The Thurman Station Bridge is a two–lane bridge that carries NY 418 across the Hudson River connecting Thurman, New York with Warrensburg, New York. It was built in 1941.

See also
List of fixed crossings of the Hudson River

References

Bridges over the Hudson River
Bridges completed in 1941
Road bridges in New York (state)
Steel bridges in the United States
Transportation buildings and structures in Warren County, New York


Stubblefield is an unincorporated community in Bond County, Illinois, United States. The community is served by an exit on Interstate 70. The nearest city to Stubblefield is Greenville.

References

Unincorporated communities in Bond County, Illinois
Unincorporated communities in Illinois


Good Old Koerner, Ray & Glover is an album by Koerner, Ray & Glover, released in 1972.

History
Good Old Koerner, Ray & Glover is a collection of live recordings from the trio's performances at the St. Olaf College folk festivals in 1963 and 1964. It was 24 years before their next release. The album is out of print.

Track listing

Side one
 "Black Jack Davy" (traditional, Carter Family)
 "Down to Louisiana" (Muddy Waters, Lightnin' Hopkins)
 "Too Bad" (John Koerner)
 "Dust My Broom" (Robert Johnson)
 "Black Snake Moan" (Lead Belly)
 "Mumblin' Word" (traditional, Lead Belly)
 "Two Trains" (Waters)

Side two
 "Drunken Instrumental" (Tony Glover, Dave Ray)
 "Love to You" (Willie Dixon, Waters)
 "Special Agent" (Sleepy John Estes)
 "Mean Ol' Southern" (Arthur Crudup)
 "Love Bug" (Koerner)
 "Linin' Track" (traditional, Lead Belly)

Personnel
Tony "Little Sun" Glover – harmonica, vocals
"Spider" John Koerner – guitar, vocals
Dave "Snaker" Ray – guitar, vocals

References

External links
Koerner, Ray and Glover discography

Koerner, Ray & Glover albums
1972 live albums


The 5th Asian Beach Games () was held in Da Nang, Vietnam. It was the second time for Vietnam to host an Asian multi-sports event, after Hanoi held the 2009 Asian Indoor Games. This was only the first time that an event was not held in Hanoi.

Logo

The Games' logo is designed to simulate the waves and sand, as well as the healthy and active athletes participating in the Games.

With the power of sports, all parts of the logo rise up to form a large V shape (which means "Vietnam", "Victory" or the fifth Roman numeral which is read as "V") which confirms the role of the host countries, highlighting the spirit of competition as well as the aspirations of the athletes to win.

The combination of sea and sand waved together reflects the strength and strong wills of the Vietnamese, carries a friendly and welcoming message to all athletes and represents the solidarity and friendship of Asia.

Mascot

The mascot of the games is a swiftlet named Chim Yen. Special characteristic of the southern central coastal region of Vietnam is famous for bird nest - a product of high economic value in general and a specialty of Da Nang in particular.

The mascot is a stylized little boy with funny hair on the head, a small V-shaped tail (a characteristic of oats), holding a lit torch represents the spirit of unity, peace and health of human life. The sun of the Olympic Council of Asia and on the traditional wave of mascot costumes symbolizing the Asian Beach Games. The colors used for the mascot is blue, red, black and gold representing the blue sea water, golden sand and feathers of birds.

Venues

Sports

 Aquatics

Calendar

Participating nations
41 out of the 45 Asian countries took part. Palestine, Yemen, North Korea, and Saudi Arabia did not compete, while Kuwait competed as Independent Olympic Athletes due to suspension for political interference. Below is a list of all the participating NOCs; the number of competitors per delegation is indicated in brackets.

Medal table

Sponsors
 Football Thai Factory Sporting Goods Co, Ltd.
 Bao Viet Insurance Company

References

External links

Official website

2016
2016 in Vietnamese sport
Beach Games
2016 in multi-sport events
Multi-sport events in Vietnam
History of Da Nang
September 2016 sports events in Asia
October 2016 sports events in Asia


Shell Busey is a Canadian radio and television personality and home improvement expert.  He was the host of the Home Discovery Show until July 2011, a talk radio show on the Corus Radio Network. He is also the creator of the HouseSmart Home Services Referral Network, a conglomerate of over 170 different trades, home services and home products available across Canada. In addition to being a guest on other radio shows, Busey makes numerous public appearances at home shows, seminars and charity events.

Busey and his wife currently live in Surrey, British Columbia.

Early life
Shell Emerson Busey was born in Owen Sound, Ontario on November 25, 1942. He was the third of five children. Busey's father Emerson worked for many years for the now-demolished Kennedy Foundry in Owen Sound, and was credited for inventing the “Shaper Plane”, a machine that would shave down large ship propellers to their desired final shapes. Emerson later became a tool and die maker for RCA Victor.

Shell Busey didn't care much for schoolwork as a young man; his real passion was in carpentry and mechanics. As a youth Busey delivered The Globe and Mail in the morning and The Toronto Star and Owen Sound's local Sun Times in the evening on his bicycle. Busey moved on from paper delivery to delivering prescription drugs for Bill Murphy's Drug Store in Owen Sound.

At the age of 13, Busey entered the Industrial Program at Owen Sound Collegiate and Vocational Institute, where he took instruction in cabinetry, electrical, plumbing, motor mechanics and drafting. One of his teachers, Bill Graham, helped Busey get a job as a management trainee for Beaver Lumber.

Early career

In 1961, at age 18, Busey began work as a stock boy at Beaver Lumber in Owen Sound. He eventually earned himself a sales desk position. Beaver Lumber's store manager, Roy Kennedy, recommended Busey for the Beaver Lumber Management Training program. Busey attended the program in Oakville, attaining his management certificate in 1965, and later that year, at the age of 22, he assumed the role of assistant manager at Beaver Lumber in Barrie, Ontario.

After less than a year, Busey received another promotion and, with his wife Frankie, moved to Orangeville, where he assumed the role of store manager—at age 23, the youngest in the entire Beaver Lumber chain. From 1968 to 1974, Busey transferred to several Beaver Lumber locations across the province from Sault Ste. Marie to Windsor to Oakville, moving from manager to supervisor.

In 1974 Shell Busey and his young family moved to British Columbia where Busey would manage the western Canada division of Saveway Stores. At the time, Saveway was a brand new cash-and-carry arm of the Beaver Lumber Group, and Busey was supervising the changeover of four locations: Ladner, Langley, Burnaby and Surrey. In addition, Busey was responsible for the supervision of Beaver Lumber stores in Prince George, Fort St. John, Chetwynd, Vanderhoof, Whitehorse and the Yukon.

Busey left Beaver Lumber in 1975 to take on a position as merchandise manager for Independent Retail Lumber Yard Building Supplies. In 1976, upon the request of Beaver Lumber, Busey travelled to Whitehorse to set up the first Beaver Lumber franchise in the Yukon. Upon his return to Delta, B.C., became a consultant to the Surrey Co-op in Cloverdale.

In 1977, Busey purchased a Windsor Plywood franchise in Delta, with his wife Frankie. Busey and his wife turned the once struggling franchise into an award-winning successful business. Less than two years later Busey opened a satellite location on Scott Road in Surrey, which he called Ye Olde Hardware Store. The business didn't do as well as he had hoped and he sold the store in 1980. Busey and Frankie expanded their original Windsor Plywood store and, in 1981, purchased a second franchise in Coquitlam, B.C. In the spring of 1983 the Buseys decided to leave the Windsor Plywood franchise and operate independently, first as Mr. Build Centre, and eventually changing the name to Build-it Centre.

Radio and television career

In 1983 Busey also began hosting his own home improvement radio program called The Build-It Show on CJOR, a talk radio station in Vancouver. The radio program became more popular than he had imagined, and eventually CJOR set up a small studio in Busey's office at the Build-It Centre in Delta. Busey would host the show and serve customers during the commercial breaks.

Busey sold the Coquitlam Build-It Centre in 1985, and the location in Delta in 1987.  His career as a radio personality continued with CJOR, until he was approached by a Canadian FM network called CKO, which would broadcast The Build-It Show right across Canada. However, the CKO station struggled to survive. Busey returned to CJOR until the station changed its format to rock radio.

BC Hydro PowerSmart/CKNW

By the late 1980s, Busey was well known for his radio shows throughout most of western Canada. In 1988 BC Hydro asked Busey to become the spokesperson for their new PowerSmart program, requesting that he host a radio program encouraging the people of British Columbia to become more energy-conscious. Because they wanted province-wide exposure for the program, BC Hydro allied with CKNW in Vancouver, which had the means through their subsidiary Western Information Network (WIN) — the first privately owned satellite-based radio network in Canada. Busey made his first foray into network radio across B.C. with the BC Hydro Home Ideas Show, a call-in home renovation program.

The Home Ideas Show gave Busey the opportunity to see just about every corner of B.C. when he hit the road with the PowerSmart Tour. Busey would broadcast his radio show via satellite from the small towns he visited, educating people to become more energy-conscious. After his 10-year contract with BC Hydro came to an end, Cloverdale Paint became the new sponsor for Busey's radio program, which was renamed the Home Discovery Show.

The Home Discovery Show

On the show, Shell could often be heard exclaiming "it's just that easy", which also became a title for one of his books. Shell Busey was replaced in early July 2011 by hosts Ian Power and Steve Seaborn. The Home Discovery Show was more popular than ever, and was heard live on Saturday and Sunday mornings in nearly every major-market radio station in Canada between B.C. and Ontario. In the spring of 2008 Busey also created TheHouseSmart.com Show, which airs Saturday mornings at 5 a.m. (Pacific Standard Time), focusing on the questions posed via emails that he receives on a weekly basis.

Home Check

In 1994 BCTV asked Busey to be a regular guest on the Saturday Morning News program. In early 1995 Busey was offered his own home improvement series through CHEK-TV in Victoria. The first Home Check episode aired in September 1995. To date, 118 episodes have been taped and still air today on stations all over Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, Germany and South Korea.

Other work

Delta Councillor

In 1985 Busey was approached to run for council in Delta, where he and his family lived at the time.  He was elected December 2, 1985 for a two-year term, and re-elected in December 1987 for another three years.

Media and public appearances

Busey was a guest judge on the HGTV reality show Handyman Superstar Challenge from 2007 to 2009.

He contributes regular columns to newspaper and magazine publications across Canada, including the Vancouver Province Sunday Homes, the Winnipeg Canstar Weeklies, Homebase Media's Renovations magazine throughout Western Canada, Canadian Homestead Magazine, Cottage Magazine, Green Home Magazine and Coastlines Magazine.
Book... "Shell Busey Answers the 101 miost asked home improvement Questions" 1Volume   1994 fourth reprint 1995....

He also makes regular guest appearances on the Vancouver Studio 4 with Fanny Kiefer on Shaw TV and on CKNW’s Bill Good Show on the Corus Radio Network, and is also a featured guest speaker at major home shows across Western Canada.

 Family:   Wife: Frankie
           Daughters: Kyna  &  Monica
 References

Bruce, B (2008). "Shell Busey: Behind the Buzz", Coastlines'', Vol 3, No. 4.

 "Shell Busey Answers the 101 miost asked home improvement Questions"

Living people
1942 births
British Columbia municipal councillors
Businesspeople from British Columbia
Canadian radio hosts
Canadian television hosts
People from Owen Sound
People from Surrey, British Columbia


Momma's Boys is an American reality television series that aired on the NBC network, executive produced by Ryan Seacrest and Andrew Glassman, which centers on a group of mothers who must help choose the perfect woman for their sons. Ultimately, the series poses the question: "Who really is the most important woman in a man's life?" The show ran a single season of six episodes, from December 2008 to January 2009.

At the beginning of the series, 32 single women are contestants seeking romance with any of three single men (firefighter/paramedic Michael Sarysz, real estate broker Robert Kluge, or college student Jojo Bojanowski). The men's mothers are brought in to live in a house with the female contestants while the sons are housed in a nearby condominium.

Throughout the series, the female contestants participate in competitions and are selected by the men for dates, with some of the contestants being eliminated at various intervals. Each woman receives a text message of "yes" if any of the men want to keep her in contention or "no" if none of them want to keep her in contention. If the men are undecided, they send a text message for the woman to meet them at the house's swimming pool, where the men have an additional opportunity to talk to her before deciding whether she should stay or go.

The men make the decisions whether each woman should stay or go, but the mothers actively seek to influence their sons as to those decisions.

Some of the female contestants were nude models for Playboy or Penthouse, namely Erica Ellyson, Meghan Allen, Brittany Fuchs, and Stacy Fuson. Megan Albertus is an actress who appeared in film prior to her time on the show. Camilla Poindexter later appeared on Bad Girls Club season 8.

In December 2008, Luftu Murat Uckardesler sought an injunction to prevent the airing of the show for 45 days. Uckardesler has a reality show The Perfect Bride that is a hit in Turkey, Italy and the Middle East. Uckardesler claims a trademark on Perfect Bride and a copyright to a "reality television format centering on mothers and sons and their attempts to find the 'Perfect Bride.'" NBC used the phrase "Perfect Bride" in its advertising for Momma's Boy. The court did not issue the injunction.

On March 13, 2009, it was confirmed that the series had been canceled and would not be returning for a second season.

Elimination chart

1 Contestants are listed alphabetically by first name because no contestants were eliminated in this episode.
2 In this episode, contestants received a "yes," "no," or "maybe" text message. "Yes" and "no" indicated that the woman was saved or eliminated, respectively. Women receiving a "maybe" text were saved or eliminated in a face-to-face poolside ceremony.
3 The contestant received a "maybe" text.
4 The contestant went on a date with Jojo
5 The contestant went on a date with Michael
6 The contestant went on a date with Rob
 The contestant won Momma's Boys by Michael's choice
 The contestant won Momma's Boys by Rob's choice.
 The contestant won Momma's Boys by JoJo's choice.
 The contestant won the suitability challenge and was immune from elimination.
 The contestant was going to be eliminated, but due to another contestant quitting, they were allowed to stay.
 The contestant was eliminated.
 The contestant quit the competition.

Contestants are arranged in the order they were called to stay in the game.
Contestants are arranged alphabetically in Episode 1 because there were no eliminations.

Episode summaries

Episode 1
There were no contestants eliminated in Episode 1.

Episode 2
Episode 2 was two hours long and included two separate rounds of eliminations. In the first elimination round, Jessica B., Amy, Simone, Rochelle, Jamie, Donna, Natalie, and Rana Lyn were eliminated by text message. Lynette and Madeline were eliminated after being called down to the pool. Megan, Cara, and Vita were called down to the pool but kept in the competition.

Camilla, Stacy, Cara, and Brittany won a suitability challenge and were immune from elimination in the second elimination round. In the second elimination round, Vita, Callie, Mya, and Payten were eliminated by text message. Lauren, Carina, and Megan were called down to the pool, at which time Lauren was kept in the competition and Megan quit. Carina would have been eliminated but was kept in due to Megan's departure.

Episode 3

When the episode began, a box was brought in. It contained files about each woman's personal details. In this episode's challenge Food Network chef Tyler Florence divided the women into groups to Michael, Rob, or Jojo their favorite food. Jojo's mom cried since no one chose to prepare her son's favorite food (catlase and grape leaves). The chef asked Julie to make his food, and she did. Some of the women elected to prepare their own personal favorite recipes, as Meghan and Amanda cooked a stuffed pepper dish instead; Erica made a chicken casserole. After the women prepared the meals, the sons and chef judged each of the meals. The winners were Amanda, Meghan, Julie, and Erica, who were exempted from having their files opened in this episode.

After this round, the mothers opened the files. Lorraine chose Michelle. Esther chose Lauren in order to see how good she was. Khalood chose Brittany.

Although they went on dates with Michael in that episode, Carina and Jessica C. were both eliminated. Stacey and Cara both received a no via text message, and Cara threw a tantrum upon her exit. The next elimination was to decide the fates of Nikki, Michelle, and Brittany, and Brittany was eliminated at the pool.

Episode 4

The episode began with a specific focus on family holiday traditions. With the assistance of a priest and a rabbi, the women were given 2 hours to prepare either a Christmas morning or a Hanukkah party along the men and their mothers. Following the festivities, Erica and Michael had their first date, followed by Jojo and Misty. During her son's date, Khalood demanded to the producers that she be taken to her son's location. When she was taken by helicopter to his date, she was distraught when she caught the pair embracing.

The next round of the series would continue in the U.S. Virgin Islands. The men would be allowed to select two women to accompany them, and their mothers would choose one. Rob first chose Camilla and then Amanda, however, Amanda declined the invitation from Rob. Rob then picked Nikki to go with him. Esther picked Lauren to attend as well.  Michael selected Erica and Meghan to go with him, and specifically rejected Michelle. Lorraine chose Amanda as her pick. Jojo refused Misty citing that she did not respect his mother, and he chose both Julie and Mindy to come with him. However, his mother, feeling that none of the women were an appropriate match for him, tore up the remaining ticket. The two remaining girls, Liz and Maisha, were therefore also eliminated.

Episode 5

In the U.S. Virgin Islands, the men had individual dates with one of the women chosen to go. Rob and Camilla, Michael and Amanda, and Jojo and Mindy had a date.

For the eliminations, the mothers were allowed to select the women they felt was most compatible with their son. In return, that woman would be both spared from elimination and allowed to accompany the man on the final date. Esther again chose Lauren, Lorraine selected Erica, and Khalood denied both Mindy and Julie the final date. Finally, the men were forced to eliminate one girl. Nikki, Meghan, and Julie were asked to leave.

Episode 6

In the season finale (which also became the series finale), the men went on a final date. Having selected neither Julie or Mindy to attend the final date, Khalood accompanied her son instead. Rob and Lauren shared another date, and during her date with Michael, Erica revealed to both him and Lorraine her status as the 2008 Penthouse Pet of the Year. The men would then have to make a final decision, and the winning pair would receive an extended vacation. For the final selection, Rob chose Lauren over Camilla. Michael picked Amanda, and Jojo picked Mindy over his mother. In the epilogue, Rob left after one day, and without Lauren. Khalood refused counseling, and that following the expiration of her contract, Erica visited Lorraine in Florida.

International versions

References

External links
Official Website
Creator official site
 http://www.glassmanmedia.com/

2008 American television series debuts
2000s American reality television series
2009 American television series endings
NBC original programming
Television series by Ryan Seacrest Productions
American dating and relationship reality television series


Eugen von Halácsy, also known as Jenő Halácsy (11 December 1842 in Vienna – 16 December 1913 in Vienna) was an Austrian physician and botanist of Hungarian descent.

In 1865 he obtained his medical doctorate from the University of Vienna, and afterwards served under surgeon Johann von Dumreicher during the Austro-Prussian War (1866). In 1867 he settled as a general practitioner in Vienna.

He specialized in flora of the Balkan peninsula, and on several occasions traveled to Greece, where he worked closely with Theodor von Heldreich, director of the botanical garden in Athens. In 1912 received an honorary doctorate from the University of Athens. Halácsy is remembered for his three-volume synopsis on Greek flora titled "Conspectus florae Graecae" (1900-1908; Vol. I, Vol. II, Vol. II). His herbarium is preserved at the University of Vienna.

The plant genera Halacsya (from family Boraginaceae) and Halacsyella (in family Campanulaceae, now classed as a synonym of Edraianthus ) are named after him.

Bibliography
 Books by Eugen von Halácsy on WorldCat

References

External links
 Books by Eugen Halácsy at the Biodiversity Heritage Library

19th-century Austrian botanists
Austrian nobility
Scientists from Vienna
University of Vienna alumni
Austrian people of Hungarian descent
1842 births
1913 deaths


One Foot in the Groove is an album by Koerner, Ray & Glover, released in 1996. It was the last release by the trio.

Reception

Track listing
 "Black Jack Davy" (traditional) – 2:53
 "Shout Sister Shout" (Yank Rachell) – 3:19
 "Shenandoah" (traditional) – 2:50
 "Terra Mae" (E. Ross) – 2:51
 "Shortnin' Bread" (traditional) – 2:33
 "With Body and Soul" (Bill Monroe, Virginia Stouffer) – 2:46
 "Deliah's Gone" (traditional) – 2:52
 "France Blues" (Harvey Hull, "Cleve" Reed) – 4:11
 "Dodger" (traditional) – 2:57
 "Way Back Down Home" (F. Sproule) – 3:32
 "Power Tool" (Tony Glover) – 2:22
 "Pick Poor Robin Clean" (Luke Jordan) – 2:49
 "Boys Were Shooting It Out" (John Koerner) – 2:47
 "You Got to Move" (Reverend Gary Davis) – 2:37
 "I Ain't Blue" (Koerner, Willie Murphy) – 3:13
 "Black Dog Blues" (traditional) – 3:10

Personnel
Tony "Little Sun" Glover – harmonica, vocals
"Spider" John Koerner – guitar, harmonica, percussion, vocals
Dave "Snaker" Ray – guitar, slide guitar, vocals
Production notes
Mark Trehus – producer
Stefan Kren – engineer
John Thompson – design
Daniel Corrigan – cover photo

References

External links
Koerner, Ray and Glover discography

Koerner, Ray & Glover albums
1996 live albums


Tacheeda is a railway point on the British Columbia Railway north of Prince George, British Columbia.

References
BCGNIS Geographical Name Query

Rail transport in British Columbia


Nantucket shipbuilding began in the late 1700s and culminated in the construction of notable whaling ships during the early 19th century. Shipbuilding was predominantly sited at Brant Point. Whaling ship construction concluded in 1838.

Shipbuilding at Brant Point

Nantucket lies 30 miles off the southern coastline of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. By the late 17th century, the few groves of forest trees on Nantucket were gone except for small numbers of isolated oak and beech trees. These relatively few Nantucket forest trees were cut for firewood, fence posts, and short boards for diverse construction projects. Land was taken for agriculture and stock raising. Any timbers needed for architectural and shipbuilding use were imported from the mainland, with the result that most Nantucket whaling, fishing, and maritime trade was carried on in vessels purchased from shipbuilders elsewhere in New England.

Brant Point on the north side of Nantucket harbor still has the sandy beach that was a good site for building large wooden ships and it is the location of Brant Point Light.

The first ship built on Nantucket after the town moved to Great Harbor was the brig Dolphin, a West Indies trader launched in 1770.

In 1802, the trading ship 'Rose' was built at Nantucket for use in the China trade.  On her last voyage under the United States flag, the 'Rose' was captured by the British and finished her days as a dispatch ship for the Royal Navy.

Whaling ships

The Charles Carroll

In 1832, the whaler 'Charles Carroll' was built for captain and 1/32 share owner Owen Chase the first mate and survivor of the Essex tragedy. This history is confirmed by other references to Capt. Owen Chase.
.

Whaling Voyages of the Charles Carroll

 "The 'Charles Carroll', Owen Chase, October 10, 1832, and arrived March 3, 1836, 2610 barrels sperm."
 "The 'Charles Carroll', Owen Chase, August 1836 and arrived February 15, 1840, "nearly full."
 "The 'Charles Carroll', Thomas S. Andrews, May 29, and arrived December 6, 1843, 1926 barrels sperm, sent home 250 barrels sperm.".
 In 1844 – "A 'Charles Carroll' whaler was listed for Nantucket, weight 371 tons, Thomas L. Andrews, captain, W.C. Swain owner."

 "The 'Charles Carroll', Thomas S. Andrews, Pacific Ocean, May 16, and arrived May 29, 1848, 1261 barrels sperm, 473 whale."
 "The 'Charles Carroll', Josiah C. Long, December 2d, and arrived December 29, 1852, 1050 barrels sperm, 93 whale. [Sold 35 barrels sperm and 200 whale on the voyage.] And the 'Charles Carroll' is sold to New Bedford."

The Nantucket

At 350 tons, Nantucket was the first Nantucket Island ship built of Live oak with copper fastenings. The construction cost for the vessel was $52,000. Nantucket's short life ended when she was wrecked in 1859.

Whaling voyages of the Nantucket

 "The 'Nantucket', (new) David N. Edwards, Pacific Ocean, sailed December 19, 1837, and arrived November 19, 1839, 1480 barrels sperm, 30 whale."

 "The 'Nantucket', George W. Gardner, June 16, and arrived May 12, 1845, 1279 barrels sperm, 1326 whale."
 "The 'Nantucket', Benjamin C. Gardner, August 17, and arrived January 7, 1850, 2051 barrels sperm."
 "The 'Nantucket', Richard C. Gibbs, June 8, and arrived August 31, 1854, 1022 sperm, 63 whale. [Sent home 769 barrels sperm, 100 whale.] Oil sold $1.50/gallon."
 "The 'Nantucket', Richard C. Gibbs, June 14, 1855, 1022 sperm, 63 whale. [Lost on Nashawena on her homeward passage with 756 bbls sperm, 794 whale on board.] Sold for $950."

The Lexington

Also built in 1838 of live oak and copper fastenings was the whaler 'Lexington' at 399 tons. She was valued at $24,000 and ended her life when wrecked in 1859. Mrs. Eliza Spenser Brock wrote a detailed and important history of a whaling voyage when she accompanied he husband, and Lexington's captain, on a Lexington whaling voyage in 1853.

Whaling Voyages of the Lexington

 The 'Lexington' to Edgartown for fitting out. "August, ship Lexington, of this port, in tow of steamer "Telegraph," for Edgartown, to fit for the Pacific Ocean, upset when rounding Brant Point. She was towed in here and righted that night and left for Edgartown on the 29th, her topmasts all housed."
 The 'Lexington', Alexander Pollard, November 27, and arrived June 10, 1840, 2185 barrels sperm. [Capt. Pollard died, and Henry W. Davis finished the voyage."
 The 'Lexington', Henry W. Davis, August 29, and arrived March 14, 1844, 1336 barrels sperm, 1334 whale. [Sent home 125 barrels sperm. Capt. Davis left at Rio sick, Mr. Weeks took charge."
 The 'Lexington', Edward Weeks, June 26, and arrived July 7, 1848, 1780 barrels sperm, 1404 whale."
 The 'Lexington', David Bunker, 2d, November 10, and arrived January 22d, 1853, 742 barrels sperm, 229 whale."
 "The 'Lexington, Peter C. Brock, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, May 21, and arrived June 25, 1856, 310 barrels sperm, 1637 whale. Sold 20 barrels on the voyage. ..."
 "The 'Lexington', James Fisher, September 19. [Lost on Strong's Island in 1859. Saved 100 barrels whale. ..."

The Joseph Starbuck

In 1838, Joseph Starbuck built the last whaler constructed at Brant Point and named it after himself – the 'Joseph Starbuck'.

Whaling Voyage of the Joseph Starbuck –

 "The 'Joseph Starbuck', (new) Sanford Wilber, November 15, and arrived April 3d, 1842, 3221 barrels sperm."

Bibliography
 Natural Habitats of Nantucket Nantucket Conservation Foundation, 1999–2006.
Was Nantucket Ever Forested? Originally published in Historic Nantucket, Vol 14, no. 4 (April 1967), p. 15–22 (Nantucket Historical Association).
Wampanoag history First Nations Site Index and Search Tool, 1996.
Wampanoag, culture and land use Wampanoag history] Indian Education Program, Anchorage School District, October 1993.
 Whaling, A Timeline in "American Maritime History in the Age of Sail 1492–1865", Barnard History Department, Barnard College, 2008.
Olde Massachusetts: Sketches of Old Times and Places During the Early Days of the Commonwealth by Charles Burr Todd. The Grafton Press, 1907. Digitized Google Books, January 28, 2008.
Pre-Revolutionary Diaries at the Massachusetts Historical Society 1635–1790, publ. Massachusetts Historical Society 1988, revised 1992.
Memorials of Old Bridgehampton, by James Truslow Adams, published by Priv. at The Bridgehmapton News, 1916. Digitized Google Books, January 28, 2008.
Good Old Dorchester: A Narrative History of the Town, 1630–1893. by William Dana Orcutt, published by the author, printed by J. Wilson, University press, 1893. Google Books, February 11, 2008.
Maritime Commerce In Maritime History of Massachusetts, National Park Service's National Register of Historic Places and Maritime Heritage Program, in partnership with the Massachusetts Historical Commission and the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers, n.d..
Nantucket A History 1914 by R.A. Douglas-Lithgow, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. Google Books, complete text
"An Island in Time, An Overview of the NHA's Collections with Accompanying Timeline", Historic Nantucket, Vol 49, no. 1 (Winter 2000), p. 12–38, Nantucket Historical Society, 2000.
MHC Reconnaissance Survey Town Report: Nantucket, Massachusetts Historical Commission, n.d.
Historical Information About Persons Interred At Prospect Hill Cemetery – Nantucket. Prospect Hill Cemetery Association, Nantucket, Massachusetts, n.d.
Nantucket Historical District In Maritime History of Massachusetts, National Park Service's National Register of Historic Places and Maritime Heritage Program, in partnership with the Massachusetts Historical Commission and the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers, n.d..
The Story of the New England Whalers by John Randolph Spears, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1908, Google Books July 5, 2007, complete text.
History of the American Whale Fishery from Its Inception to 1876 by Joseph Starbuck, New York, Castle Books, 1989. Notes: "First published in part IV of the report of the U.S. Commission on Fish and Fisheries, Washington, 1878, also issued privately by the author, 1878." Complete text.
 History of Nantucket Whaling  Video presentation by the Director of the Nantucket Historical Association, May, 2008.
 The 'Charles W. Morgan', New Bedford, Massachusetts 1841.  Video tour of the last wooden hulled whaling ship afloat in the United States, February, 2008.
Finding the Mighty Whale, Eighteenth Century Nantucket Whaling and the Development of Environmental Knowledge, by Nathan Tristan Adams, MA thesis (University of British Columbia), August 2010.
The Whale and His Captors; or the Whalemen's Adventures, and the Whale's Biography, as Gathered on the Homeward Cruise of the "Commodore Preble', by Rev. Henry T. Cheever. New ed. with notes and appendix. New York, Harper & Bros., 1853.
Catalogue of Nantucket Whalers: And Their Voyages from 1815 to 1870, by Hussey & Robinson, Published by Hussey & Robinson 1876. Google Books, June 27, 2008.
The Journal of Eliza Brock- At Sea on the 'Lexington' by Sherri Federbush, Nantucket Historical Society, 1982, in the Historic Nantucket, Volume 30, Number 1, July 1982.
"SPLASH: Boatbuilding on Nantucket", by Joshua B. Gray, Nantucket Today, July 2008.
Dictionary of American Fighting Ships, Dept. of the Navy, Naval Historical Center, 1959–1981.

Footnotes

Maritime history of the United States
Economic history of Massachusetts
Economy of Massachusetts
History of Nantucket, Massachusetts

Shipbuilding in the United States
Water transportation in Massachusetts


Little Joy is a Brazilian/American rock supergroup formed in 2007 by Los Hermanos singer/guitarist Rodrigo Amarante, The Strokes drummer Fabrizio Moretti, and Binki Shapiro. They released Little Joy, their only album, in 2008.

History

Formation and beginnings (2006–2008)

Amarante and Moretti met in 2006, at a festival in Lisbon where both their bands were performing, and the idea came up to start a new musical project unrelated to their respective bands. In 2007, with Los Hermanos on hiatus "for an undetermined amount of time", Amarante traveled to Los Angeles to collaborate with Devendra Banhart on his Smokey Rolls Down Thunder Canyon album. He and Moretti met during recording breaks and talked about "anything but music." Through mutual acquaintances, they met multi-instrumentalist Jordana Shapiro, who goes by "Binki," and she encouraged the pair to work on a few songs Moretti had begun writing. The band then moved into a house in the Echo Park area of Los Angeles to write more original music and record some demos. The band was christened "Little Joy" after a cocktail lounge not far from their house.

Little Joy (2008–2010)

Their eponymous debut album was recorded with the help of producer Noah Georgeson and engineer Beau Raymond, whom Amarante met during his sessions with Devendra Banhart. It was released by Rough Trade Records on November 4, 2008, and was hailed by Pitchfork Media as "one of the sweetest, most listenable, consistently enjoyable records of the season." Their debut album was given four stars by Rolling Stone magazine and Nick Hornby voted it his favorite album of 2008.

In popular culture
Binki Shapiro contributed, alongside Little Joy collaborator Devendra Banhart, to Beck's second Record Club covers album, Songs of Leonard Cohen, as well as previously appearing in many of the music videos released from his album The Information, released in October 2006.

"The Next Time Around" was used in a television commercial for the Volkswagen Passat.

Band members

Little Joy
Rodrigo Amarante – vocals, guitar, bass, piano, ukulele, organ, Mellotron, percussion (2007–present)
Binki Shapiro – guitar, vocals, bass, keyboards, glockenspiel, percussion (2007–present)
Fabrizio Moretti – tenor guitar, piano, bass, drums, guitar, percussion, melodica, vocals (2007–present)

Live band
Little Joy
Rodrigo Amarante – vocals, guitar, percussion (2007–2010)
Binki Shapiro – guitar, vocals, keyboards, percussion (2007–2010)
Fabrizio Moretti – tenor guitar, guitar, percussion, vocals, drums (2007–2009)
Jack Dishel – tenor guitar, guitar, percussion, vocals (2009–2010)
Backing band
Todd Dahlhoff – bass, vocals (2008–2010)
Matt Romano – drums, percussion (2008–2010)
Matt Borg – guitar, vocals (2008–2010)
Michael Ian Cummings – guitar, vocals (2008–2010)
Noah Georgeson – guitar, vocals (2008–2010)

Discography
Little Joy (2008)

References

External links

Little Joy on Obscure Sound

Musical groups established in 2007
Rough Trade Records artists
Rock music supergroups


Uncial 0131 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 81 (Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 9th-century. Formerly it was labeled by Wd.

Description

The codex contains a small part of the Mark 7:3-4.6-8.30-8:16; 9:2.7-9, on four parchment leaves (24.5 cm by 18.5 cm). The text is written in one column per page, 24 lines per page, in uncial letters. The letters are leaned in right. Breathings and accents are often very faint.

The text is divided according to the Ammonian Sections, without references to the Eusebian Canons, but a kind of harmony of the Gospels is given at the foot of the columns. The  (titles) in red stand at the top of the pages. It has music notes.

Text

The Greek text of this codex is mixed, with a strong element of the Alexandrian text-type. Kurt Aland placed it in Category III.

The text is different from the Textus Receptus in 7:3.6.30.31.32.33.34.35.36.37; 8:1.2.4.5.6.7.10.12.14.16; 9:2.7.8. It has unique reading in Mark 7:33  (after κατιδιαν). According to Scrivener it is close to codices: א B D L Δ.

In Mark 7:35 it reads και του μογγιλαλου.

History

It is dated by the INTF to the 9th-century.

The leaves of this manuscript were discovered by William White in 1857 in book of Gregory of Nazianzus. The codex came from the Athos. Since 1861 they are stored separately from this book, on the order of Henry Bradshaw.

The manuscript was examined and fully collated by F. H. A. Scrivener.

The codex is located now at the Trinity College (B VIII, 5) in Cambridge.

See also

 List of New Testament uncials
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

 Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener, Adversaria critica sacra (Cambridge: University Press, 1893), pp. XI-XVI. (as Wd)
 J. Rendel Harris, The Diatessaron of Tatian (London/Cambridge, 1890), pp. 62–68.

External links
 Uncial 0131 at the Wieland Willker, "Textual Commentary"

Greek New Testament uncials
9th-century biblical manuscripts
Trinity College, Cambridge


The Pender-Topsail Post & Voice is an American, English language community newspaper based in Burgaw, North Carolina. The paper provides coverage of news, sports, features, and events exclusively for Pender County. It has a circulation of approximately 5000.

History
The Pender Post, which began publication in the 1971, purchased the Topsail Voice in March, 2012. and is now known as the Pender Topsail Post & Voice.The Post & Voice purchased the Pender Chronicle in September 2012 and retired the name of the county's oldest newspaper.  The Post & Voice provides coverage of news, sports, features, and events exclusively for Pender County.

History
Previous papers that are now part of the Pender Topsail Post & Voice:
 The Pender Post. (Burgaw, N.C.) 1971–2012, OCLC 28598394
 Topsail Voice. (Hampstead, N.C.) 1991–2012, OCLC 32600106
 Pender Chronicle (Burgaw, Pender County, N.C.) 190?-2012, OCLC 13247075

North Carolina Press Association Journalism Awards
The Pender-Topsail Post & Voice is a member of the North Carolina Press Association:
 2010, General Excellence, North Carolina Press Association

See also
 List of newspapers in North Carolina

References

Weekly newspapers published in North Carolina
Pender County, North Carolina


In the 2008 Imphal bombings, at least 17 people were killed and more than 30 were injured on 21 October 2008.

This was the second blast of such a magnitude in the Indian Seven Sisters in the month of October 2008. It followed a season of bomb blasts around the country in 2008 that were carried out by various factions, contributing to a precipitous domestic instability.

Attack
The attack was a single blast triggered from a bomb rigged on to a Kinetic Luna moped in the provincial capital of Manipur. The attack occurred at the gate of Ragailong in the Imphal West District.

The attack targeted the barracks of security personnel, as well as civilians in the area, who were gambling ahead of the Diwali holiday.  Police said they suspected the headquarters of the 20th Battalion, Assam Rifles, and the Manipur police commando complex, where personnel live with their families, were the targets of the attackers.

Follow-up
The blast came just two days after an explosion near the Manipur Chief Minister Okram Ibobi Singh's official residence in the capital.

Two days later security forces shot as many as eight militants who were said to be members of the Kangleipak Communist Party (MC). Imphal East SP, Radheshyam Singh, said: "At least three encounters took place in the two police districts of Imphal East and Imphal West on Thursday evening, during which eight militants have been killed."

The post-blast security sweep resulted in an unidentified militant being killed in an encounter as the 29th Assam Rifles raided Sitakhul area under Tengnoupal police in Manipur's Chandel district bordering with Myanmar following reports of militants roaming the area on 30 October. As some militants opened fire at them, the military personnel were forced into the ensuing encounter. One lethod gun and three bombs were recovered from the spot as others reportedly escaped towards a thick hilly area. In 2008 alone over 310 people have been killed in counter militant activity.

Investigation
Police believed the bomb was to avenge the killing of at least eight rebels by security forces last month. They have suspected the separatist People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) to be responsible for the attack.

The residents of Ragailong and its surrounding areas demanded a judicial inquiry into the attack. There was no word indicating the demands for a probe were heeded.

After the arrest and interrogation of the prime accused in the case, Sachindra Debbarma, it was revealed that the blast was planned at a hideout of the Assam-based National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) in Moulavibazar on 22 July. Police said, besides the cadres of the Pakistan-based ISI and the Bangladesh-based DGFI, seven militant outfits of the Northeastern region attended a meeting at the hideout and chalked out the blueprint for the attack. Debbarma also claimed that militants in the region, backed by some fundamentalist groups, were spreading a fake currency net in the region and planning to destabilise India. He also said that Sagam Ali, who had been arrested by BSF early in the year on the Tripura border, was sent for the same mission. Furthermore, four active mobile SIM cards, including one from Bangladesh, an amulet bearing his name, an international passport and address of a Karachi-based suspected ISI agent, were seized from Ali, a resident of Bongaigaon in Assam. This evidence led to the conclusion that he belonged to Hazrat Shah Sultan Gyasuddin Awalia and had travelled extensively to Bangladesh and Pakistan in 2007. He was remanded to judicial custody till 20 November after a court rejected his bail petition, along with that of all the other nine accused in the blasts.

Responsibility
The following day the Kangleipak Communist Party (Military Council) (KCP (MC)) claimed responsibility for the blast saying it was a reaction to the gambling that reaches its peak during the Diwali holidays. The claim, distributed to newspaper offices in Imphal, said the explosion was triggered "in order to put an end to lagao," a form of gambling which it said was an "alien culture" that was adversely affecting Manipur society. A statement said "Lagao is a form of gambling which is alien to Meitei culture and it needs to be stopped." The statement was signed by Lanheiba Meitei, a leader of the KCP (MC) faction formed out of the original KCP that was formed in 1980. Kangleipak is the historical name of Manipur which was adopted by the KCP in its attempt at the preservation of the Meitei culture, while it also demands secession of Manipur from India in order to achieve such goals.

On 28 October, contradictory reports from the KCP (MC) clarified that it was not involved in attack. The information and public relation officer of the outfit, Puranthaba, did also allege that three of their members killed at the Heingang area earlier in the month were part of the four apprehended from Dimapur just before the alleged encounter. They also denied the possibility of a relationship with the deceased Paominlan and Haokhoken, whom Imphal east commandos and troops of 39 Assam Rifles had gunned down two days after the blast.

The KCP in general has seen an increased level of activity this month as the police reported the execution of two former members. They said the KCP's Thoubal district commander, identified as 2nd lieutenant Udoi alias Nongyai or Angousana, and his female companion, Leisa of Khangabok, were executed by the outfit for their anti-party and anti-revolutionary activities.

Response
The initial response to the attack in a highly fortified area like Ragailong, meant the CM instructed the top brass of the security services to "take up all necessary measures so that such attacks do not recur." This especially rang true with the upcoming festivals of Diwali and Ningol Chakkouba, so as to ensure both pass off peacefully. The SSP of Imphal West, L Kailun, said "apart from intensifying security vigil at all strategic locations in Imphal, the police has also started conducting a massive drive to check any abandoned vehicles." An appeal was also made to citizens to be on high alert and to notify the police if they come across any suspicious objects in market places or crowded areas.

The bigger response to the attack saw the CM calling for the sealing of the border with Myanmar, he said: "We want the centre (federal government) to fence the border, we cannot let them (PREPAK) escape after the incident." An unnamed military commander also added that "We know where [the] militants have their camps across the border, but we can't go inside Myanmar chasing them." In addition a senior intelligence officer in the region added that "Our plan is to fence the border and step up foot patrolling along the border, otherwise it will be difficult to control the situation."

India claims that as many as 3,000 rebels, use the jungles of the Kabaw Valley in Sagaing Division, for training camps and staging areas for incursions into India. Although India has signed a pact with Myanmar to share intelligence, it has proven insufficient to tackle the insurgency that is said to be caused by New Delhi's plundering of the region's mineral and forest resources with little investment returning. In retaliation the rebels want to throw non-Meiteis out of the province, while seeking statehood, a demand India does not acquiesce to.

About 700 armed PREPAK rebels have carried out regular attacks in the area. According to police, the rebels were believed to have escaped across a large porous border to their camps in neighbouring Myanmar. The border with Myanmar stretches about , and security officials want the entire stretch to be barbed-wired to stop the smuggling of weapons and explosives. The entire area, home to more than 200 tribes, has been racked insurgencies virtually since India's independence.

Reactions
Manipur Governor Gurbachand Jagat condemned the bomb blast as an act of terrorism and mindless violence. He stated that the act was targeted against the people of Manipur as a whole, and called upon all peace-loving citizens to condemn such violence as an act against the people and culture of Manipur. He also condemned the perpetrators of the attack for causing injury and distress to the many innocent victims, while he also conveyed his condolences to the bereaved families who faced loss through this barbaric act.

CM Singh, along with giving the assurance of paying an ex-gratia amount to the next of kin of the deceased, gave Rs 5,000 each as an immediate relief for the injured persons who were undergoing medical treatment.

Many social and political organization were also quick to come out in condemnation of either the attack or at least the government:
The United Committee Manipur (UCM) said the incident has once again shown the "inherent weakness and total failure of the Government in maintaining law and order."
The All Manipur United Clubs' Organisation (AMUCO) said that regardless of the non-state or state actors or agencies who may have been perpetrators, this should never be considered a part of the ongoing armed conflict since the attack targeted a crowded place.
The secretary of the United People's Front, Manipur (UPF), N Rupachandra, said triggering a powerful bomb blast in a crowded place is a barbaric act which defies all reasoning.
Also chiming in the publicity secretary of MAFYF General Council, H Manimohan, said it is the "biggest misfortune of the already hard pressed people of Manipur that they are being subjected to such brutal attacks."
The All India Christian Council, the All India Confederation of SC/ST Organisations and the NE Support Centre & Helpline issued a joint statement saying there should be no place for terror among civil society.
The Zeliangrong Union and Zeliangrong Youth Front of Assam, Manipur and Nagaland termed the explosion a barbaric and an act of terrorism which is against the law of the land.
The United NGOs Mission, Manipur said the explosion was a crime against humanity.
The Manipur State Council of the All India Students' Federation (AISF), said the incident was "a testimony of the complete failure of the Government in maintaining law and order in the State."(sic)
Inpui (Kabui) Naga Union, Ragailong Pei (Court) and Ragailong Youth Club also strongly condemned the terror strike and Ragailong Pei has urged the Government to pay a befitting ex-gratia payment to all the bereaved families of the blast victims.
The Centre for Organisation Research and Education (CORE) stood out in appreciated of the prompt response of the CM and other authorities concerned, while urging the government to implement the assurances given to the aggrieved families at the earliest possible date. They also demanded that the government book those involved in the bomb blast, while making an appeal to "all section of the people not to carry out any violent incidents in residential areas."
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Manipur Pradesh party members held condolences for an executive member of BJP Minority Morcha in observing two minutes of silence during a condolence meeting.
The convenor of the JAC, Md Abdul Quayum, announced possible agitations in association with other civil organisations if the Government fails to book and punish those behind the blast.
National Identity Protection Committee (NIPCO), Threatened Indigenous People's Society (TIPS), Kanglei Apunba Ima Yaipha Lup, Students Federation of India (Manipur State Committee) and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) Manipur State Committee also condemned the attack and decried the blast as "an act of terrorism which defies the existing International (sic) and humanitarian laws." The added their condemnation to the opposition controlled provincial government for its failure to protect the lives of people.
The Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee appealed to all those concerned to ensure such violence incidents do not recur in the future.

On 28 October, public ire was shown against both separatists and the police. Protesters wielded placards reading "Killing innocents is not an act of revolution" and "Don’t kill innocents to show your power," amongst others. While the slogans were clearly directed at the militants, protesters also blamed the police for not paying heed to their call to crack down on gambling in the area, which was the raison d'être for the attack. Once activist said, "We have been calling upon the police for quite some time to take steps to check gambling in the area, but no one bothered to take action." Later, upon meeting the CM to submit a memorandum a member of the delegation said: "We have demanded a judicial enquiry into the incident and have sought relief for the families of those killed and injured."

References

21st-century mass murder in India
Mass murder in 2008
Terrorist incidents in India in 2008
2000s in Manipur
Improvised explosive device bombings in India
Imphal
Conservatism in India
Communist terrorism


Emissoras Pioneiras de Televisão (Broadcast Pioneers Television, in English), best known as EPTV, is a Brazilian network that is affiliated with  TV Globo. The network has four stations: three in São Paulo and one in Minas Gerais.

Stations

Local programs
Bom Dia Cidade (local version of Bom Dia Brasil)
Jornal da EPTV
Globo Esporte SP/MG (local version of Globo Esporte)

Notes

References

External links
Official website

Television networks in Brazil
TV Globo affiliates
Portuguese-language television networks
Television channels and stations established in 1979


Tryon Daily Bulletin is an American, English language daily newspaper based in Tryon, Polk County, North Carolina; it also serves parts of Spartanburg and Greenville counties in South Carolina.

History
Known as "The World’s Smallest Daily Newspaper", it was established in 1928 by Seth Vining Sr. It had a readership of 4,250 in 2019 and its website had 30,000 visitors.

Jeff Byrd purchased the paper in 1989 and sold it in 2010 to Boone Newspapers Inc. of Tuscaloosa, Ala.

Its offices are housed in the Bank of Tryon Building, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.

The paper doesn't carry any wire stories; as its publisher, Jeff Byrd, said in 1993, "It's all local. It's a community paper. That's what people want here." It features columns from 15 local residents, reader photos, a large letters to the editor section and a community calendar.

See also
 List of newspapers in North Carolina

References

Polk County, North Carolina
1928 establishments in North Carolina
Daily newspapers published in North Carolina


By the Numbers is an album of covers performed by The Postmarks, released in 2008.

Track listing

"One Note Samba" (Antonio Carlos Jobim)- 3:05
"You Only Live Twice" (Nancy Sinatra) - 2:57
"Three Little Birds" (Bob Marley) - 3:51
"OX4" (Ride)- 4:56
"Five Years" (David Bowie) - 4:19
"Six Different Ways" (The Cure)- 4:15
"7-11" (The Ramones) - 3:40
"Eight Miles High" (The Byrds) - 4:15
"Nine Million Rainy Days" (The Jesus & Mary Chain) - 3:57
"Slaughter on Tenth Avenue" (Richard Rodgers) - 2:27
"11:59" (Blondie) - 3:47
"Pinball Number Count" (The Pointer Sisters) - 2:13

Personnel
 Tim Yehezkely - Vocals, Instrumentation
 Christopher Moll - Guitar, Vocals, Instrumentation
 Jon Wilkins - Drums, Instrumentation
 Jeff Wagner - Piano, Organ, Moog Synthesizer
 Brian Hill - Bass

References

2008 albums
The Postmarks albums


Kui () is a polysemous figure in ancient Chinese mythology. Classic texts use this name for the legendary musician Kui who invented music and dancing; for the one-legged mountain demon or rain-god Kui variously said to resemble a Chinese dragon, a drum, or a monkey with a human face; and for the Kuiniu wild yak or buffalo.

Word

While Kui 夔 originally named a mythic being, Modern Standard Chinese uses it in several other expressions. The reduplication kuikui 夔夔 means "awe-struck; fearful; grave" (see the Shujing below). The compounds kuilong 夔龍 (with "dragon") and kuiwen 夔紋 (with "pattern; design") name common motifs on Zhou Dynasty Chinese bronzes. The chengyu idiom yikuiyizu 一夔已足 (lit. one Kui already enough") means "one able person is enough for the job".

Kui is also a proper name. It is an uncommon one of the Hundred Family Surnames. Kuiguo 夔國 was a Warring States period state, located in present-day Zigui County (Hubei), that Chu annexed in 634 BCE. Kuizhou 夔州, located in present-day Fengjie County of Chongqing (Sichuan), was established in 619 CE as a Tang Dynasty prefecture.

Kuiniu 夔牛 or 犪牛 is an old name for the "wild ox; wild yak". The (1578 CE) Bencao Gangmu entry for maoniu 氂牛 "wild yak", which notes medicinal uses such as yak gallstones for "convulsions and delirium", lists kiuniu as a synonym for weiniu 犩牛, "Larger than a cow. From the hills of Szechuan, weighing several thousand catties." The biological classification Bos grunniens (lit. "grunting ox") corresponds with the roaring Kui "god of rain and thunder" (see the Shanhaijing below).

Translating kui 夔 as "walrus" exemplifies a ghost word. The Unihan Database lists the definition as "one-legged monster; walrus". However, Chinese kui does not mean "walrus" (haixiang 海象 lit. "sea elephant"), and this ghost first appeared in early Chinese-English dictionaries by Robert Henry Mathews and Herbert Giles. Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary translates kui as "A one-legged monster; a walrus; Grave, respectful", which was adapted from A Chinese-English Dictionary "A one-legged creature; a walrus. Grave; reverential". Giles's dictionary copied this "walrus" mistake from his translation of the Zhuangzi (see below), "The walrus said to the centipede, 'I hop about on one leg, but not very successfully. How do you manage all these legs you have?'" He footnotes, "'Walrus' is of course an analogue. But for the one leg, the description given by a commentator of the creature mentioned in the text applies with significant exactitude."

Characters
The modern 21-stroke Chinese character 夔 for kui combines five elements: shou 首 "head", zhi 止 "stop", si 巳 "6th (of 12 Earthly Branches)", ba 八 "8", and zhi 夂 "walk slowly". These enigmatic elements were graphically simplified from the ancient Oracle bone script and Seal script pictographs for kui 夔 showing "a face of demon, two arms, a belly, a tail, and two feet".

Excepting the top 丷 element (interpreted as "horns" on the ye 頁 "head"), kui 夔 is graphically identical with nao 夒 – an old variant for nao 猱 "macaque; rhesus monkey". The Oracle and Seal script graphs for nao pictured a monkey, and some Oracle graphs are interpreted as either kui 夔 or nao 夒.

The (121 CE) Shuowen Jiezi, which was the first Chinese dictionary of characters, defines nao 夒 and kui 夔.
Nao: "a greedy quadruped, generally stated to be a she-monkey resembling a man; it contains the component head 頁, with 巳, 止, and 夊 representing respectively the arms and the leg of the beast." 夒: 貪獸也一曰母猴似人 从頁巳止夊其手足。
Kui: "a [spirit] hü [魖 "a destructive, evil spectre"] resembling a dragon with one leg represented by the component 夊, and that the character represents the beast with horns, hands, and a human face." 夔: 神魖也如龍一足 从夊象有角手人面之形。
Kui, concludes Groot, "were thought to be a class of one-legged beasts or dragons with human countenances."

Most Chinese characters are composed of "radicals" or "significs" that suggest semantic fields and "phonetic" elements that roughly suggest pronunciation. Both these 夔 and 夒 characters are classified under their bottom 夂 "walk slowly radical", and Carr notes the semantic similarity with Kui being "one-legged". Only a few uncommon characters have kui 夔 phonetics. For instance, kui 犪 (with the "ox radical" 牛) in kuiniu 犪牛 "wild ox; wild yak", and kui 躨 (with the "foot radical"足) in kuiluo 躨跜 "writhe like a dragon".

Etymologies
The etymology of kui 夔 relates with wei 犩 "yak; buffalo". Eberhard suggested Kui "mountain spirits that looked like a drum and had only one leg" was "without doubt phonetically related" to the variant name hui 暉; both were classified as shanxiao 山魈 "mountain demons" ("mandrill" in modern Chinese). He concludes there were two series of names for "one-legged mountain imps", xiao or chao in the southeastern languages of Yue and Yao, and kui or hui "from a more western language".

Schuessler connects the etymologies of the word wei 犩 "wild buffalo" < Late Han ŋuɨ and the ancient word kui 夔 or 犪 "a large mythical animal of various descriptions … with one foot … as strong as an ox … a large buffalo" < Late Han guɨ < Old Chinese *grui or *gwrə. The Chinese mythical kui 夔 originated as a loanword from a Kam–Tai source (cf. Proto-Tai *γwai 'buffalo' and Sui kwi < gwi 'buffalo'), comparable with Proto-Austronesian *kəbaw (cf. Tagalog kalabao, Malay kĕrbao, and Fiji karavau). Chinese wei 犩 "wild buffalo" derives from "ultimately the same etymon as kui", but the source might have been a Tibeto-Burman language, compare Proto-Tibeto-Burman *Iwaay 'buffalo', Jinghpaw ʼu-loi or ŋa-loi (ŋa 'bovine'), and Burmese kywai < klway.

Classical usages
Kui frequently occurs in Chinese classic texts. Although some early texts are heterogeneous compositions of uncertain dates, the following discussion is presented in roughly chronological order.

Early authors agreed that the mountain dragon-demon Kui had yizu 一足 "one foot" but disagreed whether this also applied to Shun's music master Kui. Since the Chinese word zu 足 ambiguously means "foot; leg" or "enough; sufficient; fully; as much as", yizu can mean "one foot; one leg" or "one is enough". "The Confucianists," explains Eberhard, "who personified K'ui and made him into a 'master of music', detested the idea that K'ui had only one leg and they discussed it 'away'" (e.g., Hanfeizi, Lüshi Chunqiu, and Xunzi below). Instead of straightforwardly reading Kui yi zu 夔一足 as "Kui [had] one foot", Confucianist revisionism construes it as "Kui, one [person like him] was enough." There is further uncertainty whether the mythical Kui was "one footed" or "one legged". Compare the English "one-footed" words uniped "a creature having only one foot (or leg)" and monopod "a creature having only one foot (or leg); a one-legged stand".

Shujing
The Shujing uses kui 夔 in three chapters; Current Text chapters mention Shun's legendary Music Minister named Kui, and Old Text "Old Text" chapter has kuikui "grave; dignified". (New or Current Text and Old Text refer to different collections of Shangshu material with the Current Text being collected before the Old Text version.  There is a long history of debate about the relative authenticity of the Old Text version as well as the dating of the constituent texts in both the Current and Old Text versions; see the article on the Shujing for more information.)

First, the "Canon of Shun" says the prehistoric ruler Shun appointed Kui as Music Minister and Long 龍 "Dragon" as Communication Minister.
The Di [Emperor Shun] said, 'Kui, I appoint you to be Director of Music, and to teach our sons, so that the straightforward shall yet be mild; the gentle, dignified: the strong, not tyrannical: and the impetuous, not arrogant. Poetry is the expression of earnest thought; singing is the prolonged utterance of that expression; the notes accompany that utterance, and they are harmonized themselves by the standard tubes. (In this way) the eight different kinds of musical instruments can be adjusted so that one shall not take from or interfere with another; and spirits and men are brought into harmony.' Kui said, 'I smite the (sounding-) stone, I gently strike it, and the various animals lead on one another to dance.'

Second, "Yi and Ji" elaborates the first account.
Kui said, 'When the sounding-stone is tapped or struck with force, and the lutes are strongly swept or gently touched, to accompany the singing, the progenitors (of the Di) come (to the service), the guest of Yu is in his place, and all the princes show their virtue in giving place to one another. (In the court) below (the hall) there are the flutes and hand-drums, which join in at the sound of the rattle, and cease at that of the stopper, when the organ and bells take their place. (This makes) birds and beasts fall moving. When the nine parts of the service, as arranged by the Di, have all been performed, the male and female phœnix come with their measured gambolings (into the court).' Kui said, 'Oh! when I smite the (sounding-) stone, or gently strike it, the various animals lead on one another to dance, and all the chiefs of the official departments become truly harmonious.'

Third, "The Counsels of the Great Yu" uses kuikui 夔夔 "grave; dignified; awestruck" to praise Shun's filial piety for his father Gusou 瞽叟 (lit. "Blind Old Man"); "with respectful service he appeared before Gu-sou, looking grave and awe-struck, till Gu also became transformed by his example. Entire sincerity moves spiritual beings."

Chunqiu and Zuozhuan
The (c. 6th–5th centuries BCE) Chunqiu and (early 4th century BCE) Zuozhuan use Kui as the name of a feudal state and of the legendary Music Master.

The Chunqiu history records that in 634 BCE the army of Chu destroyed Kui 夔; "In autumn, an officer of Ts'oo extinguished K'wei, and carried the viscount of K'wei back with them." Zuo's commentary notes the viscount of Kui, also written Kui 隗, was spared because the ruling families of both Chu and Kui had the same surname (see Guoyu below).

The Zuozhuan for 514 BCE provides details about Kui's raven-haired wife Xuanqi 玄妻 "Dark Consort" and their swinish son Bifeng 伯封.
In ancient times the prince of Jing had a daughter, with splendid black hair and very beautiful, so that her brightness cast a light around her, and she was named 'the dark Lady'. The prince K'wei [Shun's] minister of Music, married her, and she bore to him Pih-fung, who in truth had the heart of a pig, insatiably covetous and gluttonous, quarrelsome and perverse without measure, so that men called him 'the great Pig'.

Guoyu
The (c. 5th–4th centuries BCE) Guoyu uses kui 夔 as a surname and a demon name. The "Discourses of Zheng" (鄭語) discusses the origins of Chinese surnames and notes that Kui was the tribal ancestor of the Mi 羋 "ram horns" clan. Since Kui was a legendary descendant of the fire god Zhurong 祝融 and a member of the Mi clan, Eberhard explains, he was a relative to the ruling clans of Chu and Yue.

The "Discourses of Lu" records Confucius explaining three categories of guai 怪 "strange being; monster; demon; evil spirit", including the Kui who supposedly resides in the 木石 "trees and rocks".
Ki Hwan-tszĕ, a grandee of the state of Lu, caused a well to be dug, when they fetched up something like an earthen pot with a goat in it. He had Chung-ni (Confucius) interrogated about it, in these words: "I dug a well, and got a dog; tell me what this is." On which the Sage answered: "According to what I have learned, it must be a goat; for I have heard that apparitions between trees and rocks are called khwei and wang-liang, while those in the water are lung or dragons, and wang-siang, and those in the ground are called fen-yang.
De Groot says later scholars accepted this "division of spectres into those living in mountains and forests, in the water, and in the ground", which is evidently "a folk-conception older, perhaps much older, than the time of Confucius." For instance, Wei Zhao's (3rd century CE) commentary on the Guoyu:
Some say that the khwei have one leg. The people of Yueh (Chehkiang and northern Fuhkien) style them 繅 (sao) of the hills, which character occurs also in the form 獟 (siao). They exist in Fu-yang (about the present Hang-cheu), have a human countenance and an ape-like body, and can speak. Some say that the one-legged wang-liang are spirits (tsing) of the hills, who by imitating human voices bewilder people.

Xunzi
The (early 3rd century BCE) Confucianist Xunzi mentions Kui twice. "Dispelling Obsession" says, "Many men have loved music, but Kui alone is honored by later ages as its master, because he concentrated upon it. Many men have loved righteousness, but Shun alone is honored by later ages as its master, because he concentrated upon it." Another chapter (成相 [no translation available], 夔為樂正鳥獸服) says when Kui rectified music, the wild birds and animals submitted.

Hanfeizi
The (c. 3rd century BCE) Hanfeizi gives two versions of Duke Ai 哀公 of Lu (r. 494–468 BCE) asking Confucius whether Kui had one leg.
The ruler Ngai of Lu asked Confucius, saying: "I have heard that there has lived in ancient times a certain Khwei with one leg; may we really believe in his one-leggedness?" Confucius answered: "No; he was no monopod; he was a choleric, perverse, ill-natured man, who raised much discontent; but he escaped being by reason of this killed by the hand of man on account of his trustworthiness, for everybody said: 'This is the only man of one piece and complete'. Thus Khwei was not one-legged, but he was a man of a piece and complete." The ruler Ngai now said: "Thus the fact is, that he was solid and complete".

According to another reading, the ruler Ngai asked Confucius, saying: "I have heard that Khwei had one leg; does this deserve belief?" The answer was: "Khwei was a man; why should he have had no more than one leg? He had no other peculiarity but that he was versed in music". Yao said: "Khwei is of a piece and complete!" and he made him his Director of Music, and therefore princely men have described him as a man of a piece and complete, but not with one leg.

Lüshi Chunqiu
The (c. 239 BCE) Lüshi Chunqiu uses kui 夔 several times. "Scrutinizing Hearsay" records another version of Duke Ai asking Confucius about Kui's alleged one-footedness, and it states that Kui came from the caomang 草莽 "thick underbrush; wilderness; wild jungle".
As a general principle, every statement that one hears must be maturely assessed. When they have to do with human affairs, they must be tested against reason.
Duke Ai of Lu asked Confucius, "The rectifier of music, Kui, is said to have had one foot. Is that true?"
Confucius answered, "Long ago, Shun wanted to use music to transmit his teachings to the whole world, so he ordered Zhong Li to select Kui from among the 'jungle' people and promote him. Shun made him rectifier of music. Kui thereupon rectified the six pitch-standards and tuned harmoniously the five tones, circulating the winds of the eight directions and thus caused the whole world to submit generally to Shun's rule. Zhong Li wanted to find more men like Kui, but Shun said, 'Music is the vital essence of Heaven and Earth and the key to success and failure. Hence, only the sage is capable of creating harmony. Harmony is the root of all music. Kui is capable of making music harmonious and thereby of making the whole world peaceful. There is only one like Kui, and that is enough. Therefore, the statement traditionally taken to mean 'Kui has one foot,' really means 'with Kui, one is enough' [enough and foot being written the same way]."

One or two of "The Almanacs" in Lüshi Chunqiu mention kui. "On the Proper Kind of Dyeing" mentions a teacher named Meng Sukui 孟蘇夔: "It is not only the state that is subject to influences, for scholar-knights as well are subject to influences. Confucius studied under Lao Dan, Meng Sukui, and Jingshu." "Music of the Ancients" has two passages with zhi 質 "matter; substance" that commentators read as Kui 夔.
When the Sovereign Yao ascended the throne he commanded Kui to create musical performances. Kui thereupon made songs in imitation of the sounds of the forests and valleys, he covered earthenware tubs with fresh hides and beat on them, and he slapped stones and hit rocks to imitate the sounds of the jade stone chimes of the Supreme Sovereign, with which he made the hundred wild beasts dance. … [After Shun ascended] The Sovereign Shun than ordered Kui to perform "Nine Summonings," "Six Orderings," and "Six Flowers," through which he illuminated the Power of the Sovereign.
Note that the Lüshi Chunqiu says Kui was music master for both Yao and Shun, instead of only Shun.

Zhuangzi
The (c. 3rd–2nd centuries BCE) Daoist Zhuangzi mentions Kui in two chapters. "Autumn Floods" describes Kui as a one-legged creature.
The K'uei envies the millipede, the millipede envies the snake, the snake envies the wind, the wind envies the eye, and the eye envies the mind. The K'uei said to the millipede, "I have this one leg that I hop along on, though I make little progress. Now how in the world do you manage to work all those ten thousand legs of yours?" The millipede said, "You don't understand. Haven't you ever watched a man spit? He just gives a hawk and out it comes, some drops as big as pearls, some as fine as mist, raining down in a jumble of countless particles. Now all I do is put in motion the heavenly mechanism in me ‑ I'm not aware of how the thing works."
Burton Watson glosses Kui as "A being with only one leg. Sometimes it is described as a spirit or a strange beast, sometimes as a historical personage – the Music Master K'uei."

"Mastering Life" describes Kui as a hill demon in a story about Duke Huan of Qi (r. 685–643 BCE) seeing a ghost and becoming ill.
Duke Huan said, "But do ghosts really exist?" "Indeed they do. There is the Li on the hearth and the Chi in the stove. The heap of clutter and trash just inside the gate is where the Lei‑t'ing lives. In the northeast corner the Pei‑a and Kuei‑lung leap about, and the northwest corner is where the I‑yang lives. In the water is the Kang‑hsiang; on the hills, the Hsin; in the mountains, the K'uei; in the meadows, the P’ang‑huang; and in the marshes, the Wei‑t'o."

Shanhaijing

The (c. 3rd century BCE – 1st century CE) Shanhaijing mentions both Kui 夔 "a one-legged god of thunder and rain" and kuiniu 夔牛 "a wild yak".

The 14th chapter of the Shanhaijing, known as "The Classic of the Great Wilderness: The East" (大荒東經, describes the mythical Kui "Awestruck", and says the Yellow Emperor made a drum from its hide and a drumstick from a bone of Leishen 雷神 "Thunder God" (cf. Japanese Raijin).
In the East Sea there is Mount Flowwave, 7000 leagues onto the sea. On its summit there is an animal. Its shape is like that of an ox, it has a bright blue body, and it has no horns, and only one foot. When it comes out of the water and goes back in, there is wind and it rains, and its glare is like that of the sun and the moon, it makes a sound like thunder. Its name is Awestruck. The Yellow Emperor captured Awestruck and made a drum out of its hide. He used a bone from the Thunder beast to hit it with. The sound of the drumming was heard for 500 leagues, and so it made all beneath heaven full of dread.
Groot infers that the in "one-legged dragon" Kui, which was "fancied to be amphibious, and to cause wind and rain", "we immediately recognize the lung or Dragon, China’s god of Water and Rain". Carr interprets this cang 蒼 "dark green; blue" color "as a crocodile-dragon (e.g., Jiaolong) with its tail seen as 'one leg'", and cites Marcel Granet that the Kui's resemblance to a drum "is owing to drumming in music and dancing".

The account of Minshan Mountain (岷山, 崌山) in the 5th chapter of the Shanhaijing, the "Classic of the Central Mountains" describes kuiniu "huge buffalo" living on two mountains near the source of the Yangtze River 長江 (lit. "long river").
Three hundred leagues further northeast is the mountain called Mount Gem. The Long River rises here and flows northeast to empty into the sea. Excellent turtles are plentiful in the Long River, and there are many alligators. Gold and jade are abundant on the summit, and on the lower slopes are quantities of white jade. The trees on the mountain are mostly plum and pear. Its animals are mostly rhinoceros, elephant, and the huge buffalo.

A hundred and fifty leagues further east is a mountain called Mount Lair. The Long River rises here and flows east to empty into the Great Long River. The Long River contains numerous strange snakes and many force-fish. The trees on this mountain are mostly hardwood oak and holmoak, and there are many plum and catalpa trees. Its animals are mostly the huge buffalo, antelope, hoofed hare, and rhinoceros.
The Shanhaijing commentary of Guo Pu describes kuiniu 夔牛 as a large yak found in Shu (present-day Sichuan).

Liji
The (c. 2nd–1st century BCE) Liji mentions the music master Kui in two chapters. The "Record of Music" explains. "Anciently, Shun made the lute with five strings, and used it in singing the Nan Fang. Khwei was the first who composed (the pieces of) music to be employed by the feudal lords as an expression of (the royal) approbation of them." The "Confucius at Home at Ease" has Zi-gong ask whether Kui mastered li 禮 "ceremony; ritual; rites".
Ze-kung crossed over the mat and replied, 'Allow me to ask whether even Khwei was ignorant (of the ceremonial usages)?' The Master said, 'Was he not one of the ancients? Yes, he was one of them. To be versed in music, we call being poorly furnished. To be versed in the usages and not versed in music, we call being one-sided. Now Khwei was noted for his acquaintance with music, and not for his acquaintance with ceremonies, and therefore his name has been transmitted with that account of him (which your question implies). But he was one of the men of antiquity'.

Baopuzi
Ge Hong's (320 CE) Daoist Baopuzi 抱樸子 mentions kui 夔 in an "Inner Chapter" and an "Outer Chapter". "Into Mountains: Over Streams" warns about several demons found in hills and mountains, including Kui 夔 with the variant name hui 暉 'light, brightness' (or hui 揮 'shake; wave' in some texts), "There is another mountain power, this one in the shape of a drum, colored red, and also with only one foot. Its name is Hui." "Breadth of Learning" mentions two music masters, Kui 夔 and Xiang 襄 (from Qin), "Those who play the lute are many, but it is difficult to match the master of sounds of K'uei and Hsiang."

Mythic parallels

In addition to the Kui 夔, Chinese mythology has other uniped creatures. Based on "one-legged" descriptions, Carr compares kui with chi 螭 "hornless dragon; mountain demon" and hui 虺 "snake; python". The Shanhaijing mentions three one-footed creatures. The "Bellow-pot" bird "which looks like an owl; it has a human face but only one foot"; the "Endsquare" bird "which looks like a crane; it has one foot, scarlet markings on a green background, and a white beak"; and
Softsharp Country lies east of the Country of Oneeye. Its people have only one hand and only one foot. Their knees turn backwards so that their foot sticks up in the air. One author states that this is Keepsharp Country, and that the single foot of the people there turns backwards because it is broken.
Two other personages named Kui in Chinese folklore are Kui Xing 魁星 "the dwarfish god of examinations" and Zhong Kui 鍾馗 "the vanquisher of ghosts and demons".

One-footed or one-legged Kui has further parallels in comparative mythology. For instance:
Empusa "one-footed", a demigoddess in Greek mythology
Monocoli "one foot" or Sciapod "shadow foot", a fabled race of people with one large foot and one center leg in Greek mythology
Ippon-datara 一本踏鞴 "one foot-bellows", a one-legged mountain spirit in Japanese mythology (cf. Nūbē Characters)
Patasola "one foot", a vampire-like humanoid in Colombian folklore
Saci, a one-legged nature-spirit in Brazilian folklore

Notes

References

Footnotes

Further reading
 Hawkes, David, tr. 1985. The Songs of the South: An Anthology of Ancient Chinese Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets. Penguin.
 Karlgren, Bernhard. 1957. Grammata Serica Recensa. Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities.
 Visser, Marinus Willern de. 1913. The Dragon in China and Japan . J. Müller.

External links

夔 entry, Chinese Etymology
夔, Unihan data for U+5914
P'an with Coiled K'uei-dragon Pattern, National Palace Museum
Bronze gui vessel with kui dragon design, China Heritage Quarterly

Classic of Mountains and Seas
Chinese legendary creatures
Legendary creatures with absent body parts


The Wilson Times is an American, English language semiweekly newspaper based in Wilson, North Carolina covering Wilson County. The newspaper is owned by Wilson Times Co. The paper began as Zion's Landmark, established in 1867 by the pastor of the Wilson Primitive Baptist Church, Elder P.D. Gold. In 1896 that pastor founded The Wilson Times, a weekly newspaper. In 1902 the paper began daily publication as The Wilson Daily Times.  The newspaper previously offered commercial job print services, book and catalog printing, as well as ruling and bonding services. It also prints the Wilson County Phone Directory, Money Mailer, and Xpress Marketing publications.  While initially occupying only a small brick corner store, the Wilson Times upgraded and moved to a custom-built, 30,000-square-foot office building in 1983. The Wilson Times joined the internet in 1997 under the domain wilsondaily.com. The newspaper relocated to its current downtown Wilson office in June 2017. In February 2021, the Times celebrated its 125th anniversary of continuous publication. The first edition of The Wilson Times was printed in February 1896.

History
John D. Gold, son of Pleasant Daniel Gold, founded The Wilson Times in 1896 as a weekly newspaper. He married Daisy Hendley, who worked as a managing editor at the paper. Gold remained with the newspaper until 1946, when H.D. Brauff leased the newspaper with an option to buy. Elizabeth Gold Swindell, daughter of John D. Gold, acted as the business manager for the newspaper under Brauff, and was offered a one-fifth interest to remain in the position, which she accepted. Elizabeth Gold Swindell announced that she had purchased the paper from the Brauff family in 1956, making her the sole owner. She served as the editor and publisher until she died in 1983. Her son-in-law, Morgan Paul Dickerman II, joined the paper as associate publisher in 1957, and assisted in major expansion of the newspaper. Dickerman served as associate publisher and general manager of the paper until his passing in 1974. Upon his death, Margaret Dickerman, daughter of Elizabeth Gold Swindell, began overseeing the operations of the paper. Morgan Paul Dickerman III joined the paper as vice president in 1979, and was named president and publisher upon the death of Mrs. Swindell.

The Wilson Times remains as "one of the few surviving family-owned newspapers in North Carolina," alongside The Daily Record, owned by Bart and Brent Adams, and Maere Kay Lashmit. In 2019, the two newspapers formed a partnership to create a media management company known as Restoration Newsmedia. The Wilson Times also publishes four weekly newspapers such as the Johnstonian News, The Wake Weekly, The Enterprise, and The Butner-Creedmoor News.

Awards
The Wilson Times is a perennial winner in the North Carolina Press Association North Carolina Press Association member directory 's News, Editorial and Photojournalism Contest. Staff members receive individual awards in the annual competition, and the newspaper earned first-place honors in its circulation division for general excellence in 2019 and 2018. In the most recent contest, held in 2020, the Times finished third in general excellence.

In 2016, the paper won first place in Editorial Excellence from the Inland Press Association for newspapers under 10,000 circulation for "...five well-written editorials by Corey Friedman, all using sound arguments with pertinent details and connecting with the community on a myriad of local, state and national topics...." Friedman won again in 2017 for editorial writing; about his columns, the judges wrote "The Wilson Times stood out here for unearthing conflicts seldom (perhaps never?) covered elsewhere — while also leading the community towards solutions. "

In 2019, the Times won a Burl Osborne Award for Editorial Leadership from the News Leaders Association for a series of editorials by Friedman that advocated for reforms to the Wilson County Board of Education's public comment policy. "This newspaper tackled an important topic — the public's right to offer their views to elected officials — and it didn't let go," the judges wrote. "It offered readers information to get involved and it effected change. A fine example of a news organization looking out for its readers." The following year, Friedman was named a finalist for the same award.

The Wilson Times won first place in the 2022 National Headliner Awards for editorial writing by an individual or team.

See also
 List of newspapers in North Carolina

References

Newspapers published in North Carolina
Wilson, North Carolina
1896 establishments in North Carolina


Old World wine refers primarily to wine made in Europe but can also include other regions of the Mediterranean basin with long histories of winemaking such as North Africa and the Near East. The phrase is often used in contrast to "New World wine" which refers primarily to wines from New World wine regions such as the United States, Australia, South America and South Africa. The term "Old World wine" does not refer to a homogeneous style with "Old World wine regions" like Austria, France, Georgia, Italy, Portugal, and Spain each making vastly different styles of wine even within their own borders. Rather, the term is used to describe general differences in viticulture and winemaking philosophies between the Old World regions where tradition and the role of terroir lead versus the New World where science and the role of the winemaker are more often emphasized. In recent times, the globalization of wine and advent of flying winemakers have lessened the distinction between the two terms with winemakers in one region being able to produce wines that can display the traits of the other region—i.e. an "Old World style" wine being produced in a New World wine region like California or Chile and vice versa.

"Old World" can also mean a wine style made for centuries by small winemakers intended to be consumed as a daily beverage to accompany a meal. These food and wine "pairings," so famous today (e.g. Chianti and Italian food) developed over generations by trial and error.  The small village winemaker succeeded or failed on his wine's reputation as an acceptable "table" wine, be it highly expensive or budget priced.

By comparison, "New World" wines, while also being food friendly, are created to meet the tastes of contemporary wine drinkers.  Contemporary wine drinkers, especially those in the large U.S. market, consume wine as a stand-alone beverage as much as a beverage to accompany a meal. Thus, the immediate "taste" is the overwhelming criteria by which a new-world wine is judged by the contemporary wine consumer.

Influences

The two most guiding influences of Old World style winemaking are that of tradition and terroir. The former refers to the long history of a wine region, while the latter refers to geography and the unique characteristics of a place. The centuries-old histories of many Old World wine regions have given the regions time to develop and adapt techniques that presumably best suit a particular vine growing area. These can include which grape varieties to plant, trellising methods, maximum permitted yields, as well as winemaking techniques. Over time, these traditional practices became enshrined in local regulations such as the French Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC), Italian Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC), Spanish Denominación de Origen (DO) and Portuguese Denominação de Origem Controlada (DOC) laws.

Terroir is often used to describe the aspects of a wine region such as soil, climate and topography that are often out of the winemaker's control. They are the unique attributes that, theoretically, make a Sangiovese based wine from Chianti taste different from a Sangiovese-based wine made anywhere else in the world even if exactly the same winemaking techniques are used. While wines in the New World are often labeled based on the varietal (such as Chardonnay or Tempranillo), wines in the Old World are generally labeled based on the region or place that they come from (such as Montrachet or Ribera del Duero). This is because Old World winemakers believe that the unique terroir-driven characteristics of where a wine comes from plays a more distinct role in shaping the resulting wine than the grape variety itself.

Viticulture
Viticulture in most of the Old World wine regions dates back to several hundred or even thousands of years with the Phoenicians, Greeks, Thracians and Romans establishing some of the earliest vineyards. Over centuries, these Old World wine regions have developed viticultural techniques and practices adapted around their unique climates and landscapes. Many of these practices are enshrined in local wine laws and regulations such as the French Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) regulations. One distinction between an Old World vineyard and a New World vineyard is generally the high vine density and close proximity of plantings in the Old World, which were often planted years before the use of mechanical agriculture became popular. In regions such as Bordeaux, vines were often planted  apart in rows that were also separated by  with spacing that was sufficient for pruning and harvesting being done manually. In New World wine regions like Australia, which was quick to adopt mechanical techniques, vines were often planted apart  by . While spacing between vine rows has shrunk in many Old World wine regions began adopting mechanical techniques in the late 20th century, some regions are still characterized by the high density of vines in their vineyards.

Winemaking

Old World winemaking is often terroir driven with emphasis being placed on how well the wine communicates the sense of place where it originated. For example, a winemaker making a Riesling from the Mosel will often try to highlight the unique traits of the Mosel wine region (such as its slate soils) with the wine expressing those traits in the form of minerality. In the New World, emphasis is often placed on the winemaker and the techniques used to bring out the fruit flavors of a wine (a style known as "fruit driven"). New World winemakers tend to be more open to experimenting with new scientific advances (such as the use of enzymes as an additive) while the terroir influence of Old World winemakers will often attempt to downplay the role of the winemaker and avoid techniques that may mask or distort the expression of terroir. Old World winemakers tend to be more open to use of wild, ambient yeast during the fermentation process as a part of the terroir while New World winemakers tend to favor cultured yeast strains.

Other techniques associated with Old World winemakers include higher fermentation temperatures and a period of extended maceration following fermentation where the wine can leech more phenolic compounds from the grape skins. This can create more tannic and austere wines with more layers of complexity that require longer periods of bottle aging in order to mature. In contrast, the technique of transferring the must into oak barrels during fermentation and inducing malolactic fermentation early is more commonly associated with New World wine regions and wines that are softer and mature earlier.

Regions
Eurasian wine regions with a long history of viticulture are typically classified as "Old World". These include:

 Albania
 Armenia
 Austria
 Azerbaijan
 Bulgaria
 Croatia
 Czech Republic
 Cyprus
 France
 Georgia
 Germany
 Greece
 Hungary
 Iran
 Italy
 Moldova
 North Macedonia
 Poland
 Portugal
 Romania
 Serbia
 Slovakia
 Slovenia
 Spain
 Switzerland
 Turkey

See also

European Spirits Organisation
Irrigation in viticulture

References

Wine by location
Wine terminology


Pallakae or pallakai (; singular pallake (παλλακή)) was the general name given to a concubine in ancient Greece.

Etymology
The word pallake, "concubine" is of uncertain etymology. R. S. P. Beekes has suggested a Pre-Greek origin and a connection with Latin paelex, "mistress," which is also a loanword from a non-Indo-European Mediterranean language.

Status
The status of these women was that of slaves, usually captured in war and brought back to Greece, either for the use of their captor, or to be sold. These women were allowed to be bought or sold just as any other slave in the Greek world.

One such account of this appears with Cassandra in Aeschylus' play, where she is brought to Agamemnon's palace as a mistress. She is later killed by Clytemnestra, alongside Agamemnon.

Social acceptability
The pallakai were accepted as part of Greek society. In the speech "Against Neaera", it is said:We have hetairai [prostitutes] for pleasure, pallakai for the body's daily needs, and gynaekes [wives] for the bearing of legitimate children and for the guardianship of our houses.

Literature
There are many examples of pallakai in literature and drama.

The most lengthy is the "Against Neaera" speech, in which a woman called Neaera and her husband are prosecuted for claiming citizen rights falsely for her and the children she bore to her husband. This was considered a very serious crime, especially in Athens, where citizenship was restricted to those with a citizen mother and father. The case made against her alleges that she was a pallake in Corinth and other cities, before coming to Athens. The defense speech, however, does not survive, but one such possible defense may have been that she was a mistress rather than a prostitute, which was a normal social practice.

Another such example occurs in the text "Against the Stepmother for Poisoning", a speech by Antiphon. In this speech for the prosecution, it is alleged that a woman persuaded a pallake to poison her husband.

See also
 Women in Classical Athens
Sexual slavery

References

External links
Text of the Agamemnon
Text of the Oration Against Neaera in Greek and English Athenaze, Balme and Lawall, OUP Publishing, USA, 1995

Sexuality in ancient Greece
Concubinage


Lt. Col. Samuel Mathews (1630–1660), Commonwealth Governor of Virginia, of Warwick County in the English Colony of Virginia, was a member of the House of Burgesses, the Governor's Council, and served as Commonwealth Governor of Virginia from 1656 until he died in office in January, 1660 (1659 A.S.).  There was no Royal Governorship at the time of the "Protectorate", and the Governor technically answered to the Cromwellian Parliament, although Royalist sentiment was prevalent in the colony of Virginia at this time. The former Royalist governor Berkeley arrived to replace him on March 13, 1660.

Early and family life
Samuel Mathews (Jr.) was the elder son of Samuel Matthews (Sr.) (1572-1657) and Frances Grevill West Peirsey Mathews (1590-1635). He was born at his father's plantation, Mathews Manor, later known as Denbigh, which was located on the north side of the James River at Blunt Point, the confluence of the Warwick and the James rivers in the area which later became Warwick County, Virginia (and which is now within the city limits of Newport News).

The elder Samuel Mathews was the first of the Mathews family to emigrate from England to Virginia, arriving at Jamestown by 1619. He eventually had several other land holdings, including one near Henricus and another at Old Point Comfort. Known as Colonel Mathews, the elder Samuel became one of the most prominent men in the colony. He was a member of the Governor's Council and was actively involved in conflicts with the Native Americans. In 1635, Mathews Sr. was one of the leaders of the popular mutiny that ousted Royal Governor Sir John Harvey. Upon returning to England, the elder Mathews was eventually cleared of any charges; upon returning to Virginia, he resumed service on the Governor's Council until 1644.

His father was his mother's third husband. Frances Mary Grenville or Greville was one of four women who arrived at Jamestown from Bristol, England in September 1620 aboard the ship, Supply. She first married Captain Nathaniel West, brother of Thomas West, the third Lord Delaware, who had been governor of Virginia beginning in 1610. After West died several years later, Grenville married Abraham Peirsey, a wealthy man who had purchased Sir George Yeardley's Flowerdew Hundred Plantation after his death. Peirsey died several years later. Twice widowed, but with considerable legacies, she next married Samuel Mathews St. She bore at least two boys, and this man's brother Francis Mathews (1632-1673) outlived him.

Career

The younger Samuel Mathews, as an adult, was known as Lt. or later Lt. Colonel Samuel Mathews, reflecting his standing in the local militia. In 1652, Warwick County voters elected him one of their  representatives in the House of Burgesses, which was the lower house of the legislature, alongside veteran William Whittbye, and re-elected the pair in 1653 and 1654. In 1656, shortly before his father's death and  with the consent of London authorities, Mathews was appointed to the upper house, the Governor's Council, and later that year when his predecessor Edward Digges traveled to England, became the Commonwealth Governor of Virginia, a position held until his death in January 1660.

In April 1658, mainly to signal their displeasure with Oliver Cromwell, the Burgesses ceremonially dismissed him and reelected him in a single Act. Because of his loyalty, as governor, to Cromwell, he was often assumed to be a Puritan himself, although in fact he had been known as a persecutor of the Puritan sect in Virginia in the days before Cromwell.

Personal life

Governor Mathews married about 1655, but little is known about his wife, other than some sources state she was of the Cole-Digges family. They had one son, John (b. 1659 - May 1, 1706) who married Elizabeth Tavernor on March 24, 1684. John was underage when his father died, but he initially made the Denbigh Plantation in Warwick County his home, before patenting 2944 acres on Deep Creek and building a plantation known as Blunt Point, then also representing Warwick County in the House of Burgesses. His initial guardians were Mr. Bullock, Col. Peter Jennings and Major John Smith, with Colonel Pritchard replacing Bullock, then in June 1679 William Cole was his guardian.

Death and legacy

In January 1660, shortly before the English Restoration, Matthews died in office. The Burgesses at that point simply reinstated the former Royalist Governor, William Berkeley by unanimous vote. Thus, in the view of historian Robert Beverley, Jr. writing in 1705, Virginia colony "was the last of all the King's Dominions that submitted to the Usurpation, and afterwards the first that cast it off."

Colonial Williamsburg's Ivor Noel Hume in the 1960s supervised archeological studied on the site of Mathews Manor, now located within the independent city of Newport News, Virginia. Although little remains but the foundation outline in a small park, Denbigh is on the National Park Service's National Register of Historic Places.

Further reading
 ANTIQUES, Dec 1966, Mathews Manor, Ivor Noel Hume, p 832.
 Adventures of Purse and Person, 1607-1624/5, Revised and Edited by Virginia M Meyer (1974-1981), John Frederick Dorman, F.A.S.G. 1981–1987, Pub by Order of First Families of Virginia, 1607-1624/5, 3rd Edition, 1987, Dietz Press, Inc, Richmond, VA.
 Genealogies of Virginia Families For the William & Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine, Vol III, Gen Pub Co, Baltimore.
 Biographical Directory of American Colonial and Revolutionary Governors 1607–1789, John W Raimo, Meckler Books, A Division of Microform Review, 520 Riverside Ave., Westport, CT 06880
 Gone to Texas, W Wayne Rogers, Bloomington, Ill, 1978

References

External links
Mathews Manor site

1630 births
1660 deaths
Colonial governors of Virginia
People from Warwick County, Virginia
British North American Anglicans
Mathews family of Virginia and West Virginia
Virginia Governor's Council members