The 49th Fighter Training Squadron is part of the 14th Flying Training Wing based at Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi.  It operates T-38 Talon aircraft conducting flight training.

The squadron was first activated as the 49th Pursuit Squadron in 1941 during the expansion of the United States military that preceded World War II.  Immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the squadron flew air defense patrols off the southern Pacific coast.  In 1942 it was redesignated the 49th Fighter Squadron and deployed to England, but a few months later the squadron moved to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations.  The squadron earned a Distinguished Unit Citation in 1944 and was inactivated in 1945.

The squadron was activated again at Dow Field, Maine as one of the first units of Air Defense Command (ADC).  It converted to Republic F-84 Thunderjets, being one of the first squadrons to do so.  The squadron was inactivated in 1949.

In 1952 the squadron, now designated the 49th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, was activated to replace an Air National Guard squadron that was being released from active duty at Dow.  For the next thirty-five years the unit carried out the air defense mission at Dow, Hanscom Field, and Griffiss Air Force Base, upgrading its aircraft until equipping with the Convair F-106 Delta Dart, which it flew for almost twenty years.  The squadron was the last to fly that plane, inactivating in 1987 as the Air National Guard took over air defense mission.

The unit was reactivated in 1990 as the 49th Flying Training Squadron at Columbus Air Force Base. Mississippi.  It conducted the advanced phase of undergraduate pilot training and basic procedures and techniques of fighter employment since then except for a brief period when it was inactive in 1992–1993.  In 2003 its name was changed to 49th Fighter Training Squadron to reflect this mission.

Mission
The 49th Fighter Training Squadron conducts Introduction to Fighter Fundamentals flying training for Air Force and international pilots and weapon systems officers.  It flies over 2,400 hours annually.  Its mission is to develop the ability, proficiency, confidence, discipline, judgment, situational awareness and airmanship of future fighter wingmen.

In addition, unit members deploy to support fighter syllabus and operational training requirements for close air support and dissimilar air combat training.

History

World War II
The squadron was first activated in early 1941 at Hamilton Field, California as the 49th Pursuit Squadron one of the original three squadrons of the 14th Pursuit Group. The squadron trained with Republic P-43 Lancers until it was equipped with early model Lockheed P-38 Lightnings.   After the Pearl Harbor Attack the squadron deployed to San Diego Municipal Airport where it flew air defense patrols for a week before returning to March Field later in the month.

In August 1942 the squadron deployed to the European Theater of Operations and flew escort missions for Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bombers as part of VIII Fighter Command until November.

The 49th was sent to North Africa in late 1942 as part of the Operation Torch invasion forces, taking up station in Algeria.  The unit was reassigned to Twelfth Air Force and flew both fighter escort missions for the B-17s operating from Algeria, as well as tactical interdiction strikes on enemy targets of opportunity in Algeria and Tunisia during the North African Campaign.  The 49th flew strafing and reconnaissance missions until January 1943, when the unit was withdrawn from combat and some aircraft and personnel were assigned to other units.  In May, it resumed operations.

Following the German defeat and withdrawal from North Africa the squadron flew dive bombing attacks during the assault on Pantelleria. It helped prepare for and support Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily, and Operation Avalanche, the invasion of Italy.  It engaged primarily in escort operations after November 1943, flying missions to cover bombers on long-range missions attacking strategic objectives in Italy, France, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Rumania and Bulgaria.   The squadron received a Distinguished Unit Citation for its actions on 2 April 1944 when it beat off attacks by enemy fighter aircraft, enabling the bombers it covered to strike a ball-bearing factory in Austria.

The squadron also provided support for reconnaissance operations.  It deployed to Corsica in August 1944 to support Allied Forces in Operation Dragoon, the invasion of Southern France.   The unit continued to fly long range missions to strafe and dive bomb targets in an arc from France to the Balkan Peninsula until the surrender of Germany in May 1945. The squadron was inactivated in Italy in September of that year.

Cold War air defense

Early operations

The squadron was once more activated in the US on 20 November 1946 at Dow Field, Maine as part of the First Air Force of Air Defense Command (ADC).  The squadron was one of the first operational units assigned to ADC.

The 49th was initially equipped with Republic P-47N Thunderbolts and later with first generation P-84B Thunderjets. It was responsible for air defense of the Northeastern United States. In 1947, the units's parent group became the first in the AAF to equip with the P-84.

The 37th's mission was daylight and fair weather defense of northeast United States from New York City north to the Maine/New Brunswick border, shared with 52d Fighter Group (All-Weather) at Mitchel Air Force Base, New York which flew North American F-82 Twin Mustangs for night and inclement weather operations. The squadron was inactivated on 2 October 1949.

Air defense of the northeast

The squadron was redesignated the 49th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and reactivated on 1 November 1952 and was once again stationed at Dow Air Force Base, where it was assigned to the 4711th Defense Wing. At Dow the squadron assumed the mission, personnel, and Lockheed F-80C Shooting Stars of the 132d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, which was simultaneously inactivated. The 132d was a Maine Air National Guard unit that had been mobilized in February 1951 for the Korean War.  Upon inactivation the 132d was returned to the control of the Guard.

Five months after activation, the squadron upgraded to North American F-86F Sabre aircraft.  Both the F-80C and F-86F were
day interceptor aircraft, but the F-86 was faster and more agile.  In March 1954, however the squadron converted to Mighty Mouse rocket armed and airborne intercept radar equipped F-86D Sabres, giving it an all weather capability. In November 1955, the squadron and its F-86Ds moved to Hanscom Field near Boston where it was reassigned to the 4707th Air Defense Wing.

In October 1956 the squadron re-equipped with its third version of the F-86, the F-86L.  The F-86L incorporated data link, which enabled it to communicate directly with Semi Automatic Ground Environment direction centers without the need for voice communications.  The unit operated the F-86L for the remainder of its tenure at Hanscom.

In October 1959 the 49th and the 465th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Griffiss Air Force Base, New York traded places, with each squadron assuming the mission, aircraft and personnel of the other. At Griffiss, the 49th joined the 27th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron in the 4727th Air Defense Group until October, when the 27th moved and there was no longer a need for a group headquarters for ADC fighter squadrons so the 4727th was discontinued.  The 49th initially operated Northrop F-89J Scorpions, which were armed with the AIR-2 Genie, a nuclear capable Air-to-air rocket.  However, by December 1959 the squadron had begun to upgrade to supersonic McDonnell F-101B Voodoos, and the F-101F operational and conversion trainer. The two-seat trainer version was equipped with dual controls, but carried the same AIR-2 armament as the F-101B and was combat capable.

The squadron operated Voodoos until September 1968, the aircraft being passed along to the Air National Guard as the squadron re-equipped with Convair F-106 Delta Darts. There were a total of forty-six F-106's assigned to the 49th at Griffiss between 30 September 1968 until its inactivation on 30 September 1987.  F-106s 59-0062 and 59-0136 were the last two Delta Darts in active-duty USAF service, being sent to the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center at Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona on 9 July 1987.

The squadron was initially programmed to receive F-15 Eagles to be used in the interceptor mission, however it was decided to inactivate the unit as part of the transfer of the air defense mission in the United States to the Air National Guard. The 49th Fighter Interceptor Squadron was the last active USAF F-106 unit.

Pilot training
The unit was reactivated in 1990 as the 49th Flying Training Squadron at Columbus Air Force Base. Mississippi.  It conducted the advanced phase of undergraduate pilot training for two years before inactivating two years later.

It was activated again in 1994 and since then has taught basic procedures and techniques of fighter employment.  It moved to Moody Air Force Base, Georgia in 2000, but returned to Columbus in 2007.  In 2003 its name was changed to 49th Fighter Training Squadron to reflect this mission.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 49th Pursuit Squadron (Fighter) on 20 November 1940
 Activated on 15 January 1941
 Redesignated 49th Fighter Squadron (Twin Engine) on 15 May 1942
 Redesignated 49th Fighter Squadron, Two Engine on 28 February 1944
 Inactivated on 9 September 1945
 Redesignated 49th Fighter Squadron, Jet Propelled and activated, on 20 November 1946
 Redesignated 49th Fighter Squadron, Jet on 26 July 1948
 Inactivated on 2 October 1949
 Redesignated 49th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 11 September 1952
 Activated on 1 November 1952
 Inactivated on 7 July 1987
 Redesignated 49th Flying Training Squadron on 11 May 1990
 Activated on 25 June 1990
 Inactivated on 18 September 1992
 Activated on 1 July 1993
 Redesignated: 49th Fighter Training Squadron on 19 May 2003

Assignments
 14th Pursuit Group (later 14th Fighter Group): 15 January 1941 – 9 September 1945
 14th Fighter Group: 20 November 1946 – 2 October 1949
 4711th Defense Wing (later 4711th Air Defense Wing): 1 November 1952
 4707th Air Defense Wing: 5 November 1955
 32d Air Division: 16 January 1956
 Boston Air Defense Sector: 1 August 1958
 4727th Air Defense Group: 1 July 1959
 Syracuse Air Defense Sector: 15 October 1959
 Boston Air Defense Sector: 4 September 1963
 35th Air Division: 1 April 1966
 21st Air Division: 19 November 1969
 24th Air Division: 23 September 1983 – 7 July 1987
 14th Flying Training Wing 25 June 1990
 14th Operations Group, 15 December 1991 – 18 September 1992
 14th Operations Group, 1 July 1993
 479th Flying Training Group: 10 October 2000
 14th Flying Training Wing: 10 May 2007 – present

Stations
 Hamilton Field, California, 15 January 1941
 March Field, California, 10 June 1941 (operated From: San Diego, California 7–12 December 1941)
 Hamilton Field, California, 9 May 1942 – 16 July 1942
 RAF Atcham (Station 342), England, 18 August 1942 – 28 October 1942
 Tafaraoui Airfield, Algeria, 15 November 1942
 Youks-les-Bains Airfield, Algeria, 22 November 1942
 Berteaux Airfield, Algeria, 9 January 1943
 Mediouna Airfield, French Morocco, 5 March 1943
 Telergma Airfield, Algeria, 5 May 1943
 El Bathan Airfield, Tunisia, 3 June 1943
 Sainte Marie du Zit Airfield, Tunisia, 25 July 1943
 Triolo Airfield, Italy, 12 December 1943 (operated From: Corsica 10–21 August 1944)
 Lesina Airfield, Italy, September 1945 – 9 September 1945
 Dow Field (later Dow Air Force Base), Maine, 20 November 1946 – 2 October 1949
 Dow Air Force Base, Maine, 1 November 1952
 Hanscom Field, Massachusetts, 5 November 1955
 Griffiss Air Force Base, New York, 1 July 1959 – 7 July 1987
 Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi, 25 June 1990 – 18 September 1992
 Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi, 1 July 1993
 Moody Air Force Base, Georgia, 31 December 2000
 Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi, 10 May 2007 – present)

Aircraft

 Curtiss P-40 Warhawk (1941)
 Republic P-43 Lancer (1941)
 P-66 Vanguard (1941)
 Lockheed P-38 Lightning (1941–1945)
 Republic P-47 Thunderbolt (1946–1949)
 Republic F-84 Thunderjet (1947–1949)
 Lockheed F-80C Shooting Star (1952–1953)
 North American F-86F Sabre (1953–1954)

 North American F-86D Sabre (1954–1956)
 North American F-86L Sabre (1956–1959)
 Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star (1952–1953, 1956–1986)
 Northrop F-89J Scorpion (1959)
 McDonnell F-101B Voodoo (1959–1968)
 McDonnell F-101F Voodoo (1959–1968)
F-106 Delta Dart (1968–1987)
T-38 Talon (1990–1992, 2000–present)
AT-38 Talon (1993–2000)

Awards and campaigns

 Po Valley; Air Combat, EAME Theater.

See also
The Cornfield Bomber, an airplane formerly assigned to the 49th FTS.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
 49th Fighter Squadron Association home page Retrieved 24 December 2013
 Kessell, Doug, WWII air squadron revisits memories Former Dow AFB site of reunion Bangor Daily News Archive. Retrieved 24 December 2013

Military units and formations in Mississippi
0049
049


Groundfloor may refer to:

Storey
Groundfloor (company), an American real estate lending marketplace


The Old Fort Park Archeological Site is a historic site in New Smyrna Beach, Florida, United States. On July 10, 2008, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

This property is part of the Archeological Resources of the 18th-Century Smyrna Settlement of Dr. Andrew Turnbull Multiple Property Submission, a Multiple Property Submission to the National Register.

References

Archaeological sites in Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Volusia County, Florida
Buildings and structures in New Smyrna Beach, Florida
Ruins on the National Register of Historic Places


Jellum  is a village in Leeuwarden in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 142 in January 2017.

History
The village was first mentioned in the 13th century as Helmum, and means "settlement of the people of Helm (person)". The Dutch Reformed church dated from around 1700. In 1893, it was struck by lightning and both the church and tower burnt down. In 1895, it was rebuilt with a  tall tower. In 1840, Jellum was home to 96 people.

Before 2018, the village was part of the Littenseradiel municipality and before 1984 it belonged to Baarderadeel municipality.

Gallery

References

External links

Leeuwarden
Populated places in Friesland


Iens  () is a small village in Súdwest-Fryslân in the province Friesland of the Netherlands with a population of around 32 in January 2017.

History
The village was first mentioned in the 13th century as Ederinghe, and means "settlement of the people of Ede (person)". Iens is a terp (artificial living hill) village.

Before 2018, the village was part of the Littenseradiel municipality and before 1984 it belonged to Hennaarderadeel municipality. It changed its official name from Edens to Iens in 1991.

Iens has a church dating from the thirteenth century. It was renewed in 1874, and the tower dates was restored in 1852. The choir was extended and includes the 1783 water well which used to be located outside the church. The Edensermolen, a smock mill built in 1847 for drainage has been restored and is held in reserve for emergencies. Iens was home to 48 people in 1840.

Gallery

References

External links

Súdwest-Fryslân
Populated places in Friesland


Itens  is a village in Súdwest-Fryslân municipality in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 236 in January 2017.

History
The village was first mentioned in 1381 as Ytzinse, and means "settlement of the people of It(s)e (person)". Itens a terp (artificial living hill) village. Pottery has been found in the terp dating from the beginning of our era.

The Dutch Reformed church was built in 1806 and has a tower from 1842. Itens was home to 124 people in 1840.  Before 2018, the village was part of the Littenseradiel municipality and before 1984 it belonged to Hennaarderadeel municipality.

References

External links

Súdwest-Fryslân
Populated places in Friesland


Tony Gillet (born 4 September 1945 in Marche, Belgium) is a Belgian former racing driver and founder of the Gillet sports car company.

Racing career
Gillet started racing in 1968 in provincial rallies, at the wheel of a Renault 4. In 1979 and 1980 he won the Belgian hill-climb championship driving a Formula 2 Renault previously driven by Jean-Pierre Jabouille. In the 1980s he built prototype cars for competitions including the Paris-Dakar rally.

Gillet automobiles

Tony Gillet founded Automobiles Gillet in 1991. It released its first car in 1994.

References

External links

Living people
Belgian racing drivers
1945 births
20th-century Belgian people


Makunga may refer to:

 Makunga, the fictional lion antagonist in Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa
 Nokwanda Makunga, South African biotechnologist
 Nwabisa Makunga (born 1982), South African journalist
 W Morung Makunga (born 1952), Indian politician


Sadia Sadia is a Canadian-born British installation artist, known for her audiovisual media work, incorporating sound and images, both still and moving.

Education
Sadia received her MSc in Political Science and Economics (Gender, Culture and Society) from Birkbeck, University of London in 1994, MA in Design Studies from Central Saint Martins, University of the Arts in 2001, and PhD in Fine Art from the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology in 2019. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.

Career

Music
From 1978 to 1993, Sadia worked largely with the Canadian guitar player David Wilcox, producing nine albums including Out of the Woods, My Eyes Keep Me in Trouble, Bad Reputation, Breakfast at the Circus, and The Natural Edge, four of which reached gold or platinum status in Canada. These albums also formed the basis of two platinum-selling greatest hits packages 'The Best of...' and 'Over Sixty Minutes With...'.

In 1993, Sadia co-founded the multimedia world fusion project Equa with Stephen W. Tayler. Signed to Polygram (Australia) in 1996, the band's eponymously titled Equa was nominated for an ARIA award for best world music album.

During the 1990s she sat as the only female director of the British Record Producer's Guild.

Film
Sadia produced and edited multiple films working with Anthony Stern. In 2004, Sadia and Stephen W. Tayler as Equa also scored Stern's short film The Noon Gun, which was shortlisted for the Satyajit Ray Foundation short film competition and has been shown in multiple film festivals, including the 2004 Melbourne International Film Festival and the 2007 Portobello Film Festival.

In 2008, Sadia co-directed San Francisco Redux No. 1, an avant-garde short film that premiered at Cinémathèque Française. Sadia also directed, produced and edited a short documentary film on Stern's works titled Lit From Within: The Film and Glass Works of Anthony Stern. Sadia produced and edited Stern's The End of the Party: Hyde Park 1969, a view of the 60's based on footage of the first performance by Blind Faith in Hyde Park, and Iggy the Eskimo Girl, a short featuring musician Syd Barrett's girlfriend Iggy.

Installations
Sadia is the creator of the single channel video installation The Memory of Water (Part 1) which was acquired by the Australian Centre for the Moving Image (ACMI) to form part of its permanent collection. It was included in the ACMI's exhibition Proof: The Act of Seeing With One's Own Eyes.

In January 2014, Sadia completed All Time and Space Fold into the Infinite Present (Cataract Gorge) a large-scale three channel filmed installation with an accompanying eight channel soundfield. The work features footage of the rapids captured by the artist in Cataract Gorge, Launceston, Tasmania. The footage has been slowed down and colour balanced to resemble deep space, while the motion remains that of the water. The accompanying eight channel soundfield is constructed of audio captured by the artist in the Gorge. The work premiered at the Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery (QVMAG) in Tasmania, Australia, in 2014, and has since been acquired by the museum for their permanent collection.

In September 2014, Sadia premiered her 30-channel audio installation Notes to an Unknown Lover at Spinnerei Rundgang in Leipzig, Germany., based on her self-published artist's book with the same title. She also premiered her installation ‘Fugue: Die Wende, created in collaboration with Stephen Tayler and Darren Munce, at Halle 14 Zentrum für zeitgenössische Kunst (Centre for Contemporary Art) as part of the City of Leipzig's Lichtfest 2014 Kulturparcours.

In June 2015, Ghosts of Noise was screened and discussed as part of the international colloquium Les Devenirs Artistiques de L’Information at Sorbonne Paris, co-sponsored by Le Bauhaus-Universität Weimar & Internationales Kolleg für Kulturtechnikforschung und Medienphilosophie (IKKM), the Birmingham Center for Media and Cultural Research, and ELICO Equipe de recherche de Lyon.

In 2019, Ghosts of Noise was exhibited as a four-channel video and eight channel audio installation in The Model Citizen at the RMIT Gallery, Melbourne, curated by Sean Redmond and Darrin Verhagen.

References

External links
Chimera Arts Official website for Sadia Sadia

Living people
Canadian installation artists
Year of birth missing (living people)
British installation artists


Farpi Vignoli (21 August 1907 – 3 November 1997) was a 20th century Italian sculptor who was born and died in Bologna.

Biography
Farpi Vignoli was born in Bologna in August 1907, the son of Callisto Vignoli, a carpenter, and Ersilia Tagliavini, a homemaker. He was the youngest of three brothers. He spent his childhood and early adolescence in a house near the Arcoveggio racecourse (which would inspire him to sculpt both his "Il Guidatore di Sulki" (The Sulky Driver)" and for his "Horse"). In 1919, he was admitted to the College Venturoli, where he studied architecture, painting and sculpture, following sculptor Enrico Barberi's teachings. In this period Vignoli formed a close friendship with Paolo Manaresi and a friendship with the sculptor Luciano Minguzzi. He continued in the Academy with the same teacher Ercole Drei, who was busy sculpting the marble images of Liberty and Victory for the Certosa di Bologna monestery in Bologna. After concluding his studies at Bologne's art academy, the Accademia di Belle Arti in 1934, he gave a public exposition of his work, thereby launching his sculpting career in Bologna.

In the second "Quadriennale" art exhibition in Rome in 1935 (on invitation of the founder Cipriano Efisio Oppo), Vignoli's work "The Sulky Driver" was awarded the right to participate to the 1936 Berlin Olympiad exhibition. In subsequent years he produced "The Tennis player" in 1936, the "Shot of Rope" in 1937, and "The Jumper" in 1938, this last piece suggestively suspending motion in equilibrium between sky and earth.

In 1936, he won the gold medal in the art competitions of the Olympic Games for his "Guidatore di Sulky" ("The Sulky Driver").

At this point, Vignoli changed his style and moved away from sport subjects. In 1939, he introduced to the Third Roman  Quadriennale his "Prelude of Love", opening a new period of more eclectic creativity. He created two gigantic bas-reliefs for the façade of "The Farmers House" (known today  as the Kamero Aliancano de Ijobo) in Bologna. In 1940, Vignoli won with his piece "Four Horses", the façade of EUR, in Rome, and then two great trophies for the same complex. In 1941, his composed his portrait of a friend, the poet Alfonso Gatto.

The resumption of activity
In the immediate postwar period, a new generation grew in rebellion against the previous period. In this phase, Vignoli devoted himself passionately to watercolor painting, his favorite technique since college. His work was surprisingly innovative in its chromatic use and material principles, achieving brightness and tones more allied with the  fresco technique, to the point that Italian artist and writer Virgilio Guidi called the results, "a true ransom" toward other "nobler techniques".

In the 1950s, Vignoli returned to sculpting with various works, "Grave Frassetto", in the Certosa di Bologna monestery in Bologna, portraits of American actors , including Tyrone Power and film director Henry King, "Grave Ennio Gnudi" (Mayor of Bologna in the 1920s) again in the monestery, the bronze "Monument to the Bersaglieri Fallen in Russia" (Bologna); his "Mother", and other works. In 1957, he planned and directed construction of the architectural complex for the Art Academy in Bologna, which included the Theater for the School of Scenography, which was very appreciated by architect Gabor Acs. This was followed by other sculptural commissions, "The Stele to the Cripples of War" bronze (Park S. Violet, Bologna), the Monument of "St. Francis and "The Wolf" (Gubbio), bronze; the Ciborium of the Cathedral of Casalecchio, bronze, "Mariarosa, the Young Teacher" marble (Bologne Monestery), and "The Horse" (Castel S. Pietro) a very realistic bronze.
In his final period of activity in the 1980s and 1990s came new sport subjects in bronze, "Hang-gliding",  "Windsurfer", "Giacomo Agostini", "Björn Borg", and "Motocross".

Other artistic events
1936 First prize, "Curlandese" National Contest of Painting.
1936 Award in the National Contest for the Desk to the High Artistic School in Bologna.
1936 Appointed to the "Academic Clementino"
1936 Guest artist at the "Venetian Biennal"
1937 Winner of the National Sculpture Contest in Baruzzi
1938 Guest artist at the "Venetian Biennal"
1939-40 International exposure in New York City, USA.
1946 Guest artist at the "Venetian Biennal"
1946 Exhibition of watercolors at the Royal Academy of London, UK.
1947 Guest artist at the "Quadriennale Romana"
1950 Guest artist at the Venetian Biennal exhibition.
1951 Exhibition of watercolors in the "Gallery Bolzani", Milan, Italy.
1968 "Cucchi" grave (Bologna Monestery).

Bibliographical mentions
Eugenio Riccoboni, author of the anthology "Rome in Art" in 1942, presents the first useful elements for reconstructing Vignoli's artistic personality among sculptors in the modern age. Riccoboni also mentions Vignoli in his 1949 book about Francesco Sapori, '' Modern Italian Sculpture".

References

External links
profile
1966 – Cronologia di Bologna dal 1796 a oggi
Opere – Segretariato regionale del Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo per l'Emilia-Romagna
Gubbio — Monument to St. Francis and the Wolf
Olympic Art Competition 1936 Berlin
The Forgotten Olympic Art Competitions: The Story of the Olympic Art Competitions of the 20th Century
Last Landscapes: The Architecture of the Cemetery in the West
Introduction of holdings: Sports Art / Sports Museum: Japan Sports Promotion Center

1907 births
1997 deaths
Olympic gold medalists in art competitions
20th-century Italian sculptors
20th-century Italian male artists
Italian male sculptors
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic competitors in art competitions


The Old Stone Wharf Archeological Site is a historic site in New Smyrna Beach, Florida, United States. On July 10, 2008, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

This property is part of the Archeological Resources of the 18th-Century Smyrnea Settlement of Dr. Andrew Turnbull Multiple Property Submission, a Multiple Property Submission to the National Register.

References

Archaeological sites in Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Volusia County, Florida
Buildings and structures in New Smyrna Beach, Florida


The Saxon Class V K were German  narrow gauge steam locomotives operated by the Royal Saxon State Railways which had been primarily intended for the Müglitztalbahn. In 1925 the Deutsche Reichsbahn incorporated arranged these locomotives as DRG Class 99.61.

History
For the hilly line of the Müglitztalbahn from Mügeln to Geising-Altenberg the Sächsische Maschinenfabrik in Chemnitz developed an eight-coupled locomotive which, it was envisaged, would handle this route better that the hitherto deployed Saxon Classes I K and IV K.
In 1901 and from 1905 to 1907 a total of nine locomotives were placed in service. Those built in 1905 had a slightly larger driver's cab.

Whilst the new type of drive using Klien-Lindner axles allowed the  engines to negotiate tight curves, in the end the new Class V K proved just as complicated and maintenance-intensive as the tried and tested IV K.

For that reason no more were procured, despite their better starting characteristics.

All nine engines, numbered 201 to 209 were taken over in 1920 by the Deutsche Reichsbahn and in 1925 were renumbered to  99 611 to 99 619.

Between 1934 and 1942 the locomotives were all retired. It is possible that several locomotives were left on the battlefields of the Second World War following duties at the front.

Technical features
The boiler had the same dimensions as the Saxon IV K. The boiler feed was provided by two Friedmann injectors. The steam engine itself was a two-cylinder compound which drove the second coupled axle. The low-pressure cylinder on the right was set at an angle due to its large size. The first and fourth coupled axles were Klien-Lindner hollow axles which enabled an outside frame with Hall cranks.  Two pull rods arranged in a cross enabled the transverse movement of the two hollow axles to be set by the same amount.

For braking, the locomotives were originally equipped with a steam brake and counterweight brake. In addition the locomotives were fitted for Heberlein brakes. But by 1920 they were given the new Körting vacuum brakes for engine and train.

The water supplies were carried in side tanks; the coal was stored in a bunker behind the cab.

Duties
The six locomotives went into service on the Müglitztalbahn. Even after the appearance of the more powerful VI K they remained on this route. After the conversion of the Müglitztalbahn to standard gauge in the 1930s the locomotives were transferred to other lines. They were used on the Mügeln and Thum railway networks and the Taubenheim–Dürrhennersdorf narrow gauge railway.

See also
Royal Saxon State Railways
List of Saxon locomotives and railbuses
Narrow gauge railways in Saxony

Literature

0-8-0T locomotives
05 K
750 mm gauge locomotives
Narrow gauge steam locomotives of Germany
Sächsische Maschinenfabrik locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1901
D n2vt locomotives


Lithuanian coup can refer to:

 1919 Polish coup d'état attempt in Lithuania
 1926 Lithuanian coup d'état
 1934 Lithuanian coup d'état attempt
 Coup of the Volunteers of 1993


Luciano Mercante (4 September 1902 – 15 January 1982) was an Italian sculptor. In 1936 he won a silver medal in the art competitions of the Olympic Games for his "Medaglie" ("Medals").

References

External links
 profile

1902 births
1982 deaths
20th-century Italian sculptors
20th-century Italian male artists
Italian male sculptors
Olympic silver medalists in art competitions
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic competitors in art competitions


Abbey Lee Kershaw (born 12 June 1987) known professionally as Abbey Lee, is an Australian model, actress and musician. Following several years of success leading up to the 2011 fashion seasons, V magazine dubbed her a supermodel, and Models.com has listed her as an "Industry Icon". She dropped the use of her surname, Kershaw, in 2015.

Early life
Lee was born in Melbourne, Victoria, the daughter of Kerry, a psychologist, and Kim Kershaw, who played in the Victorian Football League for Richmond and Hawthorn. She is their middle child. She has said that as a child, she was "always in the hospital." At age four, she suffered from meningitis and had to have two spinal taps. She also had a tumour on her knee, and several broken bones from climbing trees.

She grew up in Kensington, Victoria and attended St Michael's Catholic Primary School in North Melbourne. She has said that she "grew up with 42 nationalities", explaining that her primary school of 150 children was very multicultural. She then attended the Academy of Mary Immaculate in Fitzroy.

Lee has said that she "did not come from wealth" and had various jobs while a teenager, including working at a fun fair, as a grocery clerk, and at a McDonald's. She took jujitsu classes for seven years and was involved in other sports.

In 2004, she won the Australian Girlfriend Model Search. Her rebellious side got her expelled from high school at the start of her final year. After high school, in 2005, she moved from Melbourne to Sydney to begin modelling. She lived  from the beach, and it was while at the beach that she was scouted by Chic Management's Kathy Ward, who also discovered Miranda Kerr and Samantha Harris. She signed with Chic Management within weeks.

Career

2007–2009
In 2007, Lee signed with Next Management and by March had moved to New York City. On 11 December, Models.com named her the "Next Superstar".

Lee made her debut in the 2008 New York Fashion Week, managing to walk a total of 29 shows for designers such as Oscar de la Renta, Halston, and notably closing for Rodarte. For her first time in Milan Fashion Week, she was booked as a Gucci exclusive. Later that year, in September, she fell in her high heels at the Rodarte show in New York. Then, a month later in Paris, she fainted at the Alexander McQueen show from wearing a very tight leather corset. These two incidents, however, did not prevent her from booking more runway shows. Lee was one of new faces to appear on one of the fourteen covers of V magazine's Autumn issue. On 15 November 2008, in Miami, she made her international TV appearance at the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, modelling in the "Pink Planet" segment.

Lee has starred in the fragrance ads for Gucci's new "Flora" scent since 2008.

In November 2009, Fashion TV placed her first in their First Face Countdown for Spring/Summer 2010. Lee had to sit out the Autumn 2009 shows due to a knee injury: she had torn ligaments and could barely walk. She was featured in the explicit shoot for the French magazine Purple Fashion published Autumn/Winter 2009. The infamous spread, shot by photographer Terry Richardson, caused outrage in the blogosphere, where Richardson was accused of cajoling the girls for his own sexual satisfaction. In his defense, Lee said, "Terry doesn't force girls to do anything they don't want to. He puts you in a G-string in a pile of mud because you want to do it. You touch yourself because you want to. For me, that shoot was the truth about how things were between us both, and I felt good doing it. I'm not ashamed of it—why should I be?" After skipping the Autumn 2009 season owing to a knee injury, she reappeared in Milan Fashion Week, opening D&G to having the first and last looks at Fendi and Versace, prompting New York magazine to name her "Milan's Top Model". On 1 December 2009, for the second time, she participated in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, but this time she had three outfits, modelling in the "Star Trooper," "Pink Planet", and in the "Enchanted Forest" segment.

2010–2011

In 2010, Lee was heavily in demand for campaigns, shoots and shows. She was featured in the 2010 Pirelli Calendar photographed by Terry Richardson, and the 2011 edition photographed by Karl Lagerfeld. In March 2010, she was announced as the face of Chanel's Autumn/Winter 2010/2011 ready-to-wear ad campaign. This news came after she closed the Chanel Spring 2010 couture show, and opened the Chanel Autumn/Winter 2010/2011 ready-to-wear show. In November, for the fourth time, she became the cover model of Australian Vogue (her previous covers of the same publication were in March 2010, March 2009, and September 2008). The same year, Lee was also featured as the face of the Anna Sui FW 2010 campaign.
Abbey also appeared in the lookbook of the Versace x h&m collaboration collection.

She took her own self-portrait for the new Rag & Bone Do-It-Yourself ad campaign spring 2011 along with models Sasha Pivovarova, Edita Vilkeviciute, Karolina Kurkova, Candice Swanepoel and Lily Aldridge. She earned $100,000 as an exclusive for Chanel, walking for their spring-summer collection in Paris. She skipped New York Fashion Week for London. V magazine's "The Discovery Issue" crowned Lee as the new Supermodel. The magazine called Lee "the biggest fashion export from Down Under since Elle Macpherson joined the ranks of Cindy Crawford, Claudia Schiffer, Kate Moss, Naomi Campbell and Christy Turlington."

She was on the May 2011 cover of Numero, photographed by Tom Munro.

2012–2013
Lee has been absent from the runway since the Fall 2012 shows where she walked only for Alexander Wang and Anna Sui. During 2012, she focused on acting and spent much of the year in Africa filming the post-apocalyptic film Mad Max: Fury Road (2015).

Although Lee was ranked 4th at the height of her career on the Top 50 Models Women list by models.com, as of June 2013 she was 12th on the list.

Lee appeared in the Fall/Winter 2013–14 campaign for Gucci alongside male model Adrien Sahores, shot by Mert Alas and Marcus Piggott.

2014–present
In May 2014, Lee once again appeared on the cover of Vogue Australia and starred in two editorials on the same issue, in which was celebrate her debut into acting career. In August 2014 Models.com moved Abbey to the Industry Icon list considering her still going presence in fashion with big fragrances contracts as Flora By Gucci and Versace's Yellow Diamond, although she was absent from runways and editorials to film Mad Max and Gods of Egypt.

Lee had a supporting role in the 2015 film Mad Max: Fury Road. In 2016, she had major roles in the films Gods of Egypt, alongside Gerard Butler, and the Nicolas Winding Refn-directed thriller The Neon Demon, with Elle Fanning. Lee stated that her history of martial arts training got her the role in Gods of Egypt.

In 2017, Lee played Tirana in the film The Dark Tower. The following year, she played the main character in Elizabeth Harvest, directed by Sebastian Gutierrez.

In 2020, she played the troubled Christina Braithwhite in HBO's drama horror Lovecraft Country. She told Harper's Bazaar that she was the last one cast for the show and that she researched about growing up in a cult to understand the character.

In 2021, she played Chrystal, a sufferer of hypocalcemia, in the film Old by M. Night Shyamalan.

In 2023, she played Delly West in the crime series Florida Man.

Personal life
Lee stated that she was a driven child with big hopes and dreams but her complicated household meant that her parents struggled to put food on the table and there was no music or art in their home. She felt that modelling made her a "disposable cog in a wheel", but that it was the ticket to her survival. Her role in Mad Max opened her eyes to how acting combines expression, sound, movement, performance and "everything she loved".

In 2015, Lee said that she was writing a semi-autobiographical film about addiction.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 Abbey Lee Kershaw  at Vogue Paris

1987 births
21st-century Australian actresses
Actresses from Melbourne
Actresses from New South Wales
Australian expatriates in the United States
Australian female models
Australian film actresses
Australian television actresses
Living people
Models from Melbourne
Next Management models
People from Kensington, Victoria


Afterimage is a crime novel by the American writer Kathleen George set in contemporary Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

It tells the story of two murders, one of a woman and one of a child, that seem to be unrelated. Richard Christie, Head of Homicide, takes on the case, as in George's two previous novels in the series, but in this book a rookie female detective, Colleen Greer, is introduced as a key player.

Sources
Contemporary Authors Online. The Gale Group, 2006. PEN (Permanent Entry Number): 0000142340.

External links
 Kathleen George website

2007 American novels
American crime novels

Novels set in Pittsburgh


Sydney Ellen Lucas (born July 11, 2003) is an American former child actress with credits in musical theatre, film and television. She is best known for her portrayal of Small Alison Bechdel in both the original Off-Broadway and Broadway productions of Lisa Kron and Jeanine Tesori's musical Fun Home; she won an Obie Award and Theater World Award and received nominations for a Drama Desk Award and a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her performance. She most recently starred in the main cast of AMC's western drama television series The Son as Jeannie McCullough.

Life and career
Born in Atlanta, Georgia, Sydney moved with her parents and two older brothers to New York City when she was two years old. Her parents run a software consulting company. In 2009, at age 6, Lucas underwent heart surgery to treat an atrial septal defect. Her older brother Jake Lucas is also a professional actor, and the two have appeared together in a commercial for Campbell’s Cream of Mushroom soup, and alongside Jennifer Aniston in the movie She's Funny That Way, which was released in 2015. She has studied acting with Diane Hardin and singing with Badiene Magaziner. She has also studied singing with her mother, Karri Lucas, who has a degree in vocal performance from DePauw University. She currently is a student in Manhattan.

In 2014, at the age of 10, Lucas became the youngest individual to win an Obie Award for her portrayal of Small Alison in the original Off-Broadway cast of Lisa Kron and Jeanine Tesori's musical Fun Home. That same year, she was also nominated for a Drama Desk Award, among other prestigious prizes. Lucas continued with the show when it moved to Broadway, winning a Theatre World Award, and receiving a nomination for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical in 2015 at the age of 11. Lucas left the company of Fun Home on October 4, 2015.

Lucas played Mary Lennox in The Secret Garden with Manhattan Concert Productions on February 21 and 22, 2016 at Lincoln Center’s David Geffen Hall.

Lucas has portrayed the younger version of two different characters played by Kristen Wiig in the films Girl Most Likely (2012) and The Skeleton Twins (2014). Her television credits include guest roles on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Royal Pains, Saturday Night Live, and Team Umizoomi. She has also appeared as Malcolm's Daughter in Giuseppe Verdi's Macbeth at the Metropolitan Opera in 2012.

Theatre credits

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

2003 births
Living people
Actresses from Atlanta
Actresses from New York City
American child actresses
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Obie Award recipients
Theatre World Award winners
21st-century American actresses


Reamonn is the fifth studio album by the German band Reamonn. In Germany, it was released on 7 November 2008 by Universal Music. In the UK, it was released on 28 September 2009.

The album is a comeback album for the group, because the members of Reamonn had wanted to separate, but reconciled their differences and returned to the studio. It became, eventually, Reamonn's final studio album, as the band entered a hiatus in 2012.

Singles
"Open Skies" was the first single from the album. It was the theme song for the German film The Red Baron. The song was only released as a digital download.

"Through the Eyes of a Child" was released as the second single from the album. Lyrics include: "Why did we make it so hard? / This life is so complicated / until we see it through the eyes of a child."

"Million Miles" was the third single from the album. Fans could vote for the album's best song on Reamonn's official website, and "Million Miles" received most votes and was therefore released as the next single. On the cover is the following text: "Home is where there's no mistaking / All this space between us / Isn't going anywhere / But it's ok to be us." The song was co-written by Kara DioGuardi.

"Moments Like This" was the fourth single from the album. It is a very fast rock song. Lyrics include: "And moments like this will bring you down / And moments like this will bring you round / And moments like this will make you strong".

"Aeroplane" was the fifth single from the album. It is a rock song. Lyrics include: "I love you like an aeroplane / which is bringing me home again."

"Set of Keys" was released digitally as their first UK single on 11 May 2009.

Track listing

Personnel
Rea Garvey - vocals, guitar
Uwe Bossert - guitar
Sebastian Padotzke - keyboards
Philipp Rauenbusch - bass guitar
Gomezz - beats

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications
Gold and Platinum in Germany
Gold in Switzerland

Release history

References
All information without a note is from the booklet.

External links
 Reamonn's website
 Reamonn: Reamonn at Last.fm

2008 albums
Reamonn albums


"Last Call" is a song written by Erin Enderlin and Shane McAnally, and recorded by American country music artist Lee Ann Womack.  It was released in June 2008 as the lead-off single from Womack's album Call Me Crazy, which was released in October 2008.  In December the song reached number 14 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, becoming Womack's first Top 20 hit in three years.

Content
The song is a country ballad that begins with the female narrator noticing her phone ringing, and refusing to answer it because she recognizes the number. The woman is aware that the male character is most likely in a bar and drinking alcohol. Therefore, she refuses to answer her phone because she knows that she is always his "last call". This is a play on the bartending term "last call", which refers to the last round of alcohol served before the bar closes for the night.

Critical reception
"Last Call" was well received by critics, being met with several positive reviews and was nominated for two awards.

Allmusic reviewer Thom Jurek called the song " a classic example of what makes Womack such a fascinating and emotionally resonant singer." Country Universe gave it an A rating, and considered that "Last Call" was reminiscent of her 2005 hit, "I May Hate Myself in the Morning". The song received a "thumbs up" review from Engine 145 reviewer Brady Vercher, who also compared the song to "I May Hate Myself in the Morning" and said that "although the lyric doesn't accentuate the emotional conflict, Womack's vocal dips with indecision as she delivers a splendid performance." This song was number 52 on Rolling Stones list of the 100 Best Songs of 2008. Editors at Billboard wrote, "Haunting single “Last Call” is song-of-the-year material on a number of levels: songwriting, vocal performance and production." Chuck Arnold of People Magazine listed the song as a hot download and wrote, "Lee Ann Womack will have you busting out the hankies with the touching breakup ballad "Last Call."

In December 2008, the song received a Grammy award nomination for Best Female Country Vocal Performance. "Last Call" also received a nomination for Female Video of the Year in the 2009 CMT Music Awards.

Music video
A music video directed by Trey Fanjoy was released for "Last Call." The video is done entirely in black and white, and was shot in New York City. In it, Womack is seen strolling along nighttime streets, standing on the roof deck of a tall building during daytime and riding a cab at night, while the song's lyrics are illustrated by scenes of a man drinking in an almost empty bar which is about to close for the night. He attempts to call Womack, which prompts her to examine her phone and not answer. Singer Clayton Stroope of the band Thriving Ivory is featured as Womack's lover in the video.

Charts
"Last Call" debuted at number 56 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in July 2008. The song reached a peak of number 14 in February 2009, after spending 36 weeks on the chart.

Certifications

References

2008 singles
Lee Ann Womack songs
Music videos directed by Trey Fanjoy
Song recordings produced by Tony Brown (record producer)
Country ballads
MCA Nashville Records singles
Songs written by Shane McAnally
Songs written by Erin Enderlin
2008 songs


Zone Stad was a popular Flemish-Belgian TV series about a police-department located in Antwerp. The show started in 2003 and ended in 2013. In the series, police officers solve various crimes, which are shown as realistically as possible. It is produced by the VMMa and broadcast on Belgian commercial channel vtm and TROS in the Netherlands.

Cast members

Main cast

Recurring cast

References

External links

Flemish television shows
Belgian crime television series
Belgian drama television shows
2003 Belgian television series debuts
2013 Belgian television series endings
2000s Belgian television series
2010s Belgian television series
VTM (TV channel) original programming


Eugene F. Karst (June 25, 1906 – April 6, 2004) is recognized as the first dedicated publicist in the history of Major League Baseball (MLB). He was hired in  by Branch Rickey, then the General Manager of the St. Louis Cardinals, to write features about the Cardinals for small-town newspapers that could not afford to cover the team in person. To do this, Karst set up MLB's first press office. In this post, he wrote stories, created promotions, and made players available for interviews and guest appearances. He spent four years in this position with the Cardinals before moving on to join the Cincinnati Reds in the same capacity.

While with the Reds, Karst played a major role in baseball history by creating as a promotion MLB's first night game. The game was played on May 24, , with the Cincinnati Reds defeating the Philadelphia Phillies 2-1 at Cincinnati's Crosley Field.

In 2001, Karst was inducted into the St. Louis Media Hall of Fame. He died on April 6, 2004, at age 97 in Ladue, Missouri.

References

 Obituary, Sports Collectors Digest, Krause Publications, May 21, 2004.

Baseball mass media
Baseball executives
2004 deaths
1906 births


S.C.U.M were a South East London-based post-punk/art rock band. Its members were Thomas Cohen (vocals), Bradley Baker (machines, press), Samuel Kilcoyne (keyboards), Huw Webb (bass), and Melissa Rigby (drums). The band previously included Ruaridh Connellan (drums) and Joseph Williams (bass, media). S.C.U.M took their name from Valerie Solanas' manifesto, SCUM Manifesto, an ironic reference to the all-male band before Connellan's dismissal and replacement by Rigby.

History
S.C.U.M formed in early 2008 with its initial line-up consisting of Thomas Cohen, Bradley Baker, Samuel Kilcoyne (founder of the Underage club nights and the festival spin-off as well as the son of Add N to X's Barry 7), drummer Ruaridh Connellan, and bassist Joseph Williams who left early on in the band's career due to his desire to become a barrister.

S.C.U.M's debut single, "Visions Arise", was released on Loog Records on 15 September 2008. Since then the band have toured extensively across the UK and Europe to a growing fan base and released three exclusive digital download tracks called SIGNALS. While S.C.U.M were travelling across Europe performing shows, they were taking studio time in each city they visited to record new works specific to each location. The music documented their sonic journey and acted as an audio visual scrapbook of the bands travels and musical progression. S.C.U.M have recorded a series of "SIGNALS" in Warsaw, Poland; Berlin, Germany; Paris, France; and Athens, Greece. Paris was the most extreme of these with the band describing it as a painting of their minds at the time. Cohen later said, "'Paris' was the one that started it; I just remember taking to bed one night after contemplating the early Dada artists and the lyrics came to me in a screen of emotion signals". They were featured and interviewed in the April 2010 edition of Mojo.

S.C.U.M were chosen by Portishead to perform at the ATP I'll Be Your Mirror festival that they curated in July 2011 at London's Alexandra Palace. On 18 July 2011, the single entitled "Amber Hands" was released by Mute Records and was described by Pitchfork as "the mammoth first single from the London shoegazers".

The band recorded their debut album with producers Ken and Jolyon Thomas whose production credits (individually and together) include David Bowie, Public Image Ltd, Sigur Ros, and Psychic TV among others. The album, Again into Eyes, was released on 12 September 2011 via Mute Records and received generally positive reviews with a 7.3 rating from aggregating website, AnyDecentMusic?.

On 27 August 2012, Rough Trade exclusively released what they dubbed a "lost EP" by the band. The limited edition run of 300 7" vinyl was recorded at 1-2-3-4 HQ studios in East London and intended as a self-release. However, due to a mix-up at the pressing plant, the vinyl went missing. A recent clear-out of a storage cupboard revealed the metalwork for the pressing and it was returned to the band who approached Rough Trade about releasing it.

On 12 January 2013, S.C.U.M announced via Facebook that they were splitting up after their long hiatus. They also made hints of solo projects to come soon.

In June 2013, it was announced that former members Melissa Rigby, Huw Webb, and Bradley Baker had undertaken a new project named Astral Pattern. The dream pop band released a first single, "Sitting in the Sun", and that an EP titled Light Poems would be released shortly.

Musical style and influences
S.C.U.M have claimed that they are not influenced by anyone musically, though they have spoken of a love for Throbbing Gristle, Ghost and Liars. Commenting on some British tabloids' calling him "a pretentious rocker", Cohen said: "It's because we don't make music about social issues so it comes across as unsocial and therefore pretentious. Which is rubbish." The band have stated in interviews that some of their songs deal with emotional fluctuations caused by visual manifestations of coloured shapes representing repressed lust. The band's post-punk revival sound as well as the fact that Huw Webb is the brother of Rhys Webb from The Horrors has led to many comparisons between the bands and, with TOY, they have been dubbed "baby Horrors" by some negative critics.

Discography

Singles

Albums

Astral Pattern

Blueprint Blue

Thomas Cohen (solo)

References

External links

Myspace page

Post-punk revival music groups
English rock music groups
Musical groups from London
Mute Records artists


In the 1976 Intertoto Cup no knock-out rounds were contested, and therefore no winner was declared. This edition marked the first time teams from Israel took part.

Group stage
The teams were divided into eleven groups of four teams each.

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

Group 5

Group 6

Group 7

Group 8

Group 9

Group 10

Group 11

See also
 1976–77 European Cup
 1976–77 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
 1976–77 UEFA Cup

External links
  by Pawel Mogielnicki

1976
4


Miss Czech Republic is a national beauty pageant in the Czech Republic where the winner represents the country at Miss World.

History
Miss Czech Republic was founded by and still to this day organized by . The organization was originally called Miss Face Czech Republic until January 2018.
Gallery

Titleholders

Before 2023: Single stage
In advance of 2023, the main winners were sent to Miss World (2017–2022) and Miss Grand International (2015–2016), while the runners-up were assigned to participate in other different international pageants.

 Miss World

 Miss Supranational
 Miss International
 Miss Intercontinental

 Miss Charm
 Top Model of the World
 Miss Global
 Miss Globe

2023 – Present: Two finals
Beginning in 2023, the contest was being held in two stages with the same batch of delegates; the first stage was to determine the country representative for Miss Grand International separately, and the remaining delegates then competed again in the second stage, where the representatives for Miss World, as well as other international pageants, were determined.

 Miss World

 Miss Supranational

 Miss International
 Miss Intercontinental
 Miss Charm

 Top Model of the World
 Miss Global

Main representatives at International pageants

Miss World

Miss Grand International
Miss Czech Republic acquired the license of Miss Grand International for Czech Republic in 2015. Previously, from 2013 to 2014, the license belonged to another national pageant, České Miss.

Miss Supranational

Miss International

Other pageants representatives

Miss Intercontinental

Miss Global

Top Model of the World

Miss Charm International

Miss Globe

Miss Tourism Queen International

Miss Tourism International

Mister Czech Republic

Mister World

References

Czech Republic
Czech Republic
Beauty pageants in the Czech Republic
Recurring events established in 2010
Czech awards


The 1946 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 13th playing of the "Midsummer Classic" by Major League Baseball's (MLB) American League (AL) and National League (NL) All-Star teams.

The All-Star Game was held on July 9, 1946 at Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts, the home of the AL's Boston Red Sox. The game resulted in the American League defeating the National League 12–0.

Red Sox in the game
The Red Sox hosted the game and were well-represented. Red Sox infielders Bobby Doerr and Johnny Pesky, along with outfielders Ted Williams and Dom DiMaggio, were in the AL starting lineup, while pitchers Dave Ferriss and Mickey Harris along with first baseman Rudy York and catcher Hal Wagner were also named to the team (of the Red Sox' reserves, only York played in the game).

This was the game in which Ted Williams became the only player to hit a home run against the famed "Eephus pitch" of Pittsburgh Pirates hurler Rip Sewell.

Starting lineups
Players in italics have since been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame.

National League
 Red Schoendienst, 2b
 Stan Musial, lf
 Johnny Hopp, cf
 Dixie Walker, rf
 Whitey Kurowski, 3b
 Johnny Mize, 1b
 Walker Cooper, c
 Marty Marion, ss
 Claude Passeau, p

American League
 Dom DiMaggio, cf
 Johnny Pesky, ss
 Ted Williams, lf
 Charlie Keller, rf
 Bobby Doerr, 2b
 Mickey Vernon, 1b
 Ken Keltner, 3b
 Frankie Hayes, c
 Bob Feller, p

Umpires

The umpires changed assignments in the middle of the fifth inning – Summers and Goetz swapped positions, also Boggess and Rommel swapped positions.

Synopsis

The NL threatened in the top of the first inning, having two men on with one out, but were unable to score.  The AL scored two runs in the bottom of the first, on a home run by Charlie Keller.  There was then little activity until Ted Williams hit a home run in the bottom of the fourth, followed by the AL sending nine men to the plate in the bottom of the fifth while scoring three runs.  The AL later added six more runs, with the NL never threatening.

Ted Williams still (through 2016) holds five single-game All-Star Game Records, which were set in this game: hits (4), home runs (2), runs (4), RBI (5), and total bases (10). Note that MLB did not name an All-Star Game MVP until 1962.

Because the 1945 All-Star Game was canceled, Boston Braves manager Billy Southworth, who had managed the St. Louis Cardinals in 1944, was named a coach under Charley Grimm, while Steve O'Neill named Luke Sewell of the St. Louis Browns as one of his coaches.

References

External links
Baseball Almanac
Baseball-Reference.com

Major League Baseball All-Star Game
Major League Baseball All-Star Game
Baseball competitions in Boston
Major League Baseball All-Star Game
July 1946 sports events in the United States
1940s in Boston


Julien Boutter was the defending champion, but lost in the second round this year.

Santiago Ventura won the title, defeating Dominik Hrbatý 6–3, 1–6, 6–4 in the final. Notably, this was Ventura's first ATP Tour-level appearance.

Seeds

  Dominik Hrbatý (final)
  Younes El Aynaoui (withdrew)
  Antony Dupuis (quarterfinals)
  Rubén Ramírez Hidalgo (first round)
  Cyril Saulnier (second round)
  Dennis van Scheppingen (first round)
  Thierry Ascione (quarterfinals)
  Óscar Hernández (quarterfinals)

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

External links
 Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 2004 Grand Prix Hassan II Men's Singles draw

Singles


The March of Remembrance and Hope (MRH) is a program designed for university and college students of all religions and backgrounds. The program takes place in mid-May, and includes a two-day trip to Germany, followed by a five-day visit to Poland. The international MRH program was founded in 2001 by Dr. David Machlis of the United States and Eli Rubenstein of Canada, both of whom were involved in the March of the Living (MOL) program.

During the trip students visit locations in Germany and Poland related to the Holocaust and other World War II genocides, including the site of the Wannsee Conference, and the former concentration/death camps of Auschwitz, Treblinka and Majdanek.

The purpose of the March of Remembrance and Hope is to teach students of various religious and ethnic backgrounds about the dangers of intolerance through the study of the Holocaust and other World War II genocides, and to promote better relations among people of diverse cultures.

Holocaust survivors also participate in the March of Remembrance and Hope program, sharing their painful memories in the very places in which their stories transpired. During the trip, the students also meet one of the Righteous Among the Nations, and learn of the heroic actions a minority of Europe's population took to resist Nazi tyranny.

Since its inception, students of many diverse religions, backgrounds and ethnicities have taken part in the March of Remembrance and Hope program, including: Buddhist, Christian, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim, Seventh Day Adventist, and many others. In addition, students who come from their own history of persecution (such as survivors of the Rwandan genocide, First Nation students, African Americans, etc.) have also participated in the March of Remembrance and Hope.

From 2007 to 2011 the program was run annually in Canada for Canadian university students, by the Canadian Centre for Diversity, with the cooperation of other organizations. In 2013, CCD transferred the program over to March of the Living Canada. The major funder of the Canadian program is the Azrieli Foundation, founded by Canadian Holocaust survivor, David Azrieli, which is a Canadian philanthropic organization that supports a wide range of initiatives and programs, among which include Holocaust commemoration and education.

The international MRH program is currently on hold, but there are American groups who have traveled with the Canadian delegation, namely Nazareth College and Hobart and William Smith Colleges.  There is also an Austrian program by the same name for university students of diverse backgrounds that travels to Poland earlier during the year, during the March of the Living. In 2010, Nazareth College and Hobart and William Smith Colleges launched their own program called The March: Bearing Witness to Hope - https://web.archive.org/web/20110421035711/http://morah.naz.edu/.

(While there are similarities, MRH and MOL are two different programs. MRH is primarily aimed at university students of diverse backgrounds, does not include a trip to Israel, and its goals are of a universal nature.  MOL is primarily aimed at Jewish high school students, and in addition to universal goals, also includes goals related to Jewish identity and connection to Israel, and usually includes a week long trip to Israel following the Poland portion of the trip.)

Two student organizations in Canada dedicated to teaching tolerance and combating genocide, "Shout Canada" and "’Stand Canada", were founded by students who participated in Marches to Poland. Many of the student leaders and active members of these two organizations are alumni of the March of Remembrance and Hope program.

On January 27, 2007, International Holocaust Remembrance Day, Marie Mirlande Noel, an African American student at the College of St. Elizabeth, and a graduate of the MRH program, addressed the United Nations about her experience on the March of Remembrance and Hope program.

References

External links
 March of Remembrance and Hope
 March of the Living International
 March of the Living Canada
NMSU students to study the Holocaust in Poland
The March of Remembrance and Hope
Centre students travel to Holocaust sites with student leadership program
Speech by Sally Wasserman: Hidden Child & Holocaust Survivor, Auschwitz Birkenau, May 2, MRH 08
Pinchas: A Holocaust Survivor, Majdanek, MRH 07
Juliet Karugahe, a Rwandan Canadian, speaks on the importance of traveling to Poland on MRH

Holocaust commemoration
Auschwitz concentration camp
Genocide education
Marching


The New Machine of Liechtenstein is the third album by Holy Moses, released in 1989 on WEA. It was re-released on 5 August 2005 through Armageddon and then in 2007 by Locomotive with 2 bonus live tracks.

All music composed and arranged by Andy Classen and Uli Kusch.
Lyrics by Sabina Classen and Andy Classen.

Track listing
 "Near Dark" - 5:31
 "Defcon II" - 4:10
 "Panic" - 3:05
 "Strange Deception" - 4:18
 "Locky Popster" - 3:39
 "SSP (Secret Service Project)" - 3:15
 "State: Catatonic" - 3:51
 "The Brood" - 2:50
 "Lost in the Maze" - 5:16

Reissue bonus tracks
 "SSP" (live in Bad Salzungen/Kallewerk 14 May 2005 at Wacken Roadshow)
 "Lost in the Maze" (live at Rock Harz Festival Osterode, 9 July 2005)

Personnel
 Sabina Classen - vocals
 Andy Classen - guitar
 Tom Becker - bass
 Uli Kusch - drums

1989 albums
Holy Moses albums
Warner Music Group albums
Albums produced by Alex Perialas


Josuë Dupon (22 May 1864 – 13 October 1935) was a Belgian sculptor. He was born in Ichtegem and died in Antwerp. In 1936, he was posthumously awarded with a bronze medal in the art competitions of the Olympic Games for his "Equestrian Medals".

References

External links

 Profile

1864 births
1935 deaths
Olympic bronze medalists in art competitions
20th-century Belgian sculptors
19th-century Belgian sculptors
19th-century Belgian male artists
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic competitors in art competitions
20th-century Belgian male artists


La última muñeca (Spanish for "the last doll") is a tradition of the Quinceañera, the celebration of a girl's fifteenth birthday in parts of Latin America. During this ritual the quinceañera relinquishes a doll from her childhood to signify that she is no longer in need of such a toy, often giving it to a younger female relative. The ritual could also suggest that she is now capable of being a mother.  The chambalán de honor is a person designated to "present her to society" and is usually the one to give her the última muñeca as well.  The birthday girl will then dance with the doll as part of the ceremony. Some of the dolls used in the ceremony are made of elegant ceramic or porcelain and are hand painted. These collector’s dolls are highly sought on the collector’s market.

References

Traditional dolls


Nathan Mardis Rolison (born March 27, 1977) is an American former professional baseball first baseman. Rolison played in  with the Florida Marlins of Major League Baseball (MLB). He batted left and threw right-handed.

Rolison attended Petal High School in Mississippi where he carried a 4.0 grade point average and was named the state's high school baseball player of the year. He was selected by the Marlins in the second round of the 1995 MLB draft and, according to the Sun-Sentinel, was the highest-rated power hitter in that year's draft. He committed to play college baseball at Miami over a competing offer from Stanford and, according to Miami recruiter Turtle Thomas, was the first recruit ever to do so. He ultimately elected to sign with the Marlins and received a then-record signing bonus.

Rolison made his Major League debut in September 2000 and struggled in his limited time in the majors. His only Major League hit, a single, came off of Wayne Gomes in the penultimate game of the season. That fall, while working out with the Southern Miss Golden Eagles baseball team, Rolison broke three bones in his wrist, an injury which required surgery and which Rolison later called "the beginning of the end" of his career. He would never return to the Major Leagues.

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball players from Mississippi
Brevard County Manatees players
Calgary Cannons players
Columbus Clippers players
Florida Marlins players
Gulf Coast Marlins players
Kane County Cougars players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Portland Sea Dogs players
Tacoma Rainiers players
Sportspeople from Hattiesburg, Mississippi


HMS Sea Rider was an 8-gun flyboat of the Royal Navy, captured in 1665, commissioned into the navy, and sold in 1668.

References

Ships of the Royal Navy


Marcelo Leonardo Ojeda (born 8 December 1968, in Avellaneda) is a former Argentine football goalkeeper. He played in Argentina and Spain.

Ojeda started his playing career in 1987 in the Argentine 2nd division with Defensa y Justicia. In 1990, he joined Club Atlético Lanús of the Argentine Primera where he played until 1994.

In 1994 Ojeda joined CD Tenerife where he would spend most of the rest of his career. In 1997, he played 1 game for the Argentina national team and was a squad member for the 1997 Copa América.

In 2000, he returned to Argentina where he played 3 games for Estudiantes de La Plata before going back to Tenerife later that year. In 2001, he joined Argentinos Juniors but retired from football before ever playing for the club

External links

 Tenerife profile
 Argentine Primera statistics

1968 births
Living people
Footballers from Avellaneda
Argentine men's footballers
Argentina men's international footballers
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
1997 Copa América players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Argentine Primera División players
Defensa y Justicia footballers
Club Atlético Lanús footballers
CD Tenerife players
La Liga players
Estudiantes de La Plata footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain


Ulong may refer to:
 Ulong Island, in the Republic of Palau in the Pacific Ocean, sometimes called Aulong and originally written Oroolong in English
 Ulong channel, a gap in the reef to the west of Ulong Island, popular with divers.
 Ulong, New South Wales, a small town in Australia lying inland from Coffs Harbour.
 Ulong, a tribe in Survivor: Palau, the tenth season, set in Palau, of the American TV series Survivor.
 Ulong is an unsigned long integer datatype in computer programming languages and operating systems
 Ulong tea, an alternate spelling for oolong tea.
 Ulong, a character in the anime franchise Dragon Ball.

See also
 Oolong (disambiguation)


The New City Condominiums (also called The Condos, Heritage Dr., The New City Condos, or simply Heritage) is a working to middle class residential neighborhood near the center of New City, New York, the county seat of Rockland County. The neighborhood takes up the entire street of Heritage Drive, and consists almost entirely of townhouses that were built in the 1970s. It is one of the most urbanized neighborhoods in New City, and is located about  north of the downtown area.

Amenities
Basketball Courts,
Tennis Courts,
Handball Courts,
Swimming Pool,
Clubhouse,
Playground

Community
A working to middle-class neighborhood, the New City Condominiums consists almost entirely of townhouses, usually in sets of 6–12. This gives it a high population density compared to most New City neighborhoods, making it a very social community. It is known as being the most diverse neighborhood in New City, with many Russian Americans, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Irish Americans, Italian Americans, Haitian Americans, Asian Americans, and Jewish Americans that live in the area, as well as people of other ethnic backgrounds. The ethnic diversity of the neighborhood gives it a melting pot feel. Being located right behind the New City Library, a few blocks down from many shopping centers on North Main St, and less than a mile north of the downtown area, make it a walkable neighborhood.

Education
The neighborhood is served by Clarkstown Central School District. Most students that reside in The Condos attend New City and Woodglen Elementary, Felix Festa Middle School, and Clarkstown High Schools North and South.

Notable people from The Condos
Keith Bulluck: NFL football player; grew up in The Condos.
Adam Rodriguez: Actor, one of the stars of CSI: Miami; grew up in The Condos.

See also
Clarkstown, New York

Neighborhoods in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Rockland County, New York
Populated places in Rockland County, New York


In glaciology and civil engineering, Stefan's equation (or Stefan's formula) describes the dependence of ice-cover thickness on the temperature history. It says in particular that the expected ice accretion is proportional to the square root of the number of degree days below freezing. It is named for Slovenian physicist Josef Stefan.

See also
 Stefan problem

References

Stefan's formula in the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms at Answers.com (archived)

Civil engineering
Glaciology
Snow or ice weather phenomena


Saint Dymphna is the self-produced fourth studio album by American experimental music band Gang Gang Dance. Released in 2008 by The Social Registry, it would be the final album for the label, before moving on to 4AD for 2011's lauded Eye Contact.  It received positive reviews from critics.

The record would also mark the departure of founding drummer Tim DeWitt, who would be replaced by Jesse Lee for their next full-length work.

Critical reception

Media response to Saint Dymphna was generally positive; aggregating website Metacritic reported a normalised rating of 78 out of 100 in October 2008 based on 27 critical reviews. Drowned in Sounds John Semple praised Gang Gang Dance's expansion of their sonic palette and noted that the album offers "genuine moments of hope and salvation amongst the unrest". Marc Masters of Pitchfork claimed that "the newfound clarity produces neither thinness nor tedium, but simply a direct, unadulterated power". AllMusic's Thom Jurek explained that the record is unique and the band's most fully realised project to date. These positive comments were encapsulated by Jody White of No Ripcord, who gave the album a maximum rating of ten out of ten by praising the band for a memorable album full of challenging and genre-defining sounds.

Slant Magazines M. Clark gave Saint Dymphna a rating of three-and-a-half stars out of five, one of the lowest that it received from notable publications, and commented that Gang Gang Dance's energy "often falls flat and their eclecticism is more distracting than compelling". Critic Robert Christgau described the album in an Honorable Mention review as "soundscape dance-rock more artful than arty." Maddy Costa of The Guardian also suggested that the album is eclectic, but gave it a favourable rating by concluding that it is "arranged with exquisite precision". Reed Fischer of Paste claimed that the record is "a dangerously sane blueprint for producers trying to capture what "futuristic" sounds like right now". Saint Dymphna figured highly in several end-of-year best album lists for 2008, notably, at number three by Cokemachineglow, at number five by The Wire, at number nine by Tiny Mix Tapes, and at number 13 by Drowned in Sound. It was named Best Album of 2008 by FACT.

Track listing

Release history

References

External links
Saint Dymphna critical reviews at Metacritic
End-of-year critics' lists for 2008 at Metacritic

2008 albums
Gang Gang Dance albums


Al Dafna (Arabic: الدفنة) is a seaside district of the Qatari capital Doha located on the Persian Gulf. The district is currently rapidly developing into a central business district, and since the late 1990s dozens of skyscrapers have risen in the district, with over fifty more planned. The district is also home to the City Center mall, one of the Middle East's largest malls.

The district was physically created in the mid-1980s following a massive land reclamation project along Doha's coastline, and started to develop in the mid-1990s. Currently, Al Dafna is rapidly becoming Doha's new downtown district, and with the massive amount of recent development towards the north of Doha; it is also rapidly becoming the new centre of the city. Housing in the district is mainly up-scale and many foreign consuls reside here.

Etymology
In Arabic, "dafna" roughly means "dredged land", a reference to the fact that the district was built upon reclaimed land.

History
The decision to reclaim the land which would eventually become Al Dafna was first proposed in the 1970s after the government had difficulties in negotiating with land-owning tribes in downtown Doha. Rather than force the tribes to sell their lands, the government decided that the most feasible option was to initiate a massive dredging project along Doha's coastline. This project went underway in 1978 and lasted until 1981. American architectural firm William Pereira & Associates were hired to design the newly reclaimed area. Pereira's master plan was not wholly successful in its execution due to economic strains caused by falling oil prices in the 1980s, however, the 456-roomed Sheraton Grand Doha Resort & Convention Hotel built in 1979 and the Conference and Exhibition Centre inaugurated in 1982 were among his initial successes. It was not until the late 1990s that the government would once again begin developing the district.

Geography
Al Dafna borders the following districts:
Rumeilah to the south, separated by Mohammed Bin Jassim Street.
Wadi Al Sail, Onaiza and Lekhwair to the west, separated by Al Bidda Street.
Al Qassar to the north, separated by Dafna Street.
The Persian Gulf to the east.

Attractions
Al Dafna features some of the most upscale hotels, restaurants and shopping avenues in the country. Additionally, it lies close to Hamad International Airport. In addition, the Katara Cultural Village is situated in Al Dafna, which harbors theaters, concert halls, exhibition galleries and other facilities for multicultural activities and entertainment. One of its attractions is an amphitheater, the Katara Amphitheatre built in an ancient style.

Transport
In the future, the underground Al Dafna Metro Station will serve the area. Construction will be launched during Phase 2B. Once completed, it will be part of Doha Metro's Blue Line.

Education
The following schools are located in Al Dafna:

References

Doha
Communities in Doha
Populated coastal places in Qatar


Honglingjin Park () is a public park in Beijing.

The park, designated a national AAA scenic spot, lies at the junction of East 4th Ring Road and Chaoyang North Road, to the northeast of Honglingjin Bridge, about 10 kilometers from the center of the city. It is the only theme park for children named "Red scarf" in the country. It is a place for patriotic and popular science education for teenagers. Built in 1958, now it covers an area of , of which  are covered by water, and has a 96% greenery coverage rate. The lawn surrounding the lake is dotted with trees and flowers. Major attractions are a theme square named "Song of the Red Scarf", Ginkgo Square, a children's playground, the Practical Road Safety Education Base, and several groups of artistic sculptures. Every year the park holds a scientific garden party on June 1 and a cultural festival for twins in Beijing on October 1.

Attractions
"Song of the Red Scarf" theme square: This  square lies in the west of the squares zone near the south gate of the park. At its north end stands a theme sculpture named "Song of the Red Scarf", which consists of five radial steel columns topped by a golden torch with a semicircle relief sculpture as the backdrop. On both sides of the square stand the sculptures of young revolutionary martyrs such as Lei Feng, Liu Hulan, Liu Wenxue, and 'Little Carrot', which are surrounded with flowers and green lawns.
Ginkgo Square: This  square, which lies behind the south gate, has 27 large ginkgo trees. The square is paved with terrazzo. On its east side is a  tiered flower bed that runs to  along the eastern bank of the lake.
Practical Road Safety Education Base for minor citizens: The base mainly consists of a central square, a car ground, an inner ring road and an outer one. Here learning and playing are blended. Children learn about traffic laws and regulations by driving electric cars on a simulated highway.
Children's playground: This is divided into two sections, one in the north and the other in the south, which cover a total area of . In the north playground there are fruit-worm gliding cars, wave cars, battery cars, a carousel, and bumper cars. In the south park there are an artificial sandlot, inflated toys, and indoor entertainment facilities. The amusement facilities are available all year round.
Steps in the Sun: These are 18 groups of artistic and educational sculptures scattered in the park.

References

Parks in Beijing


Flower Fables also known as Queen Aster was the first work published by Louisa May Alcott and appeared on December 9, 1854. The book was a compilation of fanciful stories first written six years earlier for Ellen Emerson (daughter of Ralph Waldo Emerson). The book was published in an edition of 1600 and though Alcott thought it "sold very well", she received only about $35 from the Boston publisher, George Briggs.

References

External links

Bibliography
 Matteson, John. "Eden's Outcasts: The Story of Louisa May Alcott and her Father". W. W. Norton & Company, Inc, New York, New York, 2007. .

Works by Louisa May Alcott
Ralph Waldo Emerson
American short story collections
Children's short story collections
1854 short story collections
1850s children's books


Direct Corporate Access (DCA) is part of the Faster Payments Service which provides a same day clearing payment service to UK member banks. Direct Corporate Access (DCA) will provide Banks' business customers with direct access to the Faster Payments Service (FPS) clearing service in a very similar way that Bacstel-IP provides access to BACS.

Direct Corporate Access only enables submission of files of payments, however as the central FPS processes payments individually, VocaLink the operators of DCA will split the files into individual instructions for processing through FPS.

It was developed by APACS on behalf of the FPS member banks and the infrastructure went live in March 2009. Barclays was the first bank live for customer sponsorship in August 2009.

Albany Software was the first solution supplier to successfully process a payment through the Faster Payments Service via DCA, using Albany ePAY on Wednesday 22 July 2009.

Key features
 DCA is available for file submission 7 days a week 24 hours a day (from September 2011).
 Sterling payments only
 Maximum individual payment value is £250,000 (from 10 November 2015)
 Payments submitted in files via the Secure-IP channel
 Beneficiaries must use FPS addressable sort codes
 DCA users must be sponsored by their bankers (as of 2017, Barclays and HSBC are the only banks offering DCA sponsorship).
 Uses the Bacs Standard 18 formatting, but only allows transaction code 99 (Direct Credit)

Secure-IP
Secure-IP is a clone of the existing Bacstel-IP channel used for BACS. Files of payments are secured using a smart card or hardware security module (HSM).

Files of payments submitted by Secure-IP will be disaggregated by VocaLink, the operators of DCA, and submitted into the Faster Payments Service. Disaggregation and acceptance may take up to thirty minutes and beneficiaries will receive access to the funds within two hours of acceptance.

The software used to access Secure-IP must be approved. This is an extension to the existing Bacs Approved Software Service (BASS). In March 2009 Albany Software and Bottomline Technologies received approved status for their first DCA capable products. They were joined in May 2009 by Barron McCann. In 2010 they were joined by Direct Debit Ltd. (now part of Bottomline) and Experian. In 2011 they were joined by Fundtech.

Timescales
DCA payments are processed by the sponsoring bank according to their Service Level Agreements - for Barclays this is currently a maximum of 30 minutes before the payment is sent to the beneficiary bank. Beneficiary banks which are members of FPS must apply the funds to the beneficiary account within 2 hours, although in most cases it is done immediately.

Bureaux
Bureau organisations can submit files of payments on behalf of other registered service users of Direct Corporate Access.

The bureau needs to be sponsored by a DCA-enabled bank (initially only Barclays) and to use a bureau/DCA version of the approved Bacs Approved Software Service (BASS) software.

The bureau's sponsor bank issues PKI certificates for authorising files in the form of a smart card or hardware security module (HSM). The same PKI certificates can be used to authorise Bacs file submissions via Bacstel-IP.

File submissions can only be made on behalf service of users of a DCA-enabled bank (initially only Barclays).

Weaknesses
 Bureau can only submit for their clients who are sponsored by Barclays.

Alternative products
 Royal Bank of Scotland (including National Westminster and Coutts Banks) and HSBC offer Faster Payments via their electronic banking channels (Bankline and HSBC.Net).

Notes

External links
 APACS Connection Methods
 Barclays DCA Customer Presentation

Payment systems
Banking terms
Banking technology


Mary Broadfoot Walker (17 April 1888 – 13 September 1974) was a Scottish physician who first demonstrated the effectiveness of physostigmine in the treatment of the condition myasthenia gravis, a disease relating to muscle weakness. She was also the first to recognise the association between familial periodic paralysis and low blood potassium levels.

Early life and education
Mary Walker was born at Croft-an-Righ, Wigtown, Scotland in 1888. The eldest of four children, her father was a solicitor. After school, she trained in medicine at the Edinburgh College of Medicine for Women, and like most of the college's students, she received much of her clinical teaching in Glasgow. She graduated MB ChB from the University of Edinburgh in 1913.

Career and research
During the First World War, she served with the Royal Army Medical Corps at the 63rd General Hospital, Malta. In 1920 she became a salaried Assistant Medical Officer in "Poor Law Service" at St Alfege's Hospital, Greenwich, London, where she worked until 1936. In 1932, she was awarded Membership of the Royal College of Physicians. She then worked at St Leonard's Hospital, Shoreditch, St. Francis' Hospital, Dulwich and St Benedict's Hospital, Tooting.

In 1934, while working at St Alfege's Hospital, Walker discovered that the subcutaneous injection of physostigmine could temporarily reverse the muscle weakness found in patients with myasthenia gravis. She had noted that the symptoms and signs of myasthenia were similar to those found in curare poisoning, and physostigmine was used as an antidote to curare poisoning at that time. The first case of myasthenia gravis successfully treated with physostigmine was published in the Lancet in June 1934.

In 1935, Walker was the first to recognise the association between the condition familial periodic paralysis and hypokalaemia (low blood potassium levels). She also described the glucose challenge test used in diagnosing hypokalaemic periodic paralysis and the use of intravenous potassium in its treatment. During 1935, her research on myasthenia was incorporated into her MD thesis which was submitted via the University of Edinburgh, and for which she received a gold medal.

After her retirement to Croft-an-Righ in 1954, she continued to work part-time at the Glasgow Royal Maternity and Women's Hospital, and remained active in the field of myasthenia gravis.

Her 1973 article also describes the Mary Walker Effect, a clinical sign found in myasthenia gravis.

She died on 13 September 1974 at the age of 86.

Awards and honours
In 1962, Walker was the first recipient of the Royal College of Physicians Jean Hunter Prize "for the advancement of research into the treatment of nervous exhaustion and for her original contribution to the fundamental knowledge of the nature of myasthenia gravis, made while carrying out the routine duties of a medical officer at a large metropolitan hospital".

Notes

References

External links
 1935 video of the effect of prostigmin on myasthenia gravis

20th-century Scottish medical doctors
1888 births
1974 deaths
Scottish women medical doctors
People from Wigton
20th-century women physicians
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Medical School
20th-century Scottish women


The Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam universally accepts the process of evolution, albeit divinely guided, and actively promotes it. Over the course of several decades, the movement has issued various publications in support of the scientific concepts behind the process of evolution and frequently engages in promoting how religious scripture supports the concept.

Adam and Eve
Ahmadi Muslims reject the creationist doctrine that Adam was the first human being on Earth, and proclaim that he was appointed as the first Prophet of God. They point to a verse in the Quran which refers to the appointment of a representative of God on earth, rather than the creation of a new species.

Belal Khalid, an Ahmadi scholar, states in his work, “Original Sin”:

Guided evolution
Ahmadi Muslims do not take all the Quranic and Biblical creation narratives literally, but understand some of the passages metaphorically. Darwinian evolution as well as intelligent design models are rejected as are certain aspects of Islamic creationism that some modernist religious bodies have postulated. Instead they propound the concept of "guided evolution" (analogous, or identical, to the doctrine of theistic evolution or evolutionary creationism).

Mirza Tahir Ahmad favored the perspective that the human race was created gradually via evolution under the supervision of God. He interpreted the Quran's description of different human "stages", traditionally believed to refer to fetal development, as references to evolutionary stages.

Ahmad believed that these verses support the notion that the creation of the human race was the culmination of a gradual evolutionary process, as opposed to a literalist reading of the creation story, in which mankind was created in an instant. Thus Ahmadis accept the concept of evolution in principle, but do not accept Darwinian evolution in all its details. They deny that natural selection occurred purely by chance, or merely by survival of the fittest – and view each stage of the evolutionary process as being selectively and continually woven to an intricate level by one creator (Allah).

Ahmadis contend that the processes of life on Earth started from one single point of species (bacteria) with a mixture of water and a viscous clay-like substance. The creation of Adam was a slow gradual evolutionary process that occurred over several stages, with each stage being of a variable timescale - perhaps over billions of years.

In his book Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge and Truth (published 1998), Mirza Tahir Ahmad, the late leader of the Ahmadiyya movement, elaborated the complex mechanism of evolution as having been played more like strategic game of chess than a game of dice.

Creation of the universe
Similar to theistic realism and the stance of modernist Islamic scholars, Ahmadis adopt a scientific cosmological approach to explaining the formation of universe initiated from the Big Bang. They interpret some Quranic verses as references to the Big Bang theory, the formation of the Earth, and the Big Crunch theory.

References

Islam and science
Ahmadiyya belief and doctrine
Point of view