The Minister Responsible for Gender Equity () oversees the Gender Equity Manitoba Secretariat under Manitoba's Department of Families.

Since 1982, the Executive Council of Manitoba has included a minister responsible for the Status of Women or Gender Equity; however, the position is not a full cabinet portfolio and has always been held by a minister who holds other cabinet responsibilities. The current Minister is Nahanni Fontaine, who is also the provincial Minister of Families.

Through the Minister, the independent, arm's-length Manitoba Gender Equity Council (MGEC) advises the Government of Manitoba on matters regarding Gender Equity.

Gender Equity Manitoba Secretariat

The Gender Equity Manitoba Secretariat (Gender Equity Manitoba, GEM; ) is responsible for promoting "gender equality and the equal participation of all within society;" improving "the economic, legal, social and health status of Gender Equity seeking groups;" and contributing "to ending exploitation and violence against women." GEM concerns itself with the current status of Manitoba's 2SLGBTQIA+ Community and other groups in such key areas as education, employment, health, and violence against 2SLGBTQ People, as well as providing the public with information on how women are fairing in such areas.

History
In 1972, the Women's Bureau was created within Manitoba's Department of Labour in order to provide information and assistance to working women or those planning to enter the labour force. In 1984, the Bureau was restructured, renamed Manitoba Women's Directorate, and tasked with supporting the Minister responsible for the Status of Women. The Directorate would work to influence government decision-making to facilitate the integration of women's concerns in public policy and legislation; conducted research and policy analysis of women's issues, as well as raising awareness for such; worked with government departments and community members to promote measures meant to help women achieve equality; and generated government initiatives that reflected priorities of Manitoba women.

Between 2008 and 2009, employees of the Women's Directorate were consolidated with those of the Manitoba Women's Advisory Council (MWAC) as part of the Manitoba Status of Women Division. Whereas MWAC would continue working as a distinct entity, the Women's Directorate was subsumed within the new division.

In 2012, the Directorate, along with the Women's Advisory Council, came under the jurisdiction of the newly-formed Department of Family Services and Labour.

Manitoba Gender Equity Council
The Manitoba Gender Equity Council (MGEC) is an independent, arm's-length organization that advises the Government of Manitoba on matters regarding the Gender Equity, through the Minister responsible for Gender Equity Manitoba. The Council consists of a chairperson and up to 18 members, all appointed by Lieutenant-Governor-in Council. Barbara Bowes is the current chairperson of the Council ().

In 1980, the Manitoba Women's Advisory Council on the Status of Women was established by the provincial government by Order-in-Council. The Council's permanence as an independent, arms-length advisory body would be ensured through the passing of the Manitoba Advisory Council on the Status of Women's Act was passed in 1987. The Council's name was changed to its current title in 1992 with the passage of the Manitoba Women's Advisory Council Act.

In 2004, the Council was placed under the Department of Labour's purview while maintaining its arm's-length role. Between 2008 and 2009, the staff of the Women's Directorate were integrated with the staff of the Council as part of the Manitoba Status of Women Division, however the Manitoba Women's Advisory Council continues to operate as a distinct entity.

In 2012, the Council, along with the Status of Women Directorate, came under the wing of the newly-formed Department of Family Services and Labour. The following year, with the Department of Family Services and Labour was yet again separating into individual departments, the Women's Advisory Council was placed under the jurisdiction of Family Services.

In 2023 the Women's Advisory Council was renamed to be the Gender Equity Council.

List of ministers responsible for the status of women

References

Status of Women, Minister responsible for the
Women in Manitoba


Choila, sometimes Chhwela or Chhoyela (Nepali: छोयला) is a typical Newari dish that consists of spiced grilled buffalo meat. Though the dish is traditionally popular with water buffalo meat, nowadays mutton, chicken, duck meat and mushroom are also being used. Usually eaten with rice flakes (chiura), this dish is typically very spicy.

It is considered a necessary part of the diet in festivals among the Newar community along with several other ingredients. It is also an important ingredient of Samay Baji.

References

Newari cuisine


Dascyllus reticulatus, known commonly as the reticulate dascyllus or two-stripe damselfish among other vernacular names, is a species of marine fish in the family Pomacentridae.

Reticulate dascyllus is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the central Indo-Pacific region.

Description
A small marine fish that reaches  in length. It is grey with two vertical stripes, and a blue-green tail.

In the aquarium

Dascyllus melanurus is a hardy member of a saltwater aquarium. Because of this and its usually low price it may be recommended as a way for novice marine aquarium keepers to gain experience in the hobby.  is typically quoted as the minimum tank size required to permanently house this fish.

It is an aggressive fish, even when compared to many damselfish, and will often harass similarly sized fish. It is also territorial with members of its own species, and with new additions to a tank. This will often make it difficult to add other small fish to an aquarium. It is however reef safe and will not harm invertebrates. Despite its hardy nature care should be taken when placing one with larger predatory fish such as lion fish, and grouper which may eat it. As an adult, however, its aggressive nature will often protect it from any fish that cannot fit it in its mouth.

It is very similar to Dascyllus carneus. They have similar behavior in aquarium tank. As it grows up, it will become very aggressive. They chase small peaceful fishes but avoid to provoke ferocious fishes.

References

http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=212844
liveaquaria.com Page on Two Stripe Damselfish

External links

reticulatus
Fish described in 1846


Thomas Alvin Morga  is an American stuntman, stunt coordinator, and actor best known for his various roles in Star Trek and for being the only actor to play Jason Voorhees, Leatherface and Michael Myers.

Career
Morga began stunt work in the mid-1970s. He later began working as a stunt double for Patrick Duffy in Man from Atlantis. Since then, Morga has doubled for several actors in feature films and television. His work also includes stunt and non-stunt acting roles in numerous Star Trek films and television episodes. However he only received credit for a very little number of his appearances.

Jason Voorhees, Leatherface and Michael Myers
In 1985, Morga portrayed Jason Voorhees in Friday the 13th: A New Beginning during Tommy's hallucinations except for the opening dream sequence where he was played by stuntman John Hock who was personally selected by him to fill-in during his absence. He also stunt-doubled for Dick Wieand, who played Jason's imposter Roy Burns during the film playing him in almost all masked scenes except for a few filmed with Hock. He portrayed Leatherface in the bridge scene of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2. He also portrayed Michael Myers in the first half of Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers, but was ultimately replaced by George P. Wilbur.

Awards
Morga was co-winner of a 2007 Taurus World Stunt Award for "Best Fight" in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest. He was also part of the stunt team nominated for a 2007 Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for "Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture" in Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End.

References

External links

American male television actors
American stunt performers
Living people
Male actors from California
1941 births


William "Bill" Marler (born ) is an American personal injury lawyer and food safety advocate.  He is the managing partner of Marler Clark, a law firm based in Seattle, Washington which specializes in foodborne illness cases.

Background

In 1993, Marler represented 9-year-old Brianne Kiner in litigation against Jack in the Box following an E. coli O157:H7 outbreak, securing a $15.6 million settlement. He subsequently directed his practice toward foodborne illness, representing many more people affected by diseases such as E. coli, hepatitis A, and Salmonellosis. He has been involved in litigation relating to most of the large foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States, representing individuals against large companies such as Chili's, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Dole, and ConAgra.

Marler is also involved with OutBreak, a nonprofit organization under the auspices of Marler Clark. In this capacity he travels extensively, discussing foodborne illness litigation and related issues with public health groups, fair associations, and food industry groups.

As a proponent of improved food regulation, Marler has been asked to speak to numerous groups to address the subject, including testimony to both the California State Senate Governmental Organization Committee and the U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce.

Marler's involvement in the 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak is detailed in author Jeff Benedict's book Poisoned: The True Story of the Deadly E. Coli Outbreak That Changed the Way Americans Eat.  The book has been adapted into

Marler is featured heavily in "Poisoned: The Dirty Truth About Your Food" a documentary that builds upon the book "Poisoned" by Jeff Benedict. The documentary delves into the public and private influences that shape decisions regarding food safety in the United States. It traces the origins of foodborne illnesses, starting with the Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak in 1992-1993 and continuing to the present day. The film is directed by Stephanie Soechtig and premiered at 2023 Tribeca Film Festival, and is set to be released on Netflix on August 2, 2023.

In 2009, Marler founded Food Safety News to "fill a void" in food safety's media coverage. He is a regular contributor to the Food Poison Journal. In January 2016, The Daily Meal named him one of "America's 50 Most Powerful People in Food for 2016". His professional blog was listed by the American Bar Association as one of the top 100 legal blogs. And in The New Yorker piece "A Bug in the System", journalist Wil S. Hylton referred to Marler as "the most prominent and powerful food-safety attorney in the country." According to Marler's own estimation he has won over $600 million in food safety judgements for his clients.

A January 19, 2020 article in The Washington Post detailed Marler's fight for USDA regulations that would ban meat contaminated with certain Salmonella strains from being sold.

Awards and distinctions
New Jersey Association of Justice's Gold Medal for Distinguished Journalism (2023)
Seattle University Distinguished Law Graduate Award (2013)
Seattle University Professional Achievement Award (2011)
NSF Food Safety Leadership Award: Innovation in Education (2010)
 Public Justice Award, Washington State Trial Lawyer's Association (2008)
 Outstanding Lawyer Award, Seattle/King County Bar Association (2008)
 "Super Lawyer", Washington State Attorneys (1998–Present)
 Governor Appointee, Washington State University Board of Regents (1998-2004)
 Distinguished Achievement Award, WSU College of Liberal Arts (1997)

Bibliography

Selected publications

References

External links

Living people
Washington (state) lawyers
Washington State University alumni
Seattle University School of Law alumni
1957 births


Chrysiptera taupou, known commonly as the southseas devil, southseas demoiselle, and Fiji damsel, is a species of damselfish. It is native to the western Pacific Ocean from the Coral Sea to Samoa.

Description
This fish reaches about 8 centimeters in length.

Biology
Habitat types include reefs and lagoons. The fish pairs up to breed and the male guards and tends the eggs.

Uses
The fish has value as a specimen in public aquaria.

In aquarium
It is very aggressive to other small fishes especially damsel and clown fishes. It is recommended to raise them in the large fish tank.

References

External links

taupou
Taxa named by David Starr Jordan
Taxa named by Alvin Seale
Fish described in 1906


Astragalus anxius is a rare species of milkvetch known by the common names troubled milkvetch and Ash Valley milkvetch. It is endemic to northern Lassen County, California, where it is critically imperiled. It was formally described in 1992.

Description
Astragalus anxius is a perennial herb forming a matted patch of slender, delicate stems no longer than 20 centimeters. It is coated thinly in wavy hairs. The leaves are a few centimeters long and made up of several leaflets. The inflorescence contains 7 to 15 pealike flowers. Each flower is bicolored, the lower petals usually white and the upper banner petals purple to purple-veined white. The fruit is a hairy, oval-shaped legume pod up to half a centimeter long which dries to a papery texture.

Taxonomy
Astragalus anxius was first described in 1992, when it was separated from Astragalus tegetarioides. Some sources treat it as a variety of A. tegetarioides, A. tegetarioides var. anxius.

Distribution
Astragalus anxius is endemic to northern Lassen County, California, where it grows in the volcanic soil of the Modoc Plateau. There are only six known occurrences, some of which are threatened by livestock trampling.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment - Astragalus anxius
USDA Plants Profile; Astragalus anxius
Astragalus anxius - Photo gallery

anxius
Endemic flora of California
Flora of the Great Basin
~
~
Natural history of Lassen County, California
Plants described in 1992
Critically endangered flora of California


Chrysiptera talboti, known commonly as Talbot's damselfish and Talbot's demoiselle, is a species of damselfish. It is a marine fish from the eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific.

Etymology
The specific name honours the fisheries scientist Frank H. Talbot the director of the Australian Museum in Sydney, the collector of the type.

Description
This fish reaches  in length. It has a yellow head, yellow ventral fins, and a large black spot at the back of its dorsal fin.

In aquarium
It having enough living rocks in aquarium, it settles peacefully but seldom threats incoming small fishes. It appears cowardly during facing the more aggressive damsel fishes.

References

External links
WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Chrysiptera talboti (Allen, 1975)

talboti
Taxa named by Gerald R. Allen
Fish described in 1975


Hilda Taba (7 December 1902 in Kooraste, Estonia – 6 July 1967 in San Francisco, California) was an architect, a curriculum theorist, a curriculum reformer, and a teacher educator. Taba was born in the small village of Kooraste, Estonia. Her mother's name was Liisa Leht, and her father was a schoolmaster whose name was Robert Taba. Hilda Taba began her education at the Kanepi Parish School. She then attended the Võru’s Girls’ Grammar School and earned her undergraduate degree in English and Philosophy at the University of Tartu. When Taba was given the opportunity to attend Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania, she earned her master's degree. Following the completion of her degree at Bryn Mawr College, she attended Teachers College at Columbia University. She applied for a job at the University of Tartu but was turned down because she was female, so she became curriculum director at the Dalton School in New York City.  In 1951, Taba accepted an invitation to become a professor at San Francisco State College, now known as San Francisco State University.

Author
Taba was a student of John Dewey; she wrote her first dissertation after studying with him and wrote a total of seven books. Her dissertation entitled Dynamics of Education: A Methodology of Progressive Educational Thought (1932) focused on educating for democracy. She discussed how children should learn how to relate to one another through democratic relationships. Two other key ideas in her dissertation included how learning should involve dynamic, interrelated, and interdependent processes and how educators are accountable for the delivery and the evaluation of the curriculum. She also believed educational curriculum should focus on teaching students to think rather than simply to regurgitate facts.  After working with John Dewey, Benjamin Bloom, Ralph W. Tyler, Deborah Elkins, and Robert Havighurst, she wrote a book entitled Curriculum Development: Theory and Practice (1962). Taba wrote:

One scarcely needs to emphasize the importance of critical thinking as a desirable ingredient in human beings in a democratic society. No matter what views people hold of the chief function of education, they at least agree that people need to learn to think.  In a society in which changes come fast, individuals cannot depend on routinized behavior or tradition in making decisions, whether on practical everyday or professional matters, moral values, or political issues. In such a society, there is a natural concern that individuals be capable of intelligent and independent thought.

Taba explains a process for what educators should teach and how they can accomplish desired student outcomes. In order for teachers to teach effectively, they need to understand the three levels of knowledge. Taba lists them as facts, basic ideas and principles, and concepts. Too much factual information is often presented very quickly, so students do not make connections between the new information and the information stored in their brains.  Hilda Taba explains how when facts are simply memorized and not connected to previously known information, students forget the memorized facts within approximately two years.  Taba says basic ideas and principles should be selected based on what information children are able to learn at their ages and based on what information has scientific validity.  The final level of knowledge, concepts, involves students using knowledge from all content areas to predict outcomes or effects.

Approach

Because Taba died in her sixties while she was still an inspiring educator, her students continued her work.  Many of her students, who were members of the Institute for Staff Development in Miami, used Taba's ideas to create four thinking strategies known as the Taba approach. The four strategies are concept development, interpretation of data, application of generalizations, and interpretations of feelings, attitudes and values.  Using all four strategies, the Taba approach's goal is to facilitate students in thinking more efficiently.  Based on Taba's methods, “to think” means “helping them [students] to formulate data into conceptual patterns, to verbalize relationships between discrete segments of data, to make inferences from data, to make generalizations on the basis of data and to test these generalizations, and to become sensitive to such corollary relationships as cause and effect and similarities and differences.”

Taba's strategies for encouraging students to think focus on the teacher as the mediator rather than the teacher as the lecturer.  When utilizing the Taba approach, the teacher leads the discussion but encourages the students to share their opinions and to relate their own ideas to their peers’ ideas.  The teacher must not judge the students by their answers and can neither agree nor disagree with their responses.  Phrases such as “That’s not quite what I had in mind,” are not acceptable when using the Taba approach.  Even positive phrases such as “Correct,” or “Now you’re thinking,” are too judgmental for teachers to say.  Along with verbal feedback, the teacher should avoid giving nonverbal cues such as smiling during certain students’ responses and scratching his or her head during other students’ responses.  The teacher's role in the discussion is to encourage the students to expand on their classmates’ ideas or to ask students to clarify their own ideas.

Legacy

Through Hilda Taba's teachings and through her books, Taba greatly contributed to American education.

 In a 1970 survey of over two hundred educators who had participated in training concerning the Taba approach, nearly all of the educators said the strategies were valuable to their classrooms.  Some of the teachers even reported that Taba's approach to teaching was “the most valuable teaching technique they had ever acquired.”

References

1902 births
1967 deaths
People from Kanepi Parish
People from the Governorate of Livonia
Estonian architects
American women architects
20th-century American architects
20th-century American women artists
Estonian women architects
University of Tartu alumni
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni


Psilocybe mescaleroensis is a psychedelic mushroom which has psilocybin and psilocin as main active compounds.   This mushroom is closely related to Psilocybe hopii and Psilocybe cyanescens.  It was brought to scientific attention by Lee Walstad.

Description

Cap: 2 – 6 cm, convex to subumbonate, brownish-yellow, hygrophanous, margin striate when moist, often with an orangish center, broad umbo and wavy margin.  Has a separable gelatinous pellicle.   Bruising bluish where damaged.
Gills: Cream color when young, chocolate brown in age, with adnate to adnexed attachment.
Spores: Dark chocolate brown, subrhomboid to subovoid, thick-walled, 9 - 12 x 6 - 8 µm.
Stipe: 5 – 10 cm long, .5 to 2 cm thick, white, sometimes with light orange patches, fibrillose, equal to slightly enlarged near the top.  Annulus fragile and membranous, white or dusted with dark brown spores.  Stem base with rhizomorphic mycelium. Bluing where damaged.
Taste: Slightly farinaceous.
Odor: Slightly farinaceous.
Microscopic features: Pleurocystidia absent.  Cheilocystidia 20 - 30 x 6 µm, fusiform or ventricose-rostrate, sometimes forked.

Distribution and habitat
Grows scattered to gregariously on dead grasses, in grasslands and savanna near ponderosa pine woodlands, often near gopher holes.  Found in the summer and fall in Lincoln County, NM. So far it has only been collected in or near the type locality.

References
 Guzmán, Gastón, Lee Walstad, Etelvina Gándara & Florencia Ramírez-Guillén. (2007). A new bluing species of Psilocybe, section Stuntzii from New Mexico, U.S.A. Mycotaxon 99: 223–226.

Fungi described in 2007
Fungi of North America
Entheogens
Psychoactive fungi
mescaleroensis
Psychedelic tryptamine carriers
Taxa named by Gastón Guzmán


The Bund der Asienkämpfer (BdAK), more rarely mentioned as Bund Deutscher Asienkämpfer (BDAK), meaning "League of Asian Warriors" or "League of German Asian Warriors", was a social welfare organization for German veterans who had been in the Asien-Korps, the units of the German Empire at the service of the Ottoman Empire in the Near East and the Balkans during World War I.

The BdAK was established in 1918, at the end of the war, by German ex-armymen. One of their main purposes was to investigate what had happened to entire missing German units of the Asien-Korps, including German nurses (German Red Cross Sisters), when the Palestine-Transjordan front collapsed at the end of September 1918. At that time many Germans fighting along Turkish troops in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign suddenly found themselves behind enemy lines, fighting for their lives.

This association issued a magazine, the "Orient Rundschau," during its heyday, which was during the 1920s, until well into the Nazi time. In the name of Gleichschaltung, the Bund der Asienkämpfer was affiliated to the NSDAP after the Nazi takeover of power in 1933. It was finally disbanded by the Nazi authorities in 1938.

See also
Otto Liman von Sanders
Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz
Erich Prigge
Gallipoli Star (Ottoman Empire)
Sinai and Palestine Campaign

Notes and references

(partly)
 & Pictures of German troops at the Asian front
History: BdAK Magazine
DRK Nurses

Further reading
Laurent Murawiec, The Mind of Jihad, Cambridge University Press

1918 establishments in Germany
1938 disestablishments in Germany
Aftermath of World War I in Germany
German veterans' organisations
Social welfare charities


August von Hayek (14 December 1871 – 11 June 1928) was an Austrian physician and botanist born in Vienna. He was the son of naturalist Gustav von Hayek and the father of economist Friedrich Hayek (1899–1992).

Biography
In 1895 he obtained his medical doctorate from the University of Vienna. Soon, he was employed by the municipal ministry of health. He obtained his PhD in 1905. Beginning in 1922, he taught classes at the Hochschule für Bodenkultur in Vienna, and from 1926, he was an associate professor at the university. He died in 1928 in Vienna.

He is remembered for phytogeographical investigations that took place within the Austria-Hungarian Empire, in particular, Styria and the Balkans. He also conducted detailed studies on the historical development of flora found along the eastern and southeastern edge of the Alps. In the field of plant systematics, he specialized in Centaurea species native to Austria-Hungary.

He was married to Felicitas von Juraschek.

Principal works
  (Prodomus of Balkan peninsula flora).

 Schedae ad Florum stiriacum exsiccatum, 1904–1912.

References

External links

20th-century Austrian botanists
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
Scientists from Vienna
Austrian people of Moravian-German descent
1871 births
1928 deaths
20th-century Austrian physicians
Scientists from Austria-Hungary


Phetharbital (phenetharbital) is a barbiturate derivative. It has anticonvulsant effects and relatively weak sedative action, and is considered to have a low abuse potential.

References

Barbiturates
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Anticonvulsants
Anilides


Clear channel may refer to:

 iHeartMedia, a US broadcasting company formerly known as Clear Channel Communications
 Clear Channel Outdoor, an advertising company formerly a subsidiary of iHeartMedia
 Clear-channel station, a regulatory category of AM broadcast stations in North America


Maneater Series is the name, logo and line look given to a series of made-for-television natural horror films on DVD produced by RHI Entertainment for the Syfy Channel, and distributed by Vivendi Entertainment. The Maneater Series logo and line look were created under the direction of Danny Tubbs, the executive director of creative services of Vivendi Entertainment. The deal, made in October 2006, stipulated that the first ten films would premiere on the US-based channel in 2007, but due to a pre-licensing agreement, the first six actually premiered in Canada on the video on demand channel Movie Central on Demand. Most of the early films in the series were filmed in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

RHI has continued adding new films to the series, most of which are shown first on Syfy before being released to DVD. In 2013, the website was shut down due to technical difficulties.
The series was put on hold after 2011 because of RHI's financial problems but was then revived in 2013 with Scarecrow. Two more films were released in 2015.

As of 2023, all films in the series are available on the streaming service Tubi

Films

References

Film series introduced in 2007
Horror film series
American natural horror films
American monster movies


Peruvemba is a village and  gram panchayat near Chittur-Thathamangalam in the Palakkad district of Kerala, India. Within the village is the Ootukulangara Bhagavathy Temple.

Peruvemba is famous for the uniquely skilled craftsmen who manufacture and tune the leather-based percussion musical instruments such as Mridangam, Maddalam, Tabla, Timila, Chenda, Idakka etc. These families have been in this craft for about 200 years. Today, about 74 families in and around Peruvemba are continuing this tradition. Renowned musicians from different parts of the country visit Peruvemba for purchasing and maintenance of the instruments.

Demographics
 India census, Peruvemba had a population of 18,433 with 8,971 males and 9,462 females.

References

Villages in Palakkad district
Gram panchayats in Palakkad district


The Our Lady of Victory Basilica is a Catholic parish church and national shrine in Lackawanna, New York. Due to the multiple charities of founder Father Nelson Baker, the shrine is a popular pilgrimage and visitor destination in Lackawanna. It is part of the Diocese of Buffalo.

History

In 1916, fire seriously damaged St. Patrick's Parish Church in Lackawanna, New York. Repairs were made, but Father Baker, superintendent priest of the busy parish developed plans to replace the church. On May 7, 1921, Father Baker celebrated the last Mass at St. Patrick's.

The structure was immediately dismantled to make way for something larger. Construction on the basilica began in 1921 after Father Baker unveiled plans at a parish council meeting to build a shrine in homage to the Blessed Mother. Because of Baker's influence in the community and well-known charitable reputation across the nation, he was able to get sufficient financial support to begin construction quickly. Baker solicited support for his project, and thousands from across the nation contributed funding both large and small, mostly through a direct-mail fundraising club. Designed by Emile Ulrich, the basilica was constructed at a cost of $3.2 million, but the project was completed without the parish incurring any debt.

By late 1925, construction on the sanctuary of Our Lady of Victory was complete, and the first Mass was held there on Christmas of that year. On May 25, 1926, a consecration ceremony took place presided over by Father Baker, Bishop William Turner of the Diocese of Buffalo, and Cardinal Patrick Hayes. Thousands of priests, religious sisters, and believers from across the nation attended the event. Two months later, Pope Pius XI designated the shrine with the honorable title of "Minor Basilica" via an apostolic decree. Baker was in charge of the basilica and the parish's various institutions of charity, until his death on July 29, 1936.

The basilica has had only two significant changes to its original design. The first came in 1941 during a violent lightning storm that caused significant damage to the basilica's twin towers (a style associated with Portuguese churches).

Baker's first successor, Monsignor Joseph Maguire, took charge of the efforts to refurbish the structures. He had the marble towers replaced with the lower, enclosed, copper dome-tipped towers that still top the basilica today. Following the harsh winter of 2001–2002, the roof of the National Shrine was found to have significantly deteriorated. Its copper had turned a greenish hue due to overexposure to the elements (a similar chemical effect as seen on the Statue of Liberty) and was no longer weather tight. A new copper roof was installed.

In 2001, a celebration of the National Shrine's Diamond Jubilee and basilica's 75 years in the making was held at the Our Lady of Victory Parish. On May 26, a special Mass was followed by a dinner party, at which hundreds of dignitaries, clergy members, and friends came together to celebrate the basilica and Father Baker's legacy.

Relics of Father Baker

In July 1998, through the efforts of Bishop Henry J. Mansell, it was announced that the remains of Father Baker would be relocated from nearby Holy Cross Cemetery and reinterred in the basilica. The move was ordered by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in Rome, to signify a step toward declaring Baker a saint.

On March 11, 1999, Father Baker's casket was carried by six men who were raised by Baker, and placed in a sarcophagus within the Grotto Shrine to Our Lady of Lourdes, found on the southern end of the basilica's transept. It is estimated that nearly 6,000 people attended the event at the basilica that day to honor Baker and his work. The re-interment helped raise awareness of Baker, his mission, and his legacy across the world. On January 14, 2011, Pope Benedict XVI declared Fr. Baker "venerable".

Architecture

Exterior
The design of the exterior of the basilica was the work of French ecclesiastical architect Emile Ulrich. To fulfill Father Baker's wish for the finest materials and workmanship, Ulrich halted all other projects from his architectural firm in Cleveland and spent his time personally inspecting artists' work both in the United States and Europe.

The majority of the exterior of the shrine is constructed almost entirely of pure white marble, supplied by the Georgia Marble Company of Tate, Georgia. Throughout the basilica's interior and parts of the exterior, a combination of more than 40 different types, colors, and designs of Italian marble can also be found.

Great dome

A prominent feature of the basilica's exterior is the large copper dome. The dome, measuring 165 feet in height, was second in size only to the U.S. Capitol building in Washington, D.C. at the time of its completion in 1926. Over the years, the dome's original copper has aged to a green patina, as expected. Four copper angel statues playing trumpets, measuring 18 feet tall, are mounted on the dome.

Twin towers
The original twin towers of the basilica, when completed in 1926, stood at a height of 165 feet (about 16 stories). The spires were made completely of marble and had an open design. In 1941, a violent lightning storm caused major damage to both the towers, forcing redesign and refurbishing. The new towers, enclosed and much shorter than the originals, are topped with copper domes, similar to the design of the basilica's Great Dome.

Main entrance

Two large colonnades extend outward and flank the exterior sides of the shrine at the main entrance. On top of each is a marble sculpture of a group of children overseen by a large angel. On the left colonnade (when facing the basilica's front), the children are led by a religious sister. This figure represents the Sisters of St. Joseph, the order which has staffed the Our Lady of Victory Institutions since 1856. On the right colonnade, the children are led by a priest, Father Baker. This figure of Baker was ordered by Ulrich to honor the priest for his several contributions to the Our Lady of Victory Institutions. Also at the entrance to the basilica is a domed niche that houses a 12-foot-tall, 16,000-pound (eight tons) statue of Our Lady of Victory, crafted of the finest Carrara marble available.

Interior

The great dome and ceiling

The largest work of art is the decoration of the Great Dome,  in diameter, which depicts the Assumption of Mary and the Blessed Mother's Coronation. Around the dome's outer edge, the 12 apostles and three archangels are shown, while an angelic host carries Mary towards heaven. Slightly higher within the dome, Jesus in red robes can be seen awaiting her. At the pinnacle of the dome,  above the basilica floor, a white Dove of Peace looks down from Heaven at the basilica.

From the Great Dome to the choir loft, the ceiling is covered by five giant murals. They depict Mary as Queen of Patriarchs, Queen of the Apostles, Queen of the Angels, Queen of the Prophets, and Queen of the Martyrs. The two walls on the basilica's sides feature huge paintings depicting scenes from the Gospels: the Massacre of the Innocents, the Flight into Egypt, and the Birth of Jesus at Bethlehem.

The main altar

The main altar features a  tall,  statue of Our Lady of Victory. This was blessed by Pope Pius XI after being sculpted in Italy. Baker placed a painting of the pope on the altar in return.

Flanking the altar are four, swirled marble columns of rare red marble, reminiscent of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. A legend told about the marble says a group of Buffalo-born soldiers stumbled upon the unique red marble while in Spain during World War I. Upon seeing it, the soldiers thought immediately of the basilica being built at home by Father Baker. They went to talk to the Spanish farmer who owned the property. After hearing the story of Father Baker, the farmer agreed to donate the "useless rock" on his property. Arrangements were made and the marble was sent to Lackawanna to complete the work on the basilica's altar.

The main altar stands under a bright blue dome depicting the Holy Spirit in brilliant hues. On the ceiling over the altar, an elongated panel represents "Queen of All Saints". Among the saints are Mary Magdalene, St. Anthony, St. Elizabeth, St. Anne, and St. Theresa.

Items of Papal significance
Near the altar, at one end of the pews, stands the umbraculum, a symbolic canopy or umbrella which is kept half open until the Pope visits the basilica and completely opens it. The tintinnabulum, a small gold bell mounted on a pole with a golden frame, stands at the other end. It is used to lead the procession when the Pope says Mass within the basilica. These two items, along with the personal coat of arms of a pope, which hangs above the bronze main entrance doors, signify the shrine's Basilica status within the Catholic community.

Stations of the Cross

The shrine is flanked by the 14 marble Stations of the Cross, which depict Jesus' final hours before his death. Rather than the elements being carved from separate blocks of marble and assembled for each Station afterwards, each Station was sculpted from single blocks. The figures are depicted at life size. The Italian sculptor Pepini spent 14 years on the design and execution.

The station entitled "Jesus Meets His Afflicted Mother" was one of Father Baker's favorite places in the basilica. In his 80s by the time the basilica was completed, Baker could be often found leaning on the pillar closest to this Station, meditating and saying prayers.

The organ
When the original, custom-made Wurlitzer organ installed in the choir loft had deteriorated beyond repair, a specially-designed 54-rank pipe organ was installed in its place. Built by the Delaware Pipe Organ Co. and installed in 1981, the organ has three mahogany pipe towers, each in an eight-foot semicircle, representing the Holy Trinity. There are 51 pipes in the three towers, with the balance of pipes located behind the towers. The pipework is of metal and wood, and ranges in length from six inches to 18 feet.

The grotto and Father Baker's remains

Baker's remains are in a sarcophagus within the Grotto Shrine to Our Lady of Lourdes, found on the southern end of the basilica's transept. The Grotto is hewn out of black lava rock from Mount Vesuvius in Italy. Baker, who had died in 1936, had wanted to find a construction material that was "untouched by humans" to commemorate the vision of the Blessed Mother to St. Bernadette in Lourdes, France.

Other places of interest
Other sculptures and artwork:
The interior is decorated with several religious paintings, sculptures, and mosaics depicting devotion to the Blessed Mother. It is estimated that from 1,500 to 2,500 angels can be found in the basilica in the sculptures and artwork. It was Baker's plan to place an angel in every possible sightline, to remind visitors that although the basilica is dedicated to Our Lady of Victory, its main purpose is meant primarily for God's praise and glory.

Pews and aisle:
The basilica's pews are made of rare African mahogany, and provide seating for more than 1,200 individuals. The shrine's floor and aisle are gradually sloped to ensure that all have an unobstructed view of the basilica's main altar.

Altars:
In keeping with the style of architecture, five unique altars line the rear wall behind the main altar. These altars are dedicated to: St. Patrick, St. Aloysius Gonzaga, Mary Immaculate, St. Anne, and St. Vincent de Paul whose life work with the poor and needy inspired Father Baker.

Baptistery:
Located adjacent to the main altar, the bapistery features a marble baptismal font, as well as dozens of wall and ceiling paintings with religious symbols and peoples.

Father Baker Museum:
During late 2009, construction began to create a small museum about Father Baker's life and the history of the Our Lady of Victory Institutions. It is located in the basilica's basement, where the chapel and Father Baker Rooms were formerly located. A number of photos, official documents, vintage newspapers, and Baker's belongings are on display. Items such as Father Baker's desk, books, clothing, and furniture can be found throughout the museum. Also in the museum are cases of photos, information, and memorabilia from the Our Lady of Victory Institutions, such as the Infant Home, Orphanage, Protectory, and the basilica itself. On that floor of the basilica is the remodeled gift shop offering religious items such as rosaries, and related goods.

Gallery

References

External links

Our Lady of Victory Parish Institutions Webpage
Buffalo VR's interactive VR panorama of the basilica

Roman Catholic churches completed in 1926
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
Roman Catholic churches in New York (state)
Basilica churches in New York (state)
Churches in Erie County, New York
Church buildings with domes
Tourist attractions in Erie County, New York
Museums in Erie County, New York
Religious museums in New York (state)
Biographical museums in New York (state)
Roman Catholic national shrines in the United States
Articles containing video clips


Before the perestroika Soviet era reforms of Gorbachev that promoted Eurocommunism, the majority of its history it went the formal ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was Marxism–Leninism, a form of socialism consisting of a centralised command economy with a vanguardist one-party state that aimed to realize the dictatorship of the proletariat. The Soviet Union's ideological commitment to achieving communism included the national communist development of socialism in one country and peaceful coexistence with capitalist countries while engaging in anti-imperialism to defend the international proletariat, combat the predominant prevailing global system of capitalism and promote the goals of Russian Communism. The state ideology of the Soviet Union—and thus Marxism–Leninism—derived and developed from the theories, policies and political praxis of Marx, Lenin and Stalin.

Marxism–Leninism

Marxism–Leninism was the ideological basis for the Soviet Union. It explained and legitimized the CPSU's right to rule, while explaining its role as a vanguard party. For instance, the ideology explained that the CPSU's policies, even if they were unpopular, were correct because the party was enlightened. It was represented to be the only truth in Soviet society, and with it rejecting the notion of multiple truths. In short, it was used to justify CPSU Leninism as being a means to an end. The relationship between ideology and decision-making was at best ambivalent, with most policy decisions taken in the light of the continued, permanent development of Marxism–Leninism, which, as the only truth, could not by its very nature become outdated.

Despite having evolved over the years, Marxism–Leninism had several central tenets. The main tenet was the party's status as sole ruling party. The 1977 Constitution referred to the party as the "leading and guiding force of Soviet society, and the nucleus of its political system, of all state and public organizations, is the Communist Party of the Soviet Union." State socialism was essential, and from Joseph Stalin until Mikhail Gorbachev official discourse considered private social and economic activity such as capitalism as "retarding" the development of Russian collective consciousness and of the Soviet economy. Gorbachev supported privatization to a degree, but based his policies on Vladimir Lenin's and Nikolai Bukharin's view on the New Economic Policy of the 1920s, and supported complete state ownership over the commanding heights of the economy. Unlike liberalism, Marxism–Leninism stressed not the importance of the individual, but rather the role of the individual as a member of a collective. Thus defined, individuals had only the right to freedom of expression if it safeguarded the interests of the collective. For instance, in the 1977 Constitution Marxism–Leninism it was stated that every person had the right to express their opinion, but that opinion could only be expressed if it was in accordance with the "general interests of Soviet society." In short, the number of rights granted to an individual was decided by the state, and could be taken away by the state as it saw fit. Soviet Marxism–Leninism justified nationalism, and the media portrayed every victory of the Soviet Union as a victory for the communist movement as a whole. In large parts, Soviet nationalism was based upon ethnic Russian nationalism. Marxism–Leninism stressed the importance of the worldwide conflict between capitalism and socialism, and the Soviet press talked about progressive and reactionary forces, while claiming that socialism was on the verge of victory; that the "correlations of forces" were in the Soviet Union's favour. Until its late years of the USSR, the ideology had professed state atheism, and party members were formerly not allowed to be religious. The state professed a belief in the feasibility of total communist mode of production, and all policies were seen as justifiable if it contributed to the Soviet Union's reaching that stage.

Leninism

In Marxist philosophy, Leninism is the body of political theory for the democratic organisation of a revolutionary vanguard party, and the achievement of a dictatorship of the proletariat, as political prelude to the establishment of the socialist mode of production, developed by Lenin. Since Karl Marx barely, if ever wrote about how the socialist mode of production would look like or function, these tasks were left for later scholars like Lenin to solve. His main contribution to Marxist thought is the concept of the vanguard party of the working class. The vanguard party was conceived to be a highly-knit centralised organization which was led by intellectuals, rather than by the working class itself. The party was open only to a small number of the workers, the reason being that the workers in Russia still had not developed class consciousness and therefore needed to be educated to reach such a state. Lenin believed that the vanguard party could initiate policies in the name of the working class even if the working class did not support them, since the vanguard party would know what was best for the workers, since the party functionaries had attained consciousness.

Lenin, in light of the Marx's theory of the state (which views the state as an oppressive organ of the ruling class), had no qualms of forcing change upon the country. He viewed the dictatorship of the proletariat, in contrast to the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, as the dictatorship of the majority. The repressive powers of the state were to be used to transform the country, and to strip of the former ruling class of their wealth. Lenin believed that the transition from the capitalist mode of production to the socialist mode of production would last for a long period. According to some authors, Leninism was by definition authoritarian. In contrast to Karl Marx, who believed that the socialist revolution would be composed of and led by the working class alone, Lenin argued that a socialist revolution did not necessarily need to be led  by or composed of the working class alone, instead contending that a revolution needed to be led by the oppressed classes of society, which in the case of Russia was the peasant class.

Stalinism

Stalinism, while not an ideology per se, refers to Stalin's thoughts and policies. Stalin's introduction of the concept "Socialism in One Country" in 1924 was a major turning point in Soviet ideological discourse. The Soviet Union did not need a socialist world revolution to construct a socialist society, Stalin claimed. Four years later, Stalin initiated his "Second Revolution" with the introduction of state socialism and central planning. In the early-1930s, he initiated collectivization of Soviet agriculture, by de-privatizing agriculture, but not turning it under the responsibility of the state, per se, instead creating peasant cooperatives. With the initiation of his "Second Revolution", Stalin launched a "Cult of Lenin" and a cult of personality centered upon himself. For instance, the name of the city of Petrograd was changed to Leningrad, the town of Lenin's birth was renamed Ulyanov (Lenin's birth-name), the Order of Lenin became the highest state award and portraits of Lenin were hung up everywhere; in public squares, factories and offices etc.  The increasing bureaucracy which followed after the introduction of a state socialist economy was at complete odds with the Marxist notion of "the withering away of the state". Stalin tried to explain the reasoning behind it at the 16th Congress (held in 1930);

We stand for the strengthening of the dictatorship of the proletariat, which represents the mightiest and most powerful authority of all forms of State that have ever existed. The highest development of the State power for the withering away of State power —this is the Marxian formula. Is this "contradictory"? Yes, it is "contradictory." But this contradiction springs from life itself and reflects completely Marxist dialectic.

The idea that the state would wither away was later abandoned by Stalin at the 18th Congress (held in 1939), in which he expressed confidence that the state would exist, even if the Soviet Union reached communism, as long as it was encircled by capitalism. Two key concepts were created in the latter half of his rule; the "two camp" theory and that of "capitalist encirclement". The threat of capitalism was used to strengthen Stalin's personal powers, and Soviet propaganda began making a direct link with Stalin and stability in society, claiming that the country would crumble without the leader. Stalin deviated greatly from classical Marxism when it came to "subjective factors", claiming that party members, whatever rank, had to profess fanatic adherence to the party's line and ideology, and that otherwise those policies would fail.

De-Stalinization

After Stalin died and once the ensuing power struggle subsided, a period of de-Stalinization developed, as Soviets debated what Marxism–Leninism would be in the absence of its de facto enforced equivalence with Stalinism. During the Khrushchev Thaw, the answer that emerged was that it would continue to involve central planning to the nearly complete exclusion of market mechanisms, as well as the totalitarian version of collectivism and continuing xenophobia, but that it would no longer involve the extreme degree of state terror seen during the Great Purge era. This ideological viewpoint maintained the secular apotheosis of Lenin, treating the terror aspect of Stalinism as a perversion that had been belatedly corrected, rather than admitting that Lenin himself had built a legacy of state terror. This storyline persisted into the Gorbachev era and even mostly survived glasnost. As Soviet military officer and Lenin biographer Dmitri Volkogonov described it, "Lenin was the last bastion to fall."

Concepts

Dictatorship of the proletariat

Lenin, according to his interpretation of Marx's theory of the state, believed democracy to be unattainable anywhere in the world before the proletariat seized power. According to Marxist theory, the state is a vehicle for oppression and is headed by a ruling class, an "organ of class rule". He believed that by his time, the only viable solution was dictatorship since the war was heading into a final conflict between the "progressive forces of socialism and the degenerate forces of capitalism". The Russian Revolution of 1917 was already a failure according to its original aim, which was to act as an inspiration for a world revolution. As a result, the initial anti-statist posture and the active campaigning for direct democracy was replaced with dictatorship. From the perspective of the Bolsheviks, the rationale for this change was Russia's lack of development, its status as the sole socialist state in the world, its encirclement by imperialist powers, and its internal encirclement by the peasantry.

Marx, similar to Lenin, considered it fundamentally irrelevant whether a bourgeois state was ruled according to a republican, parliamentarian or constitutionally monarchic political system because this did not change the mode of production itself. These systems, regardless of whether they are ruled by an oligarchy or by mass participation, were ultimately all a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie by definition because the bourgeoisie, by the very condition of their class and its interests, would promote and implement policies in their class interests and thus in defense of capitalism. There was a difference, though; Lenin, after the failures of the world revolutions, argued that this did not necessarily have to change under the dictatorship of the proletariat. The reasoning came from wholly practical considerations: the majority of the country's inhabitants were not communists and the party could not introduce parliamentary democracy since that was inconsistent with their ideology and would lead to the party losing power. He therefore concluded that "[t]he form of government has absolutely nothing to do with" the nature of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Bukharin and Trotsky agreed with Lenin, both claiming that the revolution had only destroyed the old, but failing completely in creating anything sort of new. Lenin had now concluded that the dictatorship of the proletariat would not alter the relationship of power between persons, but rather "transform their productive relations so that, in the long run, the realm of necessity could be overcome and, with that, genuine social freedom realised".

It was in the period of 1920–1921 that Soviet leaders and ideologists began differentiating between socialism and communism; hitherto the two terms had been used to describe similar conditions. From then, the two terms developed separate meanings. According to Soviet ideology, Russia was in the transition from capitalism to socialism (referred to interchangeably under Lenin as the dictatorship of the proletariat), socialism being the intermediate stage to communism, with the latter being the final stage which follows after socialism. By now, the party leaders believed that universal mass participation and true democracy could only take form in the last stage, if only because of Russia's current conditions at the time.

In early Bolshevik discourse, the term "dictatorship of the proletariat" was of little significance; the few times it was mentioned, it was likened to the form of government which had existed in the Paris Commune. With the ensuing Russian Civil War and the social and material devastation that followed, however, its meaning was transformed from communal democracy to disciplined totalitarian rule. By now, Lenin had concluded that only a proletarian regime as oppressive as its opponents could survive in this world. The powers previously bestowed upon the soviets were now given to the Council of People's Commissars; the central government was in turn to be governed by "an army of steeled revolutionary Communists [by Communists he referred to the Party]". In a letter to Gavril Myasnikov, Lenin in late 1920 explained his new reinterpretation of the term "dictatorship of the proletariat";

Dictatorship means nothing more nor less than authority untrammelled by any laws, absolutely unrestricted by any rules whatever, and based directly on force. The term 'dictatorship' has no other meaning but this.

Lenin justified these policies by claiming that all states were class states by nature, and that these states were maintained through class struggle. This meant that the dictatorship of the proletariat in the Soviet Union could only be "won and maintained by the use of violence against the bourgeoisie". The main problem with this analysis is that the Party came to view anyone opposing or holding alternate views of the party as bourgeoisie. The worst enemy remained the moderates, however, which were "objectively" considered to be "the real agents of the bourgeoisie in the working class movement, the labour lieutenants of the capitalist class".

Consequently, "bourgeoisie" became synonymous with "opponent" and with people who disagreed with the party in general. These oppressive measures led to another reinterpretation of the dictatorship of the proletariat and socialism in general; it was now defined as a purely economic system. Slogans and theoretical works about democratic mass participation and collective decision-making were now replaced with texts which supported authoritarian management. Considering the situation, the party believed it had to use the same powers as the bourgeoisie to transform Russia, for there was no other alternative. Lenin began arguing that the proletariat, similar to the bourgeoisie, did not have a single preference for a form of government, and because of that dictatorship was acceptable to both the party and the proletariat. In a meeting with party officials, Lenin stated—in line with his economist view of socialism—that "[i]ndustry is indispensable, democracy is not", further arguing that "we do not promise any democracy or any freedom".

Anti-imperialism

The Marxist theory on imperialism was conceived by Lenin in his book, Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism (published in 1917). It was written in response to the theoretical crisis within Marxist thought, which occurred due to capitalism's recovery in the 19th century. According to Lenin, imperialism was a specific stage of development of capitalism; a stage he referred to as state monopoly capitalism. The Marxist movement was split on how to solve capitalism's resurgence and revitalisation after the great depression of the late-19th century. Eduard Bernstein, from the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SDP), considered capitalism' revitalisation as proof that capitalism was evolving into a more humane system, further adding that the basic aims of socialists were not to overthrow the state, but rather to take power through elections. On the other hand, Karl Kautsky, from the SDP, held a highly dogmatic view, claiming that there was no crisis within Marxist theory. Both of them, however, denied or belittled the role of class contradictions in society after the crisis. In contrast, Lenin believed that capitalism' resurgence was the beginning of a new phase of capitalism; this stage being created because of a strengthening of class contradiction, not because of its reduction.

Lenin did not know when the imperialist stage of capitalism began, and claimed it would be foolish to look for a specific year, however he did assert it began at the beginning of the 20th century (at least in Europe). Lenin believed that the economic crisis of 1900 accelerated and intensified the concentration of industry and banking, which led to the transformation of the finance capital connection to industry into the monopoly of large banks." In Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism, Lenin wrote; "the twentieth century marks the turning-point from the old capitalism to the new, from the domination of capital in general to the domination of finance capital." Lenin's defines imperialism as the monopoly stage of capitalism.

Despite radical anti-imperialism being an original core value of Bolshevism, the Soviet Union from 1939 onward was widely viewed as a de facto imperial power whose ideology could not allow it to admit its own imperialism. Through the Soviet ideological viewpoint, pro-Soviet factions in each country were the only legitimate voice of "the people" regardless of whether they were minority factions. All other factions were simply class enemies of "the people", inherently illegitimate rulers regardless of whether they were majority factions. Thus, in this view, any country that became Soviet or a Soviet ally naturally did so via a legitimate voluntary desire, even if the requesters needed Soviet help to accomplish it. The principal examples were the Soviet invasion of Finland yielding the annexation of Finnish parts of Karelia, the Soviet invasion of Poland, the Soviet occupation of the Baltic states, and the postwar de facto dominance over the satellite states of the Eastern Bloc under a pretense of total independence. In the post-Soviet era even many Ukrainians, Georgians, and Armenians feel that their countries were forcibly annexed by the Bolsheviks, but this has been a problematic view because the pro-Soviet factions in these societies were once sizable as well. Each faction felt that the other did not represent the true national interest. This civil war–like paradox has been seen in the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, as pro-Russian Crimeans have been viewed as illegitimate by pro-Ukrainian Crimeans, and vice versa.

Peaceful coexistence

"Peaceful coexistence" was an ideological concept introduced under Khrushchev's rule. While the concept has been interpreted by fellow communists as proposing an end to the conflict between the systems of capitalism and socialism, Khrushchev saw it instead as a continuation of the conflict in every area with the exception in the military field. The concept claimed that the two systems were developed "by way of diametrically opposed laws", which led to "opposite principles in foreign policy."

The concept was steeped in Leninist and Stalinist thought. Lenin believed that international politics were dominated by class struggle, and Stalin stressed in the 1940s the growing polarization which was occurring in the capitalist and socialist systems. Khrushchev's peaceful coexistence was based on practical changes which had occurred; he accused the old "two camp" theory of neglecting the non-aligned movement and the national liberation movements. Khrushchev considered these "grey areas", in which the conflict between capitalism and socialism would be fought. He still stressed that the main contradiction in international relations were those of capitalism and socialism.  The Soviet Government under Khrushchev stressed the importance of peaceful coexistence, claiming it had to form the basis of Soviet foreign policy. Failure to do, they believed, would lead to nuclear conflict. Despite this, Soviet theorists still considered peaceful coexistence as a continuation of the class struggle between the capitalist and socialist worlds, just not one based on armed conflict. Khrushchev believed that the conflict, in its current phase, was mainly economical.

The emphasise on peaceful coexistence did not mean that the Soviet Union accepted a static world, with clear lines. They continued to upheld the creed that socialism was inevitable, and they sincerely believed that the world had reached a stage in which the "correlations of forces" were moving towards socialism. Also, with the establishment of socialist regimes in Eastern Europe and Asia, Soviet foreign policy-planners believed that capitalism had lost its dominance as an economic system.

Socialism in one country

The concept of "socialism in one country" was conceived by Stalin in his struggle against Leon Trotsky and his concept of permanent revolution. In 1924, Trotsky published his pamphlet Lessons of October in which he stated that socialism in the Soviet Union would fail because of the backward state of economic development unless a world revolution began. Stalin responded to Trotsky's pamphlet with his article, "October and Comrade Trotsky's Theory of Permanent Revolution". In it, Stalin stated, that he did not believe an inevitable conflict between the working class and the peasants would take place, further adding that "socialism in one country is completely possible and probable". Stalin held the view common amongst most Bolsheviks at the time; there was possibility of real success for socialism in the Soviet Union despite the country's backwardness and international isolation. While Grigoriy Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev and Nikolai Bukharin, together with Stalin, opposed Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution, they diverged on how socialism could be built. According to Bukharin, Zinoviev and Kamenev supported the resolution of the 14th Conference (held in 1925) which stated that "we cannot complete the building of socialism due to our technological backwardness." Despite the rather cynical attitude, Zinoviev and Kamenev did believe that a defective form of socialism could be constructed. At the 14th Conference, Stalin reiterated his position, claiming that socialism in one country was feasible despite the capitalist blockade of the country. After the conference, Stalin wrote "Concerning the Results of the XIV Conference of the RCP(b)", in which he stated that the peasantry would not turn against the socialist system because he believed they had a self-interest in preserving. The contradictions which would arise with the peasantry during the socialist transition, Stalin surmised, could "be overcome by our own efforts". He concluded that the only viable threat to socialism in the Soviet Union was a military intervention.

In late 1925, Stalin received a letter from a party official which stated that his position of "Socialism in One Country" was in contradiction with Friedrich Engels own writings on the subject. Stalin countered, stating that Engels' writings 'reflected' "the era of pre-monopoly capitalism, the pre-imperialist era when there were not yet the conditions of an uneven, abrupt development of the capitalist countries." From 1925 onwards, Bukharin began writing extensively on the subject, and in 1926, Stalin wrote On Questions of Leninism, which contained his best-known writings on the subject. Trotsky, with the publishing of Leninism, began countering Bukharin's and Stalin's arguments, claiming that socialism in one country was possible, but only in the short-run, and claimed that without a world revolution it would be impossible to safeguard the Soviet Union from the "restoration of bourgeoisie relations". Zinoviev on the other hand, disagreed with both Trotsky and Bukharin and Stalin, holding instead steadfast to Lenin's own position from 1917 to 1922, and continued to claim that only a defecting form of socialism could be constructed in the Soviet Union without a world revolution. Bukharin, by now, began arguing for the creation of an autarkic economic model, while Trotsky, in contrast, claimed that the Soviet Union had to participate in the international division of labour to develop. In contrast to Trotsky and Bukharin, Stalin did not believe a world revolution was possible, claiming in 1938 that a world revolution was in fact impossible, and claiming that Engels was wrong on the matter. At the 18th Congress, Stalin took the theory to its inevitable conclusion, claiming that the communist mode of production could be conceived in one country. He rationalised this by claiming that the state could exist in a communist society, as long as the Soviet Union was encircled by capitalism. However, surprisingly, with the establishment of satellite states in Eastern Europe, Stalin claimed that socialism in one country was only possible in a large country like the Soviet Union, and that the other states, in order to survive, had to follow the Soviet line.

See also
 Brezhnev Doctrine
 Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party
 Ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea
 Ho Chi Minh Thought
 Kadarism
 Politics of Fidel Castro
 Ceaușism
 Real socialism

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

Articles and journal entries

Books

Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Communist Party of the Soviet Union


Harriman State Park is a public recreation area situated on the  Harriman Wildlife Refuge in Fremont County, located  south of Island Park in eastern Idaho, United States. The state park is located within the Henry's Fork Caldera, which is part of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. It serves as a habitat for various wildlife, including elk, moose, sandhill cranes, trumpeter swans, and the occasional black or grizzly bear. Two-thirds of the trumpeter swans that winter in the contiguous United States spend the season in Harriman State Park.

History
The park's acreage was owned by Union Pacific Railroad investors from 1902 to 1977, serving as a cattle ranch and private retreat for the Harriman and Guggenheim families. It was deeded to Idaho for free in 1977 by Roland and W. Averell Harriman, whose insistence that the state have a professional park managing service helped prompt the creation of the Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation in 1965. The park opened to the public in 1982.

Support group
Friends of Harriman State Park, Inc., a 501(c)(3) organization, was established in 2010 with the aim of supporting community projects that directly benefit Harriman State Park in Idaho. The formation of this organization came in response to an announcement by the State of Idaho regarding the potential complete reduction of park funding and the potential dissolution of the Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation into another state agency. However, these measures were not implemented.

Activities and amenities
Henry's Fork, a fly-fishing stream of note, winds through park meadows for eight miles. The park offers trails for hiking, biking, and horseback riding. In winter, roads and trails are groomed for cross-country skiing.

See also
 List of Idaho state parks
 National Parks in Idaho

References

External links
Harriman State Park Idaho Parks and Recreation
Harriman State Park and Harriman Wildlife Refuge Boundaries Map Idaho Parks and Recreation
Friends of Harriman State Park

Protected areas of Fremont County, Idaho
State parks of Idaho
Protected areas established in 1977
Yellowstone hotspot


The 2008 Ziarat earthquakes hit the Pakistani province of Balochistan on October 29 with a moment magnitude of 6.4. The US Geological Survey reported that the first earthquake occurred  north of Quetta and  southeast of the Afghanistan city of Kandahar at 04:09 local time (28 October, 23:09 UTC) at a depth of , at 30.653°N, 67.323°E. It was followed by another shallower magnitude 6.4 earthquake at a depth of  approximately 12 hours after the initial shock, at 30.546°N, 67.447°E. 215 people were confirmed dead. More than 200 were injured (according to Mohammed Zaman, assistant to the Balochistan chief secretary, Nasir Khosa), and 120,000 were homeless (according to Dilawar Khan Kakar, Ziarat, Balochistan mayor and chief administrator). Qamar Zaman Chaudhry, director general of Pakistan Meteorological Department, stated the quake epicenter was  north of Quetta, and about  southwest of Islamabad.

Tectonic summary
Western and northern Pakistan lie across the complex plate boundary where the Indian Plate is colliding with the Eurasian Plate. In this area the convergence is highly oblique, with the relative northward movement of the Indian Plate of 40 mm/yr (1.6 inches/yr) being at a low angle to the plate boundary. The main active faults are dominated by sinistral (left-lateral) strike-slip motion, with the Chaman Fault being the most important structure, accommodating a large proportion of the plate boundary displacement. The shortening component of the convergence is mainly accommodated by the Kirthar and Sulaiman fold and thrust belts. There is a sharp change in orientation of these two thrust belts near Quetta, known as the Quetta Syntaxis, where the north–south trending Kirthar ranges meet the west–east trending Sulaiman ranges. This area is the most seismically active part of this oblique segment of the plate margin, producing major earthquakes such as the 1935 Quetta event, which caused at least an estimated 30,000 deaths.

Earthquake sequence
The earthquake sequence began at 22:33 UTC on October 28, with a magnitude 5.3 foreshock. This was followed just over 30 minutes later at 23:09 by the first of the M 6.4 doublet earthquakes. The second M 6.4 doublet earthquake occurred at 11:32 on October 29. There were five significant aftershocks in the period up to December 12, including three M>5 earthquakes on that day.

The observed focal mechanisms were almost all strike-slip in type, but it remained unclear which faults ruptured during the sequence, with both southwest–northeast trending sinistral (left lateral) and northwest–southeast trending dextral (right lateral) faults being proposed. Investigations using InSAR data supported activity on multiple faults in both of these orientations.

Damage
Most of the casualties were from two villages on the outskirts of Ziarat town. Balochistan chief minister Nawab Aslam Khan Raisani ordered declaration of emergency in the hospitals of the affected areas. These areas, situated on steep terrain, were badly damaged by landslides caused by the quake. Hundreds of mud houses were destroyed.

The tremors were felt in Quetta, Ziarat, Pishin, Qila Abdullah, Mastung, Sibi, Bolan, Kuchlak and Loralai areas.

Response
Dilawar Khan, mayor of Ziarat District, stated that his office had requested support from the local government. Pakistani military helicopters and troops were dispatched to assess damage and aid victims.

See also

List of earthquakes in 2008
List of earthquakes in Pakistan
1935 Quetta earthquake
2005 Kashmir earthquake
2013 Balochistan earthquakes

References

Further reading

External links
Crisis briefing Pakistan quake 2008 From Reuters Alertnet
REUTERS, CHRONOLOGY-Major earthquakes in recent years
 BBC, In pictures: Pakistan quake
BBC, History of deadly earthquakes

Pakistan earthquake
Earthquakes in Pakistan
Earthquake
History of Balochistan, Pakistan (1947–present)
October 2008 events in Asia


Maya Miriga (English The Mirage) is a 1984 award-winning Odia film directed by Nirad N. Mohapatra.

Story
The story is of a family, where three generations live under a decaying roof. The widowed grandmother is the titular head, her son Raj Kishore Babu, father of four sons and a daughter, is the gentle yet disciplined headmaster on the verge of retirement. The father demands of his sons a diligent pursuit of education as the means of upward mobility. The centre of all their hopes is the brilliant second son studying in Delhi to get into the Indian Administrative Service. When he is admitted to the IAS, the family thinks all their sacrifices have been worth it.

The family receives flattering marriage proposals and the IAS probationer marries a city-bred girl above his status. Unvoiced protest comes from the eldest daughter-in-law Prabha,  beast of burden and kitchen slave. Her husband is a college lecturer. Prabha wonders if the IAS officer's wife will share the chores. She is proved right when the new bahu defies tradition by opting to stay with her parents when the husband is away on training. She takes her dowry of a new fridge and furniture to her independent home, causing strong resentment in Prabha. She nudges her husband towards independence and he opts to be deputed to Cuttack. The bewildered patriarch seeks consolation in stoic acceptance of these changes, ruminating over the younger generation's break for independence on his walks with a friend who waits for his America-based son. His is not the Shakespearean tragedy of a Lear — he is too dispassionate for that. But in his very real hurt, he has the comfort of memories to fall back upon just as his two older sons have their future to look forward to. The youngest son, the rebel whose passion is cricket, not only manages to get a first class but shames the IAS brother into financing his higher studies in Delhi. It is the timid third son whose second division in the all-important exam strands him in the backwaters of mediocrity, with a sense of being a failure and conscious of his father's disappointment.

Cast
 Kishori Devi  - Raj Kishore's wife
 Sampad Mahapatra   -Tutu
 Manaswini Mangaraj - Prabha
 Manimala
 Binod Misra -  Tuku
 Bansidhar Satpathy - Raj Kishore
 Sujata Mahapatra  -Tutu's Wife
 Bibekananda Satpathy
 Shriranjan Mohanty
 Tikina

Review
The director's muted sympathy for the one who stays back gives Maya Miriga its poignant austerity. The gentleness of the unfolding and the contemplative insights offered into each individual's feelings and motives, the naturalistic mise en scene enveloped in shadowy sepia tones imbue a familiar, ordinary tale of Indian life with melancholy poetry.

Awards & Participation
 Cannes film festival (1984) -Critics Week Section
Mannheim-Heidelberg International Film festival - Best Third World Film (1984)
Regus London Film Festival (28th)
National Film Awards (1984) - Second Best Feature Film
Los Angeles Film Festival
Odisha State Film Awards (1985) -Best Director, Best Film
Locarno Film Festival/  festival di Locarno
Hawaii Film Festival - Special Jury Commendation

References

External links
Maya Miriga  at Letterboxd

1984 films
Indian drama films
1984 drama films
Second Best Feature Film National Film Award winners
1980s Odia-language films
National Film Development Corporation of India films


Balochistan earthquake may refer to:

2008 Ziarat earthquakes
2013 Balochistan earthquakes
2021 Balochistan earthquake


The Best War Ever: America and World War II is a revisionist history book written by Dr. Michael C. C. Adams (professor of history at Northern Kentucky University). The book was and first published by the Johns Hopkins University press in 1993 as part of its "American Moment" series, edited by University of Wisconsin–Madison history professor Stanley I. Kutler. In a 2004 survey of American college history instructors, the book was voted #2 in the "most likely to plagiarize" category, finishing just behind Amusing the Million by John Kasson.

Main thesis and arguments
Adams argues that the historical memory of America's involvement in World War II has been sanitized and replaced by a common set of misconceptions that borders on folklore. Adams specifically cites television programs and motion pictures that have popularized the war as a morally just, popularly supported conflict in which the Allies became the heroes and the Axis Powers, most notably the Nazis and the Japanese, became villains. In this trope, all returning servicemen came back well-adjusted and suffered no mental illness, racial tensions did not exist, and all American soldiers fought with valor and honor. Adams contrasts the idea of the "Best War Ever" with the mythology surrounding the Vietnam War and concludes that the juxtaposition of these two military engagements and their striking differences help reinforce the popular notions surrounding World War II.

Reception
Professional historians lauded Adams for his willingness to challenge stereotypes surrounding the war. J.T. Hansen, writing in the Journal of American History, said that the book should be "required reading for the writers of jingoistic accounts of World War II.
Temple University professor David Farber also praised Adams for his clear writing style and his comparison of actor John Wayne, one of the most recognizable symbols of American bravery in World War II movies, with Ronald Reagan, a president who, according to Adams, used the World War II mythology to justify his policies and political style while in office.
Overall, the reviews in the major historical journals were very favorable.

Anecdotes
Adams lists a number of historical anecdotes as evidence to his overarching arguments. These include:

The Ball Gunner
Adams takes issue with the glamorization of the "ball gunners," the crew members on B-17 missions who operated the bottom turret guns. Adams uses a magazine advertisement to illustrate the romantic view of the war that advertisers and the American government portrayed at home. A copy of a magazine ad featured the ball gunner under the headline "Giving 'Em Hell in a Goldfish Bowl." Adams contrasts this with the poem The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner by Randall Jarrell, which depicts the gruesome death of a ball gunner who was literally blown to bits by a shrapnel explosion.

List of chapters
 Mythmaking and the War
 No Easy Answers
 The Patterns of War, 1939-1945
 The American War Machine
 Overseas
 Home Front Change
 A New World

Notes

References
The Best War Ever: America and World War II, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993,

See also
World War II
American History

1993 non-fiction books
History books about World War II
Non-fiction books about military history of the United States


Batingaw (English: Bell) was the late-night news program by NBN. The newscasts anchored by Aljo Bendijo, Kathy San Gabriel, Katherine Villar, and Buddy Oberas

On August 6, 2010, Batingaw was replaced by the returned Teledyaryo Final Edition, aired with the same anchors.

Final anchors
Aljo Bendijo
 Kathy San Gabriel
 Katherine Villar
 Buddy Oberas

Segments
 Pasaporte (JR Langit)
 Infomedico At Iba Pa (with Dr. Esperanza Cabral)
 Scoreboard
 Biz Talk
 Blotter

See also
 List of programs aired by People's Television Network

Philippine television news shows
2008 Philippine television series debuts
2010 Philippine television series endings
People's Television Network
People's Television Network original programming
Filipino-language television shows


Hareut (friendship, fellowship, comradeship in English, here esp. brotherhood in arms) is a Hebrew poem written by Haim Gouri and set to music by Sasha Argov. The song was written a year after the outbreak of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and commemorates those who fell in the war. The song is often performed at memorial ceremonies.

The song was originally performed by the Chizbatron with Gideon Singer as a soloist. Other well-known performances of the song have been by the NAHAL Entertainment Troupe, and popular singers Shoshana Damari and Yehoram Gaon. Prior to Israel's 60th Independence Day, the song was elected by IDF soldiers on the Army Radio, as their favourite Hebrew song, ranking ahead of the popular Jerusalem of Gold. The song was highly ranked in other competitions.

The song represents the social ideals of the period of the 1947–1949 Palestine war including one's sacrifice for the homeland, the individual's concern for all, and the sanctity of the memory of the fallen.

In the 1990s the song also became identified with the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin. Yitzhak Rabin admitted that this was one of his favourite songs, and it was performed by Shoshana Damari at the Peace Rally at which he was later assassinated. It is regularly performed at ceremonies commemorating the memory of Yitzhak Rabin.

Lyrics

External links
 Hareut, performed by Yehoram Gaon

Israeli songs
Songs of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
1949 songs


Energy in Armenia is mostly from natural gas. Armenia has no proven reserves of oil or natural gas and currently imports most of its gas from Russia. The Iran-Armenia Natural Gas Pipeline has the capacity to equal imports from Russia.

Despite a lack of fossil fuel, there are significant domestic resources to generate electricity in Armenia. The Armenian electrical energy sector has had a surplus capacity ever since emerging from a severe post-Soviet crisis in the mid-1990s, thanks to the reopening of the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant, which was built in 1979 and supplies over 40% of the country's electricity. Armenia has plans to build a new nuclear power plant in order to replace the aging and dangerous Metsamor, possibly a small modular reactor. The country also has eleven hydroelectric power plants and has plans to build a geothermal power plant in Syunik. Most of the rest of Armenia's electricity is generated by the natural gas-fired thermal power plants in Yerevan (completed in 2010) and Hrazdan.

Upon gaining independence, Armenia signed the European Energy Charter in December 1991, the charter is now known as the Energy Charter Treaty which promotes integration of global energy markets. Armenia is also a partner country of the EU INOGATE energy programme, which has four key topics: enhancing energy security, convergence of member state energy markets on the basis of EU internal energy market principles, supporting sustainable energy development, and attracting investment for energy projects of common and regional interest. Since 2011, Armenia holds observer member status in the EU's Energy Community.

History and geopolitics
Before the USSR collapsed, oil imports made up about half of Armenia's primary energy supply of 8000 ktoe (compare to 3100 ktoe in 2016).

Back then, oil made its way to Armenia via a direct rail link from Armenia-Georgia-Russia, but since the Abkhazia-Georgia border is closed fuel is transported across the Black Sea to Georgia from where it makes its way to Armenia via rail cars. Further restriction to Armenian oil imports represents economic blockade maintained by Azerbaijan to the East, and Turkey to the West. The blockade began shortly after the outbreak of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War and was upheld ever since, despite a cease fire agreement in 1994.

Rankings
Armenia was ranked 43rd among 125 countries at Energy Trilemma Index in 2018. The index ranks countries on their ability to provide sustainable energy through 3 dimensions: Energy security, Energy equity (accessibility and affordability), Environmental sustainability.

Primary energy supply
Total primary energy supply in Armenia in 2016 amounted to 3025 ktoe (1000 tonnes of oil equivalent). This roughly matches or surpasses production of previous years. TPES included Production (963 ktoe), Imports (2235 ktoe), Exports (-122 ktoe), International Marine Bunkers (0 ktoe), International Aviation Bunkers (-45 ktoe), Stock Changes (-5 ktoe). Armenia's Total Final Consumption is 2120 (ktoe), Losses -180 (ktoe), Industry 320 (ktoe), Transport 622 (ktoe) and Residential 786 (ktoe).

Natural reserves
Armenia has no proven oil or gas reserves.  Earlier explorations failed to deliver satisfactory results in the past .

In 2018 new permits for oil and gas exploration were issued to Tashir Group affiliated companies.

Oil
According to Statistical Committee of Armenia no oil was imported in 2016, but rather its refinement products.

Proposed Iranian pipeline
Armenian and Iranian authorities have for years been discussing an oil pipeline (distinct from the existing Iran-Armenia natural gas pipeline) that will pump Iranian oil products to Armenia. As of early 2011, no concrete dates have been set for the construction.  Armenian Energy Minister Armen Movsisian has said that the construction will take two years and cost Armenia about $100 million.  Earlier Iran's oil minister said that the 365-kilometer pipeline could go on stream by 2014.  Iran plans to export 1.5 million liters of gasoline and diesel fuel a day to Armenia through the pipeline; Armenia's annual demand for refined oil products stands at around 400,000 metric tons.

Natural gas

Natural gas represents a large portion of total energy consumption in Armenia, accounting for 50% and is the primary means of winter heating in the country.

Gazprom Armenia (owned by the Russian gas giant Gazprom) owns the natural gas pipeline network within Armenia and holds a monopoly over the import and distribution of natural gas to consumers and businesses.

Armenia's thermal power stations (which supply approximately 24% of its electricity) run on natural gas, making Armenia (at the present time) dependent on imported Russian gas.

Russian-Georgian pipeline
The Russian gas export monopoly Gazprom supplies Armenia with gas through a pipeline that runs through Georgia. In 2007, Gazprom provided Armenia with just under 2 billion cubic meters of natural gas.  As a transit fee, Armenia pays Georgia approximately 10% of the gas that was destined to reach Armenia.  Russian natural gas supplies to Georgia and Armenia are provided by two main pipelines: the North Caucasus-Transcaucasus pipeline (1,200 mm diameter) and the Mozdok-Tbilisi pipeline (700 mm diameter).

In 2008, Armenia imported 2.2 billion cubic meters of natural gas from Russia.

Iranian pipeline
A new gas pipeline, the Iran-Armenia Natural Gas Pipeline, was completed in October, 2008. It is owned and operated by Gazprom Armenia and links Armenia to neighboring Iran, which has the world's second largest natural gas reserve after Russia. It has a capacity to pump 2.3-2.5 billion cubic meters of Iranian gas per year. The Armenian Ministry of Energy said in 2008 that it "does not yet have a need" for Iranian gas.  Analysts said that Armenia's reluctance to import Iranian gas was a result of pressure from Russia which maintains a monopoly over Armenia's natural gas market.

Gazprom wholly owns a crucial 24-mile section of the pipeline which Armenia surrendered in exchange for natural gas supplies from Russia at prices well below the European average until 2009.  According to an analyst, Armenia "effectively bargained away its future prospects for energy sources in return for cheaper prices now."  While Armenia could diversify its gas supply, with control of the Iran-Armenia gas pipeline, Gazprom now controls the competitors' supply.

In 2009 Armenia was importing 1-1.5 million cubic meters of Iranian natural gas, paying for this by electricity exports.

Armenia receives about 370 million cubic meters of gas a year from Iran, which is converted into electricity and is sent back to Iran.

Gas from Turkmenistan might be supplied via Iran.

Pricing

According to the agreements reached in 2017 by Karapetyan government gas import price stands at $150 for one thousand cubic meters throughout year 2018. Gazprom Armenia sells it to Armenian households at almost $300.

Electricity

Since 1996 three main energy sources for electricity generation in Armenia were natural gas, nuclear power and hydropower.

Despite a lack of fossil fuel, Armenia has significant domestic electricity generation resources.  In 2006, non-thermal domestic electricity generation accounted for 76% of total generation: 43% nuclear and 33% hydroelectric.  In comparison, in 2002, these numbers were 56%, 32%, and 26%.

In 2006, Armenia's power plants generated a total of 5,940.9 million KWh of electricity of which 5,566.7 million KWh were delivered (374.2 million KWh – or 6.3% – was consumed by the producing plants).  Thus, in 2006, Armenia's power plants on average generated 678.2 MW of power, while the country's electricity consumption rate on average was 635.5 MW.

Armenia has a total of 11 power stations and 17 220 kV substations.  A map of Armenia's National Electricity Transmission Grid can be found at the website of the Global Energy Network Institute here .

Nuclear power

Fossil gas power

Hydro

Solar

Renewable energy

See also

 Economy of Armenia
 Ministry of Energy Infrastructures and Natural Resources

Notes

External links

 Armenian Nuclear power plant
 Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of Armenia
 Public Services Regulatory Commission of The Republic of Armenia  (statistics on electricity generation & consumption, natural gas consumption, and thermal energy generation)
 Hrazdan Energy Company

Economy of Armenia


Mannie Jackson (born May 4, 1939) is the chairman and owner of the Harlem Globetrotters, for whom he played from 1962 to 1964. He was the first African American with controlling ownership in an entertainment organization and international sports team. Jackson has been heavily recognized throughout his career including an acknowledgment as one of the nation's 30 most powerful and influential black corporate executives, one of the nation's top 50 corporate strategists, and one of the 20 African-American high-net-worth entrepreneurs.

Early life
Mannie Jackson was born to Emmet and Margaret Jackson in Illmo, Missouri. He was born and lived in a boxcar. He was raised in an environment of great poverty, often living with 12 family members. His family then moved to Edwardsville, Illinois, where his father worked in automobile plants and his mother cleaned houses. Mannie was three at the time of this move to escape the Illmo floods. Mannie's father, Emmett, worked for the A. O. Smith Co. in Granite City, Illinois, which made large auto frames for General Motors.  He also tended bar at the country club and gun club in Edwardsville. He worked two jobs while studying to be a teacher at Shurtleff College in Alton.  Mannie adds, "He was an inspiration to me. ... Here's this guy who came out of the military after the war, had three kids, worked two jobs, went to college, and he did all this in the most racist part of the world you can be in.  He never lost his drive."  School segregation ended in Edwardsville just before Mannie Jackson went to high school.  He was among the second group of black students to enroll in Edwardsville High.  The town previously had an all-black high school called Lincoln.  Jackson comments, "There were seven of us, four guys and three girls.  Some of them were traumatized by this.  It all points up the amount of waste that residual racism caused, the waste of human resources. If I show my Honeywell card, they look at it and figure I have an important job with a major corporation.  They nod and smile.  If I show my Globetrotter card, they want me to come home and meet their family.  This is ours—our heritage, something that's uniquely African-American."

In 1989, Jackson visited the Edwardsville YMCA during an opening of the new addition.  He said, "I remember the 'Y' of the early '50s as an organization without the usual level of institutionalized racism.  It provided programs that actually encouraged the interaction of all citizens of Edwardsville, when most of our other institutions at the time routinely excluded black people.  Most young people are unable to achieve what they cannot visualize.  Therefore, our youth need to be shown in somewhat graphic form role models and patterns of success and tolerance.  Believe me, they will never achieve what they don't see.  We have observed that the better-prepared soil seems always to produce the strongest plants.  Thank you for preparing the soil in Edwardsville."

Jackson attended Edwardsville High school where he began to demonstrate his superior skills in basketball. In 1956, he led his team for the first time to the state's championship finals, where they lost to Rockford West.  At Edwardsville High School, Jackson made first team All-State and received a full scholarship to play at the University of Illinois.  While at Edwardsville High School,  Jackson was inspired by coach Joe Lucco. I think we taught him a lot more than basketball, and he taught us a lot, " said Lucco, 81, a legendary coach in the old Southwestern Conference.  "He was the epitome of youth, and a real gentleman. He had brains, too." Jackson added, "He taught me how to tie a tie.  He would take us along when he spoke at various high school banquets around the state.  He always insisted we wear a coat and tie.  Edwardsville native, Andrew Razeghi, author of Hope: How Triumphant Leaders Create the Future notes Mannie's gift to instill hope not only in himself but in others.

Jackson, along with team member Govoner Vaughn, were the first African Americans to start at the University of Illinois.  During his collegiate career, Jackson often faced racism by many of the University’s fans and students. Despite this, Jackson was an outstanding player and, along with Vaughn, became the first African-American lettermen at the University and graduated in 1960.

Career
Upon his graduation, Jackson tried out for the New York Knicks, but failed to make the squad. Instead, he was invited to try out for the Harlem Globetrotters, a team that toured the United States and Europe, performing basketball tricks. His career as a Globetrotter was short-lived, as he left the team in 1964 to study economics and work with General Motors in Detroit. In 1986, he received a job at Honeywell, Inc. and was quickly promoted to higher positions, soon becoming one of the company’s highest executives.

In 1986, Mannie Jackson helped to found the Executive Leadership Council, which was a group of African American corporate executives from various industries that would interact and build strong ties with one another.

In 1993, when the Harlem Globetrotters’ popularity was beginning to decline, and the team was nearly bankrupt, Jackson purchased the team for $5.5 million. In order to regain the team's fans, Jackson replaced many of the older players for younger ones, and placed a new focus on skilled showmanship. This move proved successful, helping the Harlem Globetrotters to regain its status as one of America's favorite teams.

Under Jackson's watch, the Globetrotters experienced an average annual revenue growth rate of 14 percent over 14 years. Over time, Jackson bought out the other investors. By 2006, when the team was sold it was valued at $100 million. Jackson remained non-executive chairman until 2011, and continues to hold a 20 percent stake. Jackson said, "Fifteen years is a long time to run, and I ran hard for 15 years."

Jackson is currently married to his wife Cathy, and has two daughters and a son.

Awards
 2010 – Inducted as a Laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois.
 2010 – Awarded the Order of Lincoln (the State's highest honor) by the Governor of Illinois in the area of Sports.

Honors

Basketball
 1959 – Honorable Mention All-Big Ten
 1960 – 2nd Team All-Big Ten
 1960 – Team Captain
 1960 – Honorable Mention All-American
 1973 – Inducted into the Illinois Basketball Coaches Association's Hall of Fame as a player.
 2008 – Honored as one of the thirty-three honored jerseys which hang in the State Farm Center to show regard for being the most decorated basketball players in the University of Illinois' history.
 2017 – Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
 2017 – Inducted into the Illinois Athletics Hall of Fame

Legacy
The Mannie Jackson Basketball's Human Spirit Award is given annually by the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame to an individual who has found the game of basketball to be a contributing aspect to their personal growth and accomplishment, a place to develop an understanding of others, and an avenue that helped shape that individual's growth into a recognized visionary and leader.

References

1939 births
Living people
Basketball players from Illinois
Harlem Globetrotters executives
Harlem Globetrotters players
Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
American men's basketball players
Guards (basketball)