accredited by the National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC). Other GCCC programs have also obtained other specific individual accreditation.

Athletics

The athletic teams offered at GCCC are referred to as the Broncbusters and compete in the  Kansas Jayhawk Community College Conference. GCCC owns more than  east of Campus Drive, which has been developed in a cooperative effort with the City of Garden City. Named Tangeman Fields in honor of Dr. James Tangeman, a former president, the property includes softball and baseball facilities. Also located there are the college's indoor baseball practice building, a football practice area, running track with public seating, and soccer fields.

Gallery

Notable alumni
 Don O. Concannon, Chairman of the Kansas Republican Party from 1968 to 1970, Candidate for Governor in 1974
 Corey Dillon, former NFL player for the New England Patriots and Cincinnati Bengals
 Mike Friede, gridiron football player
Eric Griffin, basketball player for Hapoel Be'er Sheva of the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 Darrin Hancock, former NBA player
 Kay-Jay Harris, former NFL player for the New York Giants, St. Louis Rams, and Miami Dolphins
 Tyreek Hill, football player for the Miami Dolphins
 Corey Jenkins, former NFL player for the Miami Dolphins and Chicago Bears
 C.J. Jones, former NFL player for several teams
 Gene Keady, basketball coach for Purdue Boilermakers and member of the College Basketball Hall of Fame
 Phil Loadholt, NFL player for the Minnesota Vikings
 Nick Marshall, quarterback for the Auburn Tigers
 Ellis Merriweather, NFL player
 Dayton Moore, baseball executive for the Texas Rangers
 Frank Murphy, former NFL and UFL player
 Darvis Patton, "Doc", retired sprinter in track and field, three-time Olympian (two silver medals), four-time participant at the World Championships (multiple medals, including two golds)
 Derrick Pope, former NFL and CFL player for several teams
Tyler Rogers, Major League Baseball player for the San Francisco Giants
 Keith Smart, former NBA player for the San Antonio Spurs, assistant coach for the Arkansas Razorbacks
 Tyson Thompson, former NFL player for the Dallas Cowboys
 Brent Venables, Head football coach at Oklahoma

References

External links

Two-year colleges in the United States
Community colleges in Kansas
Education in Finney County, Kansas
Buildings and structures in Finney County, Kansas
NJCAA athletics
Universities and colleges established in 1919
1919 establishments in Kansas


Jean Galloway Bissell (June 9, 1936 – February 4, 1990) was a South Carolina attorney who became a high-ranking bank executive, and later a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.

Early life and education

Born in Due West, South Carolina, Bissell earned a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of South Carolina in 1956 and a Bachelor of Laws from the University of South Carolina School of Law in 1958.

Professional career

Bissell worked in private legal practice in Greenville, South Carolina from 1958 until 1971 and then in Columbia, South Carolina until 1976. She worked as an executive at South Carolina National Bank in Columbia from 1976 until 1984, rising to become the highest-ranking female executive among the 100 largest bank holding companies in the United States. Bissell also lectured at the University of South Carolina in the 1970s and early 1980s.

Federal judicial service

On May 24, 1984, Bissell was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a new seat established by 96 Stat. 25 on the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Reagan previously had nominated United States Department of Commerce official Sherman Unger to the seat in 1982, but Unger's nomination drew significant opposition and never was voted upon because Unger became afflicted with terminal cancer and died in late 1983. Bissell was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 8, 1984, and received her commission on June 11, 1984. With her confirmation, she became the first female South Carolina lawyer to become a federal judge. She served on the court until her death.

Death

Bissell died of cancer on February 4, 1990, at Sibley Memorial Hospital in Washington, D.C., at the age of 53.

References

Sources

1936 births
1990 deaths
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Ronald Reagan
20th-century American judges
University of South Carolina alumni
University of South Carolina School of Law alumni
20th-century American lawyers
University of South Carolina faculty
20th-century American women lawyers
20th-century American women judges


Ioana Petcu-Colan is an Irish violinist of Romanian origin, currently living in Bangor, County Down, Northern Ireland.

Biography
Ioana Petcu-Colan, born in January 1978 in Cork, Ireland is the daughter of Adrian Petcu and of Ruxandra Colan-Petcu, both her parents being musicians.  Ioana started studying violin with her father, Adrian Petcu, continuing at the Conservatoire de Nantes where, age 16, she obtained the "Premier Prix á l'Unanimité" . She continued her studies in the United Kingdom at the Royal Academy of Music where she was awarded a first class honors Bachelor of Music degree. She returned to Ireland where she received a First Class Master of Arts degree at the Cork School of Music. She has studied with musicians such as Hermann Krebbers, Mauricio Fuks, Lydia Mordkovitch, Erich Gruenberg, Mariana Sîrbu, Gregory Ellis, and Pierre Wallez. Ferenz Radosc coached her as chamber musician.

Ioana Petcu-Colan is an established violinist, and from 2010 to the present (2022) Associate Leader of the Ulster Orchestra. She plays on an Italian violin, built by Goffredo Cappa in 1695. Her performances as soloist include the violin concertos of Antonio Vivaldi, Ludwig van Beethoven, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Max Bruch, Camille Saint-Saëns, Édouard Lalo, Sergei Prokofiev, Aram Khachaturian, Dmitri Shostakovitch, Henryk Wieniawski, Jean Sibelius and Pablo de Sarasate, the Concerto for violin, piano and string quartet by Ernest Chausson as well as the concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach performed both on modern and baroque violin, performing under the batons of William Eddins, Niklas Willen, James Lockhart, David Brophy, Neil Thomson, Proinnsias O'Duinn and Robert Houlihan. She also premiered "Elastic Harmonic" for Violin and Orchestra by Irish composer Donnacha Dennehy on Irish national television.

Ioana Petcu-Colan is also very involved in chamber music. She is a founder and former first violin of the Callino String Quartet which first performed at the West Cork Chamber Music Festival in 1999, and also included Sarah Sexton (second violin), Samantha Hutchins (viola) and Sarah McMahon (cello).

As a chamber musician, she has performed at London's Wigmore Hall, Dublin's National Concert Hall and Manchester's Bridgewater Hall and at many international festivals – Cheltenham, Ryedale, Bergen, Heidelberger Frühling, West Cork Chamber Music Festival, Kilkenny Arts Festival, Clandeboye, Sligo New Music Festival and others. She has formed a successful duo with Elizabeth Cooney performing  rarely heard violin duo repertoire in dynamic and diverse performances, exploring works ranging from the baroque to the contemporary by Jean Delphin Alard, Darius Milhaud, Henryk Wieniawski, Béla Bartók, Alfred Schnittke, Sergei Prokofiev, George Enescu, Paul Constantinescu and  Jackie McLean or works for two violins and piano by Johann Sebastian Bach, César Franck, Alfred Schnittke, Bohuslav Martinů, Eugène Ysaÿe, Anton Arensky, Dmitri Shostakovich, Pablo de Sarasate, Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Gabriel Fauré and Jean Françaix.

In duo partnership she had performed the complete Beethoven Piano and Violin Sonata cycle and has performed most of the major duo repertoire extensively. She was a member of the Irish Chamber Orchestra, and is currently a member of the Ensemble Avalon.

Ioana Petcu-Colan has a great interest in promoting contemporary music. Composer Ronan Guilfoyle wrote a special work for her, "Ferdinand the Bull" for violin and narrator, first performed at the Triskel Arts Centre in Cork. She then performed with Izumi Kumura the world premiere of Guilfoyle's Violin and piano sonata No. 2. She recently participated in the recording of Guilfoyle's "Septet for string quartet, bass, drums and guitar".

Ioana Petcu-Colan has also edited a universal edition publication of accessible solo violin pieces by eminent contemporary composers Arvo Pärt, Ennio Morricone and others. The publication is intended primarily for younger players and those new to contemporary music.

Personal life
Ioana Petcu-Colan is married to a trombonist and has two young daughters.

References

1978 births
Living people
Irish women classical violinists
Musicians from Cork (city)
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
Irish people of Romanian descent
Alumni of Cork Institute of Technology
21st-century Irish classical violinists
People from Bangor, County Down
20th-century Irish classical violinists
Violinists from Northern Ireland


Marcus Freeman (born January 10, 1986) is an American football coach and former linebacker who is currently the head coach at the University of Notre Dame. He previously served as the defensive coordinator and linebackers coach at Notre Dame in 2021. Freeman has also previously served as an assistant coach at the University of Cincinnati, Purdue University, Kent State University, and The Ohio State University.

Freeman played college football at Ohio State and was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the fifth round of the 2009 NFL Draft. He has also been a member of the Buffalo Bills and Houston Texans.

Early years
His father Michael Freeman met his mother Chong while he was serving in the Air Force in South Korea. Marcus was born at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Medical Center in Fairborn, Ohio. He has an older brother, Michael Jr. The family lived in Huber Heights and Marcus attended Wayne High School.

Freeman was rated as one of the top three overall prospects in Ohio as a senior and named to the Parade All-America team coming out of Wayne High School in Huber Heights, Ohio. He was credited with 127 tackles, four sacks, three forced fumbles and three fumble recoveries as a senior. He totaled 152 tackles, including 29 behind the line of scrimmage, and eight sacks as a junior. Freeman was a four-year starter and a two-time first-team All-Ohio selection. He also ran track, competing in the 4×100-meter relay and throwing the shot and discus.

Playing career

College
Marcus Freeman attended Ohio State University (2004–08), appearing in 51 games (37 starts) over the course of his career. He started 26 games at weak-side linebacker and 11 games at strong-side linebacker and was a two-time Second-team All-Big Ten selection. He finished his career 19th on the school's all-time tackle list with 268 stops (140 solo) and was credited with 21.5 TFLs, 6.0 sacks, 15 PBUs, 2 forced fumbles and 1 fumble recovery.

In 2008, he started all 13 games at linebacker.  He was a Second-team All-Big Ten selection, finishing with 84 tackles (39 solo) and added 9.5 TFLs, 4 PBUs, 1 fumble recovery and 3.5 sacks. Also named Academic All-Big Ten. In 2007, he was a second-year starting linebacker and a part of three special units and was Second-team All-Big Ten after he totaled 109 tackles 9.5 TFL, 5 PBU. In 2006, he made 71 stops, played 13 games and started 11 at linebacker and was second on the team with six pass break-ups  and two interceptions. In 2005, he redshirted. In 2004, he finished his rookie season with four tackles, recording one solo stop and three assists, in 13 games.

National Football League

Pre-draft

Chicago Bears
Freeman was drafted in the fifth round of the 2009 NFL Draft by the Chicago Bears. He was waived on September 4, 2009.

Buffalo Bills
Freeman was signed to the Buffalo Bills practice squad on September 22. He later was released in early October.

Houston Texans
Freeman signed with the Houston Texans on November 4.

Retirement
On May 1, 2010, Freeman retired due to an enlarged heart condition.

Coaching career

Early career
After serving as a Graduate Assistant at his alma mater in 2010, he was the linebackers and assistant coach for Kent State in 2011–12.

He was hired as the Purdue linebackers coach in January 2013. For the 2016 season, Freeman was promoted to co-defensive coordinator. Freeman helped transform the linebackers group into a strength for the Boilermakers, coaching future NFL players Danny Ezechukwu and Ja'Whaun Bentley.

Cincinnati (assistant)
On December 13, 2016, Freeman joined the Cincinnati Bearcats football staff as defensive coordinator and linebacker coach. After being one of the first hires by Luke Fickell, Freeman transformed the Bearcats into one of the best defenses of the American Athletic Conference (AAC). In 2018, Freeman's defense led the AAC in rushing defense, scoring defense and total defense and ranked among the Top-15 in the NCAA FBS in all three categories. The next season, the Bearcats finished atop the 2019 AAC ranks in scoring defense for the second-straight season and ranked among the league's top three in rushing and total defense.

Prior to the end of the 2020 season, Freeman had declined a handful of positions to remain at Cincinnati including offers of returning to Ohio State as linebackers coach, linebackers coach for the Tennessee Titans, and defensive coordinator at Michigan State, among other offers. Freeman had been considered by a number of national outlets as one of the rising stars of the college coaching ranks.

Freeman was a finalist for the Broyles Award and named the 247Sports Defensive Coordinator of the Year, during the 2020 season.

Notre Dame
On January 8, 2021, Freeman was hired as defensive coordinator and linebackers coach for Notre Dame. Freeman was head coach Brian Kelly's top choice for the position. Prior to this hiring, it was rumored that Freeman would join LSU in the same role.

Following the 2021 regular season, Brian Kelly left Notre Dame to become the head coach at Louisiana State University.
On December 3, 2021, Freeman was selected to replace him, becoming the 32nd head coach in program history.
Freeman took control immediately, coaching the Irish in their Fiesta Bowl loss to Oklahoma State.

Freeman opened the 2022 season with losses to Ohio State and Marshall, thus becoming first head coach in Notre Dame history to start his career with three losses.
He gained his first win the following week against the Golden Bears. Freeman's Irish would go on to finish the regular season ranked 19th with a record of 8-4, including a win over No. 5 Clemson. They were awarded a berth in the Gator Bowl where they defeated South Carolina 45–38.

Personal life
Freeman's mother, Chong Freeman, is from South Korea, and met his father, Michael Freeman, while serving in the US Air Force and then moved to Ohio in 1976.
In 2010, Freeman married Joanna (née Herncane),  who he had dated since college. The couple has six children: Vinny, Siena, Gino, Nico, Capri and Rocco. Freeman also has a daughter, Bria, with his ex-girlfriend Aynsley Collier. In 2022, Freeman became a Catholic.

Head coaching record

References

External links
 Notre Dame profile
 Chicago Bears profile

1986 births
Living people
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American sportspeople
African-American coaches of American football
African-American players of American football
American football linebackers
American sportspeople of Korean descent
Buffalo Bills players
Chicago Bears players
Cincinnati Bearcats football coaches
Coaches of American football from Ohio
Houston Texans players
Kent State Golden Flashes football coaches
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football coaches
Ohio State Buckeyes football coaches
Ohio State Buckeyes football players
People from Huber Heights, Ohio
Players of American football from Ohio
Purdue Boilermakers football coaches
African-American Catholics