Robert Nathan Floyd (born October 20, 1943) is an American former Major League Baseball infielder. After his playing days ended, Floyd became a manager in Minor league baseball, and spent the next 30 years coaching. In  and , he was a major league coach with the New York Mets.

Early years
On top of playing shortstop for the Southern California champion El Segundo High School baseball team, Floyd also quarterbacked El Segundo's football team his senior year. After two years at UCLA on a baseball scholarship, Floyd signed with the Baltimore Orioles as an amateur free agent in August .

Over five seasons in the Orioles' farm system, Floyd batted .259 with nineteen home runs and 252 runs batted in. He received his first call up to the majors in September . He went 1-for-9 (a double) with an RBI on a sacrifice fly.

Baltimore Orioles
Though he spent most of his minor league career at shortstop, Floyd made the Orioles'  opening day roster as a back-up infielder, receiving playing time at second and third as well. Floyd batted .219 with seven runs and just one RBI, also coming on a sac fly.

The Orioles won a franchise best 109 games to capture the American League East by nineteen games over the Detroit Tigers. While Floyd was on the post season roster, he did not appear in the 1969 American League Championship Series or the 1969 World Series.

The 1970 Orioles' bullpen struggled early in the season. With Gold glover Mark Belanger firmly entrenched at short, the Orioles had little use for a light hitting middle infielder. Floyd was traded from the Orioles to the Kansas City Royals for Moe Drabowsky before the trade deadline on June 15, .

Kansas City Royals
Floyd went 0-for-10 in a brief trial before being demoted to the Triple-A Omaha Royals. Before the demotion, he collected his first RBI of the season on a ground out.

He batted .292 with two home runs and 32 RBIs at Omaha to earn a return to the majors that September. In his first game back, Floyd got his first two hits of the season, and had a three-RBI game against the Chicago White Sox. The next day, he went 3-for-7 in a doubleheader with the ChiSox. His sixth inning single off Wilbur Wood in the second game drove in the tying and winning runs.

Floyd remained the club's regular shortstop over the remainder of the season. Albeit, with just eleven games left. In this short trial, Floyd batted .424 with eight RBIs and four runs scored.

During the off season, the Royals traded incumbent shortstop Jackie Hernandez to the Pittsburgh Pirates in a six player deal that netted the Royals shortstop Freddie Patek, whom they intended to use as their everyday shortstop. Floyd began the  season in Omaha, but received a call to the majors in late June. He batted .118 Through July, and was optioned back down. He again received a call up when rosters expanded in September, but batted only .163.

A stomach disorder suffered by Patek in spring training landed Floyd starting shortstop duties to start the  season. In nine games, Floyd batted .138 with two RBIs and one run scored, and committed two errors in 39 chances on the field. Once Patek was ready to return, Floyd was demoted to Omaha. He came back up in late June, and batted .190 with three RBIs and eight runs over the rest of the season.

References

External links

Bobby Floyd at Society for American Baseball Research

1943 births
Living people
Baltimore Orioles players
Elmira Pioneers players
Kansas City Royals players
Lynn Sailors players
Major League Baseball shortstops
New York Mets coaches
Norfolk Tides managers
Omaha Royals players
Rochester Red Wings players
Sportspeople from Hawthorne, California
Baseball players from Los Angeles County, California
Stockton Ports players
Tri-City Atoms players
UCLA Bruins baseball players
El Segundo High School alumni


Counterrevolution and Revolt is a 1972 book by the philosopher Herbert Marcuse.

Summary
Marcuse writes that the western world has reached a new stage of development, in which "the defense of the capitalist system requires the organization of counterrevolution at home and abroad." He accuses the west of "practicing the horrors of the Nazi regime", and of helping to launch massacres in Indochina, Indonesia, the Congo, Nigeria, Pakistan, and the Sudan.

He discusses the problems of the New Left, as well as other topics such as the political role of social ecology. Citing author Murray Bookchin's Post-Scarcity Anarchism (1971), Marcuse argues that ecology must be taken "to the point where it is no longer containable within the capitalist framework" by "extending the drive within the capitalist framework." Marcuse offers a discussion of the role of nature in Marxist philosophy informed by philosopher Alfred Schmidt's The Concept of Nature in Marx (1962).

Marcuse also offers a discussion of art, including literature and music, in relation to revolution. He cites Arthur Schopenhauer's observation, in The World as Will and Representation (1818), that music "gives the innermost kernel preceding all form, or the heart of things".

Publication history
Counterrevolution and Revolt was first published by Beacon Press in 1972.

Reception
Counterrevolution and Revolt was reviewed by the gay rights activist Jearld Moldenhauer in The Body Politic. Moldenhauer suggested that Marcuse found the gay liberation movement insignificant, and criticized Marcuse for ignoring it even though "many gay activists" had been influenced by his earlier book Eros and Civilization (1955).

In Theory & Society, the intellectual historian Martin Jay called Counterrevolution and Revolt one of Marcuse's "major works". He suggested that Marcuse's comments about art reveal his indebtedness to Romanticism. Brian Easlea described Marcuse's view that "Marx's notion of a human appropriation of nature is not altogether free from the hubris of domination" as courageous. He wrote that Marcuse "explicitly adds to his decades of social analysis a dimension that had always been implicit: the male-female relation", and that Marcuse's "condemnation of the established science and call for a new science would appear to be a condemnation of 'male' science and a call for a new 'female' science." The philosopher Charles Crittenden considered Marcuse's advocacy of "working for change within the system" to be a retreat from his advocacy, in previous works such as An Essay on Liberation (1969), of revolutionary violence and confrontation as ways of achieving social transformation. Andrew Light compared Marcuse's views to those of Murray Bookchin.

References

Bibliography
Books

Journals

1972 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Beacon Press books
Books about the New Left
English-language books
Political books
Sociology books
Works by Herbert Marcuse


Los Ronisch are a Bolivian cumbia band. They originate from Cochabamba and are one of the most popular cumbia bands in South America.  The press have called this band "the box-office record breakers" due to its vast popularity among people in Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, Ecuador and other countries.

History
The band is composed of six brothers:
First voice: Walter Rodriguez
Keyboards: Renán Rodriguez
First Guitar: Remberto Rodriguez
Bass: Héctor Rodriguez (Director)
Drums: Norberto Rodriguez
Sampler and Rhythms: Fernando Rodriguez
The live concerts include an animator, German Zambrana being one of them during the late 90s.

Los Ronisch, named after the family's old German Rönisch piano, started playing in the late 80's, focusing more in a type of Rock that is similar to new wave, with influences from disco, electronic music, and pop.  One of their first hits, Isabel, remains a classic of pop music in Bolivia.  This type of music regarded as "Disco" in Bolivia was also practiced by another popular Bolivian band called Maroyu.
Towards the end of the 90's the band remained highly popular; however, it shifted the focus of its music towards Cumbia (Los Ronisch played Cumbia and Huayño regularly since their start in the late 80's).  This shift to a more electronic sound, relying more heavily on the keyboards and the sampler as a backbone, made some people in Peru relate the band's style to Tecnocumbia.  This shift can be heard in the "Regresa" album of 1999.  The popularity of the band exponentially increased with the release of "Regresa" and the singles "Amigos Traigan Cerveza" and "Prefiero Estar Lejos", making the band play numerous cities throughout South America, USA and Europe (Spain).

Discography (incomplete)
Los Ronisch - Isabel - soledad -Un Sueño Hecho Realidad - 1989 (vol1)
Los Ronisch - Princesa - 1990 (vol2)
Los Ronisch - Digas lo que digas - 1991 (vol 3)
Los Ronisch - La plaza - 1992
Los Ronisch - dime dime
Los Ronisch - te quiero (vol 6)
Los Ronisch - promesas cuando ya no me quieras
Los Ronisch - traicionera
Los Ronisch - quisiera yo decirte
Los Ronisch - Época de oro - 1998
Los Ronisch - Regresa - 1999
Los Ronisch - Destrozas Mi Corazón - 2001
Los Ronisch - Siempre Imitados, Nunca Igualados - 2004
Los Ronisch - Corazones Rotos - 2008
Los Ronisch - Nunca te olvidaré - 2017

Musical style
Cumbia, Huayño, Technocumbia or Tecnocumbia, Chicha, Rock & Pop, Disco.

References

External links
 Video de Los Ronisch En Vivo

Bolivian musical groups


Badagaun may refer to:

Badagaun, Lumbini, Nepal
Badagaun, Rapti, Nepal


The phrase Alabama heelsplitter has been used as a common name for two different species of American river mussels, freshwater bivalves, both of which can be found in Alabama. The two species are:

 Lasmigona alabamensis or Lasmigona complanata alabamensis, still known as the "Alabama heelsplitter"
 Potamilus inflatus, now known as the "Inflated heelsplitter"; this species was previously sometimes called "Alabama heelsplitter"; the common name was changed to avoid confusion


George Ernest Petherbridge (19 May 1927 – 4 March 2013) was a professional footballer, who played for Bristol Rovers for seventeen years, between 1945 and 1962.

Early life
Petherbridge was born in Devonport, Devon in 1927 and was the only child of parents Frederick Petherbridge and Violet Trout. The family relocated to Bristol when George was young, and he was brought up in the city.

Football career
Petherbridge joined Bristol Rovers in 1945, and spent his entire professional career with the club, eventually leaving seventeen years later in 1962. He played as a winger and made 457 appearances in the Football League, and 496 in all competitions, scoring 85 league and seven cup goals.

Joining the club in time for the resumption of League football after play had been suspended during World War II, Petherbridge achieved the impressive feat of scoring at least one goal in each of the sixteen seasons immediately after the war. He is one of only three men to have played for Rovers for more than fifteen years, and is the fifth most capped player for the club, behind Stuart Taylor, Harry Bamford, Jack Pitt, and Geoff Bradford. His 85 goals in the Football League make him The Pirates' 9th-highest goalscorer.

After ending his professional career with Rovers, he dropped out of the Football League to join Salisbury in 1962 and in 1963 had a short spell with Cornish side Falmouth Town in the South Western League.

On 9 April 2021, Petherbridge became the seventh player to be inducted into the Bristol Rovers Hall of Fame.

Family life

Petherbridge married Rita Walker in 1950, and the couple had three children and eleven grandchildren.

Following his retirement from football he worked as a publican, running The Angel in Sherston, and later The Tamar in Cornwall. He also worked as a PE teacher and groundsman at Millfield School and Wells Cathedral School respectively.

Petherbridge Way in Bristol is named after Petherbridge.  The road lies midway between Bristol Rovers' former home at Eastville Stadium and their current ground, the Memorial Stadium.

He died on 4 March 2013, at the age of 85.

References

External links
Petherbridge Way on Google Maps.

1927 births
2013 deaths
English men's footballers
Sportspeople from Devonport, Plymouth
Men's association football midfielders
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Salisbury City F.C. players
English Football League players
Falmouth Town A.F.C. players


Kalagaun may refer to:

 Kalagaun, Salyan
 Kalagaun, Achham

See also
 Kalegaun


Preventive repression is repression of political opponents before they actually carry out any activities that would threaten the current political system. The term was used to describe the political methods of the Paraguay caudillo Stroessner, whose methods of "nipping in the bud" the possibilities of any real or imagined unrest were reported at a 1972 Inter-American Defense Board meeting of US and Latin American military.

Herbert Marcuse, in his work Counterrevolution and Revolt operates with the term  "preventive counterrevolution".

Since then, the term has been used to describe actions of other dictatorships.

References

Political terminology
Persecution
Political repression


Kubhinde may refer to the following places in Nepal:

Kubhinde, Bagmati
Kubhinde, Khotang
Kubhinde, Rapti


The Girondin constitutional project, presented to the French National Convention on 15 and 16 February 1793 by Nicolas de Caritat, formerly the Marquis de Condorcet, is composed of three parts:

 An Exposition of the Principles and Motives of the Constitutional Scheme, approx. 80 pages
 A Draft Declaration of the Natural, Civil, and Political Rights of Man, in 33 articles
 A Draft French Constitution, in 13 titles

The work was signed by the eight members of the Convention's Constitution Committee: Condorcet, Gensonné, Barrère, Barbaroux, Paine, Pétion, Vergniaud and Sieyès.

Principles and motives
In the exposition of the principles and motives behind the constitutional scheme that he reads before the National Convention, Condorcet begins, as a true mathematician, by a description of the "problem to solve":

To give to a territory of twenty-seven thousand square leagues, inhabited by twenty-five million individuals, a constitution which, being founded solely on the principles of reason and justice, insures to citizens the fullest enjoyment of their rights; to combine the parts of this constitution, so that the necessity of obedience to the laws, the submission of individual wills to the general will, allow the subsistence in all their extent, of the sovereignty of the people, equality among citizens, and the exercise of natural liberty, such is the problem that we had to solve.

Are subsequently exposed, in this order:

 the philosophical justifications for the abolition of monarchy;
 the motives to prefer the unity and indivisibility of the republic to the establishment of a confederal or federal order;
 an argumentation in favour of a constitution authorizing the representatives to make only laws that are submitted 1) to the limits of a constitutional law they cannot change; 2) to the direct censorship of the people, who remains the sole depository of sovereignty;
 primary assemblies: their functions (elections, petitions, censorship of laws, approving/rejecting the summoning of a national convention, or a constitution draft, or a proposition emanating from the legislative body), their relation with the assembly of national representation;
 the reasons to prefer, for the delegation of the people's powers, a unique principle of action to multiple and independent principles of action kept in balance by their concurrence;
 the reasons to prefer a unicameral constitution, the means to protect oneself against the dangers of laws adopted hastily;
 The reasons to prefer a small executive council to a single individual; the composition, the renewal and the functioning of the council; its subordination to the legislative power which nevertheless cannot dismiss its members;
 the independence of the public treasury vis-à-vis the executive council; the account juries;
 the administrative division of the territory into large communes;
 the administration of the departments; the subordination of the administrator to the executive council; their surveillance by the legislative body;
 the administration of justice; the trial by juries in civil affairs, only after the failure of arbitration;
 the institution of a national jury for judging functionaries in cases of offence against the liberty of the people or the safety of the State.
 the revision of rulings, their possible cassation attributed to censors;
 the abolition of death penalty for all offences involving private individuals;
 the same political rights to all men aged 21 and above, born in France or settled in France at least since one year; philosophical justifications; eligibility to all public places to citizens aged 25 and above;
 the electoral method inspired by the academic works on the "probability of majority decisions" done by Condorcet himself; two-turn preferential elections, at fixed dates, the first turn to form the list of candidates to be presented and who are definitively elected during the second turn;
 exterior relations and war;
 the revision of the constitution by way of a national convention independent from the legislative body;
 philosophical conclusion on the objectives of the constitution; summary of the principles and motives of its authors;

Declaration of rights
The first article declares the natural, civil, and political rights of men which are liberty, equality, safety, property, social security, and resistance to oppression.

Articles 2 to 9 treat of liberty and equality and define these two terms.

Articles 10 to 22 treat of safety and property.

Article 23 declares a right to elementary instruction.

Article 24 treat of public relief.

Articles 25 to 30 treat of social security.

Articles 31 and 32 treat of resistance to oppression.

Article 33, the last one, declares the right of the people to review, reform and modify the constitution.

Constitution

Territory
The territory of the French Republic keeps the preexisting 85 departments. The departments themselves are divided into large communes, which are in turn divided into municipal sections and primary assemblies.

Citizenship
The quality of citizen is granted to men 21 years old and older, following an uninterrupted residence of one year on French soil, counting from the day of their inscription on the civic table of a primary assembly. All public offices are open to citizens aged 25 years old and older.

In addition to the right to vote, citizens enjoy the right to petition, and the right to censure acts emanating from their representatives.

Administration
Each department is managed by an administrative council of 18 members, of which two form the directoire. The communes are led by a municipality administration made up of 12 members and a mayor, who chairs the administration. Communes including more than one section contain agencies subordinated to the municipality. Half of the members of the departments' administrative bodies are renewed every two years, three months after the date of the legislative elections. The mode of the municipal elections is not a constitutional law.

Electoral system
The citizens exert their right to vote in primary assemblies including between 450 and 900 members. Each primary assembly elects a bureau responsible for the citizenship registry, for summoning primary assemblies when the constitution prescribes it, and for examining ballot papers.

The elections comprise two polls: a first one used to prepare the list of candidates being presented, and a second one used for the election of the candidates on the list drawn up by the first election.

At the time of the first poll, voters receive from the bureau a ballot paper showing their name. On it they write (or have someone write for them in case of illiteracy) as many names as there are offices to elect, and drop their bulletin at the office. The list of presentation is formed from the names that received the most votes, and their number is triple that of the offices needing to be renewed. An equal number of substitutes is added from among those who obtained the most votes after the candidates. The candidates and substitutes have 15 days to desist, after which the list, sorted by the number of votes and without the remaining substitutes, becomes final.

At the time of the second poll, the voters receive a bulletin with two columns, one named "First Column of Election", the other "Additional Column", each one being divided into as many boxes as there are candidates to elect.

If a candidate receives a majority of the votes on the first column, he is immediately elected. If not, the votes of the two columns are added and those who obtain the majority in this way are elected. The others are elected by a plurality of the votes if not all offices have already been filled.

Executive
The executive would be made up of a council of eight members: seven ministers and a secretary. Legislation, war, foreign affairs, the navy, and public contributions would each have their own minister. A sixth minister would be responsible for agriculture, trade and manufactures and a seventh for aids, works, public buildings, and the arts. The presidency of the council would pass from one minister to another every fifteen days.

The council would be renewed by half every year and its members were to be elected for two years. Each member of the council was to be elected by a separate poll.

The legislative body would have been able to put the members of the council on trial.

Three commissaries to the national treasury were to be elected for three years using the same electoral mode as that used to elect the members of the executive council.

Legislative
The legislative body was to be unicameral and renewed during elections held on the first Sunday of May of each year. There was to be one representative per fifty thousand souls and substitutes in equal numbers. The representatives who did not sit at the end of one month would be replaced by a substitute. The representatives would have exercised the functions of  president and secretaries of the legislative assembly for one month maximum.

The constitutional law would have provided for a distinction, using several examples, between the legislative acts that would be laws and those that would be decrees, and also describe in detail the law making process.

A bureau of 13 representatives was to be formed each month to report on all bills and decrees. The members of the bureau would only have been allowed to be elected once during the same legislature.

Judicial
Civil and criminal justice are merged into a uniform code of law for the whole republic.

There is at least one Justice of the Peace per commune, elected for one year and rendering justice without fees by conciliation of the parties. In each department there is a civil jury composed of a director, a public rapporteur, a national commissary, and juries. The civil-jury table for a department is made up twice a year by the election of one jury for every 100 citizens registered on the citizenship tables of the primary assemblies.

In criminal affairs, capital punishment is abolished for private offences. All citizens have the right to be judged by a court made up of juries. The defendants go before a first jury responsible for declaring whether there are grounds for a lawsuit and if so, a second jury made of at least 12 jurors determines the verdict of the case.

Judicial censors are elected every two years and are charged with breaking the rulings rendered by infringement of the law.

A national jury renders verdicts on crimes of high treason determined by the penal code.

Military
Citizens in a position to bear arms constitute the military force of the Republic. The executive council appoints generals via commission, for the time of a campaign, and in the event of war only. Citizens of the communes appoint the commanders of the national guard.

Convention
The constitution may be modified by the national convention, convened by the legislative body every twenty years. The convention can also be proposed by any citizen or the legislative body if the majority of the citizens judges it to be necessary and approves of it by a vote in primary assemblies. The members of the legislature cannot be elected to the convention, which cannot sit more than one year. The constitution project must be accepted by the people.

Contributions
The people, by themselves or through their representatives, consent to public contributions, which are deliberated upon annually by the legislative body and cannot continue beyond one year without an explicit renewal. The share of the product of industry or work which each citizen needs to subsist is not taxable. Departments and communes can establish particular public contributions only with the authorization of the legislative body. The accounts of the expenditure are made public.

Foreign relations
The French Republic may make war by arms only "for the preservation of its liberty, the conservation of its territory and the defence of its allies". War can be decreed only by the legislative body, with the means of a signed poll, whose moment is fixed three days in advance and after "having heard the Executive Council on the state of the Republic".

Timeline of French constitutions

Notes

References
 Nicolas de Caritat. "Plan de Constitution présenté à la Convention nationale les 15 et 16 février 1793, l'an II de la République (Constitution girondine)", in Digithèque de matériaux juridiques et politiques by Jean-Pierre Maury, online since 1998 (Université de Perpignan)
 Nicolas de Caritat. "Exposition des principes et des motifs du plan de constitution" in Arthur O'Connor and François Arago. Oeuvres de Condorcet, Paris: Firmin Didot frères, 1847 (tome 12, pp. 335–415) (online)
 Elisabeth Badinter and Robert Badinter (1988). Condorcet. (1743–1794). Un intellectuel en politique, Paris: Fayard, 658 p. ()

1793 events of the French Revolution
Constitutions of France
Legal history of France


Hal Roth (1927 – 18 October 2008) was an American sailor and author. In 1971 he was awarded the Blue Water Medal of the Cruising Club of America. He died of lung cancer.

Biography

Early life
Hal Roth was born in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1927.  He was an aviator during World War II and the Korean War.  During the course of his lifetime, Roth was also an author, sailor, mountaineer, and photographer.  He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley with a degree in Journalism, and became a free-lance writer and photographer.

Marriage
In 1959, Roth met Margaret Hale-White from Oxford, England who was visiting a friend in San Francisco, California.   Margaret was born in Bombay, India and was the daughter of an English engineer.  According to Roth, she worked in Paris for six and a half years as a dual language secretary for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). They married in 1960.

Photography and journalism
Roth studied photography with Edward Weston and Ansel Adams. He was a member of the  American Society of Magazine Photographers and worked from a base in Sausalito, California, producing imagery of life in the surrounding area of California during the late 1950s and into the late 1960s.  Roth's free-lance works of note include magazine titles such as Colliers, Fortune, The Saturday Evening Post, and The New York Times.  Themes of his work include: California landscapes and wildlife, San Francisco (including Fisherman's Wharf), Winter Olympics, Dr. Seuss, and Native American wildland firefighters of the Southwest.

Hal was also engaged in photographic study of human life as represented by his "Time and Place" album and his Chinatown exhibit.  In 1964, the San Francisco Museum of Art exhibited 40 of Roth's black and white photographic images titled "The Faces of Chinatown."  Roth's first published book, Pathway in the Sky (1965) displays his passion for the John Muir Trail and the Sierra Mountains.  The associated images of the John Muir Trail also reflect people enjoying the trail and document its use in the early 1960s.

Sailing and writing
Even though neither was a sailor, their friends shared a love of sailing and introduced them to the sport in 1962.  The couple chartered a boat in the West Indies where they learned a great deal from the captain.  Later, they chartered another boat in Greece, then took sailing lessons in Scotland.   After purchasing a home in Sausalito in 1964, they took a trip (1966) north along the west coast and purchased a fiberglass Spencer 35, built in Vancouver, British Columbia and designed by John Brandlmayr in Seattle, Washington.  They named her Whisper, and sailed her home to California.  The Roths began sailing on their own in 1966 and completed several voyages in Whisper.  Destinations included Japan, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, Canadian islands, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Cape Horn, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Mediterranean, and Canary Islands.

The success of his first book, about the John Muir Trail in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, prompted him and his wife to try the precarious worlds of adventuring and writing. They quit their jobs, and began a 19-month voyage around the Pacific in a  sloop. Their vast journey culminated in the publication of his first sailing book, Two on a Big Ocean.  He and his wife, Margaret, subsequently made a life of sailing and writing about it, including sailing around South America and a circumnavigation via Panama, the Torres Strait, and Suez.

In 1978, they relocated to Maine.

The couple sold Whisper and purchased the American Flag (later renamed Sebago) and Roth then sailed solo in the Brin's or British Oxygen Company (BOC) Challenge Race of 1986-7.  He completed the race 4th in his class of 14, taking 171 days. Chasing the Long Rainbow (1990) is his account of this BOC race.  In 1990, he tried the race again in the same Santa Cruz 50 now named Sebago (his sponsor), but due to capsizing, the voyage took 211 days.  Chasing the Wind (1994) is his account of the second race.  In 1992, they sold Sebago, purchased a Pretorien 35, named her Whisper, and the couple spent two years together tracing Odysseus' voyage through the Mediterranean.  We Followed Odysseus, How to Sail Around the World, and Handling Storms at Sea represent books that he wrote based on the couple's final unique voyages.

Roth published hundreds of articles in his lifetime.  Although, his book publications appear to be his dominate body of work and document the couple's voyages and growing knowledge of sailing.  The 1972 account of their first circumnavigation of the Pacific Basin (1967-8) resulted in the publication Two on a Big Ocean.  The Blue Water Medal of the Cruising Club of America was awarded to the Hal Roth, and Margaret was noted as the sole crew, for this voyage.  After 50,000 Miles (1977) describes technical aspects of sailing.  The 1978 book Two against Cape Horn describes their journey from California to Maine via Cape Horn.  Always a Distant Anchorage   (1988) describes their four-year (1981–1985) circumnavigation west through the Panama Canal, Torres Strait, the Red Sea, and the Suez Canal.

Death and afterward
Roth recorded reminisces and continued to draft manuscripts throughout his life.  His last two works, The Paradise Book and Graf Spee were completed but never published.  He worked on these manuscripts during his later years and during his two and half year battle with lung cancer.  He died October 18, 2008, while living in Maryland with his wife, Margaret, who survives him.

Honours, decorations, awards and distinctions
In 1971 Roth was awarded the Blue Water Medal of the Cruising Club of America in recognition of a cruise of  around the Pacific Basin, with his wife as crew aboard their  sloop, Whisper.

Bibliography
 Pathway in the Sky : the story of the John Muir trail. Berkeley, CA: Howell-North, 1965. Print.
 Two on a Big Ocean; the Story of the First Circumnavigation of the Pacific Basin in a Small Sailing Ship. New York: Macmillan, 1972. Print.
 After 50,000 miles. New York: Norton, 1977. Print.
 Two against Cape Horn. New York: Norton, 1978. Print.
 The longest race. New York: Norton, 1983. Print.
 Whisper's Pacific Voyage. New Haven, Conn.: Sea TV, 1987. Videocassette.
 Always a distant anchorage. New York: Norton, 1988. Print.
 Chasing the long rainbow : the drama of a singlehanded sailing race around the world. New York: Norton, 1990. Print.
 Chasing the wind : a book of high adventure. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y: Sheridan House, 1994. Print.
 The monster's handsome face : Patty Cannon in fiction & fact. Vienna, Md: Nanticoke Books, 1998. Print.
 We followed Odysseus. Port Washington, Wis: Seaworthy Publications, 1999. Print.
 How to sail around the world : advice and ideas for voyaging under sail. Camden, Me: International Marine/McGraw-Hill, 2004. Print.
 The Hal Roth seafaring trilogy : three true stories of adventure under sail. Camden, Me: International Marine/McGraw-Hill, 2006. Print. [Reprint of three previous works.]
 Handling storms at sea the five secrets of heavy weather sailing. Camden, Me: International Marine/McGraw-Hill, 2009. Print.
 Hal Roth Papers, 1948—2009. San Francisco:San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, National Park Service, 2011. Archival Material.

References

1927 births
2008 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
American sailors
Maritime writers
Blue Water Medal recipients
20th-century American photographers
Single-handed circumnavigating sailors


Koukouli () may refer to:

Koukouli, Patras, a district of Patras city, Greece
Koukouli, Ioannina, a village in the Ioannina regional unit, Greece
Koukouli, Preveza, a village in the Preveza regional unit, Greece
Koukoulion, a traditional headdress worn by monks in the Eastern Orthodox Church


Laxmipur may refer to:
 Lakshmipur District, Bangladesh
 Lakshmipur Sadar Upazila
 Laxmipur, Dang Deokhuri, Nepal
 Laxmipur, Jhapa, Nepal
 Laxmipur, Mahakali, Nepal
 Laxmipur, Narayani, Nepal
 Laxmipur, Salyan, Nepal
 Laxmipur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency), India
 Laxmipur, Narayanpet district, Telangana, India
 Lakshmipur, Jamui, Bihar

See also
 Lakshmipur, Orissa, a village


The Ilyushin Il-46 was a jet-engined bomber produced in the USSR during 1951-2, as the result of a directive to redesign the Il-42 project (half the drawings had already been completed). The revised specification was for an aircraft with twice the range and 1 1/2 times the bomb load, with a prototype ready to be submitted for state acceptance trials in July 1952. The Ilyushin design bureau set about designing two versions of the same aircraft, the straight-wing (Il-46) and the swept-wing (Il-46S), with as much as possible common to both aircraft. To meet the schedule for state acceptance trials Ilyushin built only the straight-wing version, fearing that the design, manufacture and flying characteristics of the swept-wing aircraft might cause delays.

Design and development
The airframe, constructed of aluminium alloy with steel used in highly stressed parts, resembled a large Il-28, the long fuselage having swept tail surfaces, and a similar arrangement of cockpits for the crew of pilot, navigator and rear gunner. The wing, which had moderate taper but straight leading edges, copied the layout of the Il-28, being mounted in the shoulder position at the midpoint of the fuselage. The flying controls consisted of the usual ailerons, elevators and rudder, all fitted with trim tabs for reducing loads on the pilots controls during flight in steady states, as well as "reversible"  hydraulically-powered actuators.

Two Lyul'ka AL-5 engines were fitted in long nacelles forward of the wings, exhausting through long jetpipes at the rear of the nacelles, aft of the wing trailing edge. The engines were mounted in this fashion to make room for the retracted main undercarriage legs, two on each side attached to the engine nacelles under the wings. The paired main undercarriage legs, side by side, retracted in opposite directions, inboard forwards and outboard rearwards, with the single mainwheels rotating 90 degrees to lie flat under the long jetpipes of the AL-5 engines. To boost takeoff performance, two JATO bottles could be attached to the rear fuselage. Performance was also improved when Lyulka AL-5F (forseerovannyy - afterburning) engines were fitted.

Flight tests and state acceptance trials were successful, with the Il-46 meeting all requirements. Production was not ordered because the Tupolev Tu-88 proved to have better performance, and was ordered into production as the Tu-16.

The Il-46S swept-wing version was designed concurrently, but construction was not started, to ensure that resources were not diverted from the Il-46.

Variants
 Il-46
 Il-46S

Specifications (Il-46)

See also

References

External links

1950s Soviet bomber aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Il-046
Twinjets
Aircraft first flown in 1952


Sonny (aka Pony Rides) is a 2002 American crime drama film starring James Franco, Harry Dean Stanton, Brenda Blethyn, Mena Suvari and Josie Davis.  Based on a screenplay by John Carlen, the film marked the directorial debut of Nicolas Cage, who makes a cameo appearance. It was co-produced by Cage's production company Saturn Films.

Plot
Sonny (Franco) is the son of Jewel (Blethyn) who runs a small brothel in early-1980s New Orleans, Louisiana. Sonny returns home from the army, staying with his mother while waiting to start the job an army buddy of his promised him. Jewel tries to convince Sonny to come back to working for her as he had before the army, saying many of his old clients still miss him and he was the best gigolo she had ever had.

Sonny repeatedly turns her down, wanting to leave that life behind. However, the job he was promised never materializes and he is forced to return to working for his mother. Jewel had recently recruited a new girl to the brothel, Carol (Suvari), who meets Sonny and falls in love with him. They talk of getting out together.

One of Carol's clients, an older man, proposes to her. She initially declines, hoping to go away with Sonny. She and Sonny fall out as he fails to make an effort to get out of the business, instead becoming increasingly introverted and depressed, with occasional outbursts as he looks for more work. Ultimately, Carol accepts the marriage proposal, Sonny unravels as he realizes his father—upon his death—had been with Sonny his whole life but declined to reveal himself for fear of being thought a loser, and Sonny and Carol fail to live happily ever after.

Cast
 James Franco as Sonny
 Brenda Blethyn as Jewel
 Harry Dean Stanton as Henry
 Mena Suvari as Carol
 Seymour Cassel as Albert
 Josie Davis as Gretchen
 Nicolas Cage as Acid Yellow
 Brenda Vaccaro as Meg
 Marc Coppola as Jimmy at Mattie's

Reception
The film was poorly received upon release, with a 21% rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 28 reviews. The site's consensus states: "Sonny is sunk by debuting director Nicolas Cage's evident inability to locate the heart of his movie's story—or properly modulate his cast's performances." However, Tommy Wiseau is a fan of the movie, and Franco's performance in it gave Wiseau faith in Franco's ability to portray him respectfully in The Disaster Artist.

See also

 Male prostitution in the arts
 List of directorial debuts

References

External links

 Sonny at Rotten Tomatoes

2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2002 films
2002 crime drama films
2002 directorial debut films
American crime drama films
English-language crime drama films
Films directed by Nicolas Cage
Films produced by Nicolas Cage
Films scored by Clint Mansell
Films about male prostitution in the United States
Films set in New Orleans
Films set in the 1980s
Films set in 1981
Films shot in New Orleans
Saturn Films films


Kill Switch is a 2008 action film starring Steven Seagal and directed by Jeff F. King. Steven Seagal plays Detective Jacob King, a tough cop with a reputation for violent street-justice methods. King investigates murders in Memphis, Tennessee, perpetrated by a serial killer known as Lazerus. The film is also notable for featuring one of the last roles of Isaac Hayes.

Plot
Jacob King is a police officer in Memphis, Tennessee, whose brutal methods have gained him a legendary reputation among his colleagues. Seemingly indifferent to the fact his twin brother was murdered in front of him as a child, King investigates a series of brutal killings, most involving young, attractive women. The murderer, Lazerus, leaves cryptic, astrological clues at the crime scenes. At the same time, another murderer, Billy Joe Hill (Mark Collie), is killing women. King finds him and kicks him out a window repeatedly, after which Hill seeks revenge by murdering Celine (Karyn Michelle Baltzer), whom he believes to be King's girlfriend.

King goes on a brutal rampage through the Memphis underworld with the assistance of his partner, Detective Storm Anderson (Chris Thomas King) and the coroner (Isaac Hayes). King meets FBI agent Frankie Miller (Holly Dignard) but dislikes her because she does not approve of his methods. Lazerus attempts to frame King for the murder of a blonde barmaid, and Miller believes the frame and begins to pursue King. Meanwhile, King locates Lazerus and fights him, using a ball-peen hammer to break every bone in his body. He then goes after Billy Joe Hill and kills him after finding Celine dead.

King then chooses to exit the scene, leaving Anderson a note explaining he is quitting because no one likes his style of justice.

The final scene shows King returning to what appears to be his Russian wife and family.

Cast
 Steven Seagal as Detective Jacob King
 Holly Dignard as FBI Agent Frankie Miller
 Karyn Michelle Baltzer as Celine
 Chris Thomas King as Detective Storm Anderson
 Philip Granger as Captain Jensen
 Jerry Rector as CDLU Lawyer
 Isaac Hayes as Coroner
 Michael Filipowich as Lazerus Jones
 Mark Collie as Billy Joe Hill

Theatrical release
The film later received theatrical distribution exclusively in the UAE in 2009.

References

External links

Review by Vern at Aint It Cool News

American crime thriller films
Canadian crime thriller films
2008 direct-to-video films
2008 action thriller films
2000s crime thriller films
American action thriller films
American direct-to-video films
Canadian action thriller films
Canadian direct-to-video films
CineTel Films films
Films set in Memphis, Tennessee
Films shot in Vancouver
Nu Image films
2008 films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Jeff F. King
2000s American films
2000s Canadian films


Francis Tukey (1814 - November 27, 1867) was the City Marshal of Boston, Massachusetts from 1846 to 1852 and a member of the California State Assembly.

Early history
Francis Tukey was born in Falmouth, Maine in 1814.  His family was well established in the area of Falmouth.  His father was Benjamin Tukey, as was also the name of his grandfather.  His grandfather fought in the Battle of Saratoga during the American Revolution.  Upon the town's celebration of the surrender of General Burgoyne, the elder Benjamin Tukey was killed accidentally.  As the celebration had commenced around Alice Greele's Tavern, Benjamin was mortally wounded by the premature discharge of a cannon.  Benjamin Tukey left behind two children: Benjamin, Francis's father, and William.  Francis Tukey is described as "5 feet, 9 inches tall, hair black as a raven, eyes large, dark and piercing with a pale face and an infectious smile." Francis Tukey was a mechanic by trade and left Falmouth for Boston, Massachusetts to practice his trade further.  After moving to Boston, he decided that he would pursue a career in law instead.  Tukey entered the Harvard Law School and graduated after two years in 1843.  Francis Tukey was admitted to the Suffolk bar on March 6, 1844.

Entering the law enforcement profession would be Tukey's calling and he would become appointed as the City Marshal of Boston by Mayor Josiah Quincy Jr.  The position had been more of a revolving political door at the time.  During the eight years between 1838 and 1846, there were six men appointed to the seat of city marshal.  Francis Tukey was the successor to an office held by Benjamin Pollard, Daniel Parkman, Erza Weston, James Blake and Ira Gibbs.  Tukey was appointed to the high-profile position at age 32.

Tukey era as City Marshal of Boston
The early years of Tukey's era as marshal was relatively quiet compared to what he would encounter close to the end of the decade.  He began with the reorganization of the Boston Police Department.  Under Tukey, the force increased to 22 officers during the day and 8 at night.  They were dispatched throughout the city at $2.00 per day and $1.25 per night.  The city was divided into sections and the order was set to clean up the streets of Boston.  The increased visibility of officers gave rise to local notoriety to certain constables, such as Derastus Clapp and Samuel Fuller.

During the 1848 public excavation on Boston Common, Tukey and his people discovered stolen money in front of an eager crowd. The January 7 excavation found $1100.00. This was the beginning of his public image in Boston and he welcomed the publicity.

He was in charge of the investigation of the Parkman–Webster murder in 184950.
In 1851, he returned runaway slave Thomas Sims to Georgia after a court ordered compliance with the Fugitive Slave Law.

Shortly thereafter, Tukey began using raids to clean up the city.  Tukey had an eye on vice establishments in the city.  The early results of the first raid concluded that nine men and sixty women were arrested for prostitution.  The following week's raid is known as the "Celebrated Ann Street" raid.  There were over 150 arrests made in the red-light district of Boston on 23 April 1851.  The targets were gamblers and prostitutes, with Tukey finding great success.

Again in 1851, Francis Tukey instituted a weekly "show-up of rogues."  The policy he established was to have known criminals show up and be identified in public as criminals.  This was to make sure that the public knew their faces and could identify the criminals if they had to.  The first collection brought 76 pickpockets, burglars, thieves and more that were forced to "run a gauntlet of crowing citizens who tore their clothing and marked their backs with chalk."

The results of Francis Tukey's time as city marshal are varied.  During Tukey's reign, it is believed that he neglected the growing number of wandering children in the Boston streets.  The children, if taken in, would become apprentices or domestics until they reached adulthood.  This was a rather "unenlightened attitude toward juvenile delinquency" in Boston at the time.

Francis Tukey would be the city marshal until 1852, a tenure lasting six years.  Benjamin Seaver, the mayor, removed Francis Tukey and most of the Boston Police force and replaced him with Gilbert Nourse Esq (1852–1854).  The resignation was forced.  Upon his removal, Tukey decided to relocate to Sacramento, California.

Move to California
Francis Tukey's decision to leave Boston for Sacramento was not an attempt to leave the public realm behind.  Here he became a member of the California State Assembly, with a seat in the 16th District legislature beginning in 1863 and also a member of the Board of Levee.  During his time on the Board of Levee, he helped decide the length of term and the process for the election of Levee officials.  His time in California did encounter other notoriety as he came in front of the Supreme Court of California as an appeal was filed from a verdict rendered against him by the Sixth Judicial District of California.  In this appeal, investment in property bought by another man, D. O. Mills, where Tukey was also an investor came before the court.  The issue at hand was that Tukey was an investor on real estate property of lot 4 between J and K streets and Fourth and Fifth streets in Sacramento.  The third that was in the possession of Judson and George B. Haycock was sold to Mills.  During which time, the taxes had not been paid on the property.  The sheriff in Sacramento was deeded to sell the property to recoup the money owed.  Tukey, in having failed to pay the taxes, forced the property to be sold and left a loan of $4000.00 to Mill's debt.  The selling of the property was eventually allowed, having the courts agreed to the original decision that the sheriff did have the right to sell the property to reclaim debts and the owner was now, in fact, D. O. Mills.

Legacy
Francis Tukey "demonstrated the police as a constant, serious, full-time presence into the social spaces of (Boston)."  He patrolled the streets of Boston with the great efficiency.  According to Tukey, "there were 227 houses of prostitution known in Boston, along with 26 gambling dens operating and 1500 shops selling liquor, of which 900 were run by Irishmen."  He was appointed by the Boston Brahmins to control the growing population of immigrants, especially the Irish who were typically used as scapegoats of the time.  Tukey increased the police force and increased the operating budget each year.  The police force was so well trained, that it could be brought into "service on any emergency, at short notice, with all the uniformity and efficiency of a disciplined army."  Tukey helped clean the streets in an obviously busy time for Boston.  "It may be a question whether Francis Tukey is to the municipality what Fouche` was to the court of Napoleon." He is considered to be the most efficient police officer ever in Boston.  Francis Tukey "styled himself as Boston's own Eugène François Vidocq, in regards to the vigilant detection of offenders" by forcing criminals to parade in public and arresting groups of people during police raids.  He is also considered by many to be the Napoleon of his time during his reign as city marshal.

Death
Francis Tukey died in Sacramento, California on November 23, 1868.  His burial site is at the Sacramento City Cemetery.

Notes

References
 Amory, Cleveland.  The Proper Bostonians.  New York: E.P. Dutton, 1947
 The Athens Messenger 18 November 1880, Athens: Ohio
 Clapp, Ebenezer. Clapp Memorial: Record of the Clapp Family in America. Boston:Clapp, 1876
 Dempewolff, Richard. Famous New England Murders. Brattleboro, VT: Steven Daye Press, 1942.
 Bemis, George. Report of the Case of John W. Webster. CC Little and J Brown, 1850.
 Bopp, William. Police Personnel Administration. Berkeley: Holbrook, 1974.
 Bopp, William. Short History of American Law. Berkeley: Holbrook, 1972.
 "Boston Police Museum." . 2003. Brief History of the Boston Police. 2008.
 Bungay, George W. Crayon Sketches and Off-Hand. Kessinger, 2006.
 California State Supreme Court. Reports of Cases Determined in the Supreme Court of the State of California. Bancroft - Whitney, 1886.
 Catalogue of the Collections of the Boston Society in the Old State House. Boston: Harvard University, 2006.
  Central Law Journal Volume 40. (1879).
 Friedman, Lawrence. Crime and Punishment in American History. Basic Books, 1994.
 Lane, Roger. Policing the City: Boston 1822 - 1885. Atheneum. 1977
 Loring, James S. The Hundred Boston Orators Appointed by the Municipal Authorities and Other Public Bodies, from 1770 to 1852. J.P Lewett, 1853.
 Mayors of Boston. Boston: Harvard University, 2008.
 Roth, Michael. Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement. Greenwood Group, 2001.
 "Sacramento Record of Events 1867". Sacramento Daily News 1 Jan. 1886: 2.
 Historical Timeline in Investigation  Florida State University  23 October 2008

1814 births
1867 deaths
American law enforcement officials
Harvard Law School alumni
Massachusetts lawyers
Members of the California State Assembly
Politicians from Boston
People from Falmouth, Maine
Politicians from Sacramento, California
Lawyers from Sacramento, California
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers


Richard Paul Lohse (September 13, 1902 – September 16, 1988) was a Swiss painter and graphic artist and one of the main representatives of the concrete and constructive art movements.

Lohse was born in Zürich in 1902. His wish to study in Paris was thwarted due to his difficult economic circumstances. In 1918, he joined the advertising agency Max Dalang, where he trained to become an advertising designer. Lohse, then an autodidact, painted expressive, late-cubist still lifes.

In the 1930s, his work as a graphic artist and book designer placed him among the pioneers of modern Swiss graphic design; in paintings of this period, he worked on curved and diagonal constructions. Success eventually allowed him to establish his own graphic design studio in Zürich.

He combined art with a political and moral awareness, which led him to be an activist for immigrants. In the 1930s, he was actively involved in protests, which were illegal under the government of the time. He continued to protest until the beginning of World War II.

In 1937, Lohse co-founded Allianz, an association of Swiss modern artists, with Leo Leuppi. Through this organization, he became a colleague of Anna Indermaur. In 1938, he helped Irmgard Burchard, to whom he was married for a brief time, to organise the London exhibition "Twentieth Century German Art". His political convictions then led him into the resistance movement, where he met his future wife Ida Alis Dürner.

The year 1943 marked a breakthrough in Lohse's painting: he standardised the pictorial means and started to develop modular and serial systems. In 1953, he published the book New Design in Exhibitions, and from 1958, he became co-editor of the magazine Neue Grafik.

Lohse's typical classic paintings are nonrepresentational, systematic, two-dimensional laminar planes of interacting colour elements in various logical/mathematical relations visible to the eye, using the structure of colour that we perceive, and in a way that every element plays an equal qualitative role.

He died in Zürich in 1988.

Detailed biography
1902
Born 13 September in Zürich

1917
First realistic paintings

1918
Apprentice in graphic design at Max Dalang AG (until 1922);
studies at the Kunstgewerbeschule Zürich under Ernst Keller

1922
Employed in the advertising studio of Max Dalang AG, where he meets Hans Neuburg and Anton Stankowski

1925
Still lifes, landscapes, cubist experimental paintings

1930
Establishes own graphic design studio in Zürich (1931-1934 with former Dalang co-worker Hans Trommer)

1933
Political support for émigrés;
illegal political activities until end of World War II;
co-founder of the Association of Independent Graphic Designers;
begins graphic design work for landscape architect Walter Mertens (until 1944)

1934
Studio and apartment in the Zett-Haus, Zürich, together with artist and gallerist Irmgard Burchard;
member of the association Friends of New Architecture

1935
Curvations

1936
Marriage to Irmgard Burchard (born 1908 in Zürich, died 1964 in Cairo);
participates in the exhibition "Zeitprobleme in der Schweizer Malerei", Kunsthaus Zürich

1937
Co-founder and vice-chairman of Allianz, Association of Modern Swiss Artists;
constructions

1938
Collaboration for the exhibition "Twentieth Century German Art", New Burlington Galleries, London, initiated by Irmgard Burchard;
installs a print exhibition of German and Russian constructivists in Zürich;
begins book design work for Büchergilde Gutenberg (until 1954)

1939
Divorce from Irmgard Burchard;
collaboration for the Swiss national exhibition "Landi", Zürich;
begins graphic design work for turbine builder Escher Wyss (until 1969)

1940
May: Destroys political documents and graphic design works;
sketches ideas of diagonal, vertical and horizontal structures;
co-editor and book designer of Almanac of New Art in Switzerland

1942
Marriage to Ida Alis Dürner (born 1907 in Uttwil, died 1989 in Zürich);
summer: Ida Alis travels to the camp in Gurs (France) to support persecuted people;
member of the Swiss Werkbund;
standardisation of the pictorial means: additive vertical series, objective rhythmic, serial structure systems, quantitative colour equality;
participates in the exhibition "Allianz", Kunsthaus Zürich

1943
First modular and serial systems

1944
Birth of daughter Johanna;
works on the publications abstrakt/konkret and Plan;
participates in the exhibition "Concrete Art", Kunsthalle, Basel

1946
Group thematics;
book design for Carola Giedion-Welcker, Poètes à l'Ecart – Anthologie der Abseitigen

1947
Organises with Leo Leuppi the exhibition "Concrete, Abstract, Surrealist Art in Switzerland", Kunstmuseum St. Gallen;
participates in the exhibition "Abstract and Concrete Art", Palazzo Exreale, Milano;
designer and editor of the architectural review Bauen+Wohnen / Building+Home (until 1956);
begins graphic design work for Wohnbedarf (until 1968)

1948
Organiser of the Swiss section in the Salon des Réalités Nouvelles, Paris (also 1950);
participates in the exhibition "Tendencies in Abstract Art", Galerie Denise René, Paris;
"Interrelations between Art and Architecture", a didactic concept for the Architecture Department of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich

1949
Swiss Prize for Painting;
attends the CIAM conference, Bergamo

1951
Organises with Sigfried Giedion the Swiss section at the "International Water Color Exhibition" Brooklyn, New York;
participates in the 1st Biennale, São Paulo;
book design for Sigfried Giedion, CIAM – A Decade of New Architecture;
at the 9th Triennale, Milano the review Bauen+Wohnen is awarded the prize "Compasso d'Oro"

1952
"World Exhibition of Photography", Lucerne – thematic design of the sections Art & Photography and Architecture & Photography

1953
Author and book designer of New Design in Exhibitions;
contributes to the review spirale

1954
Founding member of the artists’ and architects’ association espace, groupe suisse;
leading positions in the Swiss Werkbund (until 1966)

1957
Mural Three equal themes in five colours for the Swiss Pavilion at the 11th Milan Triennale, architect Alfred Roth (mural now in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich);
first one-person exhibition, Club Bel Etage, Zürich

1958
Edits the review Neue Grafik / New Graphic Design, Olten, with Josef Müller-Brockmann, Hans Neuburg and Carlo Vivarelli (until 1965)

1959
Editor of publication Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart on the occasion of his 60th birthday

1960
Retrospective exhibition, Kunstverein Ulm

1961
Retrospective exhibition, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam

1962
Member of the Exhibition Commission of the Kunsthaus, Zürich (until 1970)

1964
Mural Horizontal rhythm of two themes at the Wier housing estate, Ebnat-Kappel, architect Thomas Schmid

1965
Represents Switzerland at the 8th Biennale in São Paulo

1967
Wall design Four revolving door elements, Paradies-Lenggis school, Jona-Rapperswil, architect Kurt Federer (extended to eight elements in 1971)

1968
Participates in the documenta 4, Kassel

1969
Assists in the creation of the McCrory Corporation Collection, New York (until 1975)

1971
Sikkens Prize of the Netherlands;
one-person exhibition, Moderna Museet, Stockholm

1972
Represents Switzerland at the 36th Biennale, Venezia

1973
Art Prize of the City of Zürich. With the prize money of 12,000 Swiss Francs, Lohse acquires works by 13 young Swiss constructive artists and donates them to the Kunsthaus Zürich;
monograph Richard Paul Lohse, DuMont, Köln

1975
Appeal to the French Minister of Culture, André Malraux, for the renovation of the Villa Savoie of Le Corbusier (with the SWB and BSA);
exhibition "Modular and Serial Orders", Kunsthalle Düsseldorf (1976 Kunsthaus Zürich)

1977
"World Print Competition 77" prize, San Francisco;
honorary member of "Group of Systematic-Constructive Art", Gorinchem, Netherlands

1978
Exhibition "9 Squares", Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, Netherlands

1982
Participates in the documenta 7, Kassel with Thematic series in 18 colours A, B and C;
mural Complementary colour series for the reading room of the Canton Zürich State Archive, architects Jakob Schilling, Claudia Bersin;
honoured by the City of Zürich on 80th birthday

1983
Appeal to Jack Lang, French Minister of Culture, for the renovation of the Aubette, Strasbourg

1986
One-person exhibition, Vienna Secession, and honorary member of the Vienna Secession

1987
Appointed Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters of the French Republic by the Minister of Culture, Jack Lang;
honoured by the City of Zürich on 85th birthday;
establishes the Richard Paul Lohse Foundation, Zürich

1988
Painting Grenoble 1788, commissioned by the French State to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution in Grenoble in 1788;
retrospective exhibition at the Musée de Grenoble;
died 16 September in Zürich

References

External links
 Richard Paul Lohse  Site focused on his graphic design work. Includes articles, bibliography and comprehensive gallery, at Neugraphic.com [retrieved 9 March 2021].

20th-century Swiss painters
Swiss male painters
Swiss contemporary artists
1902 births
1988 deaths
Zurich University of the Arts alumni
20th-century Swiss male artists


The Norton 961/SS Commando is a motorcycle that was produced by Norton Motorcycles, the Oregon based company that bought the rights to the Norton brand name. Owner Kenny Dreer progressed from restoring and upgrading Norton Commandos to producing whole machines. He modernised the design and in the early 2000s went into production of the VR880. This machine was built on the basis of the original Commando, with upgraded components and a significantly modified engine.

Dreer produced 50 of these machines before deciding to build an all-new motorcycle. With funding from Oliver Curme, Dreer hired a small design and development team led by Paul Gaudio (Design and development director), Simon-Pierre Smith (Lead Engineer), and Patrick Leyshock (Testing, Sourcing.)

The 961 Commando never reached production in America due to lack of funding, and the company closed its doors in April 2006. The Commando 961 SS combined traditional Norton cafe racer styling with new technology. This included carbon fibre wheels to reduce weight, a counterbalanced engine, and a chro-moly tubular steel frame.

Future

After fifteen years of US ownership UK businessman Stuart Garner, owner of Norton Racing Ltd, acquired the rights to the Norton Commando brand. His company, Norton Motorcycles (UK) Ltd, established a new factory at Donington Park, Leicestershire in 2008 to manufacture a new Commando model, designed by Simon Skinner. There are three models in the new Commando range: a limited edition of 200 Commando 961 SEs, a Cafe Racer and a Sport model.

In March 2010 Norton shipped the first new Norton Commando for over 30 years; and by mid-April 2010 the company was shipping 5-10 new machines per week. The engine is a 961 cc fuel-injected air-cooled ohv 270° parallel-twin that produces . The short-stroke engine is oversquare, with an 88 x 79 mm bore and stroke. At the bike's front are inverted (USD) forks and twin disc brakes. The engine (rather like the BSA A7) is "semi-unit", in that the 5-speed gearbox is a separate casting, but is bolted directly to the primary chaincase. Some styling is reminiscent of the original Norton Commando, especially the engine and petrol tank. The new Norton has received favourable press reviews.

In a March 2012 interview, Garner revealed that Norton was receiving support from the UK Government's Export Credit Guarantee service, which should alleviate cash-flow problems and enable a significant increase in factory output. Garner added that Norton now makes an increasing number of components "in-house", reducing reliance on outside suppliers.

See also
 Norton Motorcycle Company
 List of Norton motorcycles

References

External links

Norton Motorcycles web site

961 Commando
Motorcycles introduced in 2006
Standard motorcycles


The Polish coup d'état attempt in Lithuania refers to a failed attempt by Polish Chief of State Józef Piłsudski to overthrow the existing Lithuanian government of Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževičius, and install a pro-Polish cabinet that would agree to a union with Poland. The Polish intelligence agency, the Polish Military Organization (PMO), was to carry out the coup d'etat, planned to be implemented in August 1919. The coup was designed to seem to be an initiative by local Lithuanians aiming to free their government of German influence. The PMO hoped to rely on the assistance of sympathetic Lithuanian activists. They were thwarted by the lack of cooperation and the unwillingness of sufficient number of Lithuanians to support the Polish cause.

After the Sejny Uprising, a Polish revolt against the Lithuanian authorities in one of the disputed border regions, Lithuanian intelligence intensified its investigation of the Polish minority and sympathizers in Lithuania, and uncovered the planned coup. The Lithuanians, not knowing the membership of the PMO, arrested numerous Polish activists and destabilized the PMO network enough to prevent the coup attempt. Later the full membership list was obtained and the PMO in Lithuania was dissolved. The coup further strained Polish–Lithuanian relations.

Background

Poland and Lithuania formed one state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the Union of Lublin in 1569 to the Third Partition in 1795. Both Poland and Lithuania regained their independence in the aftermath of World War I, but both soon became engaged in territorial disputes over the Suwałki and Vilnius Regions. During the Polish–Soviet War, Poland launched an offensive against the Soviet Union and captured Vilnius (Wilno) during the Vilna offensive in April 1919. Lithuanians described Vilnius as their historical capital and an integral part of the ethnographic Lithuania, while to the Poles, because of its large Polish population, it was a Polish city. Poland's Chief of State Józef Piłsudski sought a union with Lithuania in hopes of reviving the old Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (see Międzymorze federation). The Lithuanians believed they would lose their sovereignty under the proposed federation and wanted their own national state. Although Polish–Lithuanian relations were not immediately hostile, they grew worse as each side refused to compromise.

As tensions rose, Lithuania asked the Allied Supreme Council to intervene, and it proposed two demarcation lines to prevent open hostilities, drawn in June and July 1919 (the second one was known as the Foch Line). However, Poland ignored both lines and advanced deeper into the Lithuanian-controlled territory. Faced with pressure from the Entente, Polish Chief of State Józef Piłsudski, who was significantly involved in planning of the coup, did not want open Polish–Lithuanian hostilities, which could lead to much bloodshed and even greater tensions between Poland and Lithuania. Instead, since he thought there were enough Polish sympathizers in Lithuania to stage a coup d'etat, he decided to plan one to topple the Lithuanian government.

Preparations
The planning began mid-July, 1919. At the time Poland signed a ceasefire in the Polish–Ukrainian War; Lithuania was invaded by the Bermontians from the north and the Saxon Volunteers were leaving the Lithuanian Army. Piłsudski was planning to use a network of the Polish Military Organization (PMO), an underground organization he created during World War I for diversionary and intelligence operations-like purposes. On July 31, Piłsudski and Polish diplomat Leon Wasilewski arrived at Vilnius, then controlled by Poland. Piłsudski's visit had no clear explanation. He later said that he arrived to negotiate with Lithuanians, led by Augustinas Voldemaras, while Lithuanian historian Vytautas Lesčius suggests he was holding talks with pro-Polish estate owners from the Vilnius Region. On August 3, Wasilewski arrived at Kaunas, the temporary capital of Lithuania, to negotiate with Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževičius. The Polish mission declared that Poland had no plans to annex Lithuania and proposed a plebiscite in the contested territories, allowing local inhabitants to determine their future. The Lithuanians replied that the disputed territories were an integral part of Lithuania and rejected the idea of a plebiscite. Negotiations broke down and Wasilewski left Kaunas on August 7. The negotiations were then used to evaluate viability of the coup, the preparedness of the PMO, and the attitude of Lithuanian diplomats towards a union with Poland.

After the failure Wasilewski's diplomatic mission, Polish newspapers increased their anti-Lithuanian propaganda. They said that the Council of Lithuania was a pro-German puppet, ignoring popular wishes for a union with Poland as such union would break German influence in the state. The Polish media further reported on growing anti-government sentiment among the Lithuanians. This information was in line with the Polish plans to present the coup as an initiative by the local population to free Lithuania from German domination. While the plotters counted on military intervention by regular Polish troops, the Polish government maintained it had not inspired the coup. The official goal of the Polish plan was to "1) create an independent Lithuania, powerful, truly democratic, connected voluntarily with Poland in a union, with as much internal autonomy as possible and 2) acceptance of the Polish minority in Lithuania as a partner in the Lithuanian government and recognition of the Polish language as equal to the Lithuanian language in Lithuania."

The PMO recruited Lithuanian activists Stanisław Narutowicz, Juozas Gabrys, Jurgis Aukštuolaitis, and Klemensas Vaitiekūnas. On August 20–22, 1919, Wasilewski and Tadeusz Kasprzycki together with Narutowicz and Aukštuolaitis planned out the coup details. During the coup, scheduled for the night from August 28 to 29, the rebels were to capture Kaunas and hold it until the arrival of the Polish regular units invited  to protect the city. The Council of Lithuania and the Lithuanian government was to be  deposed and replaced by a pro-Polish cabinet. General Silvestras Žukauskas was to be installed as a military dictator of the new Lithuanian government, with Aukštuolaitis as his second-in-command and Narutowicz as the head of the civilian government. General Žukauskas, then chief commander of the Lithuanian forces, was not aware of the coup, but was known for his generally friendly attitude towards Poland and was expected to support the aftermath. Other posts were reserved for Mykolas Biržiška, Jonas Vileišis, Steponas Kairys, Juozas Tūbelis and others, similarly unaware of the coup. Aukštuolaitis was given 800,000 and promised another 300,000 German marks to finance the coup.

Coup discovered

Eventually, the uprising was doomed by poor communication and the overeagerness of some of the PMO activists. Piłsudski failed to discourage local PMO activists from carrying out the Sejny Uprising in the Suwałki Region. The local PMO disregarded his recommendations and launched the uprising, which while locally successful, led to the failure of the nationwide coup. PMO members in Lithuania stated that the Sejny uprising had damaged their reputation, and many of its former supporters rejected calls by PMO recruiters.

The initial coup was postponed to September 1, 1919. However, some PMO units began their actions (cutting telegraph wires, damaging railways, etc.) as scheduled previously – on the night of August 27 to 28. The Lithuanian intelligence intercepted and decoded the order to delay the coup. They had known before that Poles were plotting, but did not know who and when. The Lithuanian government was informed about the cut telegraph wires and intercepted order in the morning of August 28. However, the government did not consider the threat real and did not take appropriate action.

A group of 18 Lithuanian Army officers, with tacit approval from Sleževičius, took the initiative. Afraid that PMO members infiltrated the military, they secretly decided to begin mass arrests of Polish supporters on the night from August 28 to 29. Since they did not know who exactly was behind the conspiracy, the Lithuanians arrested more prominent Polish activists in Kaunas. Several dozen Poles were arrested the first night, including Aukštuolaitis and 23 Polish officers serving in the Lithuanian Army. By the second night the number of arrested Poles grew to 200. Kaunas was declared under a state of siege. The Polish press noted mass arrests of Polish activists "to whom no charge can be ascribed other than being Poles" and concluded that this was proof of the systematic anti-Polish policies of the German-ridden Lithuanian government.

Because the Lithuanians did not have a list of PMO members, they did not arrest the main leaders. Also, provincial PMO branches remained intact. Therefore, on September 17, 1919, new orders were issued scheduling the second coup attempt for the end of September. This attempt was also discovered. A Lithuanian woman succeeded in convincing Petras Vrubliauskas, PMO deputy commander in Vilnius, to transfer the PMO document archive to the Lithuanians. On September 21, the Lithuanians obtained a full list of PMO members and supporters and arrested them in the following days. The PMO branch in Lithuania ceased to function and was liquidated.

Aftermath and evaluation
The Lithuanians charged 117 persons during a military trial on December 11–24, 1920. Six leaders received life sentences. Other sentences ranged from 15 years to 8 months in prison. At least 15 individuals were acquitted. By 1928 there were no PMO members in Lithuanian prisons: some were exchanged for Lithuanian prisoners or released early.  General Žukauskas was removed from his post as the commander of the Lithuanian Army and had to battle the perceived friendliness to Poland for much of his further career. The Polish government initially denied that there was any coup; later it admitted that locals planned an uprising, but claimed it had no part in it. The coup further strained the Polish–Lithuanian relations, making Lithuanians even more uncompromising and afraid of Polish annexation.

The planned coup was criticized by historians as unrealistic. Piłsudski's plan was based on false assumptions and faulty intelligence, which incorrectly indicated that the Sleževičius government was deeply unpopular, and that the general Lithuanian population was relatively friendly to Poland. No notable ethnic Lithuanian politicians declared support for the plan; the plan relied on support from General Žukauskas, but his support was never confirmed; Narutowicz, who was to head the civilian government, was a Pole; the PMO was weak and incapable of taking control if the coup met any significant resistance; and intervention of the Polish army would have led to bloodshed and undermined the idea of a voluntary union or alliance with Poland. The only group that supported the coup was the Polish minority in Lithuania, increasingly alienated by Lithuanian government policies. However, according to the Lithuanian census of 1923, the minority constituted 3.2% of the population outside the Vilnius Region. On the ground, the uprising was doomed by poor communication and the overeagerness of some of the PMO activists.

See also
1919 Polish coup attempt
Proclamation to the inhabitants of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Notes and references

Notes

References

Polish Coup Detat Attempt In Lithuania, 1919
Interwar Baltic state coups d'état and coup attempts
Lithuania–Poland military relations
Military coups in Lithuania
Military history of Poland
Polish
August 1919 events
September 1919 events


La Digue is a 1911 silent French film directed by Abel Gance. It was Gance's debut film. The film was never released.

Cast
 Robert Lévy
 Paulette Noizeux
 Pierre Renoir
 Jean Toulout

References

External links

1911 films
1910s French-language films
French silent short films
French black-and-white films
Films directed by Abel Gance
Lost French films
Unreleased films
1911 short films
1911 directorial debut films
1910s French films


Rijswijk is a railway station located in Rijswijk in the suburbs of The Hague, Netherlands. The station was opened on 3 June 1847 and is located on the Amsterdam–Rotterdam railway, between The Hague and Rotterdam. It was later enlarged, and then closed in 1938. In 1965 it opened in a different location.

The station has been in a tunnel since 1996, with four tracks and four platforms. The northern entrance is a modern glass pyramid protruding from the ground, not unlike that of the Louvre, while the southern entrance, on Winston Churchilllaan, is combined with a local bus and tram station.

In May 2016, traveling organisation Rover held a survey in which Rijswijk came in as the most uncomfortable railway station in the Netherlands.

Train services
The following services currently call at Rijswijk:
2x per hour local service (sprinter) The Hague - Rotterdam - Dordrecht - Breda
2x per hour local service (sprinter) The Hague - Rotterdam - Dordrecht - Roosendaal

References

External links
NS website
Dutch Public Transport journey planner

Railway stations in South Holland
\Railway stations on the Oude Lijn
Railway stations located underground in the Netherlands
Buildings and structures in Rijswijk
1847 establishments in the Netherlands
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in 1847


Texnikoi was founded in  as an honorary organization for students in the College of Engineering at Ohio State University. Its purpose is to give due recognition to those members of the College of Engineering who have distinguished themselves as campus leaders while maintaining, at the same time, a commendable scholastic record.

Texnikoi Engineering Honorary allows for only 25 new inductees each year, from a variety of the engineering specializations. To be considered for membership, he/she must be an engineering student at The Ohio State University, with an above-average cumulative GPA and a status of at least Sophomore. Members are then chosen by the amount and level of extra-curricular activity they participate in. Applications for membership are reviewed annually in early November.

Values
The three main values of Texnikoi are:

PARTICIPATION in activities
LEADERSHIP in organizations
SERVICE to the University and the community

Through Texnikoi’s emphasis on leadership and participation, it has always been able to select the top quality engineering students. The number of activities participated in by a student is not necessarily indicative of his/her qualification for membership in this fraternity, but rather the manner in which he/she has assumed active leadership, administrative ability, and integrity.

History

Founding
Texnikoi Engineering Honorary Fraternity was founded on  at The Ohio State University as an honorary organization for students in the College of Engineering. At the time that this organization was founded, a number of the students felt that some effort should be made to recognize outstanding work in the extra-curricular field.

 Main Founder - Arthur C. Avril was the first president of the organization in . Although Avril graduated from Ohio State in , he remained in close contact with Texnikoi and The Ohio State University community up until his death in .
 Other Notable Founders - Peter B. Baggs, Edward Burkhalter, Jesse R. Glaeser, Richard R. Grant, Charles L. Lockett, Howard L. Matthews, Donald F. McChurchy, George R. Miller, Loren A. Murphy, Herman F. Nofer, Albert Ward Ross, Jr., Hoyt L. Sherman, Edmund D. Watts, Rolland P. Wood, and Clarence T. Woodward.

Endowment
Even as the founder of Sakrete and the inventor of the bagged concrete industry, Avril never forgot about his roots.  In 1989 he raised close to $250,000 for the Texnikoi organization by auctioning off his 1954 Mercedes Benz 300SL Gullwing. It is this donation that has allowed for the thousands of dollars in scholarships awarded to outstanding members each year, and for the coverage of operating expenses of the honorary.

Symbols and Traditions
Meetings - Texnikoi holds meeting once a month during the regular school year.  Meetings serve two purposes: i) to inform members of the upcoming service, philanthropy, and social events, and ii) to allow engineers to meet other engineers and create a social network.

Plaques - The Texnikoi plaque is a hand crafted representation of the Texnikoi symbol.  At the beginning of every initiation period, members are instructed to make a plaque to represent the symbol of Texnikoi.  Initiates are only given an unfinished die cast of the 'TNK' symbol and criteria as to which the aspects of the plaque must fall into.  Plaques are due before initiation and then given back to the newly initiated members as symbol of their membership.  Alumni who have lost their plaques may request a new one be made by contacting the current President or Adviser of Texnikoi.

Texnikoi Outstanding Alumni Award -  The Texnikoi Award was first presented in 1955 and has been given annually since then. The requirements of the recipient are as follows:

1. A person who has risen rapidly in the field of engineering.
2. A person who has made outstanding contributions through civic and social activities.
3. A person of approximately 40 years of age or under.
4. A person from one of the engineering departments not recognized in the recent past.

The precedence has been established that a department should not be considered for two years after one of their alumni receives the award.

Texnikoi Outstanding Alumni Award Recipients
Each year the active membership of Texnikoi selects one of the younger alumni of the College of Engineering as a recipient of the Texnikoi Outstanding Alumni Award. This award is based upon their achievements since graduation, evaluated in light of the objectives of Texnikoi.

References

Ohio State University
Organizations based in Ohio
Student organizations established in 1924
1924 establishments in Ohio


From Paris with Love is a 2010 English-language French action thriller film directed by Pierre Morel and starring John Travolta and Jonathan Rhys Meyers. The screenplay was co-written by Luc Besson. The film was released in the United States on February 5, 2010 by Lionsgate Films and both in United Kingdom and Japan by Warner Bros. Pictures.

Plot
James Reese, a personal aide to the U.S. ambassador in France, lives comfortably in Paris with his girlfriend Caroline, but his real passion is his side job as a low-level operative for the CIA. Due to a shortage of operatives in France, he is eventually partnered with field agent Charlie Wax. However, Reese finds Wax detained by French Customs as Wax refuses to surrender cans of his favorite energy drink. Despite the apparent triviality of the situation, Wax continues to verbally abuse French Customs until Reese uses his diplomatic authority to allow Wax's luggage through customs.

Once in the car, Wax apologizes for his behavior and reveals that the cans actually held pieces of his personal sidearm. Wax then explains that he has been sent to Paris to investigate a Triad drug ring indirectly responsible for the death of the niece of the Secretary of Defense. During the investigation, Wax raids a Triad run restaurant and warehouse where he reveals that his true objective is to trace money back to a circle of Pakistani terrorists. Evidence leads them to the terrorist hideout in a rundown apartment, resulting in an armed confrontation wherein most of the terrorists are killed. There, Wax and Reese learn that the terrorists plan to infiltrate the U.S. embassy with explosives hidden beneath their burkas. As they collect evidence, they find photographs of Reese pinned to a wall.

Ultimately, Reese learns that the terrorists are targeting a summit meeting. During dinner, Wax realizes that Reese's fiancée Caroline is a sleeper agent who was assigned to infiltrate them. When confronted, Caroline shoots Reese in the shoulder and escapes through a window, before a car picks her up on the street below. Caroline plans to detonate an explosive vest at the summit while the other remaining terrorist speeds towards a US motorcade in an attempted suicide attack, although Wax destroys the vehicle with a rocket launcher just in time. Reese then finds Caroline at the summit and attempts to dissuade her from carrying out her mission, but she attempts to detonate her vest anyway and Reese is ultimately forced to kill her. As the U.S. official from the motorcade arrives at the summit, she berates Reese for inconveniencing her, and Wax reminds Reese of the often ungrateful and ignorant people they protect.

As Wax leaves Paris, Reese escorts him to his plane, where Wax offers a full-time partnership. The two play a game of chess on the tarmac, placing their handguns on a utility cart, Reese revealing that he is now carrying a Desert Eagle pistol, and Wax welcomes him to the club as his partner.

Cast

 John Travolta as Charlie Wax
 Jonathan Rhys Meyers as James Reese
 Kasia Smutniak as Caroline
 David Gasman as German Tourist/The Voice
 Richard Durden as Ambassador Bennington
 Yin Bing as M. Wong
 Amber Rose Revah as Nichole
 Eric Godon as Foreign Minister
 Francois Bredon as The Thug
 Chems Dahmani as Rashid (As Chems Eddine Dahmani)
  as The Pimp
 Julien Hagnery as Chinese Punk
 Mostefa Stiti as Dir Yasin
 Rebecca Dayan as Foreign Minister's Aide
  as Airport Security Official
 Didier Constant as Customs Official
 Alexandra Boyd as Head of the Delegation
 Stephen Shagov as Embassy Security
 Mike Powers as Embassy Security
 Nick Loren as Chief of Security
 Farid Elouardi as Bearded Driver
 Melissa Mars as Wax's Hooker
  as Asian Hooker 'German'
 Frederic Chau as Chinese Maitre D
 Tam Solo as Suicidal Pakistani
 John Kiriakou as Himself (uncredited)
 Luc Besson as Man getting out of car (uncredited)
 Kelly Preston as Woman on Eiffel tower (uncredited)

Reception
The film has received mixed reviews from critics. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 38% with an average score of 4.80/10. The site’s critical consensus states, "Though not without its charms—chief among them John Travolta's endearingly over-the-top performance—From Paris with Love is too muddled and disjointed to satisfy." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave it one star out of four, stating, "From Paris With Love has no vital signs at all, just crushing dull repetition that makes one noisy, violent scene play exactly like the last one." A couple of reviews from SBS and Newshub criticised the film for "ludicrous" plot developments and racism.

Box office
The film opened in the US on February 5, 2010 and took $8,158,860 on its opening weekend, ranked number 3 in the charts in 2,722 theaters. The movie was open in the US until March 11, 2010, a total of 5 weeks. Its final US domestic gross was $24,077,427. It also grossed $28,753,524 internationally for a worldwide total of $52,830,951- just grossing back its $52m budget. In July 2010 Parade Magazine listed the film as number 4 on its list of "Biggest Box Office Flops of 2010 (So Far)."

DVD
The movie was released on DVD in the US on June 8, 2010 and sold 624,791 units for a gross of $11,085,323. It was the third biggest selling DVD in its opening week, behind Alice in Wonderland and Shutter Island, with 293,011 units sold. The movie was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the UK on August 2, 2010.

Potential sequel
In an interview with Celebrity Examiner, Luc Besson commented that he would love to see From Paris With Love turn into a franchise with sequels.

Travolta said in an interview with The Star Ledger: "We could do, ‘From London With Love,’ ‘From Prague With Love.’ This is one of the only movies that I would enjoy as a franchise. I’m not a big sequel person, but this one I would love."

As of April 2022, there has been no further information on the proposed sequel.

References

External links

2010 films
2010 action thriller films
American action thriller films
French action thriller films
D-Box motion-enhanced films
Films about organized crime in France
Films about terrorism in Europe
Films directed by Pierre Morel
Films produced by Luc Besson
Films set in Paris
Films shot in Paris
Lionsgate films
Triad films
Works about Pakistan
EuropaCorp films
English-language French films
Films scored by David Buckley
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
2010s French films
2010s Hong Kong films


Riddell Sports Group is an American company specializing in sports equipment for American football. It was headquartered in Rosemont, Illinois. In 2017, the company relocated to a new facility in adjacent Des Plaines, Illinois.

The company was started by John Tate Riddell. He first invented the removable cleat, and then went on to invent the first ever plastic suspension helmet in 1939. In 2008, Dan Arment was appointed president of Riddell. Arment previously worked as executive vice-president and general manager of mass-market business for BRG Sports, Riddell's parent company, which is owned by private equity firm Fenway Partners.  Fenway acquired the company in 2003 from Lincolnshire Management. In 2008, Riddell sued competitor Schutt Sports. Two years later, Schutt filed a lawsuit, also for patent-infringement, against Riddell. Riddell ended up winning, leading to Schutt filing for bankruptcy.

Products

Riddell is widely known for its line of football helmets. In 2002, Riddell released a new helmet design called the Revolution or "Revo" for short The newer design was released in response to a study on concussions. The design became popular in the NFL and NCAA, being used by notables such as Peyton Manning, Dwight Freeney, Casey Hampton, and Brady Quinn, as well as having been used by Eli Manning during the 2005 season.

Riddell is also known for its Revolution IQ HITS helmet (Head Impact Telemetry System). The sensors inside the helmet called MX Encoders store data from each impact and can be transferred to a laptop to be reviewed by coaching staff or physicians. The helmets cost about $999 and are already being used by NCAA football teams.

Other helmet styles produced by Riddell include the Revolution Speed and the Revolution IQ. The company also produces a youth line of helmets including the Revolution Speed Youth, Revolution IQ Youth, Revolution Youth, Revolution Little Pro, Attack, VSR-4, VSR2-Y, and Little Pro.

Lawsuits
A jury in the 2013 case ruled that Riddell was negligent in not warning people about concussion dangers when wearing its helmets. The exact verdict in favor of Mr. Ridolfi was on his claims for negligent failure to warn. Attorney Franklin D. Azar, who represented plaintiffs in the Colorado case, predicted that the $11 million verdict awarded in the 2013 trial could have implications for the larger suit by NFL players, because Riddell knew in November 2000 of problems in testing of the helmets but did not disclose the information.  Azar asserted that the verdict shows that there is no statute of limitations on traumatic brain injuries when manufacturers do not adequately warn of defects. The ruling came as Riddell faced a similar suit in California, as well as a complaint by thousands of NFL players.

Riddell has been sued by multiple NFL players. More than 125 former NFL players sued the league and helmet-maker Riddell for not disclosing and, in some instances, allegedly hiding the risks of repeated head injuries. There are "at least three" personal injury cases pending in California and one more in Pennsylvania. According to the AP, the cases represent the "first examples of former players joining together to file concussion-related lawsuits against the NFL."

Lawyer Thomas Girardi represents dozens of the players in two of the complaints. He says the goal is to enact "necessary changes" to protect future generations of players, as well as "set[ting] up a medical process so [the plaintiffs] can have medical attention for this injury as long as they need it", in addition to financial compensation.

The NFL alleged that players knew the risks when they made football their career and that there was "no misconduct or liability" on the league's part. Players intended to show there was "a history of literature showing that multiple blows to the head can cause long-term damage" that got buried by the NFL and that the league also "fraudulently concealed the long-term effects of concussions," including the increased risk of dementia.

The players appeared to have allies in Washington. A Senate subcommittee held hearings on misleading safety claims made by sports equipment companies. One thing is certain: it's going to be a long slog for both sides, without a clear endgame. For example, the players are seeking judgments "in the millions of dollars," though no specific numbers have been listed in the court documents. The consensus from lawyers on both sides is that the lawsuits could take years to be sorted out. Nobody associated with the players, the league, or Riddell was even "willing to guess how long it could be" during discussions with the AP.

See also
 Schutt Sports

References

External links

Sportswear brands
Private equity portfolio companies
Privately held companies based in Illinois
Sporting goods manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Cook County, Illinois
Manufacturing companies based in Illinois
Des Plaines, Illinois
Manufacturing companies established in 1927
American companies established in 1927


Fortuna Hjørring is a women's association football team from Hjørring, Denmark. The club was formed in 1966 and play in green and white. Their biggest achievement in European football was reaching the 2002–03 UEFA Women's Cup final where they ultimately lost 1–7 on aggregate to Umeå IK. They are one of the two most successful clubs in Danish women's football, with among 11 titles.

The next try at a European Cup came in 2009–10 with the newly created UEFA Women's Champions League. In the round of 32 they defeated Italians Bardolino but then lost the round of 16 to eventual finalist Lyon. In the 2016–17 season they reached their best result since the final in 2003, when they made it to the quarter-finals which they lost 0–2 on aggregate to Manchester City.

Honours
 UEFA Women's Cup
 Runner-up: 2003
 Danish League (11)
 Champion: 1994, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020
 Danish Cup (10)
 Champion: 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2006, 2008, 2016, 2019, 2022
 Runner-up: 1998, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2023
 Danish Indoor Cup (4)
 Champion: 1994, 1997, 1999, 2001
 Nordic Championship (2)
 Champion: 1995, 1996

Competition record

Record in UEFA competitions
All results (away, home and aggregate) list Fortuna Hjørring's goal tally first.

a First leg.

Players

Current squad

Coaching staff

First team

Notable former players
For more former players, see :Category:Fortuna Hjørring players.

  Johanna Rasmussen (2002–2008)
  Mariann Gajhede Knudsen (2002–2010)
  Heidi Johansen (2003–2013)
  Janni Arnth (2007–2014)
  Line Sigvardsen Jensen (2009–2016, 2018–2019)
  Cathrine Paaske (2010)
  Julie Rydahl (2010)
  Camilla Kur Larsen (2012–2014, 2016–2017)
  Nadia Nadim (2012–2015, 2016)
  Sofie Junge Pedersen (2012–2015)
  Karoline Smidt Nielsen (2012–2018)
  Signe Bruun (2014–2018)
  Maria Lindblad Christensen (2012–2019)
  Luna Gewitz (2013–2019)
  Frederikke Thøgersen (2013–2019)
  Sarah Dyrehauge Hansen (2015–2019)
  Laura Frank (2015–2019)
  Caroline Møller (2015–2020)
  Agnete Nielsen (2017–2020)
  Caroline Rask (2011–2020)
  Florentina Olar (2013–2019)
  Cristina Carp (2020–21)
  Emily van Egmond (2011)
  Elise Kellond-Knight (2011–2012)
  Alison Forman (1992–1999)
  Tamires (2015–2019)
  Nora Heroum (2015–2017)
  Tuija Hyyrynen (2016–2017)
  Sanni Franssi (2018–2020)
  Emma Byrne (1999)
  Hólmfríður Magnúsdóttir (2006–2007)
  Lisa-Marie Woods (2011–2012)
  Laila Himle (2019–2020)
  Nevena Damjanović (2015–2018)
  Chi-Chi Igbo (2002–2016)
  Dominika Čonč (2016–2017)
  Augustine Ejangue (2015–2017)
  Casey Ramirez (2012)
  Tiffany Weimer (2012–2013)
  Janelle Cordia (2013–2019)
  Michelle Betos (2014)
  Sydney Payne (2015)
  Aubrey Bledsoe (2015)
  Hannah Seabert (2018–2019)
  Vicky Bruce (2020–21)
  Emily Garnier (2020–21)
  Brenna Ochoa (2020–21)
  Kelsey Daugherty (2019–2020)
  Bri Folds (2021)

References

External links
Official homepage
Danish Football Association profile
Club at uefa.com

Women's football clubs in Denmark
Association football clubs established in 1966
Hjørring
1966 establishments in Denmark


St. Mary's College was a Catholic college in Delaware from  until .

St. Mary's College was founded in Wilmington, Delaware, in 1841 by Patrick Reilly. Incorporated January 29, 1847 by an Act of The state of Delaware sec 793 chapter 44.  Its enrollment peaked at 120 students in 1857.  Its fortunes declined during the American Civil War and it closed in 1866.

Sources
Catholic Encyclopedia article on Delaware

References

Defunct private universities and colleges in Delaware
Buildings and structures in Wilmington, Delaware

Defunct Catholic universities and colleges in the United States
Catholic universities and colleges in Delaware
Roman Catholic Diocese of Wilmington
Educational institutions established in 1841
1841 establishments in Delaware
1866 disestablishments in Delaware