The .219 Zipper cartridge was created by Winchester Repeating Arms in 1937 to be used in their lever-action Model 64 rifle. It is a 30-30 Winchester cartridge necked down to a .22 caliber bullet. Marlin Firearms also offered their Marlin Model 336 rifle (Marlin 336 Zipper) chambered for the cartridge.

While the .219 Zipper was supposed to compete against other varmint cartridges of the time, most lever-action rifles use tubular magazines, which prohibit the use of pointed bullets. This led to problems with accuracy. Winchester stopped producing .219 Zipper ammunition in 1962, Remington Arms stopped production of the cartridge soon afterwards. The .219 Zipper is the parent case of the .219 Donaldson Wasp, and P.O. Ackley created the .219 Zipper Improved in 1937.  Leslie Lindahl's Chucker and Super-chucker and "wildcat" case modifications by Hervey Lovell, Lysle Kilbourne, and W. F. Vickery offered similarly superior ballistics in stronger single-shot and bolt actions.

Though the flat- or round-nosed slug causes rapid loss of velocity, the .219 Zipper is suitable for small game or varmints, including wolf or coyote, and even deer if loaded with a heavier 55 grain bullet. It works well in guns designed to fire rimmed ammunition, such as rebarreled Steyr-Mannlicher M1895s or Lee–Enfields, but not in Mauser-type actions, which are not, although Winchester's Model 70, also a Mauser-type action, had been successfully adapted to semi- and fully-rimmed cartridges, such as the .220 Swift and the .219 Zipper.

Note
The ballistics data in the infobox are for maximum loads, as determined by the writers for Accurate Arms. This was based upon the Winchester Model 64 rifle being chambered in .25-35 WCF and .30-30 Winchester rather than SAAMI specifications.

See also
List of rifle cartridges

Notes

References
Barnes, Frank C., ed. by John T. Amber. ".219 Zipper", in Cartridges of the World, p. 9. Northfield, IL: DBI Books, 1972. .

External links
 219 Zipper Improved
 The .219 Zipper: A Good Cartridge That Didn’t Quite Pan Out

Pistol and rifle cartridges
Rimmed cartridges
Winchester Repeating Arms Company cartridges


Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya  (14 October 1924 – 6 August 1997) was an Indian writer. He was one of the pioneers of modern Assamese literature. He was the first ever Assamese writer to receive the Jnanpith Award, which was awarded to him in the year 1979 for his novel Mrityunjay (Immortal), followed by Indira Goswami in 2001. He was also a recipient of Sahitya Akademi Award in Assamese in 1961 for his Assamese novel Iyaruingam, which is considered a masterpiece of Indian literature. In 2005, a translation of the work published by Katha Books with the title Love in the Time of Insurgency was released. Another famous novel written by Bhattacharya is Aai (Mother).

He was the President of Asam Sahitya Sabha (Assam Literary Society) during 1983-1985. In 1997, Bhattacharyya died due to a brief illness at the private college hospital in Guwahati.

Editor of 'Ramdhenu'

Dr Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya earned the respect of the entire Assamese modern literary sphere for playing a very crucial torch-bearer's role in discovering, nurturing and promoting young literary talents in Assam from 1960s as the Editor of the historic Assamese literary journal Ramdhenu. His role as the Editor of this milestone Assamese literary journal was so prominent and effective that the entire period of its publication in the mid-20th century in Assam is still referred as revered as Ramdhenu Era of Assamese literature. This Ramdhenu Era is deemed to be the golden era of in the long journey of the modern Assamese literature.

All the major discoveries of Dr Bhattacharya during the famous Ramdhenu Era are deemed to be the top Assamese and Indian litterateurs of the second half of the 20th century, and their reign writ large over the social conscience of the Assamese nationhood in the early decades of the 21st century. His most prominent literary discoveries of during the Ramdhenu Era who left undeniable mark in different domains of Assamese literature during the next half century and more till the dawn of 21st century are Lakshmi Nandan Bora, Bhabendra Nath Saikia, Saurav Kumar Chaliha, Navakanta Barua, Bhabananda Deka, Nirmal Prabha Bordoloi, Padma Barkataki, Homen Borgohain, Hiren Bhattacharya, Chandraprasad Saikia, Nilmoni Phukan Sr, Hiren Gohain, Mamoni Raisom Goswami and several others. Even after Ramdhenu stopped publication, Dr Bhattacharya remained active as the leading Indian literary critic, and continued his mission of discovering extraordinary literary talents in Assam. He used to write literary criticism and reviews of much younger authors till the mid-1980s, if he found unparalleled literary works having bright promise to emerge as influential writers in the next few decades. His penultimate literary discovery was a school student named Arnab Jan Deka, about whose first published book Ephanki Rhode('A Stanza of Sunlight'), published during his school-student days as 10th standard matriculate in 1983, Dr Bhattacharya wrote his swan-song critical literary article, which was published in a literary journal Gandhaar in 1987. Through such magnanimity and impartial literary credentials, Dr Bhattacharya became part of legend and folklore in the domain of Indian literature during his lifetime. His gift of discovering extraordinary literary talents and further acts of selfless promotion of such genuine such writers made his a part of legend and folklore during his lifetime.

Works

Novels
 Dhanpur Lashkar (1986)
 Rajpathe Ringiay (1957)
 Aai (1958)
 Iyaruingam (1960) - Sahitya Akademi Award winning novel
 Sataghni (1964)
 Mrityunjay (1979)  - Jnanpith award winning novel
 Pratipaad
 Ranga Megh
 Billari
 Daaini
 Love in the Time of Insurgency
 Blossoms in the Graveyard

Other works
 Kolong Aajiu Boi (1962) - collection of short stories
 Satsori (1963) - collection of short stories
 published some poems in the magazine Jayanthi.

See also
 List of Indian writers

References

External links
 Birendra Kumar Bhattacharyya Profile

Asom Sahitya Sabha Presidents
Recipients of the Jnanpith Award
Writers from Northeast India
Novelists from Assam
Indian male novelists
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Assamese
People from Jorhat district
1924 births
1997 deaths
Cotton College, Guwahati alumni
Gauhati University alumni
20th-century Indian novelists
20th-century Indian male writers
Assamese-language writers
Writers from Assam
People from Assam Province


The United States Army Installation Management Command (IMCOM) is a support formation of the United States Army responsible for the day-to-day management of Army installations around the globe. Army garrisons are communities that provide many of the same types of services expected from any small city. IMCOM is a major subordinate command of U.S. Army Materiel Command (AMC). IMCOM is headquartered at Fort Sam Houston.

History
IMCOM was activated on 24 October 2006, to reduce bureaucracy, apply a uniform business structure to manage U.S. Army installations, sustain the environment and enhance the well-being of the military community. It consolidated three organizations under a single command as a direct reporting unit:

The former Installation Management Agency (IMA)
The former Community and Family Support Center, now called Family and MWR Programs, which was formerly a subordinate command of IMCOM.
The former Army Environmental Center, now called the Army Environmental Command (AEC), which is a subordinate command of IMCOM.

Prior to IMCOM, the Army's 184 installations were managed by one of 15 Major Commands. Support services varied – some provided better services, some provided worse. In September 2001, Army Secretary Thomas E. White introduced the Transformation of Installation Management (TIM), formerly known as Centralized Installation Management (CIM), pledging the Army would implement better business practices and realign installation management to create a more efficient and effective corporate management structure for Army installations worldwide. On 1 Oct. 2002, the Army formed IMA as a field operating agency of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management (ACSIM) as part of an ongoing effort to realign installations.

Many of the issues with the 15 major commands) holding responsibility for base support was that the structure created many inequities throughout the Army. There were no common standards, consistent services, or an acutely managed infrastructure. This created an environment where funding was often diverted from installation support to operations. Additionally, there were too many military personnel conducting garrison support operations rather than mission duties. The creation of IMCOM was a commitment to eliminate these inequities, focus on installation management and enhance the well-being of soldiers, families, and civilians.

Centralizing installation management was a culture change in the Army; working through the transfers of personnel and funding issues was difficult. In a large organizational change, IMCOM became the Army’s single agency responsible for worldwide installation management, managing 184 Army installations globally with a staff of 120,000 military, civilian and contract members across seven regions on four continents.

Total Army Strong
Originally named "The Army Family Covenant" in 2007, Army leaders undertook a long-term commitment to resource and standardize critical support programs for Soldiers, their families and civilians. The covenant was focused on specific programs which commanders couldn't change. The focus was:
 Standardizing and funding existing family programs and services
 Increasing accessibility and quality of healthcare
 Improving Soldier and family housing
 Ensuring excellence in schools, youth services, and child care
 Expanding education and employment opportunities for family members

In 2014, the program was renamed "Total Army Strong" and commanders were given the flexibility of tailoring local programs best suit their communities.

The Army Family Covenant is the Army’s statement of commitment to provide high quality services to Soldiers – Active component or Reserve components, single or married, regardless of where they serve – and their Families.

The Installation Management Command supports the Total Army Strong and provides a set of tools Soldiers and Army Families can use to locate and access the facilities and services they need.

IMCOM Directorates
The directorates administered by the United States Army Installation Management Command are:

 IMCOM Training
 IMCOM Readiness
 IMCOM Sustainment
 IMCOM Europe
 IMCOM Pacific

List of commanding generals

References

External links

 Government

 General information

2006 establishments in Virginia
Military units and formations established in 2006
Organizations based in San Antonio
United States Army Materiel Command


The accordion is in a wide variety of musical genres, mainly in traditional and popular music.  In some regions, such as in Europe and North America, it has become mainly restricted to traditional, folk and ethnic music. Nonetheless, the button accordion (melodeon) and the piano accordion are widely taught and played in  Ireland, and have remained a steady fixture within Irish traditional music, both in Ireland and abroad, particularly in the United States and Great Britain. Numerous virtuoso Irish accordion players have recorded many albums over the past century or so; the earliest Irish music records were made in the 1920s, in New York City, by fiddler and Sligo immigrant Michael Coleman, widely considered to have paved the way for other traditional musicians to record themselves. Accordions are also played within the music of Scotland, as well as other Celtic styles, such as the musical traditions of Northumberland, Galicia, Cornwall and Brittany.

In northern Europe and Scandinavia, despite these musical traditions being somewhat fiddle-heavy, accordions may still be heard from time to time in the music of Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden and the Baltic states; the sound of accordion and fiddle played together has been said to be complementary.

In other regions, such as México and Latin America, the instrument is very popular in genres like Norteño, banda, and corridos; in Brazil, it is a fixture in popular music styles, such as Sertanejo and Forró.

In art music, it is used in jazz, an important exponent having been the North American accordionist Frank Marocco, and in transcriptions from the operatic and light-classical music repertoire.

Use in traditional music

After the invention of the accordion in 1829, its popularity spread throughout the world, in no small measure due to the polka craze. "Once the polka became a craze in Paris and London during the spring of 1844, it diffused rapidly to the rest of the world. . . . In March 1844, polka-mania took Paris: common people, servants, workers and, one assumes, anyone else who wasn't too stuffy were dancing the polka in the streets of the capital and soon in Bordeaux and other French cities as well. A week or so later it took London by storm. And from these two great centers of fashion, empire, and influence, the polka diffused rapidly upward into the rest of French and English society and outward to the rest of the world."

Except for a brief moment in time during the 1830s and 1840s when the accordion was heard by French aristocracy during Salon music concerts, the instrument has always been associated with the common people. The accordion was spread across the globe by the waves of Europeans who emigrated to various parts of the world in the late 19th century and early 20th century.

The mid-19th-century accordion became a favorite of folk musicians for several reasons: "The new instrument's popularity [among the common masses] was a result of its unique qualities. Firstly, it was much louder than all the older folk instruments put together. It could easily be heard in even the wildest pub above the stomping of dancing feet. It was also the prototype of a 'one man band' with bass and chords on the left-hand side and buttons for the melody on the right, and you could still sing along and beat the rhythm with your feet. The instrument needed no tuning and was always ready to play, but the most ingenious thing about the early one-row squeezebox was that you couldn't play it really badly. Even if you lost the melody it still sounded fine."

Since its invention, the accordion has become popularly integrated into a lot of varying traditional music styles all over the world, ranging from the European polka and the Colombian Vallenato to Korean trot music. See the list of traditional music styles that incorporate the accordion. Although rarely seen, many early bigband (swing bands like Glenn Miller's) scores have the Piano part marked "Piano/Piano Accordion"

Sometimes, certain traditional music styles may even be tied to a certain type of accordion, like the Schrammel accordion for Schrammelmusik, the Trikitixa for Basque music, or the diatonic button accordion in Mexican conjunto and norteño music. It would be hard to name one country in which the accordion did not play a significant role in its music tradition. It has even been idealized in literature.

Use in popular music

The accordion was heard frequently in popular music beginning around 1910 until about 1960. With rise of the popularity of the guitar (in particular the electric guitar) and rock music, the popularity of the accordion in pop music in Europe and North-America declined strongly. In some countries however, such as Brazil and Mexico, the accordion continues to be a fixture in pop music and its popularity is undiminished.

This half century is often called the "Golden Age of the Accordion." Three players, more than any others, inaugurated this era of popularity for the instrument, all Italian immigrants to the United States: Pietro Frosini, and the two brothers Count Guido Deiro and Pietro Deiro. All three players were celebrities on the Vaudeville circuits and performed throughout North America, Europe and Australia during the age of Vaudeville. They recorded hundreds of 78 RPM records for the Victor Talking Machine Company, Columbia Records, Decca Records, Edison Records and Cylinders, and other labels. Guido Deiro was the most successful and famous accordionist during the 1910s and 1920s, and lived a life filled with celebrity, luxury, fast cars, and fast women. Many popular bands, such as the Paul Whiteman Orchestra, employed staff accordionists.

After most Vaudeville theaters closed during the Great Depression, accordionists still found work during the 1930s teaching and performing for radio. Charles Magnante is considered one of the greatest American popular accordionists. At the peak of his career, he played 30 live radio broadcasts and eight studio sessions each week. Another great popular American accordionist was Dick Contino, who toured with the Horace Heidt Orchestra and was billed as the "world's greatest accordion player." He appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show a record 48 times. In addition, John Serry, Sr. achieved national recognition on tour with Shep Fields and His Rippling Rhythm jazz orchestra during the 1930s, concertized on the CBS radio and television networks in the 1940s and 1950s and appeared in the Broadway Theatre during the 1950s and 1960s.

During the 1950s through the 1980s the accordion received great exposure on television with performances by Myron Floren—the accordionist with Lawrence Welk—on the Lawrence Welk Show. However, with the advent of rock 'n roll and the generation gap in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the accordion declined in popularity, as the younger generation considered it "square"— epitomizing the light-hearted music of their parents and grandparents.

In European and North American (outside of Mexico), in contemporary mainstream pop music (see youth culture), the use of the accordion is usually considered exotic or old-fashioned. Nevertheless, some popular acts do use the instrument in their distinctive sounds, and a 2014 Los Angeles Times article reports that the instrument is growing in popularity locally. (See the list of popular music acts that incorporate the accordion.)
Since the late 19th century, Tejano music has emerged as one of the leading genres for the instrument in America. Pioneers such as Narciso Martínez gave the instrument staple in the cultural music of Mexican American people. Central to the evolution of early Tejano music was the blend of traditional forms such as the Corrido and Mariachi, and Continental European styles, such as Polka, introduced by German and Czech settlers in the late 19th century. In particular, the accordion was adopted by Tejano folk musicians at the turn of the 20th century, and it became a popular instrument for amateur musicians in Texas and Northern Mexico.

The accordion has been a primary instrument in Mexican music. It is mostly associated with Norteño music, which has become one of the most popular music genres in Mexico since the 1990s, but the instrument is also featured in other genres such as Cumbia. Ramon Ayala is arguably the best-known accordion player in Mexico; nicknamed the "King of the accordion", Ayala has recorded over 113 albums since the 1960s.

Additionally, the accordion became a fixture in merengue music, a genre that is representative of the Dominican Republic.

In some countries, such as Brazil, the accordion is a fixture in mainstream popular music (evidenced by mainstream groups such as Falamansa, Michel Teló, Avioes do Forró). The instrument is commonly learned by teenagers and enjoys a popularity comparable to the guitar. In some regions (such as the North-East, where it is called sanfona), the accordion surpasses the guitar in popularity among the youth. In Brazil, however, the accordion uses normally a very dry tuning, which dissociates it from the wetter sound found in European folk music.

The instrument was also used in the Disney song "Whale of a Tale" from 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, as well as Donald Duck's song, "Quack Quack Quack". It was used in a Christmas setting for the song "Nuttin' for Christmas".

The composer Tomohito Nishiura frequently uses the accordion in the Professor Layton series of games, for example in "Laboratory" or "Don Paolo's Theme". However, when 'Live Versions' of the soundtracks are released, the accordion is occasionally replaced (such as in "London 3" from Professor Layton and the Unwound Future). Every 'theme' for a game uses the accordion in some capacity.

It is a traditional instrument in Brazilian music, specifically baião of the northeast. Luiz Gonzaga is called the king of baião.

The accordion is featured heavily in traditional Egyptian music, particularly baladi styles.

Various folk metal and viking metal bands, such as Finsterforst, Finntroll, and Turisas that have formed in the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century feature accordions.

Use in classical music

Although the accordion is best known primarily as a folk instrument, it has been used with increasing frequency by classical composers. The earliest surviving concert piece written for the accordion is , written in 1836 by Miss Louise Reisner of Paris, an accordionist and amateur composer.

The Russian composer Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky included four optional single-action diatonic accordions in his Orchestral Suite No. 2 in C Major, op. 53 (1883), simply to add a little color to the third movement: Scherzo burlesque.

The Italian composer Umberto Giordano included the single-action diatonic accordion in his opera Fedora (1898). The accordionist appears on-stage—along with a folk-trio consisting of a piccolo player and triangle player—three times in the third act (which is set in Switzerland), to accompany a short and simple song which is sung by a little Savoyard (Alpine shepherd).

In 1915, the American composer Charles Ives included a chorus of diatonic accordions (or concertinas)—along with two pianos, celesta, harp, organ, zither and an optional theremin—in his Orchestral Set No. 2. The accordion part—written for the right-hand only—consists of eighteen measures at the very end of the eighteen-minute-long three-movement work. All the above works were written for the diatonic button accordion.

The first composer to write specifically for the chromatic accordion (able to play all 12 notes of the chromatic scale) was Paul Hindemith. In 1921 he included the harmonium in Kammermusik No. 1, a chamber work in four movements for twelve players, but later rewrote the harmonium part for accordion. Other German composers also wrote for the accordion.

In 1922, Austrian composer Alban Berg included a short on-stage accordion part in his landmark opera Wozzeck, Op. 7. The instrument—marked Ziehharmonika bzw. Akkordeon in the score appears only during the tavern garden (wirthausgarten) scene, along with an on-stage (Bühnenmusik) ensemble consisting of two fiddles (violins tuned up a tone), one clarinet in C, one guitar and one bombardon in F (or bass tuba), to lend a touch of authenticity to the deutsche Biergarten setting.

In the halls of academe, the American concert accordionist Robert Davine played a central role in establishing one of the few major academic courses of study in Accordion Performance within the United States during the late 1950s. As the founder and Dean of the University of Denver's Lamont School of Music's Department of Accordion, Davine influenced generations of students both in the United States and the People's Republic of China where he taught Master Classes. In addition to composing a Divertimento for Flute, Clarinet and Accordion , Davine is credited with concertizing and recording extensively within a variety of classical orchestral ensembles including: symphonic orchestras, chamber orchestras as well as string quartets.

Notable composers who wrote for the accordion during the first half of the 20th century were:
 Virgil Thomson: Four Saints in Three Acts (1928)
 Sergei Prokofiev: Cantata for the 20th Anniversary of the October Revolution, op. 74 (1936)
 Paul Dessau: Mother Courage (1936) and Die Verurteilung des Lukullus (1949)
 Dmitri Shostakovich: Jazz Suite No. 2 (1938)
 Jean Françaix: Apocalypse According to St. John (1939)
 Darius Milhaud: Prelude and Postlude for "Lidoire" (1946)
 Henry Brant: All Soul's Carnival (1949)
 George Antheil—of Ballet mécanique fame: Accordion Dance for accordion and orchestra (1951)
 John Serry, Sr.: American Rhapsody (1955), to name a few.

In 1937 the first accordion concerto was written and played in Russia.

Pauline Oliveros brought the accordion into the American experimental tradition.

Free-bass accordion in classical music

Despite efforts by accordion performers and organizations to present the accordion as a serious instrument to the classical music world, the much-coveted breakthrough into the mainstream of serious musical circles did not take place until after leading accordionists more or less abandoned the stradella-bass accordion (an instrument limited to only bass and pre-set chord buttons on the left-hand manual) and embraced the free-bass accordion (an instrument which could play single pitches on the left-hand manual with a range of three octaves or more, similar to the right-hand manual). Composers found the free-bass accordion much more attractive and easier to write for as it liberated the instrument from a limited range of bass notes (only a major seventh, C to B) and the pre-set chord buttons.

Despite being invented as early as 1912, the instrument did not really become popular until the mid-20th century, when it was "discovered" by classical accordionists. The Danish accordionist Mogens Ellegaard, regarded by many as the father of the avant-garde accordion movement, described his introduction to the new accordion:

He said they heard shows with "Frosini, Deiro repertoire or folkloristic music." However, he found it was not possible to get a good education on accordion, as accordionists were not accepted at major music schools. The best soloists could hope for was playing at nightclubs on weekends.

Ellegaard continued,

Composer Ole Schmidt liked the instrument and in 1958 he composed a Symphonic Fantasy and Allegro, op. 20 for accordion and orchestra."

Symphonic Fantasy and Allegro was premiered by the Danish Radio Symphony with the composer conducting. Ole Schmidt made the following comment about the work, "I hated accordion until I met Mogens Ellegaard. He made me decide to write an accordion concerto for him."

Other Danish composers soon followed Schmidt:
 Niels Viggo Bentzon wrote Concerto for Accordion (1962–63), In the Zoo (1964) and Sinfonia concertante (1965) for six accordions, string orchestra and percussion.
 Per Nørgård wrote Anatomic Safari (1967) for solo accordion and Recall (1968) for accordion and orchestra, which was dedicated to Lars Dyremose, director of the Danish Accordion Academy.
 Karl Aage Rasmussen wrote Invention (1972)
 Hans Abrahamsen wrote Canzone (1977-8) for solo accordion.
  Steen Pade, Nørgård's student, wrote a concerto for accordion and three solo works: Excursions With Detours (1984), Aprilis (1987) and Cadenza (1987).
 Vagn Holmboe wrote Sonata, Op. 143A.

In Europe, free bass accordion performance has reached a very high level and the instrument is considered worthy of serious study in music conservatories. Modern and avant-garde composers such as Sofia Gubaidulina, Edison Denisov, Luciano Berio, Per Nørgård, Arne Nordheim, Jindrich Feld, Franco Donatoni, Toshio Hosokawa, Mauricio Kagel, Patrick Nunn and Magnus Lindberg have written for the free bass accordion and the instrument is becoming more frequently integrated into new music chamber and improvisation groups.

The Italian composer Salvatore Sciarrino (b. 1947) recently wrote a piece entitled Storie di Altre Storie, for accordionist Teodoro Anzellotti, requiring use of the free bass accordion in its instrumentation, and drawing off the keyboard sonatas of Domenico Scarlatti, the glass harmonica music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and the ballades of Guillaume de Machaut. It was well received by most European audiences and was released on a compilation disc of Sciarrino's other works on the Winter and Winter label. Young generation composers who have written for accordion include Christina Athinodorou (b. 1981) who wrote "Virgules" for Solo Accordion (2009) featuring the combined use between the stradella bass and the chromatic button system.

In the United States, the free-bass accordion is heard occasionally. Beginning in the 1960s, competitive performance on the accordion of classical piano compositions, by the great masters of music, occurred. Although never mainstreamed in the larger musical scene, this convergence with traditional classical music propelled young accordionists to an ultimate involvement with classical music heretofore not experienced.

A number of American instrumentalists did succeed in demonstrating the unique orchestral capabilities of the free bass accordion while performing at the nation's premier concert venues. In the process they encouraged contemporary composers to write for the instrument. Included among the leading orchestral artists was John Serry, Sr. A concert accordionist, soloist, composer, and arranger, Serry performed extensively in both symphonic orchestras and jazz ensembles as well as on live radio and television broadcasts. His refined poetic artistry gained respect for the free bass accordion as a serious concert instrument among prominent classical musicians and conductors of the early 20th century. In addition, his Concerto For Free Bass Accordion was completed in 1966 and illustrates the vast orchestral potentialities of the instrument.

Recently Guy Klucevsek has built a reputation on combining folk styles with classical forms and makes extensive use of the free bass. New York's William Schimmel, who composes and performs in many genres, is a leading exponent of the "quint" style free bass system and uses it extensively in tandem with the standard stradella system. Nick Ariondo, Los Angeles based accordionist/composer, has created a large repertoire for both free bass and standard stradella systems, performing throughout his career with vocalists, in solo recitals, chamber music settings and with orchestra. Opposite the Titano Accordion "quint" free bass system designed by Willard Palmer, Ariondo and the late Tommy Gumina are two artists in the United States that play a reverse "quint" free bass system (no converter, only free bass). Ariondo's "Perpetual Motion" (Paganini) video demonstrates the artistic capabilities of the free bass accordion .

In Canada several performers also contributed extensively to the acceptance of the Free Bass Accordion as a respected member of orchestral ensembles throughout North America. Among the leading performers, educators and composers is Joseph Macerollo who  has achieved widespread acclaim as an interpreter of both contemporary and classical compositions for the instrument.

Notes

References

Music Genres
Instrumental music


Sachidananda Routray (13 May 1916 – 21 August 2004) was an Indian poet, novelist and short-story writer who wrote in Odia. He received Jnanpith Award, the highest literary award of India, in 1986. He was popularly known as Biplabi Kabi (revolutionary poet) Sachi Routray.

Life
Routray was born in Gurujang, near Khurda on 13 May 1916. He was brought up and educated in Bengal. He married a Telugu princess from the royal family of Golapalli.

Routray started writing poems from the age of eleven. He was also involved in freedom struggle while in school. Some of his poems were banned by British Raj for revolutionary content. He died in Cuttack on 21 August 2004.

Works
He started his writing career through " patheya " (1st poetry) in 1932.In 1943, Routray became very famous among Odia readers when he published Baji Rout, a long poem that celebrated the martyrdom of a boatman boy who succumbed to the bullets of British police when he refused to take them in his rickety boat to cross the river Brahmani. He was a prolific poet and published as many as twenty anthologies. His Pallishri, dealing with village life in Odisha, is as successful as his poem Pratima Nayak that portrays the suffering and the predicament of a city girl. He belonged to a group of writers who called themselves 'poets of the people'.

Routray also published a few poems with religion as their theme.

"Chhota Mora Gan Ti" was written by Routray. This topic is now taught by most of the teachers in Odisha.

Awards and recognitions
 Padmashree in 1962.
 Sahitya Akademi Award in 1963 for the poetry Kabita-1962.
 Soviet Land Nehru Award in 1965.
 Jnanpith Award in 1986.
Lifetime fellowship (kendra sahitya academi) - 1988
" Mahakabi " samman-1986 - Rourkela, 1988 - Cuttack
President - Nikhil Bharat Kabita Sammelan - Kolkata (1968), Rourkela (1988)
Sahitya Bharati Award - 1997

See also
 List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Odia
 Jnanpith Award

References

External links
 Odia poetry page in Odisha Government Portal

1916 births
2004 deaths
Poets from Odisha
Indian male poets
Odia-language poets
Odia-language writers
Recipients of the Jnanpith Award
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Odia
Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education
20th-century Indian poets
People from Khordha district
20th-century Indian male writers
Recipients of the Utkal Ratna Samman


Gerodermia osteodysplastica (GO) is a rare autosomal recessive connective tissue disorder included in the spectrum of cutis laxa syndromes.

Usage of the name "Walt Disney dwarfism" is attributed to the first known case of the disorder, documented in a 1950 journal report, in which the authors described five affected members from a Swiss family as having the physical appearance of dwarves from a Walt Disney film.

The terms "geroderma" or "gerodermia" can be used interchangeably with "osteodysplastica" or "osteodysplasticum", with the term "hereditaria" sometimes appearing at the end.

Presentation

Gerodermia osteodysplastica is characterized by symptoms and features which affect the connective tissues, skin and skeletal system.

These are: wrinkly, loose skin over the face, abdomen, and extremities (hands, feet) on the dorsal sides usually worsened by chronic joint laxity and hyperextensibility; fragmented elastic fibers of the skin that are reduced in number, with disorientation of collagen fibers; osteopenia and osteoporosis, with associated fractures; malar hypoplasia (underdeveloped cheek bone), maxillary hypoplasia (underdeveloped upper jaw), mandibular prognathism (protrusion of the lower jaw and chin), bowed long bones, platyspondyly (flattened spine) related to vertebral collapse; kyphoscoliosis (scoliosis with kyphosis, or "hunch back"), metaphyseal peg (an unusual outgrowth of metaphyseal tissue which protrudes into the epiphyseal region of the bone, near the knee); and the overall physical effects and facial appearance of dwarfism with premature aging.

Other features and findings include: intrauterine growth retardation, congenital hip dislocations, winged scapulae (shoulder blades), pes planus (fallen arches), pseudoepiphyses of the second metacarpals (upper bone of the fingers), hypotelorism (close-set eyes), malformed ears,
developmental delay,
failure to thrive and abnormal electroencephalograph (EEG) readings.

Dental and orthodontal abnormalities in addition to maxillary hypoplasia and mandibular prognathism have also been observed in gerodermia osteodysplastica. Including malocclusion of the dental arches (the maxilla and mandible), radiological findings in some cases have indicated significant overgrowth of the mandibular premolar and molar roots;
hypercementosis (overproduction of cementum) of the molars and maxillary incisors; enlarged, funnel-shaped mandibular lingula (spiny structures on the ramus of the mandible); and a radiolucent effect on portions of many teeth, increasing their transparency to x-rays.

Genetics

Originally believed to be inherited in an X-linked recessive fashion, gerodermia osteodysplastica is now known to display strictly autosomal recessive inheritance. This means the defective gene responsible for the disorder is located on an autosome, and two copies of the defective gene (one inherited from each parent) are required in order to be born with the disorder. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder both carry one copy of the defective gene, but usually do not experience any signs or symptoms of the disorder.

It has been associated with SCYL1BP1.

Diagnosis

Differential diagnosis
Many features of gerodermia osteodysplastica (GO) and another autosomal recessive form of cutis laxa, wrinkly skin syndrome (WSS, ), are similar to such an extent that both disorders were believed to be variable phenotypes of a single disorder.

Several delineating factors, however, suggest that gerodermia osteodysplastica and wrinkly skin syndrome are distinct entities, but share the same clinic spectrum.

While the prevailing feature of wrinkly, loose skin is more localized with GO, it is usually systemic, yet eases in severity with age during the course of WSS. Also, as the fontanelles ("soft spots") are usually normal on the heads of infants with GO, they are often enlarged in WSS infants.

While WSS is associated with mutations of genes on chromosomes 2, 5, 7, 11 and 14; GO has been linked to mutations in the protein GORAB. A serum sialotransferrin type 2 pattern, also observed with WSS, is not present in GO patients.

But perhaps the most notable feature, differentiating GO from WSS and similar cutis laxa disorders, is the age-specific metaphyseal peg sometimes found in GO-affected long bone, near the knee. Not appearing until around age 4–5, then disappearing by physeal closure, this oddity of bone is thought to represent a specific genetic marker unique to GO and its effects on bone development.

Treatment

See also
 Ehlers–Danlos syndromes
 Progeria
 Skeletal dysplasia

References

External links

Autosomal recessive disorders
Connective tissue diseases
Abnormalities of dermal fibrous and elastic tissue
Skeletal disorders
Orthodontics
Rare diseases


The A4 is a Belgian motorway connecting Brussels and the A6 in Luxembourg. The motorway is part of E411 between Brussels and Arlon.
This motorway, the longest of Belgium (188km), is also nicknamed the "Autoroute de la Nouvelle Belgique" as opposed to the structuring axis Liège-Tournai (crossing an aging industrial zone). Indeed, the A4 connects rapidly developing centers such as Brussels and the city of Luxembourg, and it crosses economic zones full of vitality: the south-eastern suburbs of Brussels, Walloon Brabant and in particular Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Namur the new capital of Wallonia since 1986, and the country of Arlon.

See also

 Transport in Belgium

References

Motorways in Belgium


The 2008 Assam bombings occurred on 30 October 2008, before noon in markets in Guwahati city and the surrounding area of western Assam. Reports indicated as many as eighteen bombs went off, causing at least 81 deaths and 470 injuries.

Bomb attacks
Union Minister Shakeel Ahmed confirmed 10 blasts took place, however, reports did indicate the number could have been as high as eighteen. The blasts ripped apart Guwahati, Barpeta Road, Bongaigaon and Kokrajhar.

The explosions in Guwahati ripped through Pan Bazar, Fancy Bazar and Ganeshguri, which were crowded with shoppers and office goers. Three blasts occurred in Kokrajhar, with another possible grenade explosion; one in Bongaigaon and two in Barpeta Road. Indian media outlets pointed out that the blasts took place just after the Diwali holidays making the blasts even more unexpected and adding to a toll count. The bomb at Ganeshguri was planted in a car and took place about 100 meters from Chief Minister of Assam Tarun Gogoi's official residence.

In Guwahati, 41 people were killed; in Kokrajhar, 21; and in Barpeta Road, 15. On 2 November, four more succumbed to their injuries here. Three died at Gauhati Medical College Hospital, while another died at the Basistha Army Hospital. Twenty others were also in a critical condition.

Police officials added that huge amounts of explosives like RDX or other plastic explosives, like C4, have been used as a fire erupted immediately following the blasts. Timers were also speculated to have been used to execute the blasts, which were seen with timing almost to perfection as the blasts took place within a short span of 15 minutes. It was further speculated after investigations were initiated, that motorbikes may have been used. However, Assam police chief RN Mathur also said most of the bombs were "planted in cars."
In addition to the immediate casualty toll seven more people succumbed to their injuries overnight.

Immediate consequences
 Immediately following the attack the Government of Assam issued a high alert and called out paramilitary forces to control a potentially volatile situation. Security was also increased in the Jalpaiguri district following the blasts. The police and Sima Suraksha Bal (Border Security Force) were said to be keeping a joint vigilance along the Bangladesh border. The superintendent of police, Jalpaiguri, Manoj Varma, said that police had been instructed to keep around the clock vigilance over important public places in the district.
 Following the blasts, angry crowds clashed with police in some areas of Guwahati. Some people were injured in the clash and, at one point, police had to fire in the air to disperse an angry mob. It was also reported on the television media that mobs were hampering efforts by police and the fire brigade to clean up after the blasts. The mobs were seen attacking police and fire equipment. A curfew had been imposed in Guwahati and some other cities of Assam following the serial bomb blasts.
 It was also reported that members of the Assamese diaspora trying to contact relatives following the blasts faced jammed telephone networks, making it impossible to get information out of the region.
 Gauhati Medical College and Hospital where the victims are being treated have reported an acute shortage of blood. The Health Minister Himanta Biswa Sarmah has urged the people to donate blood. Asom Gana Parishad has directed the party cadres to donate blood. Several NGOs and volunteers of social organisations have come forward to donate blood and provide help to family members of the injured and those who have lost their lives.
 In response to the Tarun Gogoi government's alleged failure to protect Assam, a motley crowd attempted to storm into the state secretariat with two charred bodies from the blasts as hundreds more took to the streets in protest. The mob, shouting slogans like "Tarun Gogoi murdabad", was stopped at the gates of the seat of government by the security staff. They also demanded that "Gogoi come out and see what your failure to protect the people has caused. It has killed innocent people."

Follow up
On the same day a convoy of police cars in Assam came under fire from rebels resulting in seven police and three civilian casualties.

Consequences
A spontaneous bandh total shut down, was observed the next day at Kokrajhar on a call given by the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and the Bajrang Dal, while schools and educational institutions also remained closed in Guwahati. Only a few shops in the capital were opened and vehicular traffic was thin with most people choosing to stay indoors. BJP leader L. K. Advani, who arrived in Assam on the same morning, visited the blast site near the Deputy Commissioner's office, where he also faced a group of angry lawyers who shouted slogans saying "Advani go back." He also visited the Gauhati Medical College and Hospital and met the injured. The Union Home Minister Shivraj Patil, who was arrived later in the day, visited Kokrajhar and Barpeta. He also held a high-level meeting at the Lokopriyo Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport in the evening. Attendance in commercial areas where offices are located was thin, and in many areas shops and business establishments, particularly those in and around the blast sites remained closed. Few public transports were seen plying on the roads in the morning. The opposition Asom Gana Parishad observed a Black Day with all its leaders and cadres sporting black badges. Lawyers from both Gauhati High Court and the Sessions Court in Guwahati abstained from work and held protests outside the court premises.

A curfew was again clamped on the worst-hit Ganeshguri in the afternoon after the initial curfew was relaxed the previous evening, as an angry mob braved tight security in the presence of the city SS and went on a rampage. The police then resorted to firing blanks, injuring at least five people in the ensuing melee. The leader of the opposition and former Deputy Prime Minister Advani visited the spot just minutes before the disturbance.

On 1 November the prime minister was set to visit his home constituency to take the stock of the situation after the blasts. He would meet the Assam Governor Shiv Charan Mathur and Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi, as well as visit the Gauhati Medical College and Hospital to see the injured in the blasts.

As a result of this blast, the biggest in Assamese history, CM Gogoi moved to recruit 4,000 more police personnel in all ranks to augment the strength of the police force to over 65,000 before the end of the year as part of Assam's counter-terrorism plan. He added the necessity of such a move was predicated by having experienced 605 bomb blasts in the last eight years, each of which caused significant devastation to life and property. He added that police and other security personnel had also recovered or defused more than 5,000 bombs and grenades.

Investigation
The Union home secretary, Madhukar Gupta, said a team of National Security Guards experts from New Delhi also visited the blast sites at Ganeshguri, the deputy commissioner's office and Fancy Bazaar. When asked about the nature of the explosives, he said forensic experts were already examining the blasts sites. In regards to more paramilitary forces, saying there were already enough forces deployed, he added: "We will retain them for some more time and probably not deploy them on poll duties (in six states)." A high-level team consisting of senior Home Ministry officials also visited Assam to make an on-the-spot assessment of the situation arising out blasts.

Police said they had picked up about a dozen suspects for interrogation within the first 24 hours. An official in the police department said: "We are making good headway in our investigations and should be able to zero in on the people or groups involved in the serial bombings." Two persons from Nagaon district were arrested in connection with the attacks. Asib Mohammed Nizami and Zulfikar Ali were the owners of two vehicles in which the bombs were planted in the Ganeshguri area of Guwahati and Bongaigaon.

On 1 November, the army told the Prime Minister that it had previously intercepted a message from Calcutta one week before the incident that said: "Attack Guwahati." The army told the PM that had known about the impending terror strikes in the western Assam towns for six weeks and had tried to prevent them. Lt. Gen. B.S. Jaswal, of the GOC 4 Corps, told the PM the army had received "non-specific" information on 17 September about possible strikes in Guwahati, Barpeta Road and Kokrajhar. CM Gogoi, who heads Assam's unified command that includes the army, corroborated the message with Singh. In admitting such knowledge he added that the government did not anticipate the scale of the blasts. The government then also formed a special team, headed by the inspector-general of police (special task force), R. Chandranathan, to probe the blasts and issue a report within 30 days.

Evidence emerged that a hit-team of the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) executed the bombings in Assam. This undermined earlier claims of HuJI responsibility. Police were quoted as saying a text message sent to a local television station claiming responsibility for the bombings on behalf of the hitherto unknown Islamic Security Force-Indian Mujahideen turned out to be a hoax. Assam police investigators determined that two of the three Maruti 800s used as bombs were purchased by NDFB activists less than six weeks before the attacks. Interrogation of suspects linked to the fabrication of the car-bombs led investigators to believe that there were orders to initiate the operation by the NDFB founder-chief, Ranjan Daimary, as early as September. Daimary, believed to shuttle between Bangkok, Manila and Singapore, is said to have authorised the attacks to signal frustration with the lack of progress in talks between the NDFB and the Indian government. Following this, the Indian government decided to clamp down on the organization and other regional outfits. A ban on the NDFB, set to expire in 2008, was extended by two years. The Cabinet Committee on Security also decided to re-impose a ban on the outlawed ULFA, Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council (HNLC), however, it spared the ANVC.

On 12 November, a Bhutanese man who lived in Nepal and fought against the monarchy was arrested for aiding the Assam attacks. Tenzing G. Zangpo, a senior leader of the Druk National Congress (DNC), a formation by Bhutanese exiles in Nepal, was picked up with the "home secretary" of the NDFB, Sabin Boro, from a rented house at Japorigog in Guwahati. An unknown source was quoted as saying, "After interrogation, both of them were arrested this morning on the charge of being part of the conspiracy behind October 30 blasts." The arrest attention from Bangladesh based forces to Bhutan for the first time since the probe was initiated. Police said the DNC claimed to be a political outfit opposing the alleged discrimination of Bhutanese people of Nepali origin by the monarchy since the 1990s.

Perpetrators
Union Minister Shakil Ahmed hinted that communal riots in Assam for the preceding several days could be inter-linked to the attacks. He said that the politics of hate was a plausible reason behind the attacks.

Fresh evidence put forth by the Assam Police now suggests that the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) engineered the attacks based on orders issued by its founder and chief, Ranjan Daimary, in September 2008.

Reactions

Central reactions
Leader of the opposition, L. K. Advani, used the blasts to lambaste the ruling UPA-led government. He said: "I believe that these blasts are symbolic of the sense of insecurity in the country. This also proves the total failure of the government in combating terrorism", adding that it was likely that illegal Bangladeshi migrants in Assam, with an increasing influx of such immigrants, could be involved in the blasts.

The next day he came out again blaming illegal infiltration from Bangladesh as the main reason for the breeding of terrorism in Assam saying "I blame the state and the central government for the blasts in Assam." He continued to question the PM, "I ask the prime minister, who is elected from Assam, what his government has done after the Supreme Court's landmark judgment on the IMDT (Illegal Migrants Determination by Tribunals) Act indicating the Government of India for having colluded with external aggression. The government only incorporated all those provisions in the struck down IMDT in the Foreigners Act, which the Supreme Court declared as unconstitutional." He also visited blast sites and met injured victims at the hospitals.

Union Minister of State for Home, Shriprakash Jaiswal, also condemned the blasts and added: "The blasts will have no impact on the forthcoming Assembly elections in Mizoram. The Home Ministry has asked for a report on the serial blasts from the Assam government." He claimed that due to the sincere efforts of the ruling central coalition government, incidents of terror in the northeastern sister states had gone down by as much as 50 per cent in the last four years.

The prime minister also strongly condemning the blasts and added that his government would take all possible steps to bring the perpetrators of the attack to justice. Along with the UPA chairperson, Sonia Gandhi, were set to visit Assam on 1 November. The day before Union Home Minister, Shivraj Patil, also arrived in Assam and visited blast sites in Kokrajhar and Guwahati, as well as holding a security meeting with the chief minister, and senior police and administrative officials. He said: "We shall nab the culprits involved in the blasts. Investigations are on and we should be able to come out with something concrete."

Former Indian prime minister Atal Behari Vajpayee hinted at a call for greater national unity and what he termed a collective war on terror after the blasts.

Pan-Indian reactions
The Jharkhand government also came out strongly condemning the serial blasts, while having summoned a cabinet meeting in Ranchi for the next day to discuss the security situation in his region. Deputy Chief Minister, Sudhir Mahto, described the act as one of "cowardice" and said the state machinery had been alerted in Jharkhand following the incident. He added that he expressed confidence that the UPA government at the centre would initiate all necessary steps to rein in anti-national elements who are bent upon weakening the prevailing peace and tranquillity, while appealing to the central government to provide adequate compensation to the family members of the victims. While he also denied the fact that the militant activities were on the rise in the country at large during the rule of the UPA government, he expressed concern over the recent revelation that Hindu militants' were involved in the Malegaon incident. He said this by alluding to the fact that vested interests were keen on dividing the country by creating panic.
Vigilance was also stepped up along the West Bengal border with Assam following the blasts. Additional security forces were rushed to assist in combing operations to track down those responsible for the blasts attempting to flee from Assam through the border with north Bengal. State's Home Secretary, Ashok Mohan Chakavarty, said an alert had been sounded across West Bengal, with security tightened in the capital city. Further security arrangements were under review, particularly in the border districts where check-posts have been set up.
A senior police official in West Bengal said: "A special alert has been sounded in the region. Vehicles passing through the border with Assam are being checked." He added that surveillance had also been considerably tightened at West Bengal's international borders with Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan.

Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister, Mayawati, also strongly condemned the serial blasts, while demanding that the Prime Minister take effective measures to ensure that such incidents are not repeated.

International reactions
U.N Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, who was in India at the time of the attack, issued a statement via a spokesman expressing his deep sorrow and sympathy to the government and people of India for the loss of life and destruction caused by the attacks. He also stated that he "strongly condemns this act of terrorism in its targeting of civilians", also declaring that there can be no justification for such indiscriminate violence.

Russian President Dmitry Medvedev resolutely condemned the deadly blasts dubbing them as an "inhuman and monstrous" crime which cannot have any justification. In a message to Indian President Pratibha Patil and Prime Minister Singh, he expressed his indignation at the "barbarous" act and called for strict punishment for those responsible. He said: "I learnt with deep indignation about the series of coordinated terrorist acts in Assam, which led to the deaths of scores of innocent people. Such inhuman and monstrous in cruelty crime have no justification. Terrorists guilty of committing this barbarous act must be severely punished." The Russian Foreign Ministry also said: "The Foreign Ministry of Russia resolutely condemns the acts of terrorists. They have no and cannot have any justification. The criminals must be severely punished for their acts."

Bangladesh also strongly condemned the attack. Foreign adviser Iftekhar Ahmed Chowdhury term the attack an act of "cowardly terrorism." Adding: "We strongly condemn the bomb blast in the North-Eastern India that led to so many deaths and injuries. It is a cowardly act of terrorism. Violence cannot be a tool for the achievement of political objectives."

See also
 2009 Guwahati bombings

References

Explosions in 2008
Mass murder in 2008
Terrorist incidents in India in 2008
October 2008 events in India
October 2008 crimes
2000s in Assam
21st-century mass murder in India
Car and truck bombings in India
Terrorism in Assam
Manmohan Singh administration
Attacks on buildings and structures in India


Georg Preuß (24 April 1920 – 3 February 1991) was a mid-ranking commander in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was a convicted war criminal.

SS service
Preuß was born in Danzig. At the age of 13 he joined the Hitlerjugend and in 1937, while he was still attending school, he joined the Schutzstaffel (SS). After his graduation he applied for full-time service in the SS. In April 1939 he was accepted into the Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler (LSSAH). From August 1940 he attended the Junkerschule (SS officer training school) in Brunswick and became an Untersturmführer the following year.

From 1941 to 1943 Preuß fought with the LSSAH in the German war against the Soviet Union. He became a protégé of Jochen Peiper, who appreciated Preuß' obedience. But Preuß was unpopular among his comrades and had a reputation for sacrificing his men in combat. With the rank of Obersturmführer Preuß became commander of the 12th company in Peiper's III. Bataillon. While the LSSAH was in Italy during the late summer of 1943, Preuß became commandant of an internment camp for foreigners in Borgo San Dalmazzo, where his company was deployed. The internees were mainly Jews, which the SS had rounded up to later be deported to Auschwitz concentration camp via Drancy internment camp.

Under Peiper's command Preuß participated in the Battle of the Bulge in 1944/45. For his actions he was awarded a Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 5 February 1945. Historian Jens Westemeier considers the award for Preuß as a "bad joke", because Preuß had lost his way several times during the campaign, run into ambushes and lost half of his company. Although Preuß had not distinguished himself with autonomous decisions, which would have been a prerequisite to be considered for a Knight's Cross, Peiper recommended him by claiming that Preuß had been largely responsible for the unit's success. Peiper also claimed that Preuß had "finished" off an American soldier on the watch in close combat.

War crimes trial
In 1946 Preuß was among the SS men who were put to trial for the Malmedy massacre. He was accused of murdering American prisoners of war and Belgian civilians. One of his subordinates, Ernst Kilat, who would eventually be tried and sentenced for murder of Belgian civilians in Liège in 1948, testified in 1945 that as a company commander Preuß had ordered his men to kill all Belgian civilians the unit came across. During the Malmedy massacre trial it was shown that Preuß had not killed an American soldier in close combat, as he had claimed, but had ordered one of his subordinates to shoot a captured American pilot whose pants and wedding ring he wanted for himself. For this murder in connection with robbery Preuß was sentenced to death. His death sentence was commuted to life in prison by U.S. military governor Lucius D. Clay in 1949.

While in prison Preuß got married in 1948. His petitions for parole were repeatedly turned down, until finally granted in late 1956. Preuß was released from Landsberg Prison on 30 November 1956. He then applied for service in the Bundeswehr, but was turned down. He went on to work as an engineer in Hamburg and died on welfare.

Awards
Close Combat Clasp in Gold on 1 April 1945 for up to 60 days in close combat
Infantry Assault Badge in Silver
Wound Badge in Gold
German Cross in Gold on 1 April 1945 as SS-Hauptsturmführer in the III./SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 2 "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler"
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 5 February 1945 as SS-Obersturmführer and leader in the 10.(gp.)/SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 2 "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler"

References

Citations

Bibliography

1920 births
1991 deaths
German prisoners sentenced to death
Military personnel from Gdańsk
SS-Hauptsturmführer
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
People from the Free City of Danzig
Naturalized citizens of Germany
Waffen-SS personnel
Hitler Youth members
People convicted in the Malmedy massacre trial
Prisoners sentenced to death by the United States military


"My Coloring Book" is a song written by Fred Ebb and John Kander. First performed by Sandy Stewart in 1962 on the television program The Perry Como Kraft Music Hall, she was one of the first artists to record the work in 1962 when it was released as a single. She also included the song on her 1963 album which was also named My Coloring Book. Stewart's single charted in the top 20, and so did another 1962 single version of the song recorded by Kitty Kallen. Stewart's recording of the song was nominated for the 1963 Grammy Award for Best Solo Vocal Performance, Female and Kander and Ebb were nominated for the 1963 Grammy Award for Song of the Year. Barbra Streisand also recorded the song as a single in 1962, but it was a financial flop. She made a different recording of the work on her 1963 album, The Second Barbra Streisand Album, which was a critical success and has enjoyed enduring popularity. Many other artists have recorded and performed the song in succeeding decades, most recently Kristin Chenoweth in 2014. While not originally written for one of their musicals, the song was included in the Off-Broadway musical revue And the World Goes ‘Round: The Songs of Kander and Ebb in 1991.

Composition and early performance and recording history

Kander and Ebb originally wrote the song "My Coloring Book" for Kaye Ballard who was a close friends of the song writing duo. Ballard brought the song to the producers of the television show The Perry Como Kraft Music Hall with whom she was a regular performer. Kander and Ebb performed the song for Nick Vanoff, one of the producers of the show, who liked the song but felt the material needed a singer other than Ballard. The producers were not open to having Ballard sing the song because they felt she was a comedian and not a singer who could effectively deliver more serious material.

The producers of The Perry Como Kraft Music Hall had Sandy Stewart perform the premiere of the song on the October 31, 1962 broadcast of the television program. The critical and public response to this performance was enthusiastic, with more than 20,000 fan letters coming in for Stewart about her performance. Tommy Valando published the song with Sunbeam Music, a division of Broadcast Music, Inc., for sheet music sales at this time. Record labels and performing artists quickly lobbied Kander and Ebb for the right to record and perform the song, resulting in multiple different single recording releases in 1962. Charles Sinclair in Billboard wrote "One of the sharpest record duels in recent weeks is shaping up over the season's prettiest new ballad — a timely John Kander-Fred Ebb tune called "My Coloring Book." No less than four single versions of it reached BMW for review last week, and more are reported in the works.

The first four singles of "My Coloring Book" were all released simultaneously in the last week of November and first week of December 1962 by singers Sandy Stewart, Kitty Kallen, George Chakiris, and Barbra Streisand. Stewart's single of the work, made for Colpix Records, was paired with "I Heard You Cry Last Night" as a b-side. Record sales of her single were boosted considerably by several more performances of the song on television, including The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and The Merv Griffin Show. In January 1963 she released her album, My Coloring Book, named after the song. Stewart's version was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Solo Vocal Performance, Female in 1963. She also included the song on her 1963 album which was titled after the song.

Chakiris's single was paired with the song "I've Got Your Number" as a b side and was made with Capitol Records. Kallen's single was made for RCA Victor Records and included "Here to Us" as a b-side. Kallen's single sold very well, and by January 12, 1963, her version and Stewart's version were closely matched on the Billboard Hot 100 with Kallen placing 13th and Stewart placing 14th on the chart.

Streisand heard Stewart perform My Coloring Book on Perry Como's show, and she called Kander and Ebb the day after to ask them if she could record the song. They agreed. Her version was arranged and conducted by Robert Mersey, the song was released as Barbra Streisand's second single release in November 1962, as a double single with "Lover, Come Back To Me". Produced by Mike Berniker, and recorded before Streisand's first album sessions, the single was sent to radio. This release did not sell well, and the 1962 recordings of "My Coloring Book" by Sandy Stewart and Kitty Kallen both were more financially profitable that Streisand's version. This 1962 version was re-released as a single in March 1965 as part of the "Hall of Fame" series with the 1962 recording of "Happy Days Are Here Again". Streisand later re-recorded the song for her critically successful second album, The Second Barbra Streisand Album.

List of recordings
Kitty Kallen recorded it in 1962
Perry Como recorded it in 1963 on his album Songs I Love.
Kate Smith recorded it on her 1963 album The Sweetest Sounds.
Andy Williams released a version on his 1963 album, Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests.
Brenda Lee recorded the song for her 1963 album All Alone Am I.
Julie London included the song on  her 1963 album The End of the World
Skeeter Davis recorded it for her 1963 album Skeeter Davis Sings The End of the World.
George Chakiris recorded the song as a single with "I've Got Your Number" as B side in 1963.
Dusty Springfield recorded the song for her 1964 debut album A Girl Called Dusty.
Sarah Vaughan recorded the song for her 1964 album Vaughan with Voices.
Jane Morgan recorded it for her 1965 album In My Style.
Ethel Ennis recorded it for her 1965 album My Kind of Waltztime.
Cliff Richard recorded it for his 1965 album Love is Forever.
Aretha Franklin recorded the song in 1964, and it was released on her album Soft and Beautiful in 1969.
The King's Singers recorded it for their 1972 album The King's Singers Collection; reissued on the 2005 CD, Colouring Book.
The Anita Kerr Singers recorded the song in 1973 for the LP of the same title on the Apex label.
Mel Carter Recorded the song in 1976 as a single and reached (#47 Adult Contemporary chart)
It was featured in the 1991 Kander and Ebb musical revue And The World Goes 'Round.
Agnetha Fältskog recorded the song for her album My Colouring Book (2004).
Kristin Chenoweth recorded the song for her album Coming Home (2014).

References

1962 in American music
Songs with lyrics by Fred Ebb
Songs with music by John Kander
Barbra Streisand songs
Andy Williams songs


Elena Satine (born November 24, 1987) is a Georgian-American actress and singer. On television, she has been featured as a series regular on the Starz period drama Magic City (2012–2013), the ABC drama Revenge (2014–2015), and the Netflix space Western Cowboy Bebop (2021). She has also made appearances on superhero-themed series, portraying Mera on Smallville (2010), Lorelei on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2014), and Sonya Simonson / Dreamer on The Gifted (2017).

Early life
Satine was born in Tbilisi, capital of what was then the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (current Georgia). Her mother was an opera singer and her father worked in the textile industry. At the age of five, Satine and her family moved to Sochi, and she became a part of the Georgian pop group Nergebi, a Mickey Mouse Club-like ensemble of child performers. She toured with Nergebi throughout Eastern Europe, including an appearance on children's variety show Utrennaya Zvezda (Morning Star) and later branched off into a solo career. At age 9, Satine became the youngest performer to headline at the Kinotavr Festival.

In 1998, while accompanying her mother on a business trip, Satine snuck away to audition for Professional Performing Arts School, and earned her admission on the spot. After convincing her parents to let her study in the United States, Satine moved to New York, and graduated from PPAS at age 16. Afterwards she continued her Dramatic studies at the Moscow Art Theatre School in Russia.

Career
Satine's television debut happened in an episode of  Cold Case, playing an immigrant Russian singer. She has since appeared on TV shows including Gemini Division, CW's Melrose Place, and the season 10 Smallville episode "Patriot", in which she played Mera, the wife of Aquaman. She also appeared on ITV's Poirot, in a 2010 episode that adapted Murder on the Orient Express.

Satine was for two years part of the main cast of the Starz series Magic City. The producers tailored the role of Judi Silver for Satine following her audition to play another part. Satine appeared on a 2014 episode of ABC's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. playing Lorelei, a villainous Asgardian. She followed with another  role in the same network, Louise Ellis in Revenge. Initially a recurring guest, Satine wound up promoted to the main cast eleven episodes into the season.

In 2017 she appeared in two episodes of Twin Peaks, and played Sonya in the Fox television series The Gifted.

In August 2019, Satine was cast as Julia in a live-action version of the Cowboy Bebop series, which was cancelled after the first season.

Personal life
Satine and Tyson Ritter, lead singer and bassist of the band The All-American Rejects, became engaged in April 2013 and married on December 31, 2013.

Ritter and Satine welcomed a son in 2020.

Filmography

Film

Television

Web series

Music video

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
21st-century actresses from Georgia (country)
Expatriate actresses in the United States
21st-century women singers from Georgia (country)
Film actresses from Georgia (country)
Expatriates from Georgia (country) in the United States
People from Sochi
Actresses from Tbilisi
Television actresses from Georgia (country)


Britt-Marie Smedh (born 22 March 1955 in Solna Municipality, Stockholm County) is a former Swedish breaststroke swimmer who represented Stockholmspolisens IF. Smedh participated in the 1972 Summer Olympics, finishing 7th in the 100 m breaststroke, 10th in the 200 m breaststroke and 8th in the 4 × 100 m medley relay.

Smedh is mother to Swedish Olympic medalist Therese Alshammar.

Clubs
Stockholmspolisens IF

References
sports-reference

1955 births
Living people
Swimmers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers for Sweden
Swedish female breaststroke swimmers
Sportspeople from Stockholm County
20th-century Swedish women
Stockholmspolisens IF swimmers


The 1899–1900 FA Cup was the 29th staging of the world's oldest association football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (more usually known as the FA Cup), and the last to be held fully in the 19th century. The cup was won by Bury, who defeated Southampton 4–0 in the final of the competition, played at Crystal Palace in London.

Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played.

Calendar
The format of the FA Cup for the season had a preliminary round, five qualifying rounds, three proper rounds, and the semi-finals and final.

First round proper
The first round proper contained sixteen ties between 32 teams. 17 of the 18 First Division sides were given a bye to this round, as were The Wednesday and Bolton Wanderers from the Second Division, and non-league Southampton, Bristol City and Tottenham Hotspur. Glossop, along with all the other Second Division sides, were entered into the Third Qualifying round. Of those sides, only Grimsby Town, Walsall and Leicester Fosse qualified to the FA Cup proper. Seven non-league sides also qualified.

The matches were played on Saturday, 27 January 1900. Six matches were drawn, with the replays taking place in the following midweek fixture. One match went to a second replay, played the following week.

Second round proper
The eight second-round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 10 February 1900, although only three games were played on this date. The other five games were played the following Saturday. There were three replays, played in the following midweek fixture.

The Southampton v. Newcastle United match was originally played on 10 February but was abandoned after 55 minutes due to a heavy snowstorm.

Third round proper
The four quarter final matches were scheduled for Saturday, 24 February 1900. Three of the four matches were replayed in the following midweek fixture, with the Millwall Athletic – Aston Villa match going to a second replay the following week.

Semifinals

The semi-final matches were both played on Saturday, 24 April 1900. Both matches went to replays, played the following Wednesday or Thursday. Bury and Southampton came through the semi-finals to meet in the final at Crystal Palace.

Replay

Replay

Final

The final took place on Saturday, 21 April 1900 at Crystal Palace.  Just under 69,000 supporters attended the match. Jasper McLuckie opened the scoring for Bury after about 9 minutes. Willie Wood doubled the advantage seven minutes later, before McLuckie added a third seven minutes after that. Jack Plant scored the fourth and final goal in the eightieth minute, to cap a good victory for the northern side.

Match details

See also
FA Cup final results 1872-

References
General
Official site; fixtures and results service at TheFA.com
1899-1900 FA Cup at rsssf.com
1899-1900 FA Cup at soccerbase.com

Specific

1899-1900
1899–1900 in English football
FA


The 1914–15 FA Cup was the 44th season of the world's oldest association football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (more usually known as the FA Cup), and the last to be held before the cancellation of all football competitions since due to World War I. Sheffield United won the competition for the third time, beating Chelsea 3–0 in the final at Old Trafford, Manchester.

Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played.

Calendar
The format of the FA Cup for the season had two preliminary rounds, six qualifying rounds, four proper rounds, and the semi-finals and final.

First round proper
36 of the 40 clubs from the First and Second divisions joined the 12 clubs who came through the qualifying rounds. Four sides, Lincoln City, Nottingham Forest, Leicester Fosse and Glossop were entered instead at the Sixth Qualifying Round. Of these, only Leicester went out at the qualifying stages, while the other three and nine non-league clubs won through.

Sixteen non-league sides were given byes to the First Round to bring the total number of teams up to 64. These were:

32 matches were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 9 January 1915. Six matches were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture.

Second round proper
The 16 Second Round matches were played on Saturday, 30 January 1915. Three matches were drawn, with the replays taking place in the following weekend fixture. One of these was again drawn, and a second replay was played, again at the following Saturday.

Third round proper
The eight Third Round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 20 February 1915. There were two replays, played the following week, of which one went to a second replay in the following midweek fixture.

Fourth round proper
The four Fourth round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 6 March 1915. There were two replays, played a week later.

Semi-finals

The semi-final matches were played on Saturday, 27 March 1915. Sheffield United and Chelsea won and went on to meet in the final.

Final

The final took place on 24 April 1915 and was contested by Sheffield United and Chelsea. It was the last FA Cup final to be staged before competitive football was abandoned in Britain because of the First World War. The match was moved from its pre-war location of Crystal Palace in south London to Old Trafford in Manchester to avoid disruption to travel in and around London.

Match details

See also
FA Cup Final Results 1872-

References
General
Official site; fixtures and results service at TheFA.com
1914-15 FA Cup at rsssf.com
1914-15 FA Cup at soccerbase.com

Specific

1914-15
FA
FA


The 1919–20 FA Cup was the 45th season of the world's oldest association football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (more usually known as the FA Cup), and the first since the cancellation of all football competitions due to the First World War. Aston Villa won the competition, beating Huddersfield Town 1–0 in the final at Stamford Bridge, London.

Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played.

Calendar
The format of the FA Cup for the season had two preliminary rounds, six qualifying rounds, four proper rounds, and the semi-finals and final.

First round proper
42 of the 44 clubs from the First and Second divisions joined the 12 clubs who came through the qualifying rounds. Two sides, Port Vale and Rotherham County were entered instead at the sixth qualifying round. Rotherham County were newly elected to the Football League due to its expansion in the 1919–20 season, while Port Vale were entered into the League after eight games, following the failure of Leeds City. Port Vale came through the qualifier, while Rotherham went out.

Ten non-league sides were given byes to the first round to bring the total number of teams up to 64. These were:

Southampton
Millwall
Queens Park Rangers
Crystal Palace
Swindon Town
Plymouth Argyle
Reading
Portsmouth
Brentford
Cardiff City

32 matches were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 10 January 1920. Eight matches were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture.

Second round proper
The 16 Second Round matches were played on Saturday, 31 January 1920. One match was drawn, with the replay taking place in the following midweek fixture.

Third round proper
The eight Third Round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 21 February 1920. There were no replays.

Fourth round proper
The four Fourth round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 6 March 1920. There were no replays.

Semi-finals
The semi-final matches were played on Saturday, 27 March 1920. Aston Villa and Huddersfield Town won and went on to meet in the final.

Final

The Final, the first since the end of the First World War, was contested by Aston Villa and Huddersfield at Stamford Bridge. Aston Villa won 1–0, with the goal coming in extra time from Billy Kirton.

Match details

See also
FA Cup Final

References
General
Official site; fixtures and results service at TheFA.com
1919-20 FA Cup at rsssf.com
1919-20 FA Cup at soccerbase.com

Specific

1919-20
FA
Cup


Wests Bulldogs may refer to:

Western Bulldogs, club in the Australian Football League
Wests Rugby, club in the Queensland Premier Rugby competition
Western Districts Australian Football Club, which used to compete in the AFL Queensland State League


U-N-I (short for "U-N-I To The Verse") are a hip hop duo from Inglewood, Los Angeles, consisting of Y-O (born Yonas Semere Michael) and Thurzday (born Yannick Koffi).

History
Y-O and Thurzday met in 1999 at St. Bernard High School in Westchester, California. They were originally part of a four-man group, the Rap-Ture Kamp, along with fellow St. Bernard student Ablaze and local producer Unjust Ant. This crew released two mixtapes, Rap-Ture Kamp Unleash, Volume 1 and Jacking Beats. After graduation in 2006 they split from the Kamp and formed U-N-I, the name inspired by The Roots' 1996 album Illadelph Halflife. Thurz stated "To us, it's a first person statement. Myself and Y-O, U-N-I-verse, ain't nobody against us. It also stands for being universal and not being boxed into one sound."

Y-O is the mohawk emcee whose name "Yonas" translates to "Soldier" in his native Ethiopian and he moved from Seattle, Washington to Inglewood, California in 1996. Thurzday is a descendant of both Côte d'Ivoire and Belize, taking his moniker from his last name "Koffi" which translates in Ghana's native language of Akan to "boy born on Friday."

2007-2008
U-N-I who profess to be die hard sneaker aficionados flipped The Wu-Tang Clan's "C.R.E.A.M" into the 2007 hit song "K.R.E.A.M." (Kicks Rule Everything Around Me) which to date has received 430,000 hits on YouTube. That same year the duo released their satirically titled street album Fried Chicken & Watermelon which contained 14 songs including the single "Beautiful Day" and "Phat Girls," an ode to bigger women. “Beautiful Day” has received over 1.2 million views on YouTube, and garnered international acclaim from as far as the Czech Republic, Belgium and Germany.  The duo soon became a staple on the urban and alternative blogosphere and received 5.5 million profile views on Myspace. Subsequently, they were signed by ICM Agency and opened up for artists including Lupe Fiasco, 50 Cent, Mos Def, Talib Kweli, Wale, Ludacris, Busta Rhymes, The Roots and Redman. They were named "Best Breakout LA Artist" at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, featured in URB Magazine's “NEXT 100” & “NEXT 1000,” XXL Magazine's “New Kids in Town,” Billboard Magazine's “Acts to Watch,” The Source Magazine's “Unsigned Hype” & “Off the Radar,” Time Out New York's “The Volume,” MTVu's “The Hot Seat,” BET.com's “Rookies of the Year” and ending up on the “SoundBoard” of The Los Angeles Times while serving as the official hosts of MTV's “Sucka Free” - on the strength of their observant, life-affirming rhymes that revolved around everything from limited-edition sneakers to cosmic existentialism and old-school video games to musings on life and actress Lauren London.

In October 2008 their rendition of "Stakes is High" was featured on The Honor Roll Mixtape (DJ Mick Boogie) while the remix to "Beautiful Day" featured Big Pooh and Evidence of Dilated Peoples. In February 2009 to set the precedent for their second album “A Love Supreme” the duo released the mixtape "Before There was Love" (DJ Mick Boogie) featuring collabs with Talib Kweli, Aloe Blacc, Fashawn, Mickey Factz, Evidence, and Kes Kaos.

2009-2010
In February 2009 while promoting the debut LP A Love Supreme they were featured in UK's Dazed & Confused Magazine where music editor Tim Noakes said, “They are the youthful epitome of colour and cadence.”
In Summer 2009 they secured a record deal with Mountain Dew’s Green Label Sound for the release of the single “Land of the Kings.” Their music videos for "Beautiful Day," "Soul Hop" “Lately” f/ Miguel, “Windows,” “Black Sky” and “Land of the Kings” all went into rotation on MTV Jams, MTVu, Sucka Free and MTV2. In Fall 2009 they headed out on a successful nationwide tour with Warren G, Kidz in the Hall Curtains and Theo Martins.

In March 2010 they released the follow-up to their LP A Love Supreme 2.0 which contained 5 new tracks as well as a remixes with Evidence, Bun B and Jive Recording R&B Artist Miguel

The duo have been credited with reviving the "true essence" of hip-hop, rejecting the Gangsta rap style that had become common. In 2007 Billboard Magazine said the duo were “born from the ashes of gangsta rap.”

Discography

Albums

Fried Chicken & Watermelon (2007)
 Introduction (1:23)
 The Launch (5:20)
 Soul Hop (3:49)
 Let Me BE (3:03)
 The Show 2007 (4:50)
 Do wit Me (4:06)
 Let Me Sing for You Skit (1:18)
 Knock on Wood (4:12)
 Fat Girl (4:41)
 The Proposal (4:03)
 Castlevania (3:55)
 LapDance (4:07)
 Beautiful Day (2:27)
 K.R.E.A.M. (4:49) (Samples C.R.E.A.M. by Wu-Tang Clan & Kick, Push by Lupe Fiasco)

Before There Was Love (2009)
 Mick Boogie Intro
 Cali Soul f/ Shawn Jackson and Hope (prod. by Dibia$e)
 See LA f/ Damani (prod. by Faahz)
 Cast' Em Out (prod. by Dibia$e)
 The Press Play Show Interlude Part 1
 On Tour f/ Bambu (prod. by Ro Blvd)
 Think About It f/6th Sense & Vandalyzm (prod. by 6th Sense)
 Half Off f/ Evidence
 Run Son f/ El Prez, 310, C-San, & Casey Veggies (prod. by Ro Blvd)
 Stakes Is High (prod. by 6th Sense)
 The Press Play Show Interlude Part 2
 Beautiful Day Remix f/ Big Pooh, Evidence, Aloe Blacc, Kes Kaos, Mickey Factz, Fashawn, & Theo Martins (prod. by Dibia$e))
 Yesterday (prod. by Ski Team)
 Hey Neighbor (prod. by Ro Blvd)
 Wildin' f/ Chen Lo & Tunji (prod. by Ro Blvd)
 The Press Play Show Interlude Part 3
 Castle Vee Re-Up f/ Black Milk (prod. by Dibia$e)
 Arcade Fly Remix f/ Wildabeast, 6th Sense, Buff1, Donny Goines, Fashawn
 Night Nurse (prod. by Cook Classics)
 Relax f/ Fashawn (prod. by FredNukes)
 Return f/Talib Kweli (prod. by Lee Bannon)
 Mainstream Consumers f/ Free Speech & Bambu (prod. by Ro Blvd)
 Monster f/ Shawn Jackson (prod. by Jaguar Skills)
 Vitamin B f/ CurT@!n$ (prod. by Lee Bannon)
 The Press Play Show Interlude Part 4
 Start My Day f/ H.O.P.E. (prod. by Ro Blvd)
 Herb f/Co$$ & Bad Lucc (prod. by Ro Blvd)

A Love Supreme (2009)
 My Life
 Windows
 Supreme
 Hollywood Hiatus
 Lately
 Pulp Fiction Part 1 (featuring Fashawn)
 The Grudge
 Voltron
 Stylin
 Hammertime
 Calendar Girls
 Lauren London
 Black Sky
 Halftime
 A Love Supreme

A Love Supreme 2.0 (2010)
 Supreme 2.0
 Land of the Kings
 Hollywood Hiatus
 The Launch 2.0
 Lately (featuring Miguel)
 My Life (featuring Kes Koas)
 Calendar Girls
 Stylin
 Windows
 Halftime
 Pulp Fiction (featuring Fashawn)
 P**y (featuring Evidence)
 The Grudge
 Land of the Kings (Remix) (featuring Bun B)
 Voltron
 HammerTime
 Lauren London
 Black Sky
 A Love Supreme

Singles

"Beautiful Day" (2007)
"Soul Hop" (2008)
"Hollywood Hiatus (Cool It Now)" (2008)
"Land of the Kings" (2009)
"Lately" f/ Miguel (2010)

See also
Los Angeles hip hop
Northwest hip hop

References

External links
Facebook
Official Blog

African-American musical groups
American musical duos
Hip hop duos
American hip hop record producers
Musical groups established in 2007
Hip hop groups from California
Musicians from Inglewood, California


Diego González Montero Justiniano was interim Royal Governor of Chile twice, from February to May 1662 following the death of Pedro Porter Casanate and again from February to October 1670 succeeding the Diego Dávila, 1st Marquis of Navamorcuende until the arrival of Juan Henríquez de Villalobos.

Sources

Royal Governors of Chile
Spanish soldiers
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown


In the Ivory Coast, a Boucantier is an artist or dancer who performs in the musical genre of Coupé-Décalé. It can also define a person who enjoys dressing in the fashion of a Coupé-Décalé artist, usually wearing similar styled clothes and jewellery.

References

Ivorian styles of music


The 2003 Ford Racing Australian Formula Ford Championship was an Australian motor racing competition for Formula Ford racing cars. It was managed by the Formula Ford Association Inc. and was recognised by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport as a National Championship. The title, which was the eleventh Australian Formula Ford Championship, was won by  Neil McFadyen driving a Van Diemen RF94.

Race calendar
The championship was contested over eight rounds with two races per round.

Round placings were based on the addition of championship points awarded in both races.

Points system
Championship points were awarded on a 20-15-12-10-8-6-4-3-2-1 basis to the first ten finishers in each race.

An additional point was awarded to the driver gaining pole position for the first race at each round.

Results

Avon Rookie of the Year
 The Avon Rookie of the Year title was awarded to Bryce Washington.

Notes
 Race 2 of Round 1 at Phillip Island was cancelled after rain left the circuit in an unsafe condition.
 Under Australian Formula Ford regulations, all cars were required to use a Ford 1600cc crossflow engine.

References

External links

Australian Formula Ford Championship seasons
Formula Ford


James Fraser Ellis (June 11, 1869 – April 3, 1937) was a physician and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Guysborough County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1904 to 1920 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Upper Stewiacke, Nova Scotia, the son of William Ellis and Margaret Fraser. He was educated at the Pictou Academy and Western University. Ellis set up practice at Sherbrooke. In 1901, he married Alice L. Stewart. He was first elected to the provincial assembly in a 1904 by-election held after John Howard Sinclair was elected to the House of Commons. Ellis married Ethel Anderson in 1907, after the death of his first wife. He was named speaker for the provincial assembly in February, 1912, serving until 1916. Ellis served in the army medical corps during World War I. He was named to the Federal Pensions Board in 1920 and moved to Ottawa. He died there are the age of 66.

References
 Allison, D & Tuck, CE History of Nova Scotia, Vol. 3 (1916) p. 696

1869 births
1937 deaths
Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs
Speakers of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly


Dayna Edwards (born 14 March 1985) is a New Zealand-born Australian rugby union player. His position of choice is prop and he currently plays for FC Grenoble in the Pro D2.  He previously played for the Queensland Reds in Super Rugby between 2007 and 2009.

References

Australian rugby union players
Rugby union props
1985 births
Living people
Rugby union players from Whanganui
Queensland Reds players


The Zoya Factor is a novel written by Anuja Chauhan, published by HarperCollins India in 2008. It is about a Rajput woman named Zoya Singh Solanki who meets the Indian Cricket Team through her job as an executive in an advertising agency and ends up becoming a lucky charm for the team for the 2011 Cricket World Cup. Chauhan started working on her debut novel in 2006, writing during her spare time. Her work on the Pepsi brand for 13 years at JWT Delhi, where she was Vice President and closely associated with cricket advertising, eventually led to cricket becoming the setting of her novel.

Plot summary
Zoya Solanki is a client service rep with an advertising agency, who loves everything about her job, especially the brand she has been put in charge of – Zing Cola (Pepsi in a fictional avatar). But when she's made to leave an ad film shoot, featuring none other than Shah Rukh Khan, and has to go to Dhaka to shoot an ad with the Indian cricket team she begins to experience her first pangs of irritation towards the brand. Making matters somewhat worse, the team captain Nikhil Khoda insists on discipline as a norm and cuts her important shoot short. This causes her to stay back a few more days than anticipated and miss the Shah Rukh Khan film shoot. When the men in blue realise that Zoya was born at the very moment India won the first and the only cricket World Cup in 1983, they are startled. What intrigues them more was when they realised that having breakfast with her is followed by victories on the field, and not eating with her results in defeat. They decide she is a lucky charm.

As luck would have it, the rag tag team has a sudden spurt of victories and soon the cricket-crazy nation declares her a goddess. Soon, Zoya is invited by the eccentric president of IBCC (Indian Board of Cricket Control, a spoof of BCCI Board of Control for Cricket in India), to accompany the team to the ICC World Cup in Australia.

Pursued by international cricket boards on the one hand, and wooed by cola majors on the other, Zoya struggles to stay grounded in the thick of the World Cup action.

And it doesn't help that she keeps clashing with the erratically brilliant new Indian skipper, who tells her flatly that he doesn't believe in luck. What follows is a love-hate relationship; attraction and antagonism. Zoya is luck-personified and she never ceases to be the lucky charm for the men-in-blue.

Main characters
 Zoya Singh Solanki- An advertising agent born on 25 June 1983, at the exact moment that India won the Cricket World Cup who lives in Karol Bagh in Delhi with her father and his three brothers' family. She hates Nikhil Khoda in the beginning but soon a romance begins to blossom between them. Whenever she eats breakfast with the Indian Cricket Team they win the following match. This prompts the board to send her to Australia with them for the Cricket World Cup.
 Nikhil Khoda- The captain of The Indian Cricket Team. Tall, dark, and handsome. He does not believe in luck and in the beginning, thinks that Zoya is a distraction to the team. He believes that hard work and determination are the key to success. He is a man of integrity who tries to protect Zoya even when he doesn't believe about her powers. He is known to often talk like a Nike ad.
 Monita Mukherjee- Zoya's best friend who accompanies her to Australia for the World Cup. She works at AWB with Zoya, is married to a banker, and has two sons, Armaan and Aman.
Vijayendra Singh Solanki– Zoya's father who is a widower. He was a lieutenant colonel in army and took premature retirement.
Zorvar Singh Solanki– Zoya's brother who works in Indian Army
Eppa– Zoya's housekeeper who is like a mom to her. She looked after Zoya and Zoravar since they were born.
Rinku Chachi and Anita Chachi– Zoya's two aunts and among them Rinku is her favourite.
 The Indian Cricket Team

Reception

The book was well received by the media. It constantly features in the Top 5 of many newspapers in India. The Asian Age ranked it No. 1 for 3 weeks when it was released. According to The Times Of India, "it is a fun read which takes the Indian chick-lit way beyond mush and smut, right to freakily naughty. Her writing is very young, very now and very funny. Her themes of cricket, love and politics are smartly topical." Apart from the novel's subject matter, cricket, that India is obsessed with, what makes the book unique in Indian publishing history is the whopping print run of 20,000 copies at the launch. "It is very unusual for any publisher in India to go in for such a huge print run for a commercial debut novel, but we were confident of The Zoya Factor right at the first time we read Anuja's manuscript," said V K Karthika, editor and publisher, HarperCollins Publishers India.

Film adaptation

The novel was optioned for a film by Shahrukh Khan's Red Chillies Entertainment production company, for a period of three years. As it didn't take off after three years, the rights were acquired by Pooja Shetty. The film is set to be released on 20 September 2019. It is directed by Abhishek Sharma and starring Dulquer Salmaan and Sonam Kapoor.

References

External links
 Giving cricket hysteria a kick on its backside, Interview, 2008 at Mint

2008 Indian novels
Novels about cricket
HarperCollins books
Indian novels adapted into films
2008 debut novels


Wim Van Diest (born 2 March 1977) is a Belgian footballer currently playing for Excelsior Veldwezelt. He played in the Jupiler League for Lommel

References

1977 births
Living people
Belgian men's footballers
K.F.C. Dessel Sport players
K.F.C. Lommel S.K. players
Men's association football midfielders
K.F.C. Diest players
People from Herk-de-Stad
Footballers from Limburg (Belgium)


Bart Vandepoel (born 30 March 1982) is a retired Belgian footballer who finished his career with Herk-de-Stad FC.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Belgian men's footballers
Standard Liège players
K.V. Mechelen players
Men's association football defenders


Jorge Elich (aged 8 as of January 31, 2008) is a young Spanish lion tamer. He holds the Guinness World Record for being the youngest lion tamer in the world. His most recent documented performance was in the Circus Paris in El Ejido, near Almeria, Spain, in January 2008. Jorge, the youngest of six siblings, took over from his ailing father when he was 5 years old.

See also
Michelito Lagravere, young Mexican bullfighter.
Rafita Mirabal, young Mexican bullfighter.

References

Living people
Spanish circus performers
Spanish children
Year of birth missing (living people)