Csodamalom Bábszínház (Magic Mill Puppet Theatre) is a puppet theater in Miskolc, Hungary. It was formed by puppeteer Tibor Korzsény in 1986 as an amateur company. The name "Csodamalom" (Magic Mill) preserves the name of Fábián Mill, the company that once operated there. The theatre was semi-official since 1988 and became official in 1992. The theater maintains 50 plays in repertoire and premiers two or three shows/year, usually a classical folk tale. Uniquely in Hungary, they play musical puppet shows, including puppet-pantomimes staged for adults, such as Pictures at an Exhibition by Mussorgsky, Bolero by Ravel and Carmina Burana by Orff.

History
In 1947 László Bod, later the director of Budapest State Puppet Theatre, tried to establish the genre in Miskolc.

In the middle 1980s, in the building known as Fábián Mill, two groups started  work. The first to perform there was a troupe led by János Czikora until 1989. The other group was the Csodamalom Puppet Theatre established in 1986 by Tibor Korzsény, who was a member of the State Puppet Theatre before, and an artist of the Tokaj Varieté.

The first performance was on 26 September 1986 under Korzsényi. It was an adaptation of Hansel and Gretel. The artists, including Anna Molnár, Valéria Egerszegi, Aszterisz Pacadisz were members of the Tokaj Varieté, except Ildikó Gyürek.

Following this, Korzsényi gathered young people interested in the genre. In September, 1990 the higher education of puppeteers was launched with twelve students, under the professional supervision of the State Puppet Theatre. The first shows' puppets were designed by Vera Bródy, and made in the workshop of the State Puppet Theatre by applied artist Emőke Szabó. The scenery was made in the workshop of the National Theatre of Miskolc under the direction of Attila Veres. Accompanying music was Miskolc, music teacher János Zoller and organist László Csabai.

The group soon outgrew its original location. In 1988 the theatre company, then the amateur puppetry of the City Cultural Centre, received a group operational permit from the National Philharmony. From 1992 the company was granted a license to work as professional theatre, and relocated to the building of the former Studio Theatre in Kossuth Street, where they established their own workshop.

Techniques

In the beginning they carried on the traditions of the State Puppet Theatre playing mainly classic puppet shows for young children.

Later, the group's professional activities became characterized by its variety of techniques and genres. Among others the group put up plays based on Roma genesis legends, but their series featuring traditional European fai puppet-show stories, or the stories of Czechoslovakian cartoons formerly very popular in Hungary. They eventually built up a unique repertoire.

Beside hand or glove puppets they make Wayang puppets, and amongst the flat-puppets cut out from paper and installed onto posts, marionettes. Puppets in the King Mátyás tales are moved with a Sicilian marionette technique, while objects transformed into real actors in Rosszcsont Peti (Naughty Peter).

Personnel

Directors
Judit Juhász: art director
Erzsébet M.Németh: director
Mária Jákfalvi, Labodáné: financial director

Puppeteers
Gáspár Zsolt Hajdú
Ildikó Heiszmann, Nívó-Prize puppeteer
Zsolt Klim
Szabolcs Károlyi, puppeteer trainee
Laura Kulcsár, puppeteer trainee
Bernadett Láng
Edit Tar
Gábor Tulipán
Tibor Oláh

Workshop
Ildikó Juhász, Barnáné: painter, puppet- and set designer
Laczy, Barna: creative co-worker
Iboly Sipos, Barnáné: administrator
Zsolt Méhes: stagecraftician
Zsoltné Dr. Máthé: janitor
Sándorné Mikle: seater
Endre Papp: repairman
Zoltán Polacsek: decorator
István Szabó:decorator
Norbert Szarka: decorator
Lajos Veres: organiser
Lászlóné Vizsolyi: cloakroom attendant
Csba István Újvári: scenic and puppet designer
György Zábrátzky: scene maker

References

Puppet theaters
Puppetry in Hungary
Tourist attractions in Miskolc
Culture in Miskolc
Theatre in Hungary


The Cincinnati Northern Railroad was a railroad that stretched from Franklin, Ohio (near Cincinnati), north to Jackson, Michigan, a distance of about . It was acquired by the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway in 1901 and the New York Central Railroad several years later. Most of the line has since been abandoned.

History
In the 1850s, a line was surveyed and partially graded from Cincinnati north to Van Wert, but construction was halted by the Panic of 1857. Construction on a north–south line through Ohio's western tier of counties did not begin again until the 1870s. The Van Wert, Paulding and Michigan Railway was incorporated in December 1874 to build a short branch from the Toledo, Wabash and Western Railway (at Cecil) to Paulding. However, the Paulding and Cecil Railway was incorporated for the same purpose in December 1879, and opened in September 1880.

Another short segment of the future Cincinnati Northern was built by the Celina, Van Wert and State Line Extension of the Columbus and North–Western Railway, incorporated in May 1878 for the purpose of building a line from Celina north to the state line in Williams County. Near the state line it would meet the Columbus and North–Western Railway, which had been incorporated in 1872 to build from Columbus to the state line in that same county, but was never constructed. The line was built to  narrow gauge to connect with the growing Toledo, Delphos and Burlington Railroad (TD&B), opening from Van Wert south to Ohio City on the TD&B in August 1879, to the Mercer County line in January 1880, and to Rockford in September 1880, for a total of . At Rockford, it connected to another TD&B branch, which had been completed from Delphos in December 1878; the TD&B finished a line (later part of the main line to Dayton) from that branch at Mercer south to Celina in November 1880. Thus the Celina, Van Wert and State Line had helped to form a line south to Celina, but it ended at Van Wert in the north.

The Cincinnati, Van Wert and Michigan Railroad (CVW&M) was incorporated in January 1881 to complete the  line, and soon leased the Celina, Van Wert and State Line and Van Wert, Paulding and Michigan. The former was converted to  on June 4, 1881, and the latter built a line that year from Van Wert north to the county line at Scott. The CVW&M itself, which bought the property of its two lessors later that year, built from Scott north to Paulding and Rockford south to West Manchester before merging with a Michigan corporation, the Jackson and Ohio Railroad (incorporated January 1884), in March 1886, to form the Cincinnati, Jackson and Mackinaw Railroad (CJ&M). That company bought the Paulding and Cecil in May 1887, and that year completed the full line from Addison, Michigan south to Carlisle, Ohio. Trackage rights were initially secured over the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad (CH&D) from Carlisle into Cincinnati in 1888, but the CJ&M also extended its line from Carlisle to Franklin in 1888, and in January 1896 changed its Cincinnati access to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway (Big Four) from Franklin to Middletown, the recently opened Middletown and Cincinnati Railroad to Hageman, and the recently standard-gauged Cincinnati, Lebanon and Northern Railway (CL&N) into Cincinnati.

The CJ&M bought a second line from the Michigan and Ohio Railroad in March 1887, stretching from Allegan past the north end of the main line at Addison to Dundee, Michigan. This line, however, was sold at foreclosure to the Toledo and Milwaukee Railroad in 1897, soon after the Jackson and Cincinnati Railway (incorporated 1895, sold 1898) built an extension north to Jackson.

The CJ&M was not a profitable enterprise, and went through a reorganization in 1892 as the Cincinnati and Michigan Railroad, immediately merging with the Michigan and Mackinaw Railroad (which had acquired the Allegan-Dundee line) to form the Cincinnati, Jackson and Michigan Railway. Throughout this period, the CJ&M attempted to convince the CH&D to acquire it by threatening to buy the CL&N and thus obtain its own line into Cincinnati. But when the CH&D tried to buy the CJ&M in the early 1890s, the CL&N protested and obtained an injunction due to a state law forbidding anti-competitive mergers. The CJ&M continued to improve its value to a potential purchaser, organizing the Dayton and Cincinnati Terminal Railroad in May 1894 to build a Cincinnati-Dayton line including a long tunnel under Cincinnati's Walnut Hills. Finding that the older Cincinnati Railway Tunnel Company owned such a franchise and an incomplete tunnel, the CJ&M bought up that company's first-mortgage bonds and forced a foreclosure, acquiring the tunnel in May 1896. The new terminal company was renamed the Cincinnati Northern Railroad in December 1894, and bought the CJ&M at its final foreclosure in July 1897. The Big Four subsequently acquired the Cincinnati Northern in 1901, and sold the unused tunnel property, as well as about  of land it had acquired for a Cincinnati terminal, to the CL&N, now owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad, in 1902.

The Cincinnati Northern was formally merged into the Big Four effective June 30, 1938. Since then, most of the line has been abandoned, with only a few short pieces still in place, mostly operated by short lines: Germantown Rail Siding from Carlisle to Germantown, R.J. Corman Railroad/Western Ohio Lines (which is owned by the R.J. Corman short line railroad company) from Greenville to Ansonia, Chicago, Ft. Wayne and Eastern Railroad at Van Wert, and Norfolk Southern Railway at Jackson, MI and Bryan, OH, and Pioneer Railcorp in Cecil, Ohio.

Footnotes

References

The Cincinnati Northern Model Railroad Club, Inc.  CNMRRC.org

Defunct Ohio railroads
Defunct Michigan railroads
Former Class I railroads in the United States
Predecessors of the New York Central Railroad
Railway companies established in 1894
Railway companies disestablished in 1938
American companies disestablished in 1938


James Keene may refer to:
James R. Keene (1838–1913), American stockbroker and owner and breeder of Thoroughbred race horses
James Keene (bishop) (1849–1919), Irish Anglican bishop
James Keene (writer), pseudonym used 1955–64 by Ida Cook and William Everett Cook when writing Western novels
James Keene (footballer) (born 1985), English footballer
James F. Keene, American music scholar

See also
James Keane (disambiguation)
Keene (surname)


Fidgeting is the act of moving about restlessly in a way that is not (socially recognized as) essential to ongoing tasks or events.  Fidgeting may involve playing with one's fingers, hair, or personal objects (e.g. glasses, pens or items of clothing). In this sense, it may be considered twiddling or fiddling. Fidgeting is commonly used as a label for unexplained or subconscious activities and postural movements that people perform while seated or standing idle.

A common act of fidgeting is to bounce one's leg repeatedly. Rings are another common focus of fidgeting; variations include ring spinning, twirling or rolling along a table. Classrooms are sites of fidgeting, and traditionally teachers and students have viewed fidgeting as a sign of diminished attention. Toys have been invented to help with fidgeting. These fidget toys include fidget spinners.

Causes and effects
Fidgeting may be a result of nervousness, frustration, agitation, boredom, ADHD, excitement, or a combination of these.

When interested in a task, a seated person will suppress their fidgeting, a process described as Non-Instrumental Movement Inhibition (NIMI). Some education researchers consider fidgeting, along with noise-making, as clear signs of inattention or low lecture quality, although educators point out that active engagement can take place without constantly directing attention to the instructor (i.e. engagement and attention are related but not equivalent). Fidgeting is often a subconscious act and is increased during spontaneous mind-wandering. Some researchers have proposed that fidgeting is not only an indicator of diminishing attention, but is also a subconscious attempt to increase arousal in order to improve attention. While inattention is strongly associated with poor learning and poor information recall, research by Dr. Karen Pine and colleagues found that children that are allowed to fidget with their hands performed better in memory and learning tests. A 2014 study also found that children with ADHD performed better on some cognitive tasks when they are engaged in "more intense [spontaneous] physical activity", although no such correlation was seen in children without ADHD.

Fidgeting is considered a nervous habit, though it does have some underlying benefits. People who fidget regularly tend to weigh less than people who do not fidget because they burn more calories than those who remain still.  The energy expenditure associated with fidgeting is called non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT). It has been reported that while individuals vary in how much they fidget, the act of fidgeting burns on average about 350 extra calories per day, which could add up to about 10 to 30 pounds (4–13 kg) a year.

Fidgeting may be a result of genetics and some are born with a propensity to be fidgety. Fidgeting can also be a medical sign, as seen in hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroid patients may be restless, become agitated easily, display fine tremors, and have trouble concentrating.

Fidget toys

There are several devices that aim to aid fidgeting, including fidget cubes, fidget spinners, fidget sticks (kururin), and fidget pens. These "fidget toys" are typically intended to help students with autism or ADHD focus better, and come with a variety of buttons and switches that can be played with by the user.

See also
 Doodle
 Proteans
 Stereotypy
 Stimming

References

Habits
Symptoms and signs of mental disorders


Anakar  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4232 people living in 722 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Acehnese or Achinese (Jawi: ) is an Austronesian language natively spoken by the Acehnese people in Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia. This language is also spoken by Acehnese descendants in some parts of Malaysia like Yan, in Kedah.  Acehnese is used as the co-official language in the province of Aceh, Indonesia. Besides Indonesian used as the official language.

Name
As of 1988, Acehnese is the modern English name spelling and the bibliographical standard, and Acehnese people use the spelling Acehnese when writing in English. Achinese is an antiquated spelling of the English language tradition.  is the Dutch spelling and an outdated Indonesian one. The spelling Achehnese originates from a 1906 English translation of the Dutch-language  by Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, 1892. In Acehnese the language is called . In Indonesian it is called .

Classification and related languages
Acehnese belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian. Acehnese's closest relatives are the other Chamic languages, which are principally spoken in Vietnam and Cambodia. The distant relative of the Chamic family is the Malayic language family, which includes languages also spoken in Sumatra such as Minangkabau as well as the national language, Indonesian.

Paul Sidwell notes that Acehnese likely has an Austroasiatic substratum.

Distribution

Acehnese language is spoken primarily in coastal region of Aceh. This language is spoken in thirteen regencies and four cities in Aceh, which are:

City
 Sabang
 Banda Aceh
 Lhokseumawe
 Langsa

North-East Coast
 Aceh Besar
 Pidie
 Pidie Jaya
 Bireuen
 North Aceh
 East Aceh (except in three districts, Serba Jadi, Peunaron and Simpang Jernih, where the Gayo language is spoken)
 Aceh Tamiang (Mostly Manyak Payet and Kuala Simpang District; the rest of the Regency speaks a variety of the Malay language)

West-South Coast
 Aceh Jaya
 West Aceh
 Nagan Raya
 Southwest Aceh (except in Susoh District where the Aneuk Jamee language is spoken)
 South Aceh (mixed with Kluet language and Aneuk Jamee)

Phonology

Oral monophthong vowels in Acehnese are shown in the table below.

In addition to the modern 26 letter basic Latin alphabet, Acehnese uses the supplementary letters è, é, ë, ô, and ö, making a total of 31 letters in its orthography.

The table below shows the Acehnese consonant phonemes and the range of their realizations.

Notes:
Syllable-final orthographic  always represents  save in certain recent loans
, , and  are borrowed sounds, and are often replaced by  and the clusters  and , respectively
The nasals , , ,  are realized as post-stopped nasals (also called "funny nasals") before oral vowels and consonants. They are distinct from the nasal-stop sequences , , , , e.g. in  'port' vs  'all'.

Grammar
Acehnese features a split ergative system. Intransitives that align with the agent of a transitive verb (Sa) always show agreement by a proclitic (1). Meanwhile, intransitives that align with the patient of a transitive verb (Sp) may optionally show agreement by an enclitic (2). Volitionality is the determining factor for whether an intransitive verb is Sa or Sp.

Writing system
Formerly, the Acehnese language was written in an Arabic script called Jawoë or Jawi in the Malay language. The script is less common nowadays. Since colonization by the Dutch, the Acehnese language has been written in the Latin script, with the addition of supplementary letters. The diacritical letters are é, è, ë, ö and ô. The sound  is represented by  and the sound  is represented by , respectively. The letter 'ë' is used exclusively to represent the schwa sound which forms the second part of diphthongs. The letters f, q, v, x, and z are only used in loanwords.

Literature
Acehnese language is rich with literature. The oldest manuscript written in Acehnese is Hikayat Seumau'un from 1658 CE. Most Acehnese literatures consist of poetic works, very little written in prose form.

Dialects
At least ten Achehnese dialects exist: Pasè, Peusangan, Matang, Pidië, Buëng, Banda, Daya,  Meulabôh, Seunagan, and Tunong.

Vocabulary

Pronouns

Numerals

Interrogative words

Sample text
The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Acehnese, along with the original declaration in English.

 Acehnese text sample:
Latin script
"."

The original English version of the text:
"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."

Gallery

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Learning Acehnese in Indonesian
 BasaAceh.org
 Learning Acehnese in English and Indonesian
 Acehnese literature resources
 Acehnese at Omniglot

 PARADISEC archive of Ache language includes three collections; MD4, MD5, and MD6. These collections focus on different varieties of Achenese.
 Listen to a sample of Achinese from Global Recordings Network

Languages of Indonesia
Languages of Aceh
Chamic languages


Aurahi (Nepali: औरही ) is a municipality in Mahottari District in Madhesh Province of Nepal. It was formed in 2016 occupying current 9 sections (wards) from previous 9 former VDCs. It occupies an area of 35.73 sq. km with a total population of 31,751.

References

Populated places in Mahottari District
Nepal municipalities established in 2017
Municipalities in Madhesh Province


Bagada  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4,597 people living in 878 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Badiya Banchauri  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5142 people living in 948 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Bairagiya Lakshminiya  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2518 people living in 478 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Balawa  is a municipality in the core of Mahottari District of Janakpur Zone in south-eastern Nepal. The municipality has a hospital, bank, market, police station, business centre, playground, library, animal hospital, bus service, and college. There are direct road connections with Janakpur. The municipality has 11 wards, each with a representative. As of the 2021 Nepalese government census, the Balawa municipality is home to roughly 50,000 residents, of varying caste, creed, and ethnicity.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District
Balwa (Balawa) Municipality population consensus

Populated places in Mahottari District


Banauli  is a Village or Ward No. 07 in Pipra Rural Municipality of Mahottari District in the Madhesh Pradesh ( Mithila region ) of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 4577 people living in 944 individual households. It is very near Thakurpati and Jankpurdham city.

Major inhabitants

Here the major inhabitants are Maithil Brahmins, Bhumihar, Dhanuk, Shahu, Lohar, Mukhiya, Das etc.

Formerly this Village was under Banauli-Donauli Village Development Committee of Mahottari district however after the provincial distribution of the country, it lies in Pipara Rural Municipality of Mahottari district in  Madhesh Pradesh. Banauli is also considered as the place where great Maithili Poet Vidyapati lived around twelve years and hence it holds great historical significance. The place where Maithili poet Vidyapati lived is known as Banauli Vidyapati Dih. The site is also claimed the capital of the King Puraditya of the Dronawara Dynasty in Mithila. This village lies 4 km south of Janakpurdham. The village is connected by the Vidyapati National Highway from Janakpur to the Indo - Nepal border town Matihani via Ekrahiya Village. The Vidyapati National Highway is also connected to  the Bhitthamore - Janakpur National Highway at Vidyapati Dwar ( Gate ).

Gallery

 Kali Mandir
 Yogeshwarnath Mahadev Mandir

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Banauta  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4669 people living in 840 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Public transport in Adelaide, South Australia, is managed by the State Government's Department for Infrastructure & Transport, branded as Adelaide Metro. Today bus services are operated by contractors: Busways, SouthLink, Torrens Connect and Torrens Transit.

Historically bus services in Adelaide were operated by private operators. In the 1950s, the Municipal Tramways Trust began operating buses to replace its trams. In the mid-1970s, the Municipal Tramways Trust took over the services of the private operators. In the mid-1990s, provision of services was contracted out to the private sector with TransAdelaide maintaining responsibility for service levels. The city's transport is now managed by the Department of Planning, Transport & Infrastructure, branded as Adelaide Metro.

Operators
Currently, all public transport modes in South Australia are privately operated. Adelaide Metro trains are operated by Keolis Downer, and trams are operated by Torrens Connect. Regional bus services are operated by several different private operators, and are not run under the Adelaide Metro banner, meaning these services do not accept MetroCARD or Metroticket payments.

Adelaide Metro buses are split up geographically into six regions, each contracted to a private operator:

Train routes

There are 4 main lines and 2 branch lines on the Adelaide Metro rail network, spanning approximately 132km of track. Construction of a third branch line, the Port Dock line, is currently underway, which will bring the total number of railways lines on the network to seven. The Seaford, Flinders and Gawler lines are fully electrified, and are operated by A-City 4000 Class trains. The Outer Harbor, Grange and Belair lines are currently operated by diesel-powered 3000 class railcars.

Main Lines

Branch Lines

Tram Routes

Glenelg Tram Line

Bus Routes

The Adelaide Metro bus network is considered the back-bone of Adelaide's public transport network. The system also features the O-Bahn Busway, which is a Guided bus service that runs on concrete 'guide' tracks.

Through-City routes

TransitLink

TransitLink bus services are limited stop express bus routes, operating to and from the city.

O-Bahn Routes

O-Bahn City Routes

North Eastern and O-Bahn Feeders

Eastern Routes

Western Routes

City Buses

Western Feeder Services

Northern Routes
Buses terminating to the North of Adelaide

City Buses

Northern Feeder Services

Southern Routes

City Routes
  Glenelg via Richmond Road and Mooringe Avenue
  167C terminates a Camden Park
  Glenelg via Richmond Road and Harvey Avenue
  Urrbrae via Duthy Street, Cross Road and Waite Road
  Mitcham Square via Fullarton Road and Princes Road
  171A terminates at Highgate
  Kingswood via Duthy Street and Harrow Road
  Blackwood via Fullarton Road, Goodwood Road and Shepherds Hill Road
  Glenelg via Unley Road, Grange Road and Raglan Avenue
  190B terminates at Unley Shops
  Blackwood via Belair Road, Upper Sturt Road and Hawthorndene Drive.
  Blackwood via Belair Road, Upper Sturt Road and Hawthorndene Drive. (Designated F stop; stop 12 Belair Road)
  Blackwood via Belair Road, Main Road and Hawthorndene Drive.
  Blackwood via Belair Road, Main Road and Hawthorndene Drive. (Designated F stop; stop 12 Belair Road)
  Coromandel Valley via Belair Road,  running express from stop P1 Pultney Street, to stop 23 Belair Road then only servicing stops 26, 28, 31 and 34.
  Marion Interchange via King William Road, Eliza Place and Miller Street
 200B deviates via Boothby Street, Clapham
 200C terminates at stop 20, Boothby Street, Clapham
  Marion Interchange via Everard Avenue, Towers Terrace and Oaklands Road
  241A terminates at Oaklands Park
  Hove via Anzac Highway, Morphett Road and Dunrobin Road
  Marion Interchange via Anzac Highway, Hendrie Street and Diagonal Road.
  Marion Interchange via Anzac Highway, Hendrie Street and Diagonal Road. (Designated F stop; stop 11A Marion Road)
  Marion Interchange via Anzac Highway, Brighton Road and Sturt Road
  Brighton Station via Anzac Highway, Brighton Road and Sturt Road.  "(Designated F stop; 21 Anzac Highway)"
  Marion Interchange via Anzac Highway, Brighton Road and Dunrobin Road
  Marion Interchange via Anzac Highway, King George Avenue and Seacombe Road
  265W operates to Somerton Park only
 265B operates to Brighton Station only
  Flinders University via South Road
  Old Reynella via South Road, Ocean Boulevard and Patpa Drive
 720H operates via the FMC
 720M terminates at Marion Interchange
  Noarlunga Centre via Main South Road, Panalatinga Road and Beach Road.
  Noarlunga Centre via Main South Road, Panalatinga Road and Beach Road. (Designated F stop; stop 26 South Road)
 721X operates Noarlunga Centre to City running express from Stop 40 Panalatinga Road
 721A operates Noarlunga Centre to Old Reynella only
 721L operates Noarlunga Centre to Lonsdale, South Australia only
 721R operates FMC to Old Reynella only
  Noarlunga Centre via Main South Road, Panalatinga Road and States Road.
  Noarlunga Centre via Main South Road, Panalatinga Road and States Road. (Designated F stop; stop 26 South Road)
 722X operates Noarlunga Centre to City running express from Stop 40 Panalatinga road
 722A Noarlunga Centre to Old Reynella only
 722L operates Noarlunga Centre to Lonsdale, South Australia only
  Noarlunga Centre via Main South Road, Chandlers Hill Road and Flaxmill Road. (Designated F stop; stop 26 South Road)
 723X operates Woodcroft to City via Southern Expressway and running express from stop 39 Regency Road
  Noarlunga Centre via Main South Road, Acre Avenue and Brodie Road. (Designated F stop; stop 26 South Road)
  Aberfoyle Park to Bedford Park via Black Road and Manning Road. Then continues as route G10 to Blair Athol via City
 G20X operates Aberfoyle Park to City running express from stop 25 Ayliffes Road
  Aberfoyle Park via Black Road and Manning Road.  designated F stop is stop 26 Ayliffes Road.
  Aberfoyle Park to Bedford Park via Black Road and Hub Drive. Then continues as route G10 to Blair Athol via City
 G21X operates Aberfoyle Park to City running express from stop 25 Ayliffes Road
  Aberfoyle Park via Black Road and Hub Drive.  designated F stop is stop 26 Ayliffes Road.
  Aberfoyle Park via Goodwood Road and Happy Valley Drive
  Blackwood via Goodwood Road and Shepherds Hill Road  designated F stop, stop 26 Shepards Hill Road

Feeder Routes
  Aberfoyle Park to Marion Interchange via Flagstaff Road
  Aberfoyle Park to Marion Interchange via Coromandel Valley and Blackwood Station
 600A terminates at Aberfoyle Hub Interchange
 600B terminates at Blackwood Station
 600S operates Blackwood Station to stop 26 Shepards Hill Road, Bedford Park
  Aberfoyle Park to Marion Interchange via Coromandel Valley and Blackwood Station
 601A terminates at Aberfoyle Hub Interchange
 601B terminates at Blackwood Station
  Darlington to Blackwood Station via Coromandel Valley and Flagstaff Hill Road
  Marion Interchange to Marino via Seacombe Road
  Flinders University to Hallett Cove Beach station via Trott Park and Brighton Road
 681A terminates at stop 47 Awonga Road
  Hallett Cove Beach station to Shiedow Park via Hallett Cove Shopping Centre
  Hallett Cove Beach station to Hallett Cove South (Freebairn Drive) via Cormorant Drive
  Noarlunga Centre to Old Reynella via Sherriffs Road and Galloway Road
  Noarlunga Centre to Old Reynella via Main South Road, Acre Avenue and Brodie Road.
  725A does not connect with a city bus
  725B terminates at Southgate Plaza
  Colonnades Shopping Centre to Marion Interchange via Flaxmill Road and Bluehills Road
  733C operates Noarlunga Centre to Woodcroft Community Centre
  733G operates Noarlunga Centre to Stop 33 Main South Road, O'Halloran Hill
  Colonnades Shopping Centre to Marion Interchange via Sherriffs Road, Galloway Road, Trott Park and Brighton Road
  734S deviates via Lonsdale station
  Old Reynella to Chandlers Hill via Aberfoyle Park and Chandlers Hill Road
  Colonnades Shopping Centre to Maslin Beach via Commercial Road and Seaford
  Noarlunga Centre/Hackham West Anti-Clockwise Loop via Honeypot Road
  Noarlunga Centre/Hackham West Clockwise Loop via Honeypot Road
  Noarlunga Centre/Seaford Anti-Clockwise Loop via Esplanade and Old Noarlunga
  Noarlunga Centre/Seaford Clockwise Loop via Old Noarlunga and Esplanade
  Colonnades Shopping Centre to Sellicks Beach via Old Coach Road and Aldinga
  750A terminates at Aldinga
  750R terminates at Seaford
  Seaford to Sellicks Beach via Main South Road and Aldinga. Express to/from Aldinga Shopping Centre
  Noarlunga Centre to Aldinga Shops via McLaren Vale and Willunga
  751C terminates at Seaford S/C
  751A terminates at Colonnades Shopping Centre
  751H terminates at Noarlunga Hospital
  751W terminates at Willunga
  751R operates Noarlunga Centre to Seford
  McLaren Vale to McLaren Flat via Oakley Road. Connects with route 751 at McLaren Vale stop 92.
  Willunga High School to Aldinga Beach via Aldinga
  Aldinga Beach to Seaford via Willunga High School and McLaren Vale
  Seaford to Port Willunga via McLaren Vale, Willunga and Willunga High School.

Adelaide Hills Buses
All buses starting with the number "8"

City Buses

  Burnside via Greenhill Road
  ‘’’Carey Gully’’’ via Greenhill Road
  Stirling via Greenhill Road
  Lobethal via Verdun and Woodside  designated F stop, stop 14 Glen Osmond Road from city and stop 13 Glen Osmond rd to city
  Mount Barker via South Eastern Freeway  express to stop 62
  Nairne via Hahndorf  designated F stop; stop 14 Glen Osmond Rd from city; stop 13 Glen Osmond rd to city
  Nairne via Mount Barker and South Eastern Freeway.  express to stop 62
  Mount Barker via Bridgewater and Hahndorf
  Glen Osmond via Glen Osmond Road
  Aldgate via Crafers
  Aldgate via Crafers  designated F stop, stop 14 Glen Osmond Road from city and stop 13 Glen Osmond Road to city
  Mount Barker via Crafers and Hahndorf
  Mount Barker via Crafers and Hahndorf  designated F stop, stop 14 Glen Osmond Road from city and stop 13 Glen Osmond Road to city
  Aldgate via Crafers, Pomona Road, Stirling, and Heathfield.

Adelaide Hills Feeder Services
  Crafers to Clealand Wildlife Park via Mount Lofty
  Verdun to Lobethal via Oakbank
  834A via Onkaparinga Valley rd and does not service Woodside
  Mount Barker to Lobethal via Oakbank
  835A via Onkaparinga Valley rd and does not service Woodside
  Mount Barker to Nairne via Littlehampton
  Aldgate to Macclesfield via Meadows
  Mount Barker to Strathalbyn via Wistow
  852L operates Cornerstone College to Langhorne Creek via Strathalbyn and Wistow
  Stirling to Crafers via Pomona Road.
  Crafers to Stirling via Pomona Road.
  Crafers to Stirling via Piccadilly
  866A does not service Piccadilly
  866R services Stirling East and Piccadilly on request only
  Urrbrae to Aldgate via Belair
  Aldgate to Blackwood via Belair
  Aldgate to Blackwood via Hawthorndene
  894H deviates via Longwood Road, Heathfield Road, Cricklewood Road, Churinga Road and Euston Road to service Heathfield High School
  894S terminates in Stirling

Murray Bridge Buses
Murray Bridge buses are operated by LinkSA and do not use Adelaide Metro fares. Please see www.linksa.com.au for more info.
  City to Murray Bridge via South Eastern Freeway.
  Mount Barker to Murray Bridge via South Eastern Freeway. connects with routes T840 or 864F to City at Mount Barker.
  Mount Barker to Murray Bridge via Kanmantoo and Callington. School Days only.
  Mount Barker to Murray Bridge via South Eastern Freeway and Mobilong Prison.

Cross Town Connector Services
  Armada Arndale Shopping Centre to Glen Osmond via Cross Road and Marion Road
  100P terminates at stop 184 Marion Road, Plympton
  100B terminates at stop 8A Marion Road, Brooklyn Park
  100C operates stop 11A Marion Road, Plympton to stop 165 Cross Road, Highgate
  100N operates stop 8H Marion Road, Marleston to stop 165 Cross Road, Highgate
  Armada Arndale Shopping Centre to Flinders University via Marion Road
  Suburban Connector via Armada Arndale Shopping Centre, Cross Road, Portrush Road, Marion Road, Diagonal Road and Regency Road.
  300H terminates at stop 161/19 Portrush Road, Glen Osmond
  300C terminates at stop 165 Cross Road, Urrbrae
  300G terminates at Zone A Glenelg Interchange
  300M operates between Zone D Glenelg Interchange and Zone A Marion S/C
  300J terminates at stop 17 O.G Road, Klemzig
  300U continues as route G10 after Marion S/C
  Port Adelaide to Tea Tree Plaza via Grand Junction Road and Helen Terrace
  Tea Tree Plaza to Elizabeth Station via Bridge Road, Salisbury station and Montague Road.
 560A Elizabeth station or stop 38A Bridge Road to Salisbury Station
 560B Elizabeth station to stop 37C Montague Road, Ingle Farm
 560P Detours via Muriel Drive, Carr Street and Bridge Road in Ingle Farm
  Ingle Farm (stop 37C Montague Road) to Mawson Lakes via UNISA Mawson Lakes and Mawson Lakes Boulevard.
  Paradise Interchange to Mile End South via St Bearnards Road and Greenhill Road

JetBuses
Buses that operate via Adelaide Airport

  Elizabeth Interchange to Adelaide Airport and Glenelg via Lyell McEwin Hospital, Golden Grove Interchange, Tea Tree Plaza Interchange, O-Bahn Busway, City, Sir Donald Bradman Drive, Adelaide Airport and Harbour Town
 J1A operates City to Adelaide Airport
  Adelaide Airport via Sir Donald Bradman Drive Express from City to Adelaide Airport. Uses a Bustech double deck bus.
  Greenwith to Harbour Town via Golden Grove Interchange, Tea Tree Plaza Interchange, O-Bahn Busway, City, Sir Donald Bradman Drive, Adelaide Airport and Harbour Town
  Westfield West Lakes to Westfield Marion via Adelaide Airport and Camden Park
  J7M terminates at stop 15 Mooringe Avenue, Camden Park, outside Camden Park bus depot.
  Westfield West Lakes to Westfield Marion via Armada Arndale Shopping Centre, Adelaide Airport and Camden Park

After Midnight
After Midnight services operate only on Saturday nights/Sunday mornings after midnight:
  Golden Grove via O-Bahn and Golden Grove Road
  City via Sturt Road, Flinders Medical Centre and Goodwood Road. Returns as route N21 to Aberfoyle Park.
  Aberfoyle Park via Goodwood Road, Marion Interchange and Flagstaff Road. Returns as route N10 from Marion Interchange.
  Wattle Park via The Parade
  West Lakes Interchange via Henley Beach Road and Seaview Road
  Newton via Payneham Road and Montacute Road
  Ingle Farm via North East Road and Hampstead Road
  Gawler via Mawson Lakes, Salisbury Highway, Phillip Highway, Yorktown Road and Main North Road
  Semaphore via Torrens Road, Armada Arndale Shopping Centre, Hanson Road and Port Adelaide
  Marion Interchange via Anzac Highway, Glenelg and Brighton Road
  Salisbury via O-Bahn and Bridge Road
  Fairview Park via O-Bahn and Hancock Road. Continues as route N542
  Fairview Park to Tea Tree Gully via Yatala Vale Rd, Elizabeth Street and North East Road, setting down only until last passenger alights. No return journey. For an After Midnight service to Fairview Park use route N541.
  Moana via South Road, Marion Interchange, Old Reynella Interchange, Noarlunga Centre railway station and Commercial Road
  Mount Barker via South Eastern Freeway, Crafers, Stirling, Aldgate, Bridgewater and Hahndorf.

Free Buses
The following buses are zero-fare, wheelchair-accessible circuit routes that service the Adelaide City Council area daily, on frequent routes:

 Bi-directional loop via North Terrace, Currie Street, Hutt Street, Halifax Street, Sturt Street, Grote Street, Morphett Street, Jeffcott Street, Ward Street, Hill Street, Tynte Street, Finiss Street and Frome Road

 Bi-directional loop via North Terrace, Currie Street, Hutt Street, Halifax Street, Sturt Street, Grote Street, Victoria Square, King William Street. This service operated under the '99C' only and it was only in 2014 that the name change took place. The 99C is a clockwise loop while the 99A is anti-clockwise.

Adelaide Oval Footy Express
Adelaide Metro provide services between Adelaide Oval and areas across South Australia. Tickets for the games also act as the ticket to travel free on any Adelaide Oval Footy Express bus, train or tram, in order to alleviate overcrowding on regular services. Most services offer early arrival times and some routes will have services that leave an hour after the final siren. The locations in metropolitan Adelaide include:

See also
 Transport in South Australia
 Railways in Adelaide
 Buses in Adelaide
 Trams in Adelaide
 Adelaide Metro

References

External links
 Routes - Adelaide Metro Adelaide Metro

Adelaide
Bus routes
Bus routes, Adelaide


Bardibas is a municipal area (municipality) and a town located in Mahottari District of Madhesh Province of Nepal. It is located at latitude: 26°54'6.84" to 27°08'46.90" and longitude: 85°47'42.67" to 85°56'42.97". The municipality is surrounded by Dhanusha District in the East and Sarlahi District in the West, Bagmati Province falls in the North and Bhangaha, Aurahi and Gaushala municipalities are located in the South.

Total population of the municipality in 2011 Nepal census) had 66354 and total area of the municipality is . In 2021 census the population of Bardibas increased to 68353. The municipality is divided into total 14 wards.

The municipality was established on 2 December 2014 merging the then four VDCs of Bardibas, Maisthan, Gauribas and Kisan Nagar.

In 2015, when Government of Nepal decided to dissolve the old thousands of VDCs and declare new 753 local level body then four more VDCs were merged with this municipality, those municipalities were: Hathilet, Pashupatinagar, Khaya Mara and Bijayalpura.

The municipality was established in 2014 merging the old VDCs, so area and population of the municipality were calculated according to the 2011 Nepal census, as follows:

Etymology
The municipality named "Bardibas" after Bardibas VDC. According to the Bardibas municipality website: Longtime ago people of surrounding villages used to take rest near Bardibas area with their cattle cart, when they used to bring wooden logs from "Chure Kshetra" (Mahabharat hill area). "Bardi" means "Cattle" and "Bas" mean "Rest" in Maithili language.

Transportation
Bardibas is a major town of Madhesh Province, which is located at Mahendra Highway. The town is a three-way junction. The BP Highway connects Bardibas with the capital city Kathmandu through Sindhuli, Khurkot, Nepalthok and Dhulikhel.  A railway line connecting to Janakpur is also under construction.
Can be a sub metropolitan city in near future.

Hospitality

Hotels in Bardibas
 Gautam Hotel
 Bardibas Resort Pvt. Ltd
Hotel Navya Pvt Ltd at
Maisthan , Bardibas
Vinayak Hotel and Party palace

See also
Itahari
Dhalkebar

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District
Rajpatra
Details of local level body

Populated places in Mahottari District
Nepal municipalities established in 2014
Municipalities in Madhesh Province


Basabitti  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4,153 people living in 824 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Bathnaha  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 7210 people living in 1206 individual households.

References

Total Population - 10000
No of Voters - 3500
Employment (Govt) - 100
Employment (Pvt) - 700
Employment (Self) - 1000
Agriculture Land - 7150 acers
School - Sri Bhai. Gu. Lo. Janta Ma. Bidyalaya, Esdtd - 2011
Access Road - From Jaleshwor, Sursand (Bihar), Parihar (Bihar), Sahashram, Kataiya, Madhawa, Halkhori, Barahi

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Belgachhi  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4377 people living in 821 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Bharatpur, Mahottari  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 6410 people living in 1131 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Bahman (, ) is the eleventh and penultimate month of the Solar Hijri calendar, the official calendar of Iran and Afghanistan. Bahman has thirty days. It begins in January and ends in February of the Gregorian calendar. The month is equivalent to Aquarius in the Zodiac.

Bahman is the second month of winter, and is followed by Esfand.

In modern Persian "Bahman" literally means "Snow Avalanche".
But Bahman is also thought to be a derivative modern form of Vohu Manah. Vôhü Manö consists of two parts: VÔHÜ coming from the root vah, from Proto-Indo-European *ves 'to revere, stand in awe of', and MAN meaning 'passion, determination, spirit, mind power'. Vohu Manah is also a concept in Zoroastrianism meaning "pure mind/spirit" or "absolute consciousness".

Events
 4 - 1302 - The Opening Ceremony of the 1924 Winter Olympics is held in Chamonix in France. Formerly titled as the "International Winter Sports Week", the Games were made in response to calls made in a 1920 IOC meeting to give winter sports their chance in the Olympic Games.
 8 – 1279 – the American League, the younger of the two leagues constituting Major League Baseball, was officially founded on the basis of the teams comprising a former regional minor league, the Western League.
 13 – 1252 – The National League, the older of the two leagues constituting Major League Baseball, was founded.
 13 – 1323 – Battle of Manila (1945) begins
 14 – 1326 – Sri Lanka, then Ceylon, becomes an independent nation under the Commonwealth, with full Dominion status.
 22 - 1357 - Supreme Military Council of Iran declares itself neutral in the face of Islamic resistance of Ruhollah Khomeini's forces against pro-Shah elements, resulting in the termination of ther Iranian Revolution
 15 – 1394 – Bangladesh Bank heist

Births
 10 – 1297 – Jackie Robinson, second baseman for the Brooklyn Dodgers, first African American player in modern-day Major League Baseball
 24 – 1364 – Todd Frazier, professional baseball player for the New York Mets, 34th overall draft pick in the 2007 Major League Baseball Draft, brother of Jeff Frazier, Olympic silver medalist

Deaths

Observances
 Chinese New Year – Movable (either on the first to third week of Bahman)
 Super Bowl Sunday – Third or Fourth Sunday of Bahman
 Washington's Birthday and President's Day – Last Monday of Bahman
 Bahmanagān – 2 Bahman, Zoroastrian holiday
 Republic Day (India) and Australia Day – 6–7 Bahman
 Sadeh (Persian: سده also transliterated as Sade), The Iranian fire festival – 10 Bahman
 Candlemas - 12 or 13 Bahman
 National Day of Sri Lanka – 16 Bahman
 Islamic Revolution Day – 22 Bahman
 Valentine's Day – 25–26 Bahman

References

Months of the Iranian calendar


Planinc is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Albin Planinc (1944–2008), Slovenian chess player
Milka Planinc (1924–2010), Yugoslav politician
Štefan Planinc (1925–2017), Slovene painter and illustrator

Slovene-language surnames


Bhatauliya  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4490.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Bijalpura or Bijalpura is a neighborhood or a Tol (Nepali:टोल) in Bardibas city. It was a village development committee in Mahottari District before 2015. In 2015, when Government of Nepal decided to dissolve the old thousands of VDCs and declare new 753 local level body then this VDC merged with Bardibas. Bijalpura is located at ward No. 12 and 13 of Bardibas municipality

Total area of Bijalpura (ward no. 12 & 13) of Bardibas is  and total population (2011 census) is 8188.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Bhramarpura  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 9458 people living in 1734 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Damhi Marai ( Damhi is the separate village from the Marai village and both are under same village development committee ) is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 7734 people living in 1401 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


St Columba's High School may refer to:
is a school

 St Columba's High School, Gourock in Inverclyde, Scotland, United Kingdom
 St Columba's Catholic College in Australia


Dhamaura  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 9,221 people living in 1,712 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Minuscule 2464 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 213 parchment leaves. Dated palaeographically to the 9th century. The text is written in one column per page, in 26 lines per page.

Description
The codex contains the text of the Acts of the Apostles, General epistles, and Pauline epistles with considerable lacunae. 52 leaves were damaged by water.

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. The basic text is the late Alexandrian, with some Byzantine text-type readings. The Romans is almost purely Byzantine. It has 6956 textual variants. Kurt Aland placed it in Category II.

The codex currently is housed at the Monastery of Saint John the Theologian (Ms. 742), in Patmos.

See also
 List of New Testament minuscules
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

 F. J. Leroy, Le Patmos St Jean 742 (Gregory 2464), Utrecht 1973.

External links

Article

 Manuscript 2464 at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism

Text

 Billy R. Todd, Collation of the Codex 2464

Greek New Testament minuscules
9th-century biblical manuscripts


Dharmapur, Nepal  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4244 people living in 868 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


OH (ohio) is the tenth studio album by American band Lambchop, released on October 6, 2008.

Track listing
 "Ohio"
 "Slipped, Dissolved and Loosed"
 "I'm Thinking of a Number (Between 1 and 2)"
 "National Talk Like a Pirate Day"
 "A Hold of You"
 "Sharing a Gibson with Martin Luther King, Jr."
 "Of Raymond"
 "Please Rise"
 "Popeye"
 "Close Up and Personal"
 "I Believe in You"

Special edition bonus disc
 "Please Rise"
 "Slipped, Dissolved and Loosed"
 "Chelsea Hotel #2"
 "Close Up"
 "Of Raymond"

References

2008 albums
Lambchop (band) albums
Merge Records albums
Albums produced by Roger Moutenot


Dhirapur  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 6289 people living in 1072 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Ekadarabela  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 6452 people living in 1087 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Ekarahiya  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 9,085.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


The Acehnese (also written as Atjehnese and Achinese) are an indigenous ethnic group from Aceh, Indonesia on the northernmost tip of the island of Sumatra. The area has a history of political struggle against the Dutch colonial rule. The vast majority of the Acehnese people are Muslims. The Acehnese people are also referred to by other names such as Lam Muri, Lambri, Akhir, Achin, Asji, A-tse and Atse. Their language, Acehnese, belongs to the Aceh–Chamic group of Malayo-Polynesian of the Austronesian language family.

The Acehnese were at one time partially Hinduised, as evident from their traditions and the many Sanskrit words in their language. They have been Muslims for several centuries and are generally considered one of the most conservative Muslim ethnic group in Indonesia with the implementation of Sharia law in their home province of Aceh. The estimated number of Acehnese ranges between 3,526,000 people and at least 4.2 million people.

Traditionally, there have been many Acehnese agriculturists, metal-workers and weavers. Traditionally matrilocal, their social organisation is communal. They live in gampôngs, which combine to form districts known as mukims. The golden era of Acehnese culture began in the 16th century, along with the rise of the Islamic Aceh Sultanate and later reaching its peak in the 17th century. Generally, the Acehnese people are regarded as strict adherents to the Islamic faith and also as militant fighters against the colonial conquest of the Portuguese Empire and the Dutch Empire.

Aceh came to international attention as being the hardest-hit region of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake with 120,000 people dead.

Origins

Archaeological evidence of the earliest inhabitants of Aceh are from the Pleistocene age, where they lived in the west coast of Aceh (Langsa and Aceh Tamiang Regency region) and they exhibited Australomelanesoid characteristics. They mainly lived from seafood, especially various types of shellfish, as well as land animals such as pigs and rhinoceros. They had already used fire and buried bodies with certain rituals.

The migration of the indigenous tribes, the Mantir people and the Lhan people (Proto-Malay), as well as the Chams, Malays and Minangkabau people (Deutero-Malay) who arrived later, formed the pribumi dwellers of Aceh. Foreign ethnicity, especially Indians, as well as a small part of Arabs, Persians, Turks and Portuguese are also components of the Acehnese people. The strategic position of Aceh in the northern tip of the Sumatra island for thousands of years has become a haven and inter-marriage of various people group, namely those that are in the sea trade route from the Middle East to China.

Native Southeast Asian peoples

Chinese and Indian sources from 500 CE and onward mention that there was a settlement in northernmost Sumatra (Aceh) which was called P'o-lu. Many scholars believe that P'o-lu was close to the what is now Banda Aceh. These sources also state that the average person wore cotton clothing while the ruling elite wore silk. The Chinese annals also claim that the local people were Buddhist.

Acehnese folklore has it that the earliest people of Aceh came from the indigenous tribes such as the Mante people and the Lhan people. The Mante people is a local native people group allegedly related to the Batak, Gayonese and Alas people, while the Lhan people is allegedly still related to the Semang people group who have migrated from the Malay Peninsula or the Indochina (Champa and Burma). Initially, the Mante people settled in Aceh Besar Regency and later began to spread to other regions.

Around the ninth and tenth century there was an influx of Arabian and Persian merchants to the Aceh region. When Marco Polo visited the area in 1292, he mentions that some of the port cities and towns had already converted to Islam. It is commonly thought that when the Samudera Pasai Sultanate was founded, Islam was fully established in the region. Nonetheless, it is clear that Islam was a major religion in and around Aceh by the thirteenth century.

During the decline of the Srivijaya kingdom, it is estimated that a number of Malay people began to migrate to Aceh. They then settled down in the valleys of Tamiang River and later became known as the Tamiang people. After they were conquered by the Samudera Pasai Sultanate kingdom (1330), only then did they begin to integrate into Acehnese society; although in terms of cultural and linguistic, there are still similarities with the Malay culture. By the sixteenth century, Aceh was an important cultural and scholastic Islamic center influential throughout much of Southeast Asia.

Most of the Minangkabau people who migrated to Aceh settled around Meulaboh and Krueng Seunagan valley. Generally in these fertile areas they manage wet paddy fields and pepper farming, as well as some trading. The mixed population of Acehnese-Minangkabau people is also found in the southern region, namely in the areas around Susoh, Tapaktuan and Labuhan Haji. There are many who converse daily in both Acehnese language and their own native dialect, the Aneuk Jamee language.

As a result of the political expansion and diplomatic relations of the Aceh Sultanate with their surrounding region, the Acehnese people were also mixed with the Alas people, Gayonese, Karo people, Nias people and Kluet people. The unification of the Acehnese culture that stemmed from various ancestry are primarily in the Acehnese language, religion of Islam and the local customs, as how it was formulated by Sultan Iskandar Muda in the Adat Makuta Alamlaws, which is well known as "Kanun Mahkota Alam".

India
There are many of those who are of Indian descent in Aceh, which are closely linked to trading and the spreading of Hinduism-Buddhism and Islam in Aceh. Those who are of Indian descent are mainly Tamils and Gujarati people which are found spread throughout the entire Aceh. Among some of the Indian people's influence on the Acehnese people includes the cultural aspects and physical attributes of part of the Acehnese people, as well as the variety in Acehnese cuisine that frequently utilizes curry. Numerous place names of Sanskrit origin (for example, Indrapuri, Aceh Besar) reflects the cultural heritage of Hinduism in the past.

Arab, Persia and Turkey

"The tribe of the Three Hundred is (insignificant) as the seeds of the drang (a bush which grows like a weed along fences);The people of the clan Ja Sandang are even as anise and cummin (thus a little more valuable).Those of the Ja Batèë (count) for something;The Imeum Peuët it is which makes the world to tremble."
— Oral poem (hadih maja) from  Snouck Hurgronje's De Atjeher''''.

Most of the Arabs that migrated to Aceh came from Hadhramaut, Yemen. Among the immigrants are those of the Ba Alawi including al-Aydrus (Aidrus, Aydarus), al-Attas, al-Kathiri, Badjubier, Sungkar, Bawazier & al-Habsyi and other clans; all of which are Arabic clans that originated from Yemen. They came as ulamas to spread Islam and as traders. Seunagan district for an instance, is well known to this today for numerous of ulamas of the Sayyid descent, of which the local community would address them with the title Teungku Jet or Habib as a form of respect. Similarly, some of the Sultan of Aceh are also descendants of Sayyid. Many of their descendants today have intermarried with the natives Acehnese people and do no longer bear their clan names.

There are also those of Persian descent that generally came to spread religion and to trade, while those of Turkish descent generally were invited as ulamas, weapon merchants, military trainers and soldiers of war for the Aceh Sultanate. At present, people of Persian and Turkish descent in Indonesia are mostly scattered in Aceh Besar Regency. Names of Persian and Turkish heritage are still being used by Acehnese people to name their children. In fact, the word Banda in the name of Banda Aceh city is also a word of Persian language in origin (Banda'' means "port").

Portugal
People of Portuguese descent are found mainly in the Aceh Jaya Regency (northwest section of Aceh). Portuguese sailors under the lieutenant leadership of Captain Pinto, were sailing towards Malacca, stopped by and traded there; where some of them remained and settled there. History records that this event occurred between 1492 and 1511; of which at that time the area was under the rule of a small kingdom called Lamno, with King Meureuhom Daya as their ruler. Until this day, some of their descendants can still be seen with European features.

Language

Acehnese belongs to the Chamic languages, a branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages from the Austronesian languages. Languages that are closely related with Acehnese are Cham, Roglai, Jarai, Rade, Chru, Tsat, as well as other Chamic languages that are spoken in Cambodia, Vietnam and Hainan. There are also loanwords from Mon-Khmer languages, many of which are shared with other Chamic languages and had  already been borrowed in the Proto-Chamic, the ancestral proto-language of all Chamic languages. Other Mon-Khmer loanwords are only found in Acehnese, which suggests that after the split from the Chamic core area, the forebears of the Acehnese people might have lived in the Malay peninsula or Southern Thailand where they picked up these loanwords from neighboring Mon-Khmer speakers before migrating to Sumatra. Vocabulary of the Acehnese language have been enriched by absorption from Sanskrit and Arabic language, especially in the field of religion, laws, governance, warfare, arts and knowledge. For centuries, the Acehnese language have also absorbed a lot from the Malay language.

Initially, a group of Chamic languages migrant speakers controlled a small region only, namely Banda Aceh in Aceh Besar Regency. Marco Polo (1292) states that Aceh at that time consists of 8 smaller kingdoms, with each of them possessing their own language. The expansion of power on other coastal kingdoms, especially Pidie, Pasai and Daya, and absorption of their population over time in a period of 400 years, eventually made the language of the Banda Aceh population became dominant in the coastal region of Aceh. Other native languages speakers were then forced into the interior by the expansion of land for farming by the Acehnese language speakers.

Dialects of the Acehnese language that are found in the Aceh Besar Regency valley are divided into two major groups, namely the Tunong dialect for dialects in the highlands and Baroh dialect for dialects in the lowlands. Most of the dialects that are used in Aceh Besar Regency and Daya, shows that settlements in that region have existed longer than any other regions. There are also many dialects in Pidie Regency, although not as much as in Aceh Besar Regency and Daya. Dialects on the east coast of Pidie Regency and in southern Daya tend to be more homogeneous, so much so that it is co-related with the migration that came along with the expansion of power of the Aceh Sultanate after the 1500s.

Local government of Aceh, among others through Governor's Decree No. 430/543/1986 and Perda No. 2 of 1990 established the Institute of Acehnese Customary and Culture (Lembaga Adat dan Kebudayaan Aceh, LAKA), with the mandate to develop the customs and norms of the communities and customary institutions in Aceh. Indirectly, this institution protects the preservation of the Acehnese language because in every cultural and customary activity, the delivery of such activities is carried out in the Acehnese language. Likewise, the Acehnese language is also commonly used in everyday affairs that are organized by government agencies in Aceh.

Culture

Dances

Traditional Acehnese dance portrays the heritage culture, religion and folklore of the common folk. Acehnese dance are generally performed in groups, either in a standing or sitting position, and the group of dancers are of the same gender. If seen from the musical standpoint, the dance can be grouped into two types. One is accompanied with vocals and physical percussive movements of the dancers themselves, and the other is simply accompanied by an assemble of musical instruments.
 Laweut
 Likok Pulo
 Pho (dance)
 Rabbani Wahed
 Ranup lam Puan
 Rapa'i Geleng
 Rateb Meuseukat
 Ratoh Duek
 Seudati
 Tarek Pukat
 Saman

Traditional cuisine

Acehnese cuisine is known for its combination of spices just as are commonly found in Indian and Arabic cuisine, such as ginger, pepper, coriander, cumin, cloves, cinnamon, cardamom and fennel. A variety of Acehnese food is cooked with curry or curry and coconut milk, which is generally combined with meat such as buffalo, beef, mutton, fish, or chicken. Several types of traditional recipe use a blend of cannabis as a flavoring spice; such cases are also found in the cuisine of some other Southeast Asian countries, such as Laos. However today, those substances are no longer used.
 Ayam tangkap
 Bhoi
 Eungkot paya
 Kuwah eungkôt yèe
 Kuah beulangong
 Kanji rumbi
 Keumamah
 Kuwah pliëk-u
 Martabak aceh
 Masam keueueng
 Meuseukat
 Mie aceh
 Mie caluk
 Nasi gurih
 Roti cane
 Roti jala
 Sambai asam udeueng
 Sate matang
 Sie reuboh
 Sop sumsum
 Timphan

Overseas Acehnese

Due to conflict since Dutch invasion to Aceh to Martial Law in Aceh and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, many Acehnese fled abroad. The most significant number of Acehnese can be found in Malaysia and Scandinavia countries. Acehnese immigrants also can be found significantly in Australia, United States and Canada.

Notable people

Indonesia
 Azriana Manalu
 Sultan Iskandar Muda
 Sultan Ali Mughayat Syah
 Sultan Iskandar Thani Alauddin Mughayat Syah
 Sulṭāna Taj ul-Alam Safiatuddin Syah
 Sulṭāna Nurul Alam Naqiatuddin Syah
 Sulṭāna Inayat Zakiatuddin Syah
 Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Zainatuddin Kamalat Syah
 Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui
 Jamal ul-Alam Badr ul-Munir
 Sultan Jauhar ul-Alam Amauddin Syah
 Sultan Syamsul Alam
 Sultan Alauddin Ibrahim Mansur Syah
 Sultan Alauddin Muhammad Da'ud Syah I
 Sultan Alauddin Muhammad Da'ud Syah II
 Cut Nyak Dhien
 Cut Nyak Meutia
 Teungku Chik di Tiro
 Teuku Muhammad Hasan
 Teuku Umar
 Teuku Jacob
 Hasan di Tiro
 Teuku Wisnu
 Admiral Keumala Hayati
 Sultan Malikussaleh
 Surya Paloh

Outside Indonesia

Malaysia

 Datuk Seri Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor
 P. Ramlee
 Hanafiah Hussain
 Sanusi Junid
 Badruddin Amiruldin

See also

 Insurgency in Aceh
 Rumoh Aceh

Notes

Bibliography

References

External links
 Ethnologue.com on Aceh language

Ethnic groups in Indonesia
Ethnic groups in Sumatra
Ethnic groups in Aceh
Muslim communities of Indonesia
Ethnic groups in Malaysia
Refugees in Malaysia


Etaharwakatti  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5209 people living in 859 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Bhangaha (Nepali: भँगाहा ) is a municipality in Mahottari District in Province No. 2 of Nepal. It was formed in 2016 occupying current 9 sections (wards) from previous 9 VDCs. It occupies an area of 77.21 sq. km with a total population of 46,754.

References

Populated places in Mahottari District
Nepal municipalities established in 2017
Municipalities in Madhesh Province


Phulahatta Parikauli  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4226 people living in 737 individual households. The village has 6 Schools among which Damodar Academy is affiliated with CBSE. Currently Rabindra Yadav is the ward councillor of ward no. 9 from this village. The well known Om Prakash Jha also belongs from this area.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Magunira Shagada (Magunira's Bullock Cart) is a 2002 Indian Oriya film directed by Prafulla Mohanty. It is based on a short story by Godavarish Mahapatra.  The film won the 2002 National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Odia.

Plot
The plot revolves around Maguni, who owns and drives a bullock cart. His business of driving people and goods is less efficient than that of the new mini buses, and he is increasingly unable to adapt to the changing circumstances. When his wife catches an illness which she does not survive, Maguni eventually becomes insane and dies.

Cast
Ashru Mochan Mohanty as Maguni
Jaya Seal
Dhirendra Basa
Nila Mani Behera
Manorama Mohanty

Music
Music Director - Amarendra Mohanty
Lyricist - Shirsananda Das Kanungo
Playback - Suresh Wadkar, Amayendra Mohanty, Sweta Pan, Rudra Mohanty, Arati Goswami

Awards and participation
International Film Festival of India, 2002 (Indian Panorama section)
National Film Awards 2002, Best Feature Film in Oriya of 2001

References

External links

Review of 'Magunira Shagada' in www.doctorflix.com

2002 films
2000s Odia-language films
National Film Development Corporation of India films


Phulakaha  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4648 people living in 893 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Gaidha Bhetpur  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 5250.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Gauribas  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4308 people living in 810 individual households.

Media
To promote local culture, Gauribas has one FM radio station, Radio Sungava 107 MHZ, which is a community radio station.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Gaushala  (Nepali: गौशाला ) is a municipality in Mahottari District in Province No. 2 of Nepal. The municipality was established on 18 May 2014 by merging existing Nigauli, Ramnagar, Gaushala VDCs. It occupies an area of 144.73 km2 with a total population of 66,673.

Gaushala Bazar is the second largest business center in the Mahottari district of Nepal. The animal market of the place is well known. Gaushala is a variation of Goshala, a Sanskrit word that means the house of Cow. There is a huge cattle pen named Gaushala containing more than 100 cows. It is protected by the government of Nepal. Ram Lakhan Chaudhary was Ex-VDC chief of Gaushala Bazar.

Everest Chemical, one of the oldest sugarcane mills in Nepal is located in this municipality. A high school, Tribhuvan Higher Secondary School, was established in 2006.

References

Populated places in Mahottari District
Nepal municipalities established in 2014
Municipalities in Madhesh Province


Gonarpura  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5421 people living in 1026 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Halkhori  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 6033 people living in 1051 individual households.

References

External links
Map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Zhou Wenzhong (; born August 1945) is a diplomat and politician of the People's Republic of China. He served as ambassador to the United States from 2005 to 2010, and deputy foreign minister from 2003 to 2005.

Biography
Zhou Wenzhong is a native of Jiangsu province. He was born in 1945 and attended the University of Bath and the London School of Economics in the UK. Zhou was Ambassador to Barbados and to Antigua and Barbuda from 1990 to 1993. From 1998 to 2001, he served as Ambassador to the Commonwealth of Australia. He held leading posts at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where he served as deputy director of the American Affairs Department until 1994. In 2001 he was promoted as assistant minister and in 2003 he became vice-minister of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 2005, Zhou Wenzhong became Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the People's Republic of China to the United States. In 2010, Zhou became Secretary-General at Boao Forum for Asia, and vice-president at China-US People's Friendship Association.

References

External links

1945 births
Ambassadors of China to Barbados
Ambassadors of China to Antigua and Barbuda
Ambassadors of China to Australia
Ambassadors of China to the United States
Living people
Diplomats of the People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China politicians from Jiangsu
Beijing University of International Business and Economics alumni
21st-century Chinese politicians
20th-century Chinese politicians


Hariharpur Harinamari  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 5223 people living in 1030 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Minuscule 2754 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 256 parchment leaves (19.3 cm by 14.3 cm). It has been dated paleographically to the 11th century.

Description
The codex contains the text of the four Gospels with some lacunae. The text is written in one column per page, with 25 to 26 lines per page.

Kurt Aland did not place it in any Category.
It was not examined by the Claremont Profile Method.

The codex now is housed at Bible Museum Münster (Ms. 8).

See also
 List of New Testament minuscules
 Textual criticism
 Bible Museum Münster

References

External links

 Manuscripts of the Bible Museum
 Images of manuscript 2754 at the CSNTM

Greek New Testament minuscules
11th-century biblical manuscripts


Hathilet  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4445 people living in 860 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


William Philip Edmunds (November 29, 1885 – April 1977) was an American football player, coach of football and basketball, college athletics administrator, and medical doctor. He played college football at the University of Michigan from 1908 to 1910.  He was the head football coach at West Virginia University (1912), Washington University in St. Louis (1913–1916), and the University of Vermont (1919), compiling a career college football coach record of 19–22–2. Edmunds was also the head basketball coach at Washington University for on season in 1913–14, tallying a mark of 7–6.

Early years
Edmunds was born in Middlesex Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania in November 1885. His parents, David and Eliza Edmunds, were immigrants from Wales. At the time of the 1900 United States Census, the family was living in Youngstown, Ohio.

University of Michigan

After growing up in Youngstown, Ohio, Edmunds attended the University of Michigan where he received a medical degree as part of the Class of 1912. While at Michigan, Edmunds played football for Fielding H. Yost on the Michigan Wolverines football team from 1908 to 1910. He started two games as a fullback for the 1908 Michigan Wolverines football team.  For the 1909 team, he started two games at right guard and one at left tackle. In 1910, he started two games at left end, three at left tackle, and one at right tackle.  He was selected as an All-Western Conference tackle after the 1910 season.

Coaching and military service
After leaving Michigan, Edmunds served as the head football coach at West Virginia University in 1912. He led the 1912 West Virginia team to a 6–3 record.

In March 1913, Edmunds was hired as the head coach of the football, baseball, basketball and track teams at Washington University in St. Louis. He served as the head football coach there from 1913 to 1916.

With the entry of the United States into World War I, Edmunds joined the United States Army. He served as a captain in the infantry starting on August 15, 1917 from CL. He was promoted to the rank of major on September 4, 1918. He was stationed at Fort Benjamin Harrison in Indiana. He was part of the American Expeditionary Forces from June 12, 1918, to January 30, 1919. He was honorably discharged on March 4, 1919.

In September 1919, Edmunds was hired as the athletic director and coach in "all branches of athletics" at the University of Vermont.  He served one year as Vermont's head football coach.

Edmunds compiled a career college football coaching record of 19–22–2.

Later years and family
Edmunds was married on December 25, 1914, to Kathryn Evans at Wheatland, Pennsylvania. At the time of the 1920 United States Census, Edmunds was living in Burlington, Vermont, with his wife, Kathryn. His occupation was listed as a university athletic director.

Edmunds later moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where he worked as a medical doctor. At the time of the 1930 United States Census, he was living in Cleveland Heights, Ohio, with his wife, Kathryn, and their two sons, David and William. Edmunds was employed at the time as a physician for an oil corporation.  In April 1942, Edmunds reported in a draft registration card that he was living in Cleveland Heights and working for the Standard Oil Co. in Cleveland.

Edmunds lived in Clearwater, Florida in his retirement. He died there in April 1977.

Head coaching record

References

1885 births
1977 deaths
American football tackles
Michigan Wolverines football players
Vermont Catamounts football coaches
Washington University Bears baseball coaches
Washington University Bears football coaches
Washington University Bears men's basketball coaches
West Virginia Mountaineers football coaches
College track and field coaches in the United States
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army officers
Sportspeople from Butler County, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Youngstown, Ohio
Players of American football from Pennsylvania


Hatisarwa  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5320 people living in 975 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Khairbani  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5629 people living in 1025 individual households. But now it had a population 9140 according to 2068 Nepal census. Here is also a holy place named Geurkadham(Temple of Lord shiva).

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Khayarmara  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 6,346 people living in 1,163 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Khopi  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5566 people living in 1047 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Khuttapipradhi  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 7184 people living in 1387 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Kisan Nagar  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 6681 people living in 1189 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Kolhuwa Bagiya is a village in Ekdara Rural Municipality in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5193 people living in 947 individual households. It is located in Ekdara Rural Municipality Ward No 6. Especially Kolhuwa is Most visited village for holy Goddess Mahodari Mata in the village pond. On Sundays and Tuesdays people come to bathe in the pond and wish for their goodness. Village also connected with National Highway(B.P. Highway). One of Oldest Schools of Nepal Shree Janta Higher Secondary School situated in Kolhuwa.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Minuscule 2755 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 370 parchment leaves (32.2 cm by 23.2 cm). Dated paleografically to the 11th century.

Description

The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels with a commentary. The text is written in one column per page, in 29 lines per page.

The text is divided according to the Ammonian sections with references to the Eusebian Canons.

Kurt Aland did not place it in any Category.
It was not examined by the Claremont Profile Method.

The codex now is housed at Bible Museum Münster (Ms. 9).

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules (2001–)
 Textual criticism
 Bible Museum Münster

References

External links

 Manuscripts of the Bible Museum
 Images of manuscript 2755 at the CSNTM

Greek New Testament minuscules
11th-century biblical manuscripts


Chengziya, also spelled Chengziyai, is a Chinese archaeological site and the location of the first discovery of the neolithic Longshan culture in 1928. The discovery of the Longshan culture at Chengziya was a significant step towards understanding the origins of Chinese civilization. Chengziya remains the largest prehistorical settlement found to date. The site is located in Shandong province, about  to the east of the provincial capital Jinan. It is protected and made accessible by the Chengziya Ruins Museum ().

Location
Chengziya is located about  west of Longshan Town () under the administration of Zhangqiu City and about  east of the provincial capital of Jinan. The site is located immediately to the north of provincial road S102 and less than  to the south of the Dragon Lake. Other landmarks in the area are Dongping Mausoleum (less than  to the east) and the ruins of the old city wall.

Neolithic settlement

The ancient settlement of Chengziya was constructed around 2600 BC and was located on a tableland near the old Guanlu and Wuyuan rivers. The name Chengziya, literally "city cliff" refers to this location and the wall that encloses the settlement. The Wuyan River flows in the north-south direction to the west of the settlement. The Chengziya settlement had rectangular layout (400 by 500 meters, 1300 by 1600 feet) with edges oriented along the north-south and east-west directions. While the
western, southern, and eastern walls are straight, the northern wall juts outward following the terrain. The settlement hence covered an area of about 200,000 square meters and was enclosed by a hangtu (rammed earth) wall that stood about  tall, was  wide at the base and tapered off to a width  at the top. The technique for erecting the walls from pounded earth was a new innovation at the time. Successive layers ranging between 12 and  in thickness were each compacted before the next layer was added. On the outside of the walls was a deep moat that was fed by water from a nearby river. As there are no major walls inside the settlement, the layout conforms to the style of a "platform city" ().

Chenziya is at the center of a cluster of more than 40 sites belonging to the Longshan Culture. These sites come in three size classes: sites covering from a few thousand up to 10,000 square meters are thought to belong to the ju () referred to in ancient documents. Larger sites up to 50,000 square meters are believed to be yi (central towns) and finally Chengziya itself has been identified as a du (, capital). Based on thick deposits found at the site (from 3–4 up to 5–6 meters deep), the population of the Chengziya has been estimated to be in the tens of thousands.

Other settlements
After the decline of the Longshan culture, the Chengziya site was occupied by two more walled settlements. One belonging to the Yueshi culture  1900–1500 BC) and the other dated to the time of the Zhou dynasty (1100–256 BC).

Archaeological study

The site was discovered in 1928 by the archaeologist Wu Jinding (, 1901–1948) It was the first discovery of relics from the Longshan Culture which was named for the nearby Longshan (, literally "Dragon Hill") and the village of the same name. The first excavations on the site were carried out in the years 1930 and 1931. This was the first time that such field research was carried out exclusively by Chinese archaeologists using modern methods. Additional excavations were carried out in 1990 by the Archaeological Institute of Shandong Province on the southern side of the provincial road.

The cultural layer of the site is divided into upper and lower layers. The cultural accumulation is about 3 meters. The upper layer is the cultural remains of several different periods from the Zhou Dynasty to the Han Dynasty; the lower cultural layer is the first discovery of a Neolithic cultural relic with polished black pottery as the main feature, including part of the Yueshi cultural relic. In fact, it is a site containing three different periods of Longshan culture, Yueshi culture and Zhou Dynasty.

Excavations at the site have unearthed the foundations of houses, pottery kilns and wells as well as pottery items (e.g., tripod cauldrons, cups, jars), stone tools, oracle bones, and weapons.

According to the survey and excavation, most of the city walls were dug with foundation grooves, and some parts were rammed on the ditch and silt, and repaired many times. The rammed earth structure of the city wall is divided into two types, one is rammed with stones, and the other is rammed with single sticks. It shows that the city wall is divided into morning and evening, reflecting the development process of ramming technology during the Longshan culture period.

Several wells were found in the excavation area of more than 1,000 square meters, with high repairing and chiseling techniques and extremely regular shapes. One of the wells is oval in shape, with a diameter of about 1.5 meters long, a width of about 1.1 meters, and a depth of more than 7 meters. Such wells have also been found in Longshan cultural sites such as Xiwu Temple in Yanzhou and Fenghuangtai in Qingzhou, indicating that wells were widely used during the Longshan culture period in Shandong.

Characteristic items found at the site include fine black polished pottery, in particular wheel-turned vessels with an angular outline, abundant gray pottery, as well as rectangular polished stone axes. Some of the pottery found features inscriptions.

The objects found inside the Chengziya settlement were in general of higher quality than those of the surrounding areas, which is taken as an indication that Chengziya as a regional capital received tribute from the surrounding smaller settlements.

Chengziya is one of the few neolithic sites at which horse bones have been found. However, the recovered material does not allow it to be determined whether horses had already been domesticated at the time.

Museum

The Chengziya Ruins Museum is located 100 m to the east of the neolithic settlement. It covers an area of 20,000 square meters of which 4,000 square meters are occupied by the main building. The museum building was designed by Yang Hongxun, an expert on historical buildings. The building is shaped like a mythical bird with the wings containing the exhibition halls and the body conference facilities. The museum was opened in September 1994, the total construction cost was 6 million Chinese Yuan. The museum complex also houses the Jinan Longshan Culture Research Institute. Since its opening, the museum has received more than 500,000 visitors.

Archaeological significance
The excavation of the Chengziya site revealed a black pottery culture that is different from the red pottery culture, indicating that the black pottery culture represents a cultural system. It ushered in a new era of field archaeology in China, effectively overturned the fallacy of "Western Origin", and brought a major turning point in the discussion of the "Native Origin" of Chinese culture.

The appearance of Longshan culture can be different from the known Yangshao culture, but there is a profound connection between it and the Shang culture represented by Yin Ruins, such as oracle bone inscriptions, so it is a key to exploring the origin of Chinese civilization.

Beginning in the 1990s, the Shandong Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology once again excavated the Chengziya site. It is preliminarily determined that the Chengziya settlement is the central settlement of the Zhangqiu settlement group with the Longshan culture and Yueshi culture for more than 1,000 years. This discovery is of great significance for studying the development of ancient Chinese cities and the origin of Chinese civilization.

Political significance

The remains of the Longshan Culture at Chengziya are cultivated by the government as a source of national pride in the long history of Chinese civilization. The Chengziya site was among the first historical and cultural sites to be placed under government protection in 1961 (State Council resolution number 1-140). Furthermore, it has since been declared a first-tier "patriotism
education" site by the municipal and provincial government. Its political importance has been stressed by visits of political leaders.

See also

List of Neolithic cultures of China
List of sites in Jinan

References

External links
Blog entry with many photos (Part I)
Blog entry with many photos (Part II)
online article at chinaculture.org
additional online article at chinaculture.org

Neolithic cultures of China
Museums in Shandong
Former populated places in China
National archaeological parks of China
Archaeological museums in China
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Shandong
Tourist attractions in Jinan


Minuscule 2756 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament. Dated paleographically to the 13th century.

Description
The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels, on 195 parchment leaves (18.7 cm by 14.5 cm). Written in one column per page, in 25 lines per page.

Kurt Aland did not place it in any Category.
According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents the textual family Πb in Luke 1 and Luke 20. In Luke 10 no profile was made.

The codex now is housed at Bible Museum Münster (Ms. 10).

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Textual criticism
 Biblical manuscript
 Bible Museum Münster

References

External links

 Manuscripts of the Bible Museum
 Images of manuscript 2756 at the CSNTM

Greek New Testament minuscules
13th-century biblical manuscripts


Lenka is a singer-songwriter from Australia of Czech descent.

Lenka may also refer to:

 Lenka (given name),  feminine given name
 Lenka (album) the 2008 self-titled album by Lenka
 Lenka, Slovakia, village in Slovakia situated on the border with Hungary
 Lenka (wasp), a wasp genus in the subfamily Pteromalinae

See also
 Lenca (disambiguation)
 Lanka (disambiguation)


Gahnia trifida, the coastal saw-sedge, is a tussock-forming perennial in the family Cyperaceae, endemic to southern Australia.

A herb, sedge or grass-like, with very rough leaf margins and underside. The species grows in dense tussocks, 1.5 metres and 1 metre across, with leaves over 1 metre long and drooping. It is found on white or grey sand, or clay, that may be saline. The leaf blade is inrolled from the margin on the upper surface. Stems are rigid and erect. Branchlets containing the flowering heads emerge from axils at the main bracts. This branchlet has a spike-like arrangement of numerous, yellow or brown, clusters of flowerheads.

The species occurs in wetlands of coastal regions in Southwest Australia, South Australia, Victoria, and Tasmania. It is found at Rottnest, an island off the west coast, where it grows near the inland salt lakes. The habitat is moist, often adjacent to creeks and swamps, and may also be saline.

The first description of Gahnia trifida was by Jacques Labillardière in Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen (1805).

References

trifida
Flora of South Australia
Flora of Tasmania
Flora of Victoria (state)
Poales of Australia
Plants described in 1805
Taxa named by Jacques Labillardière


Lakshminiya  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 7540 people living in 1444 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Loharpatti (Nepali: लोहरपट्टी) is a municipality in Mahottari District in Province No. 2 of Nepal. It was formed in 2016 occupying current 9 sections (wards) from previous 9 former VDCs. It occupies an area of 50.06 km2 with a total population of 39,571.

References

Populated places in Mahottari District
Nepal municipalities established in 2017
Municipalities in Madhesh Province


Mahadaiyatapanpur  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4588 people living in 815 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Maisthan  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 6739 people living in 1272 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


All Saints' Church, Stamford is a parish church in the Church of England, situated in Stamford, Lincolnshire, England. It is a Grade I listed building. The church is on the north side of Red Lion Square which was part of the route of the A1 until the opening of the Stamford bypass in 1960.

History

A Stamford church is mentioned in the Domesday Book. None of the original church is still in existence.  There is a very small amount of 12th-century stonework, but the bulk of the church dates from the 13th century. Of that date is the exterior blind arcading, an unusual feature in a parish church.

Extensive additions were made by the Browne family in the 15th century. John Browne, Merchant of the Staple of Calais, funded the 15th-century construction.  His son, William, Mayor of the Calais Staple, funded and built the steeple. Members of the Browne family are the only people buried inside the church. The late-15th century work is of "considerable inventiveness" in its use of architectural details such as ornamental battlements.

William Stukeley was vicar from 1730 to 1747.

The parish includes St John the Baptist's Church which  was declared redundant in 2003.

Organ
The  1890 Hill organ was rebuilt in 1916 by James Jepson Binns.

Organists

Frederick Ries Barratt 1837 – 1840
Mr Shearman until 1847
Miss Burton from 1847
Frank Ketcher until 1883 (afterwards organist of St Deiniol's Church, Hawarden)
George Fletcher 1883 – 1885
Haydon Hare 1885 – 1895 (afterwards organist of St Nicholas' Church, Great Yarmouth)
Bertie Hare 1895 – 1907
Mr. Murrell from 1907 (formerly organist at Ramsey)
T. Robins 1929 – 1940 (afterwards organist at Chagford, Devon)
Wilfred A. Stevens 1929 – 1940 (formerly assistant organist at Peterborough Cathedral, afterwards organist of St John’s Peterborough)
Albert T.C. Hill 1940 – 1962 (formerly organist at Bourne Abbey)
Harold Harvey 1962 – ca. 1987
Jeffrey Beeden 1997 – 2008
Jeremy Jepson 2008 – 2011 (previously St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle)
Anthony Wilson 2011 – 2012
Michael Kee 2012 – 2013
Fergus Black 2014 – 2020
VACANT

References

External links

Church of England church buildings in Lincolnshire
Grade I listed churches in Lincolnshire
13th-century church buildings in England
Churches in Stamford, Lincolnshire


Majhora Bishnupur  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. In the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4286 people in 739 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District


Manara, Nepal  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5198 people living in 891 individual households.  This census was taken in 1991, and since then (about 15 years from then)  the population of Manara has seen a huge population decrease.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mahottari District

Populated places in Mahottari District