Interstellar formaldehyde (a topic relevant to astrochemistry) was first discovered in 1969 by L. Snyder et al. using the National Radio Astronomy Observatory.  Formaldehyde (H2CO) was detected by means of the 111 - 110 ground state rotational transition at 4830 MHz. On 11 August 2014, astronomers released studies, using the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) for the first time, that detailed the distribution of HCN, HNC, H2CO, and dust inside the comae of comets C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) and C/2012 S1 (ISON).

Initial discovery
Formaldehyde was first discovered in interstellar space in 1969 by L. Snyder et al. using the National Radio Astronomy Observatory.  H2CO was detected by means of the 111 - 110 ground state rotational transition at 4830 MHz.

Formaldehyde was the first polyatomic organic molecule detected in the interstellar medium and since its initial detection has been observed in many regions of the galaxy.  The isotopic ratio of [12C]/[13C] was determined to be about or less than 50% in the galactic disk.  Formaldehyde has been used to map out kinematic features of dark clouds located near Gould's Belt of local bright stars.  In 2007, the first H2CO 6 cm maser flare was detected.  It was a short duration outburst in IRAS 18566 + 0408 that produced a line profile consistent with the superposition of two Gaussian components, which leads to the belief that an event outside the maser gas triggered simultaneous flares at two different locations.  Although this was the first maser flare detected, H2 masers have been observed since 1974 by Downes and Wilson in NGC 7538.  Unlike OH, H2O, and CH3OH, only five galactic star forming regions have associated formaldehyde maser emission, which has only been observed through the 110 → 111 transition.

According to Araya et al., H2CO are different from other masers in that they are weaker than most other masers (such as OH, CH3OH, and H2O) and have only been detected near very young massive stellar objects.  Unlike OH, H2O, and CH3OH, only five galactic star forming regions have associated formaldehyde maser emission, which has only been observed through the 110 → 111 transition.  Because of the widespread interest in interstellar formaldehyde it has recently been extensively studied, yielding new extragalactic sources, including NGC 253, NGC 520, NGC 660, NGC 891, NGC 2903, NGC 3079, NGC 3628, NGC 6240, NGC 6946, IC 342, IC 860, Arp 55, Arp 220, M82, M83, IRAS 10173+0828, IRAS 15107+0724, and IRAS 17468+1320.

Interstellar reactions
The gas-phase reaction that produces formaldehyde possesses modest barriers and is too inefficient to produce the abundance of formaldehyde that has been observed.  One proposed mechanism for the formation is the hydrogenation of CO ice, shown below.

H + CO → HCO + H → H2CO          (rate constant=9.2*10−3 s−1)

This is the basic production mechanism leading to H2CO; there are several side reactions that take place with each step of the reaction that are based on the nature of the ice on the grain according to David Woon.  The rate constant presented is for the hydrogenation of CO.  The rate constant for the hydrogenation of HCO was not provided as it was much larger than that of the hydrogenation of CO, likely because HCO is a radical.  Awad et al. mention that this is a surface level reaction only and only the monolayer is considered in calculations; this includes the surface within cracks in the ice.

Formaldehyde is relatively inactive in gas phase chemistry in the interstellar medium.  Its action is predominantly focused in grain-surface chemistry on dust grains in interstellar clouds,.  Reactions involving formaldehyde have been observed to produce molecules containing C-H, C-O, O-H, and C-N bonds.  While these products are not necessarily well known, Schutte et al. believe these to be typical products of formaldehyde reactions at higher temperatures, polyoxymethylene, methanolamine, methanediol, and methoxyethanol for example (see Table 2).  Formaldehyde is believed to be the primary precursor for most of the complex organic material in the interstellar medium, including amino acids.  Formaldehyde most often reacts with NH3, H2O, CH3OH, CO, and itself, H2CO,.  The three dominating reactions are shown below.

H2CO + NH3 → amine          (when [NH3]:[H2CO] > .2)

H2CO + H2O → diols            (always dominate as [H2O] > [H2CO])

H2CO + H2CO → [-CH2-O-]n          (catalyzed by NH3 when [NH3]:[H2CO] > .005)

There is no kinetic data available for these reactions as the entire reaction is not verified nor well understood.  These reactions are believed to take place during warm-up of the ice on grains which releases the molecules to react.  These reactions begin at temperatures as low as 40K - 80K but may take place at even lower temperatures.

Note that many other reactions are listed on the UMIST RATE06 database.

Importance of observation
Formaldehyde appears to be a useful probe for astrochemists due to its low reactivity in the gas phase and to the fact that the 110 - 111 and 211 - 212 K-doublet transitions are rather clear.  Formaldehyde has been used in many capacities and to investigate many systems including,

  Determination of the [12C]/[13C] ratio to be less than 50 in the galactic disc.
  Mapping of the kinematic features of dark clouds located near Gould's Belt of local bright stars.  The radial velocities determined for these clouds lead Sandqvist et al. to believe that the clouds participate in the expansion of the local system of H gas and bright stars.
  Determination of the temperature of molecular formation from the ratio of ortho-/para- H2CO.  H2CO is a good candidate for this process because of the near zero probability of nuclear spin conversion in gas phase protostar environments.
  Determination of the spatial density of H2 and dense gas mass in several galaxies with varying luminosity (see Subsequent Discoveries for list of galaxies).  The spatial densities calculated fell in the range of 104.7 to 105.7 cm−3 and dense gas masses calculated fell in the range of 0.6x108 to 0.77x109 solar masses.  Mangum et al. noticed that the galaxies with lower infrared luminosity had lower dense gas masses and that this seemed to be a real trend despite the small data set.

Rotational spectrum

Above is the rotational spectrum at the ground state vibrational level of H2CO at 30 K.  This spectrum was simulated using Pgopher and S-Reduction Rotational constants from Muller et al.  The observed transitions are the 6.2 cm 111 - 110 and 2.1 cm 212 - 211 K-doublet transitions.  At right is the rotational energy level diagram.  The ortho/para splitting is determined by the parity of Ka, ortho if Ka is odd and para if Ka is even.

References

Sources
 Woon, D. E.  2002, Astrophysical Journal, 569, 541
 Tudorie, M. et al.  2006, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 453, 755
 Muller, H. S. P. et al.  2000, Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, 200, 143
 S. Brunken et al.  2003, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 5, 1515
 W. A. Schutte et al.  1993, Science, 259, 1143
 W. A. Schutte et al.  1993, Icarus, 104, 118

Astrochemistry
Interstellar media


Harry E. Northup (born September 2, 1940) is an American actor and poet. As an actor, he made frequent appearances in the films of Martin Scorsese, Jonathan Demme and Jonathan Kaplan.

Personal life and career
Northup was born in Amarillo, Texas. He lived in 17 places by age 17, but mostly in Sidney, Nebraska, where he graduated from high school in 1958. From 1958 to 1961 he served in the United States Navy, where he attained the rank of Second Class Radioman.  From 1963 to 1968, he studied Method acting with Frank Corsaro in New York City.

Northup received his B.A. in English from California State University, Northridge, where he studied poetry with Ann Stanford. He has made a living as an actor for over 30 years and has been in 37 films, including Martin Scorsese's first six feature films: Who's That Knocking at My Door, Boxcar Bertha, Mean Streets, Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore, Taxi Driver and New York, New York. He was Mr. Bimmel in Jonathan Demme's film The Silence of the Lambs and starred in Over the Edge and Fighting Mad.

Northup has been a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1976. His second wife, poet and novelist Holly Prado, died on June 14, 2019.  He has a son, Dylan, by his first marriage. Poets such as Walt Whitman, Leland Hickman, Paul Blackburn, Ann Stanford, William Carlos Williams, and Holly Prado have influenced Northup's poetry. He conceived and coordinated the weekly poetry reading series "Poetry on Melrose" at Gasoline Alley in Los Angeles, from 1986 to 1988. Poets who read at the venue include Robert Peters, Jack Hirschman and Lewis MacAdams.

Awards and honors
The City of Los Angeles, as represented by the L.A. City Council, awarded Northup a Certificate of Recognition on November 15, 2006.

Poetry
Amarillo Born, Victor Jiminez Press, 1966
The Jon Voight Poems, Mt. Averno Press, 1973
Eros Ash, Momentum Press, 1976
Enough The Great Running Chapel, Momentum Press, 1982
The Images We Possess Kill The Capturing, Jesse Press, 1988
The Ragged Vertical, Cahuenga Press, 1996
Reunions, Cahuenga Press, 2001
Greatest Hits, 1966–2001, Pudding House Press, 2002
Red Snow Fence, Cahuenga Press, 2006
Where Bodies Again Recline, Cahuenga Press, 2011
East Hollywood: Memorial To Reason, Cahuenga Press, 2015
Love Poem to MPTF, Cahuenga Press, 2020

Anthologies
 Venice Thirteen, Bayrock Press, 1971
 The Streets Inside: Ten Los Angeles Poets, Momentum Press, 1978
 Foreign Exchange, Biographics, 1979
 Poetry Loves Poetry, An Anthology of Los Angeles Poets, Momentum Press, 1985
 Gridlock: An anthology of Poetry About Southern California, Applezaba Press, 1990
 Grand Passion, The Poets of Los Angeles and Beyond, Red Wind Books, 1995
 Corners of the Mouth, A Celebration of Thirty Years at the Annual San Luis Obispo Poetry Festival, Deer Tree Press, 2014
 Wide Awake: Poets of Los Angeles and Beyond, Pacific Coast Poetry Series/Beyond Baroque Books, 2015
 Coiled Serpent, Poets Arising from the Cultural Quakes & Shifts of Los Angeles, Tia Chucha Press, 2016
 Beat Not Beat anthology, Moon Tide Press, 2022

Audio
Personal Crime, New Alliance Records, 1993
Homes,  New Alliance Records, 1995
As Long As I Tell The Truth What Difference Does It Make To You – An Interview with Harry Northup, Alright, Dude Productions, 2010

Filmography

References
<ref>

External links

 Harry Northup Papers MSS 598. **
 Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.
 Cahuenga Press
 Bio Sketch
 Video of Harry Northup reading at the Word Benefit Poetry Marathon, Ave. 50 Studio in Highland Park, CA – as featured on www.Poetry.LA
 Getting in character with Harry Northup:an Interview
  Over the Edge," by Mike Sachs
  extensive interview
  interview

American male poets
American male film actors
1940 births
Living people
People from Amarillo, Texas
Male actors from Texas
People from Sidney, Nebraska


Ralph Bathurst, FRS (1620 – 14 June 1704) was an English theologian and physician.

Early life
He was born in Hothorpe, Northamptonshire in 1620 and educated at King Henry VIII School, Coventry.

He graduated with a B.A. degree from Trinity College, Oxford in 1638, where he had a family connection with the President, Ralph Kettell (1563–1643).

Oxford science and medicine
He originally intended a career in the Church of England, and was ordained in 1644, but his prospects were disrupted by the English Civil War, and he turned to medicine. He collaborated with Thomas Willis, and it was to Bathurst that Willis dedicated his first medical publication, the Diatribae Duae of 1659.

Bathurst was active in the intellectual ferment of the time, and very well-connected. In the account given by John Wallis of the precursor groups to the Royal Society of London, Bathurst is mentioned as one of the Oxford experimentalists who gathered from 1648–9. Also in that group were Willis, William Petty and Seth Ward. The group expanded in the 1650s when it gathered around John Wilkins of Wadham College, close however to Oliver Cromwell, and then included also Jonathan Goddard, Thomas Millington, Laurence Rooke, and Christopher Wren. Later Robert Boyle joined.

Bathurst belonged also to the overlapping circle of physicians following the tradition of William Harvey, and which included again Willis, George Ent, Walter Charleton, Nathaniel Highmore, and Charles Scarburgh; these were royalists who had attended Charles I of England. In the celebrated case of Anne Greene, who survived a hanging, the physicians intending to dissect the cadaver were Bathurst, Petty, Willis, and Henry Clerke.

He worked in practical medicine under the physician Daniel Whistler (1619–1684). This was during the First Anglo-Dutch War of 1652 to 1654, when Whistler was in charge of wounded naval personnel. He theorised fruitfully in 1654 on respiration, in a dissertation for his higher medical degree, and his ideas were later taken up, by Boyle and John Mayow.

Later life
On the English Restoration in 1660, he reverted to a career in the church. There is a story that he had acted as archdeacon and deputy to Robert Skinner, Bishop of Oxford, who was imprisoned by the Parliamentarians. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1663, and was made President of Trinity College in 1664, where he initiated building work to designs by Christopher Wren, a personal friend. He also swayed Samuel Parker from Presbyterian views to an Anglican outlook.

In 1670, he was Dean of Wells Cathedral. For three years from 1673, he was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford, earning a complimentary reference in a John Dryden poem. John Harris, a Trinity College student in the 1680s, wrote about the intellectual and scientific atmosphere of the college under Bathurst.

A biography was written by Thomas Warton.

Family
He was one of thirteen sons of George Bathurst of Theddingworth, Leicestershire and his first wife Elizabeth Villiers of Hothorpe Hall, Northamptonshire. This large royalist family suffered greatly in the Civil War, with six of Ralph Bathurst's brothers being killed. Surviving brothers included the politician Sir Benjamin Bathurst and Henry Bathurst, Recorder of Cork.

Theodore Bathurst (died 1651), known as a neo-Latin poet, was a nephew. Another nephew was Ralph Bohun (1639–1716), a poet and experimentalist.

References

Sources
Chambers' Book of Days

1620 births
1704 deaths
People from West Northamptonshire District
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
English Christian theologians
17th-century English medical doctors
Fellows of Trinity College, Oxford
Presidents of Trinity College, Oxford
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society
Deans of Wells
Ralph


The 1955–56 Greek Football Cup was the 14th edition of the Greek Football Cup. The competition culminated with the Greek Cup Final, held at Leoforos Alexandras Stadium, Athens on 24 June 1956. The match was contested by AEK Athens and Olympiacos, with AEK Athens winning by 2–1.

Calendar
From Round of 32 onwards:

Knockout phase
In the knockout phase, teams play against each other over a single match. If the match ends up as a draw, extra time will be played and if the match remains a draw a replay match is set at the home of the guest team which the extra time rule stands as well. If a winner doesn't occur after the replay match the winner emerges by a flip of a coin.

Bracket

Round of 16

|}

Quarter-finals

||colspan="2" rowspan="3"

|}

Semi-finals

|}

Final

The 14th Greek Cup Final was played at the Leoforos Alexandras Stadium.

References

External links
Greek Cup 1955-56 at RSSSF

Greek Football Cup seasons
Greek Cup
Cup


Phillip Wesley Preis Sr., known as Phil Preis (born April 18, 1950), is an American attorney and former politician, based in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, who specializes in mergers and acquisitions. A native of Newellton in Tensas Parish in northeastern Louisiana, Preis is the son of Patricia M. Preis of Newellton and Edwin Gustav Preis Sr. (1916–2011), a former Newellton mayor, who was also from 1976 to 1977 the president of the Louisiana Municipal Association.

Preis graduated in 1968 from the defunct Newellton High School. In 1972, he obtained his Bachelor of Science in accounting from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. He procured his Juris Doctor degree in 1975 from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. He is affiliated with Omicron Delta Kappa; Beta Gamma Sigma, and Phi Kappa Phi. His Baton Rouge law firm is Preis Gordon.

Preis ran unsuccessfully for governor as a Democrat in both 1995 and 1999. In the October 21, 1995 gubernatorial election, he finished fifth in a field of sixteen candidates with 9.03 percent of the vote. He received a plurality of the vote in his native Tensas Parish (36.91 percent) and in neighboring Franklin Parish (26.17 percent), which includes Winnsboro.

In the gubernatorial election of October 23, 1999, Preis ran fourth among eleven candidates, having polled 1.81 percent of the statewide vote. That race was decisively won by the incumbent Republican Governor Murphy J. "Mike" Foster Jr.

Preis and his wife, Terry, have four children, Phillip Preis Jr., Caroline Preis Graham, Michael Preis, of Austin, Texas, and Jennifer Preis, of Dallas, Texas. Preis's brother, Edwin G. Preis Jr. (born 1947), is an attorney with the firm, Preis and Roy in Lafayette, Louisiana. His sister, Patricia Preis Thompson, is married to Dr. Tony Thompson, formerly of Newellton and now of Nacogdoches, Texas. Thompson's late father-in-law was the Tensas Parish School Superintendent Charles Ed Thompson.

In 2017, Preis is listed by the Louisiana Secretary of State's office as a Republican voter in East Baton Rouge Parish.

References

1950 births
Living people
People from Newellton, Louisiana
Louisiana Democrats
Louisiana Republicans
Politicians from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Lawyers from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Louisiana State University alumni
Georgetown University alumni


Mykola Fedorovych Krotov (, , Nikolai Fyodorovich Krotov; 1898–1978) was a Ukrainian and Soviet football player and manager. He also played in Russian hockey (Bandy).

Biography
Mykola Krotov was born in 1898 in family of a hearth (oven) builder (pechnik). He became involved with football at age of 12 playing for a local children team which was referred by its nickname "Zvezdochka". Krotov was a big fan of Kharkiv team Shturm (predecessor of FC Dynamo Kharkiv) which played in the Kharkiv Football League and when he was about 15 years old, he was invited to play for the team. In Shturm originally he played as inside left forward, but often also held position of central midfielder.

After a season or two he was drafted as a soldier to the Russian Imperial Army fighting at the South-Western Front. As a praporshchik, the 18-year-old Krotov led his company on successful assault of one of the heights which was considered to be impregnable. For that feat he was awarded the Order of Saint Anna which following the Bolshevik coup-d'état caused him challenges in his sports career as a "Tsarist award receipient". Following the World War I, Krotov supposedly voluntarily joined the RKKA (Red Army) and fought for the Bolsheviks.

In 1920 Krotov returned to football paying for Shturm. The team joined other former Red Army members such as Ivan Natarov, Mykola Kazakov, Ivan Privalov, Yakiv Alfyorov, Mykola Kaputsyn, Ivan Kolotukhin and others. Out of those only Natarov and Kolotukhin really had previous experience playing at competitive level. Krotov also received the captain's armband from the team's founder Kostiantyn Voronin. The role of a head coach in Shturm at that time served the team's captain.

In 1924 he played in position of the right fullback in Shturm as well as for the Kharkiv city football team. In this position Krotov earned the All-Union recognition and Nikolay Starostin said the following about him: "In the Ukrainian ensemble excellently performed defenders the tall Mykola Krotov and the not-so-tall, but hasty Kostiantyn Fomin" ("В ансамбле украинцев отлично выступили защитники: Высокий Николай Кротов и невысокий, но стремительный Константин Фомин"). At the same position Krotov played on the Soviet Union national football team when it played against Turkey in 1925. Eventually he became a universal player taking position sometimes as a goalkeeper. One of his teammates Ivan Natarov commented about him: "There is nothing unordinary about it. After all, for him, an ordinary "slesar" (locksmith, fitter), sport has always been a holy cause. It was he who, having become the captain, insisted on introducing an unspoken law in Shturm: any violation of the sports regime was punished by the exclusion of a player from the team".

International career
Krotov played his only game for USSR on 15 May 1925 in a friendly against Turkey.

Honours

Sports honours
 Soviet Union championship among republics
 Winner (1): 1924
 Ukraine championship among cities
 Winners (5): 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1927

State honours
 Order of Saint Anna – veteran of World War I
 Soviet Union Merited Master of Sports (1947)

References

External links
  Profile

1898 births
1978 deaths
Footballers from Kharkiv
People from Kharkov Governorate
Ukrainian men's footballers
Soviet men's footballers
Soviet Union men's international footballers
Ukraine men's international footballers
Soviet football managers
FC Dynamo Kharkiv players
FC Metalist Kharkiv players
FC Lokomotyv Kharkiv managers
FC Dynamo Kharkiv managers
Men's association football defenders
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna
Russian military personnel of World War I


Diazenylium is the chemical N2H+, an inorganic cation that was one of the first ions to be observed in interstellar clouds.  Since then, it has been observed for in several different types of interstellar environments, observations that have several different scientific uses.  It gives astronomers information about the fractional ionization of gas clouds, the chemistry that happens within those clouds, and it is often used as a tracer for molecules that are not as easily detected (such as N2).  Its 1–0 rotational transition occurs at 93.174 GHz, a region of the spectrum where Earth's atmosphere is transparent and it has a significant optical depth in both cold and warm clouds so it is relatively easy to observe with ground-based observatories.  The results of N2H+ observations can be used not only for determining the chemistry of interstellar clouds, but also for mapping the density and velocity profiles of these clouds.

Astronomical detections
N2H+ was first observed in 1974 by B.E. Turner. He observed a previously unidentified triplet at 93.174 GHz using the NRAO 11 m telescope. Immediately after this initial observation, Green et al. identified the triplet as the 1–0 rotational transition of N2H+. This was done using a combination of ab initio molecular calculations and comparison of similar molecules, such as N2, CO, HCN, HNC, and HCO+, which are all isoelectronic to N2H+. Based on these calculations, the observed rotational transition would be expected to have seven hyperfine components, but only three of these were observed, since the telescope's resolution was insufficient to distinguish the peaks caused by the hyperfine splitting of the inner Nitrogen atom.  Just a year later, Thaddeus and Turner observed the same transition in the Orion molecular cloud 2 (OMC-2) using the same telescope, but this time they integrated for 26 hours, which resulted in a resolution that was good enough to distinguish the smaller hyperfine components.

Over the past three decades, N2H+ has been observed quite frequently, and the 1–0 rotational band is almost exclusively the one that astronomers look for. In 1995, the hyperfine structure of this septuplet was observed with an absolute precision of ~7 kHz, which was good enough to determine its molecular constants with an order of magnitude better precision than was possible in the laboratory. This observation was done toward L1512 using the 37 m NEROC Haystack Telescope.  In the same year, Sage et al. observed the 1–0 transition of N2H+ in seven out of the nine nearby galaxies that they observed with the NRAO 12 m telescope at Kitt Peak. N2H+ was one of the first few molecular ions to be observed in other galaxies, and its observation helped to show that the chemistry in other galaxies is quite similar to that which we see in our own galaxy.

N2H+ is most often observed in dense molecular clouds, where it has proven useful as one of the last molecules to freeze out onto dust grains as the density of the cloud increases toward the center.  In 2002, Bergin et al. did a spatial survey of dense cores to see just how far toward the center N2H+ could be observed and found that its abundance drops by at least two orders of magnitude when one moves from the outer edge of the core to the center.  This showed that even N2H+ is not an ideal tracer for the chemistry of dense pre-stellar cores, and concluded that H2D+ may be the only good molecular probe of the innermost regions of pre-stellar cores.

Laboratory detections

Although N2H+ is most often observed by astronomers because of its ease of detection, there have been some laboratory experiments that have observed it in a more controlled environment.  The first laboratory spectrum of N2H+ was of the 1–0 rotational band in the ground vibrational level, the same microwave transition that astronomers had recently discovered in space.

Ten years later, Owrutsky et al. performed vibrational spectroscopy of N2H+ by observing the plasma created by a discharge of a mixture nitrogen, hydrogen, and argon gas using a color center laser.  During the pulsed discharge, the poles were reversed on alternating pulses, so the ions were pulled back and forth through the discharge cell.  This caused the absorption features of the ions, but not the neutral molecules, to be shifted back and forth in frequency space, so a lock-in amplifier could be used to observe the spectra of just the ions in the discharge.  The lock-in combined with the velocity modulation gave >99.9% discrimination between ions and neutrals.  The feed gas was optimized for N2H+ production, and transitions up to J = 41 were observed for both the fundamental N–H stretching band and the bending hot band.

Later, Kabbadj et al. observed even more hot bands associated with the fundamental vibrational band using a difference frequency laser to observe a discharge of a mixture of nitrogen, hydrogen, and helium gases.  They used velocity modulation in the same way that Owrutsky et al. had, in order to discriminate ions from neutrals.  They combined this with a counterpropogating beam technique to aid in noise subtraction, and this greatly increased their sensitivity.  They had enough sensitivity to observe OH+, H2O+, and H3O+ that were formed from the minute O2 and H2O impurities in their helium tank.

By fitting all observed bands, the rotational constants for N2H+ were determined to be Be = 1.561928 cm−1 and De = , which are the only constants needed to determine the rotational spectrum of this linear molecule in the ground vibrational state, with the exception of determining hyperfine splitting.  Given the selection rule ΔJ = ±1, the calculated rotational energy levels, along with their percent population at 30 kelvins, can be plotted. The frequencies of the peaks predicted by this method differ from those observed in the laboratory by at most 700 kHz.

Chemistry
N2H+ is found mostly in dense molecular clouds, where its presence is closely related to that of many other nitrogen-containing compounds. It is particularly closely tied to the chemistry of N2, which is more difficult to detect (since it lacks a dipole moment). This is why N2H+ is commonly used to indirectly determine the abundance of N2 in molecular clouds.

The rates of the dominant formation and destruction reactions can be determined from known rate constants and fractional abundances (relative to H2) in a typical dense molecular cloud. The calculated rates here were for early time (316,000 years) and a temperature of 20 kelvins, which are typical conditions for a relatively young molecular cloud.

{|class=wikitable
|+Production of diazenylium
|-
!Reaction
!Rate constant
!Rate/[H2]2
!Relative rate
|-
|H2 +  → N2H+ + H
| ||  || 1.0
|-
| + N2 → N2H+ + H2
| ||  || 9.1
|}

{|class=wikitable
|+Destruction of diazenylium
|-
!Reaction
!Rate constant
!Rate/[H2]2
!Relative rate
|-
| N2H+ + O → N2 + OH+
|  ||  || 1.0
|-
| N2H+ + CO → N2 + HCO+
|  ||  || 3.2
|-
| N2H+ + e– → N2 + H
|  ||  || 2.8
|-
| N2H+ + e– → NHN
|  ||  || 3.7
|}

There are dozens more reactions possible, but these are the only ones that are fast enough to affect the abundance of N2H+ in dense molecular clouds. Diazenylium thus plays a critical role in the chemistry of many nitrogen-containing molecules. Although the actual electron density in so-called "dense clouds" is quite low, the destruction of N2H+ is governed mostly by dissociative recombination.

References

Cations


Sir Nicholas Kemeys, 1st Baronet (before 1593 – 25 May 1648) was a Welsh landowner and soldier during the English Civil War in South Wales.

Lineage
The family claimed descent from a Stephen de Kemeys who held lands in the southern Welsh Marches, in Monmouthshire in the 1230s. A David Kemeys, the son of Ievan Kemeys of Began (near St Mellons) married Cecil, a daughter of Llewelyn ab Evan ab Llewelyn ap Cynfig of Cefn Mably in or around 1450.

David was succeeded by his son, Lewis Kemeys and his son and heir in turn was John Kemeys, succeeded by his son, also named David (possibly born 1564). David's eldest son Edward Kemeys, High Sheriff of Glamorganshire for 1574, died without issue and the estate passed to a nephew, another David Kemeys, the son of Rhys Kemeys of Llanvair Castle (Llanvair Discoed), who also became Sheriff of Glamorgan for 1616. He was succeeded by his son Edward who had no issue and the estate therefore passed to Nicholas Kemeys, the third son of Rhys Kemeys.

Biography
Nicholas Kemeys was MP for Monmouthshire 1628 to 1629 and High Sheriff of Monmouthshire for 1631 and Sheriff of Glamorganshire for 1638. At the outbreak of the English Civil War he was created a Baronet by King Charles I of England.

He was a passionate supporter of the King and monarchy and as Custos Rotulorum of Monmouthshire played a leading and high-profile part in Monmouthshire during the Civil War. He was appointed Governor of Cardiff castle. As an ally of Sir Trevor Williams, 1st Baronet of Llangibby, Sir Nicholas led the defence of Chepstow Castle and was killed there in combat on 25 May 1648 after refusing to surrender after the Castle's fall. The location, within the castle, is marked by a plaque erected by members of the Kemeys family in 1935.

He had married Jane, daughter of Sir Rowland Williams, Kt, of Llangibby Castle and left a son and heir, Sir Charles Kemeys, 2nd Baronet who also played an active role during the remainder of the war.

References

External links
Nicholas Kemeys – National Library of Wales, Dictionary of Welsh Biography

Baronets in the Baronetage of England
Welsh landowners
Cavaliers
English MPs 1628–1629
High Sheriffs of Monmouthshire
High Sheriffs of Glamorgan
People killed in the English Civil War
Year of birth unknown
1648 deaths
Year of birth uncertain


In linguistic morphology, inflection (or inflexion) is a process of word formation in which a word is modified to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, mood, animacy, and definiteness. The inflection of verbs is called conjugation, and one can refer to the inflection of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, determiners, participles, prepositions and postpositions, numerals, articles, etc., as declension.

An inflection expresses grammatical categories with affixation (such as prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix, and transfix), apophony (as Indo-European ablaut), or other modifications. For example, the Latin verb , meaning "I will lead", includes the suffix , expressing person (first), number (singular), and tense-mood (future indicative or present subjunctive). The use of this suffix is an inflection. In contrast, in the English clause "I will lead", the word lead is not inflected for any of person, number, or tense; it is simply the bare form of a verb. The inflected form of a word often contains both one or more free morphemes (a unit of meaning which can stand by itself as a word), and one or more bound morphemes (a unit of meaning which cannot stand alone as a word). For example, the English word cars is a noun that is inflected for number, specifically to express the plural; the content morpheme car is unbound because it could stand alone as a word, while the suffix -s is bound because it cannot stand alone as a word. These two morphemes together form the inflected word cars.

Words that are never subject to inflection are said to be invariant; for example, the English verb must is an invariant item: it never takes a suffix or changes form to signify a different grammatical category. Its categories can be determined only from its context. Languages that seldom make use of inflection, such as English, are said to be analytic. Analytic languages that do not make use of derivational morphemes, such as Standard Chinese, are said to be isolating.

Requiring the forms or inflections of more than one word in a sentence to be compatible with each other according to the rules of the language is known as concord or agreement. For example, in "the man jumps", "man" is a singular noun, so "jump" is constrained in the present tense to use the third person singular suffix "s".

Languages that have some degree of inflection are synthetic languages. These can be highly inflected (such as Latin, Greek, Biblical Hebrew, and Sanskrit), or slightly inflected (such as English, Dutch, Persian). Languages that are so inflected that a sentence can consist of a single highly inflected word (such as many Native American languages) are called polysynthetic languages. Languages in which each inflection conveys only a single grammatical category, such as Finnish, are known as agglutinative languages, while languages in which a single inflection can convey multiple grammatical roles (such as both nominative case and plural, as in Latin and German) are called fusional.

Examples in English
In English most nouns are inflected for number with the inflectional plural affix -s (as in "dog" → "dog-s"), and most English verbs are inflected for tense with the inflectional past tense affix -ed (as in "call" → "call-ed"). English also inflects verbs by affixation to mark the third person singular in the present tense (with -s), and the present participle (with -ing). English short adjectives are inflected to mark comparative and superlative forms (with -er and -est respectively).

There are eight inflectional affixes in the English language.

Despite the march toward regularization, modern English retains traces of its ancestry, with a minority of its words still using inflection by ablaut (sound change, mostly in verbs) and umlaut (a particular type of sound change, mostly in nouns), as well as long-short vowel alternation. For example:

 Write, wrote, written (marking by ablaut variation, and also suffixing in the participle)
 Sing, sang, sung (ablaut)
 Foot, feet (marking by umlaut variation)
 Mouse, mice (umlaut)
 Child, children (ablaut, and also suffixing in the plural)

For details, see English plural, English verbs, and English irregular verbs.

Regular and irregular inflection
When a given word class is subject to inflection in a particular language, there are generally one or more standard patterns of inflection (the paradigms described below) that words in that class may follow. Words which follow such a standard pattern are said to be regular; those that inflect differently are called irregular.

For instance, many languages that feature verb inflection have both regular verbs and irregular verbs. In English, regular verbs form their past tense and past participle with the ending -[e]d. Therefore, verbs like play, arrive and enter are regular, while verbs like sing, keep and go are irregular. Irregular verbs often preserve patterns that were regular in past forms of the language, but which have now become anomalous; in rare cases, there are regular verbs that were irregular in past forms of the language. (For more details see English verbs and English irregular verbs.)

Other types of irregular inflected form include irregular plural nouns, such as the English mice, children and women (see English plural) and the French  (the plural of , "eye"); and irregular comparative and superlative forms of adjectives or adverbs, such as the English better and best (which correspond to the positive form good or well).

Irregularities can have four basic causes:

 euphony: Regular inflection would result in forms that sound esthetically unpleasing or are difficult to pronounce (English far → farther or further, Spanish  → ,  vs.  → , , Portuguese vs. Spanish  → Portuguese  vs. Spanish ).
 principal parts: These are generally considered to have been formed independently of one another, so the student must memorize them when learning a new word. Example: Latin  → Spanish .
 strong vs. weak inflection: In some cases, two inflection systems exist, conventionally classified as "strong" and "weak." For instance, English and German have weak verbs that form the past tense and past participle by adding an ending (English jump → jumped, German  → ) and strong verbs that change vowel, and in some cases form the past participle by adding  (English swim → swam, swum, German  → , ). Ancient Greek verbs are likewise said to have had a first aorist () and a second aorist ().
 suppletion: The "irregular" form was originally derived from a different root (English person → people). The comparative and superlative forms of good in many languages display this phenomenon.

For more details on some of the considerations that apply to regularly and irregularly inflected forms, see the article on regular and irregular verbs.

Declension and conjugation

Two traditional grammatical terms refer to inflections of specific word classes:

 Inflecting a noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, article or determiner is known as declining it. The forms may express number, case, gender or degree of comparison.
 Inflecting a verb is called conjugating it. The forms may express tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, or number.

An organized list of the inflected forms of a given lexeme or root word is called its declension if it is a noun, or its conjugation if it is a verb.

Below is the declension of the English pronoun I, which is inflected for case and number.

The pronoun who is also inflected according to case. Its declension is defective, in the sense that it lacks a reflexive form.

The following table shows the conjugation of the verb to arrive in the indicative mood: suffixes inflect it for person, number, and tense:

The non-finite forms arrive (bare infinitive), arrived (past participle) and arriving (gerund/present participle), although not inflected for person or number, can also be regarded as part of the conjugation of the verb to arrive. Compound verb forms, such as I have arrived, I had arrived, or I will arrive, can be included also in the conjugation of the verb for didactic purposes, but they are not overt inflections of arrive. The formula for deriving the covert form, in which the relevant inflections do not occur in the main verb, is

pronoun + conjugated auxiliary verb + non-finite form of main verb.

Inflectional paradigm
An inflectional paradigm refers to a pattern (usually a set of inflectional endings), where a class of words follow the same pattern. Nominal inflectional paradigms are called declensions, and verbal inflectional paradigms are termed conjugations. For instance, there are five types of Latin declension. Words that belong to the first declension usually end in -a and are usually feminine. These words share a common inflectional framework. In Old English, nouns are divided into two major categories of declension, the strong and weak ones, as shown below:

The terms "strong declension" and "weak declension" are primarily relevant to well-known dependent-marking languages (such as the Indo-European languages, or Japanese). In dependent-marking languages, nouns in adpositional (prepositional or postpositional) phrases can carry inflectional morphemes.

In head-marking languages, the adpositions can carry the inflection in adpositional phrases. This means that these languages will have inflected adpositions. In Western Apache (San Carlos dialect), the postposition -ká’ 'on' is inflected for person and number with prefixes:

Traditional grammars have specific terms for inflections of nouns and verbs but not for those of adpositions.

Compared to derivation

Inflection is the process of adding inflectional morphemes that modify a verb's tense, mood, aspect, voice, person, or number or a noun's case, gender, or number, rarely affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited.

In contrast, derivation is the process of adding derivational morphemes, which create a new word from existing words and change the semantic meaning or the part of speech of the affected word, such as by changing a noun to a verb.

Distinctions between verbal moods are mainly indicated by derivational morphemes.

Words are rarely listed in dictionaries on the basis of their inflectional morphemes (in which case they would be lexical items). However, they often are listed on the basis of their derivational morphemes. For instance, English dictionaries list readable and readability, words with derivational suffixes, along with their root read. However, no traditional English dictionary lists book as one entry and books as a separate entry; the same goes for jump and jumped.

Inflectional morphology
Languages that add inflectional morphemes to words are sometimes called inflectional languages, which is a synonym for inflected languages. Morphemes may be added in several different ways:

 Affixation, or simply adding morphemes onto the word without changing the root;
 Reduplication, repeating all or part of a word to change its meaning;
 Alternation, exchanging one sound for another in the root (usually vowel sounds, as in the ablaut process found in Germanic strong verbs and the umlaut often found in nouns, among others);
 Suprasegmental variations, such as of stress, pitch or tone, where no sounds are added or changed but the intonation and relative strength of each sound is altered regularly. For an example, see Initial-stress-derived noun.

Inflection through reduplication
Reduplication is a morphological process where a constituent is repeated. The direct repetition of a word or root is called total reduplication (or full reduplication). The repetition of a segment is referred to as partial reduplication. Reduplication can serve both derivational and inflectional functions. A few examples are given below:

Inflection through tone change
Palancar and Léonard provided an example with Tlatepuzco Chinantec (an Oto-Manguean language spoken in Southern Mexico), where tones are able to distinguish mood, person, and number:

Case can be distinguished with tone as well, as in Maasai language (a Nilo-Saharan language spoken in Kenya and Tanzania) (Hyman, 2016):

In various languages

Indo-European languages (fusional)

Because the Proto-Indo-European language was highly inflected, all of its descendant Indo-European languages, such as Albanian, Armenian, English, German, Ukrainian, Russian, Persian, Kurdish, Italian, Irish, Spanish, French, Hindi, Marathi, Urdu, Bengali, and Nepali, are inflected to a greater or lesser extent. In general, older Indo-European languages such as Latin, Ancient Greek, Old English, Old Norse, Old Church Slavonic and Sanskrit are extensively inflected because of their temporal proximity to Proto-Indo-European. Deflexion has caused modern versions of some Indo-European languages that were previously highly inflected to be much less so; an example is Modern English, as compared to Old English. In general, languages where deflexion occurs replace inflectional complexity with more rigorous word order, which provides the lost inflectional details. Most Slavic languages and some Indo-Aryan languages are an exception to the general Indo-European deflexion trend, continuing to be highly inflected (in some cases acquiring additional inflectional complexity and grammatical genders, as in Czech & Marathi).

English

Old English was a moderately inflected language, using an extensive case system similar to that of modern Icelandic, Faroese or German. Middle and Modern English lost progressively more of the Old English inflectional system. Modern English is considered a weakly inflected language, since its nouns have only vestiges of inflection (plurals, the pronouns), and its regular verbs have only four forms: an inflected form for the past indicative and subjunctive (looked), an inflected form for the third-person-singular present indicative (looks), an inflected form for the present participle (looking), and an uninflected form for everything else (look). While the English possessive indicator 's (as in "Jennifer's book") is a remnant of the Old English genitive case suffix, it is now considered by syntacticians not to be a suffix but a clitic, although some linguists argue that it has properties of both.

Scandinavian languages
Old Norse was inflected, but modern Swedish, Norwegian, and Danish have lost much of their inflection. Grammatical case has largely died out with the exception of pronouns, just like English. However, adjectives, nouns, determiners and articles still have different forms according to grammatical number and grammatical gender. Danish and Swedish only inflect for two different genders while Norwegian has to some degree retained the feminine forms and inflects for three grammatical genders like Icelandic. However, in comparison to Icelandic, there are considerably fewer feminine forms left in the language.

In comparison, Icelandic preserves almost all of the inflections of Old Norse and remains heavily inflected. It retains all the grammatical cases from Old Norse and is inflected for number and three different grammatical genders. The dual number forms are however almost completely lost in comparison to Old Norse.

Unlike other Germanic languages, nouns are inflected for definiteness in all Scandinavian languages, like in the following case for Norwegian (nynorsk):

Adjectives and participles are also inflected for definiteness in all Scandinavian languages like in Proto-Germanic.

Other Germanic languages
Modern German remains moderately inflected, retaining four noun cases, although the genitive started falling into disuse in all but formal writing in Early New High German. The case system of Dutch, simpler than that of German, is also simplified in common usage. Afrikaans, recognized as a distinct language in its own right rather than a Dutch dialect only in the early 20th century, has lost almost all inflection.

Latin and the Romance languages
The Romance languages, such as Spanish, Italian, French, Portuguese and especially - with its many cases - Romanian, have more overt inflection than English, especially in verb conjugation. Adjectives, nouns and articles are considerably less inflected than verbs, but they still have different forms according to number and grammatical gender.

Latin, the mother tongue of the Romance languages, was highly inflected; nouns and adjectives had different forms according to seven grammatical cases (including five major ones) with five major patterns of declension, and three genders instead of the two found in most Romance tongues. There were four patterns of conjugation in six tenses, three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative, plus the infinitive, participle, gerund, gerundive, and supine) and two voices (passive and active), all overtly expressed by affixes (passive voice forms were periphrastic in three tenses).

Baltic languages
The Baltic languages are highly inflected. Nouns and adjectives are declined in up to seven overt cases. Additional cases are defined in various covert ways. For example, an inessive case, an illative case, an adessive case and allative case are borrowed from Finnic. Latvian has only one overt locative case but it syncretizes the above four cases to the locative marking them by differences in the use of prepositions. Lithuanian breaks them out of the genitive case, accusative case and locative case by using different postpositions.

Dual form is obsolete in standard Latvian and nowadays it is also considered nearly obsolete in standard Lithuanian. For instance, in standard Lithuanian it is normal to say "dvi varnos (plural) – two crows" instead of "dvi varni (dual)". Adjectives, pronouns, and numerals are declined for number, gender, and case to agree with the noun they modify or for which they substitute. Baltic verbs are inflected for tense, mood, aspect, and voice. They agree with the subject in person and number (not in all forms in modern Latvian).

Slavic languages
All Slavic languages make use of a high degree of inflection, typically having six or seven cases and three genders for nouns and adjectives. However, the overt case system has disappeared almost completely in modern Bulgarian and Macedonian. Most verb tenses and moods are also formed by inflection (however, some are periphrastic, typically the future and conditional). Inflection is also present in adjective comparation and word derivation.

Declensional endings depend on case (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, instrumental, vocative), number (singular, dual or plural), gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and animacy (animate vs inanimate). Unusual in other language families, declension in most Slavic languages also depends on whether the word is a noun or an adjective. Slovene and Sorbian languages use a rare third number, (in addition to singular and plural numbers) known as dual (in case of some words dual survived also in Polish and other Slavic languages). Modern Russian, Serbian and Czech also use a more complex form of dual, but this misnomer applies instead to numbers 2, 3, 4, and larger numbers ending in 2, 3, or 4 (with the exception of the teens, which are handled as plural; thus, 102 is dual, but 12 or 127 are not).
In addition, in some Slavic languages, such as Polish, word stems are frequently modified by the addition or absence of endings, resulting in consonant and vowel alternation.

Arabic (fusional)
Modern Standard Arabic (also called Literary Arabic) is an inflected language. It uses a system of independent and suffix pronouns classified by person and number and verbal inflections marking person and number. Suffix pronouns are used as markers of possession and as objects of verbs and prepositions. The tatweel (ـــ) marks where the verb stem, verb form, noun, or preposition is placed.

Arabic regional dialects (e.g. Moroccan Arabic, Egyptian Arabic, Gulf Arabic), used for everyday communication, tend to have less inflection than the more formal Literary Arabic. For example, in Jordanian Arabic, the second- and third-person feminine plurals (  and  ) and their respective unique conjugations are lost and replaced by the masculine (  and  ), whereas in Lebanese and Syrian Arabic,   is replaced by  .

In addition, the system known as ʾIʿrāb places vowel suffixes on each verb, noun, adjective, and adverb, according to its function within a sentence and its relation to surrounding words.

Uralic languages (agglutinative)
The Uralic languages are agglutinative, following from the agglutination in Proto-Uralic. The largest languages are Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian—all European Union official languages. Uralic inflection is, or is developed from, affixing. Grammatical markers directly added to the word perform the same function as prepositions in English. Almost all words are inflected according to their roles in the sentence: verbs, nouns, pronouns, numerals, adjectives, and some particles.

Hungarian and Finnish, in particular, often simply concatenate suffixes. For example, Finnish talossanikinko "in my house, too?" consists of talo-ssa-ni-kin-ko. However, in the Finnic languages (Finnish, Estonian etc.) and the Sami languages, there are processes which affect the root, particularly consonant gradation. The original suffixes may disappear (and appear only by liaison), leaving behind the modification of the root. This process is extensively developed in Estonian and Sami, and makes them also inflected, not only agglutinating languages. The Estonian illative case, for example, is expressed by a modified root: maja → majja (historical form *maja-han).

Altaic languages (agglutinative)
The three language families often united as the Altaic languages—Turkic, Mongolic, and Manchu-Tungus—are agglutinative. The largest languages are Turkish, Azerbaijani and Uzbek—all Turkic languages. Altaic inflection is, or is developed from, affixing. Grammatical markers directly added to the word perform the same function as prepositions in English. Almost all words are inflected according to their roles in the sentence: verbs, nouns, pronouns, numerals, adjectives, and some particles.

Basque (agglutinative nominal inflection / fusional verb inflection)
Basque, a language isolate, is a highly inflected language, heavily inflecting both nouns and verbs.

Noun phrase morphology is agglutinative and consists of suffixes which simply attach to the end of a stem. These suffixes are in many cases fused with the article (-a for singular and -ak for plural), which in general is required to close a noun phrase in Basque if no other determiner is present, and unlike an article in many languages, it can only partially be correlated with the concept of definiteness. Proper nouns do not take an article, and indefinite nouns without the article (called mugagabe in Basque grammar) are highly restricted syntactically. Basque is an ergative language, meaning that inflectionally the single argument (subject) of an intransitive verb is marked in the same way as the direct object of a transitive verb. This is called the absolutive case and in Basque, as in most ergative languages, it is realized with a zero morph; in other words, it receives no special inflection. The subject of a transitive verb receives a special case suffix, called the ergative case.

There is no case marking concord in Basque and case suffixes, including those fused with the article, are added only to the last word in a noun phrase. Plurality is not marked on the noun and is identified only in the article or other determiner, possibly fused with a case marker. The examples below are in the absolutive case with zero case marking, and include the article only:

The noun phrase is declined for 11 cases: Absolutive, ergative, dative, possessive-genitive, benefactive, comitative, instrumental, inessive, allative, ablative, and local-genitive. These are signaled by suffixes that vary according to the categories of Singular, Plural, Indefinite, and Proper Noun, and many vary depending on whether the stem ends in a consonant or vowel. The Singular and Plural categories are fused with the article, and these endings are used when the noun phrase is not closed by any other determiner. This gives a potential 88 different forms, but the Indefinite and Proper Noun categories are identical in all but the local cases (inessive, allative, ablative, local-genitive), and many other variations in the endings can be accounted for by phonological rules operating to avoid impermissible consonant clusters. Local case endings are not normally added to animate Proper Nouns. The precise meaning of the local cases can be further specified by additional suffixes added after the local case suffixes.

Verb forms are extremely complex, agreeing with the subject, direct object, and indirect object; and include forms that agree with a "dative of interest" for intransitive verbs as well as allocutive forms where the verb form is altered if one is speaking to a close acquaintance. These allocutive forms also have different forms depending on whether the addressee is male or female. This is the only area in Basque grammar where gender plays any role at all. Subordination could also plausibly be considered an inflectional category of the Basque verb since subordination is signaled by prefixes and suffixes on the conjugated verb, further multiplying the number of potential forms.

Transitivity is a thoroughgoing division of Basque verbs, and it is necessary to know the transitivity of a particular verb in order to conjugate it successfully. In the spoken language only a handful of commonly used verbs are fully conjugated in the present and simple past, most verbs being conjugated by means of an auxiliary which differs according to transitivity. The literary language includes a few more such verbs, but the number is still very small. Even these few verbs require an auxiliary to conjugate other tenses besides the present and simple past.

The most common intransitive auxiliary is izan, which is also the verb for "to be". The most common transitive auxiliary is ukan, which is also the verb for "to have". (Other auxiliaries can be used in some of the tenses and may vary by dialect.) The compound tenses use an invariable form of the main verb (which appears in different forms according to the "tense group") and a conjugated form of the auxiliary. Pronouns are normally omitted if recoverable from the verb form. A couple of examples will have to suffice to demonstrate the complexity of the Basque verb:

The morphs that represent the various tense/person/case/mood categories of Basque verbs, especially in the auxiliaries, are so highly fused that segmenting them into individual meaningful units is nearly impossible, if not pointless. Considering the multitude of forms that a particular Basque verb can take, it seems unlikely that an individual speaker would have an opportunity to utter them all in his or her lifetime.

Mainland Southeast Asian languages (isolating)
Most languages in the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area (such as the varieties of Chinese, Vietnamese, and Thai) are not overtly inflected, or show very little overt inflection, and are therefore considered analytic languages (also known as isolating languages).

Chinese
Standard Chinese does not possess overt inflectional morphology. While some languages indicate grammatical relations with inflectional morphemes, Chinese utilizes word order and particles. Consider the following examples:

 Latin:
Puer puellam videt.
Puellam puer videt.

Both sentences mean 'The boy sees the girl.' This is because puer (boy) is singular nominative, puellam (girl) is singular accusative. Since the roles of puer and puellam have been marked with case endings, the change in position does not matter.

 Modern Standard Chinese:
我给了他一本书 (wǒ gěile tā yī běn shū) 'I gave him a book'
他给了我一本书 (tā gěile wǒ yī běn shū) 'He gave me a book'

The situation is very different in Chinese. Since Modern Chinese makes no use of inflection, the meanings of wǒ ('I' or 'me') and tā ('he' or 'him') shall be determined with their position.

In Classical Chinese, pronouns were overtly inflected to mark case. However, these overt case forms are no longer used; most of the alternative pronouns are considered archaic in modern Mandarin Chinese. Classically, 我 (wǒ) was used solely as the first person accusative. 吾 (Wú) was generally used as the first person nominative.

Certain varieties of Chinese are known to express meaning by means of tone change, although further investigations are required. Note that the tone change must be distinguished from tone sandhi. Tone sandhi is a compulsory change that occurs when certain tones are juxtaposed. Tone change, however, is a morphologically conditioned alternation and is used as an inflectional or a derivational strategy. Examples from Taishan and Zhongshan (both Yue dialects spoken in Guangdong Province) are shown below:

 Taishan

 Zhongshan

The following table compares the personal pronouns of Sixian dialect (a dialect of Taiwanese Hakka) with Zaiwa and Jingpho (both Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in Yunnan and Burma). The superscripted numbers indicate the Chao tone numerals.

In Shanghainese, the third-person singular pronoun is overtly inflected as to case and the first- and second-person singular pronouns exhibit a change in tone depending on case.

Japanese (agglutinative)
Japanese shows a high degree of overt inflection of verbs, less so of adjectives, and very little of nouns, but it is mostly strictly agglutinative and extremely regular. Fusion of morphemes also happen in colloquial speech, for example: the causative-passive  fuses into , as in , and the non-past progressive  fuses into  as in . Formally, every noun phrase must be marked for case, but this is done by invariable particles (clitic postpositions). (Many grammarians consider Japanese particles to be separate words, and therefore not an inflection, while others consider agglutination a type of overt inflection, and therefore consider Japanese nouns as overtly inflected.)

Auxiliary languages
Some auxiliary languages, such as Lingua Franca Nova, Glosa, and Frater, have no inflection. Other auxiliary languages, such as Esperanto, Ido, and Interlingua have comparatively simple inflectional systems.

Esperanto

In Esperanto, an agglutinative language, nouns and adjectives are inflected for case (nominative, accusative) and number (singular, plural), according to a simple paradigm without irregularities. Verbs are not inflected for person or number, but they are inflected for tense (past, present, future) and mood (indicative, infinitive, conditional, jussive). They also form active and passive participles, which may be past, present or future. All verbs are regular.

Ido
Ido has a different form for each verbal tense (past, present, future, volitive and imperative) plus an infinitive, and both a present and past participle. There are though no verbal inflections for person or number, and all verbs are regular.

Nouns are marked for number (singular and plural), and the accusative case may be shown in certain situations, typically when the direct object of a sentence precedes its verb. On the other hand, adjectives are unmarked for gender, number or case (unless they stand on their own, without a noun, in which case they take on the same desinences as the missing noun would have taken). The definite article "la" ("the") remains unaltered regardless of gender or case, and also of number, except when there is no other word to show plurality. Pronouns are identical in all cases, though exceptionally the accusative case may be marked, as for nouns.

Interlingua
Interlingua, in contrast with the Romance languages, has almost no irregular verb conjugations, and its verb forms are the same for all persons and numbers. It does, however, have compound verb tenses similar to those in the Romance, Germanic, and Slavic languages: ille ha vivite, "he has lived"; illa habeva vivite, "she had lived". Nouns are inflected by number, taking a plural -s, but rarely by gender: only when referring to a male or female being. Interlingua has no noun-adjective agreement by gender, number, or case. As a result, adjectives ordinarily have no inflections. They may take the plural form if they are being used in place of a noun: le povres, "the poor".

See also
Agreement (linguistics)
Diction
Intonation (linguistics)
Introflection
ʾIʿrab
Lexeme
Marker (linguistics)
Morpheme
Nominal TAM
Periphrasis
Righthand head rule
Suppletion
Synthetic language
Tense–aspect–mood
Uninflected word
Linguistic relativity

Notes

Citations

Footnotes

References

Further reading

External links

SIL articles

 SIL: What is inflection?
 SIL: What is an inflectional affix?
 SIL: What is an inflectional category?
 SIL: What is a morphological process?
 SIL: What is derivation?
 SIL: Comparison of inflection and derivation
 SIL: What is an agglutinative language?
 SIL: What is a fusional language?
 SIL: What is an isolating language?
 SIL: What is a polysynthetic language?

Lexicon of Linguistics articles
 Lexicon of Linguistics: Agglutinating Language, Fusional Morphology, Isolating Language, Polysynthetic Language
 Lexicon of Linguistics: Inflection, Derivation
 Lexicon of Linguistics: Conjugation, Declension
 Lexicon of Linguistics: Base, Stem, Root
 Lexicon of Linguistics: Defective Paradigm
 Lexicon of Linguistics: Strong Verb
 Lexicon of Linguistics: Inflection Phrase (IP), INFL, AGR, Tense
 Lexicon of Linguistics: Lexicalist Hypothesis

Grammar
Linguistic morphology
Linguistics terminology


Michael William Hill (born 29 September 1988) is an Australian cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and a right arm medium bowler. He played his junior cricket at Diamond Creek Cricket Club and was the captain of the Victoria under-19 team in 2007. He was also appointed captain of the Australian under-19 team for the 2008 under-19 World Cup.

Hill made hist List A debut for Victoria on 26 October 2008 at Brisbane Cricket Ground. He did not bat or bowl, as Victoria's top order chased down Queensland's target successfully. He made his first class debut against Western Australia at the WACA on 10 October 2010. He made 47 off 111 balls in his first innings and hit 8 fours in his innings. He scored 17 not out in his second innings, Victoria went on to win the game by 8 wickets.

Prior to the 2014–15 season, he was recruited by Tasmania and played three games for the Tigers in the 2014–15 Matador BBQs One-Day Cup.

Hill is the son of Sharyn Hill who played three tests and fourteen one day internationals for the Australia national women's cricket team.

References

1988 births
Living people
Victoria cricketers
Tasmania cricketers
Australian cricketers
Melbourne Renegades cricketers
Hobart Hurricanes cricketers
Cricketers from Melbourne
People from Greensborough, Victoria


was a samurai, bureaucrat, politician, entrepreneur and social activist in the late Meiji and Taishō period Empire of Japan. He is noted as one of the more progressive figures of the early Meiji period, although his record is complex. His wife was the younger daughter of Gotō Shōjirō.

Biography
Ōe was born in Hata District, Tosa Domain, what is now Ōtsuki, Kōchi. He grew up in Nagasaki, but towards the end of the Bakumatsu period returned to his native Tosa to join the Rikuentai, a paramilitary group of Tosa samurai supporting the Sonnō jōi movement and dedicated to the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate. His fellow members included Sakamoto Ryōma, Nakaoka Shintarō and Mutsu Munemitsu. In 1868, he participated in an attack against the foreign consulates in Kobe.

After the Meiji Restoration, Ōe left Tosa for Tokyo in 1871 and joined the new Meiji government. Somewhat ironically for his xenophobic background, he was assigned as a judge to assist Mutsu Munemitsu (who had been appointed governor of Kanagawa Prefecture) in the management of foreign affairs at the port of Yokohama. Ōe played a central role in the María Luz Incident, in which the Japanese government took steps to rescue 232 Chinese indentured laborers from a Peruvian ship, over the vehement protests by the Western nations. The incident also led to legislation in 1872, emancipating burakumin outcasts, prostitutes and other forms of bonded labor in Japan.

In 1877, Ōe returned to Tosa, in an attempt to encourage his countrymen to rise up against the central government in support of the Satsuma Rebellion. After the failure of the rebellion, he was arrested for treason, and sentenced to twelve years in prison.

Ōe returned to Tokyo in 1890, having been elected a member of the lower house in the Diet of Japan in the 1890 General Election as one of the founding members of the Liberal Party. He spoke out strongly against increasing government corruption, and the ever increasing military expenditures. He left the government in 1892 to become President of the Tokyo Stock Exchange. In 1899, he became one of the founders of the Keifu Railway Company, which aimed at establishing a railway connecting the Korean capital of Seoul with the southern port city of Busan.

However, in 1914, Ōe retired from all business and political activities, took the tonsure and became a Buddhist priest of the Sōtō Zen sect, and traveled around the country. In his final years, he became an outspoken proponent of ending all discrimination with regards to the burakumin outcasts. He died of stomach cancer in 1921; his grave was at the Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo.

References

 Botsman, Daniel V. Reform, Rebellion, and Imperialism: Political Conflict in 1870s Japan. The Association for Asian Studies. Japan Session 12 (2008)

Notes

1847 births
1921 deaths
People from Kōchi Prefecture
People from Tosa Domain
Samurai
Meiji Restoration
People of Meiji-period Japan
Japanese rebels
Japanese Buddhist clergy
Deaths from stomach cancer
Deaths from cancer in Japan
Liberal Party (Japan, 1881) politicians
Members of the House of Representatives (Empire of Japan)
Governors of Kanagawa Prefecture


Jewel of the Sahara is a 2001 film starring Gerard Butler, Clifford David as the old Francois Renard and Peter Franzén  as the young Francois Renard. Jewel of the Sahara is comedy, fantasy short film directed by Ariel Vromen, who also wrote the screenplay, was the executive producer and edited the film. The film was made by Keyser Productions.

Plot
Set in a French Foreign Legion Camp circa 1954, the film follows the fantasies of a British captain, desperately missing his home and wife. The captain is caught in an embarrassing situation caused by a combination of the monotonous, hot dreary surroundings, not grasping the workings of the Foreign Legion, and his smoldering desire created by his wife's lustful love letters, all of which is befuddled by his use of drugs.

Cast

Gerard Butler  - Captain Charles Belamy
Clifford David  - Old Francois Renard
Peter Franzén  - Young Francois Renard
Ori Pfeffer  - Mahmud
Ralph Lister  - Harold Belamy
Nicholl Hiren  - Sargent
Gian Saragosa  - Gamal
Ari Averbach
Andre Alfa  - Legionnaire #8
Gahl Sasson  - Legionnaire #1
Rodrigo Madrazo  - Legionnaire #2
Tomer Almagor  - Legionnaire #3
Lionel Renard  - Legionnaire #4 (as Leonal Renard)
Gili Pinchuck  - Legionnaire #5
Santiago Barriero  - Legionnaire #6
Kevin Keyser  - Legionnaire #7

References

External links

2000 films
2000 short films
American fantasy comedy films
Films directed by Ariel Vromen
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
Films about the French Foreign Legion
Films set in 1954


Ivanković () is a South Slavic surname, derived from the male given name Ivanko. Notable people with the surname include:

Antun Ivanković (born 1939), Croatian rower
Branko Ivanković (born 1954), Croatian football manager
Ivanka Ivanković (born 1966), witness to alleged apparitions
Jerko Ivanković Lijanović (born 1969), Bosnian politician
Jure Ivanković (born 1985), Bosnian football manager
Krešimir Ivanković (born 1977), Croatian handballer
Luca Ivanković (born 1987), Croatian basketballer
Mario Ivanković (born 1975), Bosnian and Croatian football manager
Mladen Ivanković-Lijanović (born 1960), Bosnian politician
Nenad Ivanković (born 1948), Croatian journalist
Nives Ivanković (born 1967), Croatian actress
Vedran Ivanković (born 1983), Croatian footballer
Vicka Ivanković (born 1964), witness to alleged apparitions
Zlatko Ivanković (born 1952), Croatian football manager
Željko Ivanković (born 1954), Croatian writer

Surnames of Croatian origin
Surnames of Serbian origin

he:איוואנוב
pl:Ivanković


Trogonoptera trojana, the Palawan birdwing or triangle birdwing, is a birdwing butterfly of the family Papilionidae. It is endemic to Palawan in the Philippines. It is one of only two species in its genus, the other being the more widespread Rajah Brooke's birdwing, where the male has larger green markings on the hindwings. This species is included in CITES Appendix II, restricting international export to those who have been granted a permit. The wingspan is approximately . The species may be observed flying at any point during the year. The larvae feed on Aristolochia.

Taxonomy
Genus: Trogonoptera Rippon, 1890
Species: Trogonoptera brookiana Wallace, 1855
Subspecies: Trogonoptera brookiana brookiana (Wallace, 1855)
Form: Trogonoptera brookiana brookiana f. brookiana Wallace, 1855
Form: Trogonoptera brookiana brookiana f. julijae S.Hu, 2007
Subspecies: Trogonoptera brookiana toshikii Kobayashi, 1991
Subspecies: Trogonoptera brookiana akikoa Morita, 1994
Species: Trogonoptera trojana Honrath, 1886

Illustrations

References

External links

Papilionidae
Butterflies of Indochina
Lepidoptera of the Philippines
Endemic fauna of the Philippines
Fauna of Palawan
Butterflies described in 1889


Cardboard modeling or cardboard engineering is a form of modelling with paper, card stock, paperboard, and corrugated fiberboard. The term cardboard engineering is sometimes used to differentiate from the craft of making decorative cards. It is often referred to as paper modelling although in practice card is generally used.

History
Originally this was a form of modelling undertaken because of the low cost involved. Card, a means of cutting and glue are all that is needed. Some models are 100% card, while others use items of other materials to reinforce the model. After World War II cardboard models were promoted by a number of model companies. One company, ERG (Bournemouth) Ltd. produced a book "Cardboard Rolling Stock and How to Build It" and Superquick are still well known for their range of printed and pre-cut kits.

Books of printed models to cut out and make have been around a long time. Also, specially printed cards were available from which models could be made. In the UK Micromodels were well known for very small card models.

Models to cut out were also a feature of paperboard folding cartons. For many years, breakfast cereal makers had models to cut out on their packets.

The hobby has been revived through the use of IT-based printers, especially the ink-jet and laser colour printers, with the availability of inexpensive cutting plotters and laser engravers also reducing the time, effort, and tedium associated with cutting out the many parts.  Using a vector graphics package, it is even possible for anyone to create their own models from scratch, though most use special software

Pre-printed models may be downloaded from the internet. A web ring lists some of these, while others offer a range of models from the simple to the complex.

See also

Net (polyhedron)
Paper model

References

Scale modeling
Paper toys


Francesco I Crispo, Patrizio Veneto (died 1397) was the tenth Duke of the Archipelago through his marriage and the will of Venice.

Francesco Crispo was probably born in Verona. He was Lord of Milos, thus a vassal to the Duke of Naxos, as well as his cousin through his marriage to Fiorenza Sanudo, a grand-daughter of the Duke Guglielmo Sanudo. Crispo might also have been a pirate. He was sent by the Republic of Venice to Naxos in March 1383 for concern that the then Duke Niccolò III dalle Carceri was incompetent. The Republic suffered from predation by the Ottoman Empire in the Aegean.

On the island, a hunt was suggested. Officially, on the way back Niccolo III, escorted by Crispo's men was attacked by rebels or thieves. He fell off his horse and died. To quench any revolt, Francesco Crispo had to assume power.

The Republic of Venice quickly sent its congratulations.

Andros was another problem. It belonged to Maria Sanudo, sister of the late duke. When Francesco gave as a dowry Andros and Syros to his own daughter Pétronilla, Maria Sanudo called for justice in Venice.

With his wife he had eight children:
 Giacomo I Crispo
 Petronilla Crispo (1384–1427), married to Pietro Zeno, together they received Andros and Syros as dowry
 Agnese Crispo (1386–1428), married to Dragonetto Clavelli, Lord of Nisyros
 John II Crispo
 William II Crispo
 Nicholas Crispo, Lord of Syros
 Marco I Crispo, Lord of Ios
 Nobil Huomo Pietro Crispo, Patrizio Veneto (1397–1440), married to NN and had issue:
 Giovanni Crispo (died 1475), Knight of the Knights Hospitaller

References

Bibliography
  Frazee, Charles A. (1988). The Island Princes of Greece: The Dukes of the Archipelago. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.
  Hetherington, Paul (2001). The Greek Islands: Guide to the Byzantine and Medieval Buildings and their Art. London: Quiller.
  Slot, B. (1982). Archipelagus turbatus: Les Cyclades entre colonisation latine et occupation ottomane. c.1500-1718. [Istanbul]: L'Institut historique-archéologique Néerlandais de Stamboul.

External links

1397 deaths
Francesco 01
Francesco 01
Year of birth unknown
14th-century dukes in Europe
14th-century Venetian people


This is a list of notable Ghanaians in the United Kingdom. The person's Ghanaian citizenship and connection to the Republic of Ghana is shown in birthplace and parentheses.

References and notes

See also
 Ghanaians in the United Kingdom
 List of Ghanaians

Ghanaian Britons
United Kingdom


Porfirio is a given name in Spanish, derived from the Greek Porphyry (porphyrios "purple-clad").
It can refer to:

 Porfirio Salinas – Mexican-American artist
 Porfirio Armando Betancourt – Honduran football player
 Porfirio Barba-Jacob –  Colombian poet and writer
 Porfirio Becerril – Mexican diver
 Porfirio Díaz – Mexican soldier and politician, seven times President
 Porfirio DiDonna – American artist
 Porfirio Lobo Sosa –  Honduran President
 Porfirio López – Costa Rican professional soccer player
 Porfirio Muñoz Ledo –  Mexican politician
 Porfirio Rubirosa –  Dominican diplomat
 Hugo Porfírio – Portuguese footballer

See also
 Porfirio (film), Colombian drama
 Porfirio Díaz (film), 1944 biography
 Porphyry (disambiguation)
 Porphyry (philosopher)
 Porfiry (similar Russian name)


Dmitri Alekseyevich Lagunov () (3 September (O.S. 15 September) 1888-10 February 1942) was a Russian Empire and Soviet football player. He died as a civilian in the Siege of Leningrad during World War II.

International career
Lagunov played his only game for Russia on September 14, 1913 in a friendly against Norway.

References

External links
  Profile

1888 births
1942 deaths
Men's footballers from the Russian Empire
Russian Empire men's international footballers
Soviet men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Victims of the Siege of Leningrad


The following is a list of Verticordia species accepted by the Australian Plant Census as at December 2020:

Verticordia acerosa Lindl.
Verticordia aereiflora Eliz.George & A.S.George
Verticordia albida A.S.George
Verticordia amphigia A.S.George – pixie ears
Verticordia apecta Eliz.George & A.S.George – scruffy verticordia, Hay River featherflower
Verticordia argentea A.S.George
Verticordia attenuata A.S.George
Verticordia aurea A.S.George - buttercups
Verticordia auriculata A.S.George
Verticordia bifimbriata A.S.George
Verticordia blepharophylla A.S.George
Verticordia brachypoda Turcz.
Verticordia brevifolia A.S.George
Verticordia brownii (Desf.) DC. –  pink brownii, pink cauliflower
Verticordia capillaris A.S.George – cauliflower bush
Verticordia carinata Turcz. – pea-shaped featherflower, Stirling Range featherflower,
Verticordia centipeda A.S.George
Verticordia chrysantha Endl. – yellow featherflower, yellow Morrison
Verticordia chrysanthella A.S.George – little chrysantha
Verticordia chrysostachys Meisn.
Verticordia citrella A.S.George
Verticordia comosa A.S.George
Verticordia cooloomia A.S.George - Cooloomia verticordia
Verticordia coronata A.S.George
Verticordia crebra A.S.George – Barrens featherflower, crowded featherflower, Twertup featherflower
Verticordia cunninghamii Schauer – tree featherflower, liandu
Verticordia dasystylis A.S.George
Verticordia decussata S.T.Blake ex Byrnes
Verticordia densiflora Lindl. – compacted featherflower
Verticordia dichroma A.S.George
Verticordia drummondii Schauer – Drummond's featherflower
Verticordia endlicheriana Schauer
Verticordia eriocephala A.S.George – common cauliflower, lambswool, native cauliflower, wild cauliflower
Verticordia etheliana C.A.Gardner
Verticordia fastigiata Turcz. – mouse featherflower
Verticordia fimbrilepis Turcz. – shy featherflower
Verticordia forrestii F.Muell. – Forrest's featherflower
Verticordia fragrans A.S.George – hollyhock verticordia
Verticordia galeata A.S.George
Verticordia gracilis A.S.George
Verticordia grandiflora Endl. – claw featherflower, clawed featherflower, horned featherflower
Verticordia grandis Drumm. – scarlet featherflower
Verticordia habrantha Schauer – hidden featherflower
Verticordia halophila' A.S.George' – salt-loving featherflower, salt-loving verticordiaVerticordia harveyi Benth. – autumn featherflowerVerticordia helichrysantha F.Muell. ex Benth. – coast featherflowerVerticordia helmsii S.MooreVerticordia huegelii Endl. – variegated featherflowerVerticordia hughanii F.Muell. – Hughan's featherflowerVerticordia humilis Benth. – small featherflowerVerticordia inclusa A.S.GeorgeVerticordia insignis Endl.Verticordia integra A.S.George – plastic verticordiaVerticordia interioris C.A.Gardner ex A.S.GeorgeVerticordia jamiesonii F.Muell.Verticordia laciniata A.S.George Verticordia lehmannii SchauerVerticordia lepidophylla F.Muell.Verticordia lindleyi SchauerVerticordia longistylis A.S.George – blue spruce verticordiaVerticordia luteola A.S.GeorgeVerticordia minutiflora F.Muell.Verticordia mirabilis Eliz.George & A.S.GeorgeVerticordia mitchelliana C.A.Gardner – rapier featherflowerVerticordia mitodes A.S.GeorgeVerticordia monadelpha Turcz. – pink Morrison, woolly featherflower, pink or white woolly featherflower, pink cauliflowerVerticordia muelleriana E.Pritz.Verticordia multiflora Turcz.Verticordia nitens (Lindl.) Endl. – Christmas Morrison, glistening Morrison, Morrison, Morrison featherflower, Morrison-flower, orange Morrison, yellow Morrison, kodjeningara, kotyeningaraVerticordia nobilis Meisn. – northern grandifloraVerticordia oculata Meisn.Verticordia ovalifolia Meisn. – oval-leaved featherflowerVerticordia oxylepis Turcz. – bonsai featherflowerVerticordia paludosa A.S.GeorgeVerticordia patens A.S.GeorgeVerticordia penicillaris F.Muell.Verticordia pennigera Endl. – native teaVerticordia pholidophylla F.Muell.Verticordia picta Endl. – china cups, painted featherflowerVerticordia pityrhops A.S.George – east Mt Barren featherflower, pine-like featherflower, little pine verticordiaVerticordia plumosa (Desf.) Druce – plumed featherflower, Mundijong featherflower, vasse featherflowerVerticordia polytricha Benth. – northern cauliflowerVerticordia pritzeliiDiels – Pritzel's featherflowerVerticordia pulchella A.S.GeorgeVerticordia rennieana F.Muell. & TateVerticordia roei Endl. – Roe's featherflowerVerticordia rutilastra A.S.George – little grandifloraVerticordia serotina A.S.GeorgeVerticordia serrata (Lindl.) SchauerVerticordia setacea A.S.GeorgeVerticordia sieberi Diesing ex SchauerVerticordia spicata F.Muell. – spiked featherflowerVerticordia staminosa C.A.Gardner & A.S.GeorgeVerticordia stenopetala DielsVerticordia subulata A.S.GeorgeVerticordia tumida A.S.George – summer featherflowerVerticordia venusta A.S.GeorgeVerticordia verticillata Byrnes – tropical featherflower, whorled-leaved featherflowerVerticordia verticordina (F.Muell.) A.S.GeorgeVerticordia vicinella A.S.GeorgeVerticordia wonganensis A.S.GeorgeVerticordia x eurardyensis'' Eliz.George & A.S.George – Eurardy magenta

Notable revisions
The genus Verticordia underwent a revision by Alex George in 1991.

References

External links

.List of species
Verticordia
Verticordia species
Verticordia 02
Verticordia 02
Verticordia


Brian Thomas Bogusevic (Serbian Latin: Brian Bogušević; born February 18, 1984) is an American professional baseball former outfielder and broadcaster. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Houston Astros, Chicago Cubs, and Philadelphia Phillies and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Orix Buffaloes.

College career
Bogusevic was a two-way star player for Tulane University, playing in the outfield and also used as a starting pitcher. He was also a two-way player in high school, a three-year letterman at Chicago's De La Salle Institute for coach Brad Esposito pitching and playing outfield. In 2004, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Falmouth Commodores of the Cape Cod Baseball League. While playing for the Green Wave, he was named to the All-Tournament Team in the 2005 Conference USA Tournament.

Professional career

Houston Astros
He was drafted 24th overall in the 2005 MLB Draft by the Houston Astros as a starting pitcher. He remained a pitcher in the Houston Astros organization until mid- before converting to an outfielder. In 2008, he was selected to play in the Arizona Fall League as an outfielder.

On August 16, 2011, he became the 26th player in MLB History to hit an "ultimate grand slam," a pinch-hit walk-off home run which won the game by one run.

Bogusevic reprised his old pitching role for one game in 2012, a June 7 relief appearance against the St. Louis Cardinals. Entering a 12–2 blowout, Bogusevic pitched the 9th inning and surrendered two runs. He featured a 90 mph fastball.

On November 3, Bogusevic elected to become a free agent after being outrighted off the 40-man roster.

Chicago Cubs
On November 21, 2012, Bogusevic signed a minor league deal with the Chicago Cubs. He was allocated to the minors on March 22, 2013, in spite of hitting .410 in spring training. The fifth outfielder was Dave Sappelt, who won the job because of his platooning ability. He was the Iowa Cubs Opening Day first baseman and went 3–5 with an RBI and a run in his debut. Through April, he was hitting .420 with 10 RBI and 16 runs. Through May he was hitting .367 with 5 HR, 20 RBI and 32 runs. On June 25, Bogusevic was called up by Chicago. At the time, Bogusevic was hitting .319 with 10 HR, 32 RBI and 50 runs in 78 games with Iowa. He made his Chicago debut on June 26, going 2–4 with a walk. When Ryan Sweeney went on the disabled list with fracture ribs, Bogusevic took over in center field. However, on July 14, Bogusevic suffered an injury of his own, and was replaced by Junior Lake. After rehabbing in Arizona, Bogusevic returned on August 19, replacing the recently traded David DeJesus. Bogusevic was splitting time with Darnell McDonald in left field with Lake in center field, but when Sweeney returned on September 1, he pushed Lake to left field, and Lake and Bogusevic split time there. In 47 games with Chicago, Bogusevic hit .273 with 6 HR, 16 RBI and 18 runs.

Miami Marlins
On December 12, 2013, the Cubs traded Bogusevic to the Miami Marlins for outfielder Justin Ruggiano. He was designated for assignment on March 30, 2014. Bogusevic elected free agency in October 2014.

Philadelphia Phillies
On November 1, 2014, Bogusevic signed a minor-league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies. He split between the 2015 season between the AAA Lehigh Valley IronPigs and the Phillies. Bogusevic hit .296 with 12 HR and 57 RBI for Lehigh Valley in 118 games, and .259 with 2 HR and 5 RBI for Philadelphia in 22 games. After being outrighted off the Phillies' 40-man roster, he became a free agent in October 2015.

Orix Buffaloes
Bogusevic signed with the Orix Buffaloes of Nippon Professional Baseball for the 2016 season. He appeared in 60 games for the Buffaloes in 2016, and hit .187 with three home runs and 18 RBI.

Boston Red Sox
On January 7, 2017, Bogusevic returned to the MLB by signing a minor league contract with the Boston Red Sox that included an invitation to spring training. Bogusevic hit .278/.331/.467 with 12 home runs and 40 RBI for the Pawtucket Red Sox, the Red Sox Triple–A affiliate. Bogusevic did not appear in a big league game in 2017. He elected free agency following the season on November 6.

Post-playing career
On April 14, 2019, he was a substitute postgame anchor for the Astros.

References

External links

Brian Bogusevic at Astros Daily
 Brian Bogusevic Milb.com Page
 Brian Bogusevic Tulane Player Page

1984 births
Living people
Águilas Cibaeñas players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
American people of Serbian descent
Arizona League Cubs players
Baseball pitchers
Baseball players at the 2015 Pan American Games
Baseball players from Chicago
Chicago Cubs players
Corpus Christi Hooks players
De La Salle Institute alumni
Falmouth Commodores players
Gulf Coast Marlins players
Houston Astros players
Indios de Mayagüez players
Iowa Cubs players
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players
Lexington Legends players
Major League Baseball outfielders
New Orleans Zephyrs players
Nippon Professional Baseball outfielders
Oklahoma City RedHawks players
Orix Buffaloes players
Pan American Games medalists in baseball
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Pawtucket Red Sox players
People from Oak Lawn, Illinois
People from Palos Heights, Illinois
Philadelphia Phillies players
Round Rock Express players
Salem Avalanche players
Scottsdale Scorpions players
Toros del Este players
Tri-City ValleyCats players
Tulane Green Wave baseball players
United States national baseball team players
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games


Frederick Knefler (April 12, 1824 – June 14, 1901) served in the Union Army in the U.S. Civil War, joining as a first lieutenant in May 1861. He served as a staff officer and as colonel of the 79th Indiana Infantry Regiment and an acting brigade commander. In 1866, he was nominated and confirmed for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865.

Early life
Frederick Knefler (Knoepfler Frigyes) was born in Arad, Hungary, son of Nathan Knoepfler, a Hungarian Jew and a physician.  He enlisted with his father in the revolutionary forces during the 1848-49 Hungarian War of Liberation.  After the revolutionary forces were defeated, the entire Knoepfler family fled to the United States, first to New York, then to Indianapolis, Indiana. As one of the earliest Jewish families settling in Indianapolis, Dr. Knoepfler was one of the original founders of the Indianapolis Hebrew Congregation.

Knefler trained as a carpenter in New York, a trade he continued in Indianapolis as he studied law.  He became assistant to the clerk of Marion County, Indiana, in which position he became acquainted with Lew Wallace.

Civil War service

11th Indiana Infantry
Upon President Lincoln's proclamation calling for the raising of 75,000 troops after the firing on Fort Sumter, Governor Oliver Morton appointed Lew Wallace Adjutant-General with the task of raising Indiana's quota.  Wallace, in turn, appointed Knefler as his principal assistant.  After raising five regiments, Wallace requested and received command of the 11th Indiana Infantry Regiment, commissioning Knefler as a first lieutenant in it; he was promoted to captain on June 5, 1861.

The 11th Indiana Infantry was sent to the Washington, D.C., area, participated in several skirmishes, but missed the first battle of Bull Run.  Their 3-month term of enlistment expired, the regiment was shipped back to Indianapolis and mustered out.  When Wallace then formed a new 11th Indiana Infantry in August 1861, Knefler was commissioned a captain in it.  Soon after, however, Wallace became a brigadier general and Knefler went with him as his assistant adjutant general.

Aide to General Lew Wallace
Wallace's brigade was part of Grant's force in the capture of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, playing a key part in preventing the Confederate forces from forcing an escape from Fort Donelson through the Union lines.  Wallace's report of the battle stated that Knefler's “prompt and efficient service in the field” and his “courage and fidelity have earned my lasting gratitude.”

Knefler was also with Wallace in the Battle of Shiloh, and his loss of the messenger's written transcription of Grant's oral order during the battle probably prevented resolution of the dispute between the two generals over whether the ambiguity of the order or Wallace's actions caused his failure to reach the battle on the first day.

Colonel of 79th Indiana Infantry
After Wallace's removal from active service, Indiana governor Oliver Morton appointed Knefler the commanding colonel of the newly formed 79th Indiana Infantry Regiment in August 1862.  Sent to join Buell's Army of the Ohio, his regiment, as part of the brigade led by Brigadier General Samuel Beatty, became involved in the battles of Stones River, Chickamauga, and Missionary Ridge.  At Stones River, Knefler reported his regiment lost one-third of its 341 men, including one-half of its commissioned officers.  The 79th Indiana captured a key battery during the first day of Chickamauga, but was cut in half in the Confederate breakthrough on the second day, Knefler's half attempting to regroup Beatty's brigade until withdrawn, the other half helping hold Snodgrass Hill until the Confederate charge was finally repulsed. In the battle of Missionary Ridge, Knefler was in command of the combined 79th Indiana and 86th Indiana infantry regiments that led the unexpected charge up the center of the ridge.  General Beatty's report after the battle complimented Knefler for the charging of Missionary Ridge, and fellow colonel George Dick wrote that he “richly merits a commission as brigadier-general for his gallantry displayed in the charging and taking of Missionary Ridge.”

According to the Jewish-American History Foundation  in recognition of the services rendered by the regiment at Chickamauga, the state of Indiana erected a monument on the battlefield after the war. The tablet of the monument reads:

INDIANA'S TRIBUTE
TO HER
SEVENTY-NINTH REGIMENT INFANTRY

Col. Frederick Knefler, Commanding
First Brigade (Samuel Beatty)
Third Division (Van Cleve)
Twenty-first Corps (Crittenden)

Atlanta Campaign
Following Missionary Ridge, the 79th Indiana moved toward Knoxville and participated in the east Tennessee winter campaign until transferred to join General Sherman's Atlanta Campaign.  During this campaign, because of General Beatty's illness, Knefler was given command of the entire brigade, although remaining a colonel.  Knefler's brigade participated in the entire campaign, playing a major role in the battles of Pickett’s Mill, Peach Tree Creek, Jonesboro, and Lovejoy’s Station, and marching into Atlanta.

Franklin-Nashville Campaign

When Confederate general Hood decided to cut Sherman's supply line by invading Tennessee, Knefler's brigade was one of those sent to join General Thomas to counter Hood.   In the battle of Franklin, Knefler's brigade guarded one flank as Hood put all his effort into a massive charge on the Union center, and thus suffered few casualties.  In the battle of Nashville, Knefler's brigade on December 16, 1864, formed the reserve behind which the two charging brigades reformed after being repulsed.  He then ordered his brigade to charge the confused enemy, forcing them into retreat and capturing much of their arms.

Knefler's brigade was part of the army preparing to move from east Tennessee into Virginia when the war ended.  Following the final review of Thomas's army in Nashville on May 9, 1865, he returned with the 79th Indiana Infantry to Indianapolis where he was mustered out on June 7, 1865.

Brevet brigadier general appointment

On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Knefler for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.

Post-war activities

Following the war, Knefler became a lawyer in Indianapolis, joining in partnership with former U. S. Attorney John Hanna.  After his partner was elected in Congress in 1876, Knefler was appointed head of the pension office in Indianapolis by President Rutherford B. Hayes, where he served eight years.  As president of the board of regents of Indiana's Soldiers and Sailors Monument, he oversaw the laying of the cornerstone in the center of Indianapolis on August 22, 1889, but died before its completion in 1902.

Frederick Knefler died on June 14, 1901, in Indianapolis, Indiana, and is buried Crown Hill Cemetery. His grave can be found in Section 8, Lot 22.

See also

List of American Civil War brevet generals (Union)

References

External links
  Jews in the Civil War

1824 births
1901 deaths
People from Arad, Romania
Union Army generals
Jewish American military personnel
Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
Military personnel from Indianapolis
People of Indiana in the American Civil War