Ruabon Druids F.C. (Welsh – CP Derwyddon) were a football club based in the village of Ruabon near Wrexham, Wales. The club was founded in October 1872 as 'Ruabon Rovers F.C.' by David Thomson and his brother, George, of Ruabon. In 1874 Ruabon Rovers F.C. became Plasmadoc F.C. before changing their name to Druids F.C. in 1876.

Druids are notable as becoming the first Welsh club to enter the English FA Cup and Birmingham & District League and winning the Welsh Cup eight times.

Their traditional home was Wynnstay Park on the Wynnstay Estate, and their traditional colours were white shirts, black shorts with either black and cerise or simply black socks.

History
It is claimed by the later successor club that Druids FC formed in 1872 when Plasmadoc FC merged with Ruabon Rovers and Ruabon Volunteers under the guidance of Llewelyn Kenrick. Contemporary sources refute this version of events.

It was reported that on 6 October 1872, the opening game of a Football Club for the district was played at Plasmadoc Park. Mr George Hampden Whalley was selected as the captain of the club. On 23 October 1872 a meeting was held by Ruabon Rovers at the Wynnstay Arms where the Club committee was selected. It included people like David Thomson and Dr Daniel Grey. George Hampden Whalley was elected as President. Whalley would later also hold this position when the club became Druids and at rival club Ruabon FC.

In February 1873 Ruabon Rovers played a fixture against Ruabon Volunteers, which shows these clubs were both still Active after the merger date proposed by the modern day club. Ruabon Volunteers were also known as the 2nd Denbighshire Volunteers so were actually a Military team.

In September 1873 the club was still known as Ruabon Rovers as evidenced in the annual meeting of the club, where a number of influential people, later associated with Druids were present and held key roles, such as David and George Thomson. The issue of the club's foundation is further muddied when Llewelyn Kenrick was present at the founding of a football club in Ruabon in September 1873.

The name of the club appears interchangeable between Ruabon Rovers and Plasmadoc in 1873, and the club was often referred to as the Plasmadoc Club from 1874 up until 1876. When speaking in 1882, Llewelyn Kenrick stated that the club had been started by David Thomson in 1874 as the Plasmadoc Club.

The name Druids does not appear in the local press until January 1876. By 1877 the club were commonly referred to as Druids Football Club.

In March 1876, the Football Association of Wales was founded by Kenrick at the Wynnstay Arms Hotel, Ruabon and was followed on 25 March with Wales' first international match against Scotland. The match which was organised by Kenrick, himself, saw him gain his first cap playing in a full back position.

1876 also saw Druids become the first Welsh club to enter the newly organised English F.A. Cup. Drawn against Shropshire Wanderers in the First round, Druids withdrew before the match was played. In the next year, Druids once again entered the F.A. Cup, again drawn against Shropshire Wanderers in the First round, they progressed to the Third round where they were thumped 8–0 by eventual Runners-up Royal Engineers.

1877 saw the inaugural season of the Football Association of Wales Challenge Cup competition, to run on similar lines to the English FA Cup. Druids entered the competition, playing Newtown in the first ever match in the competition, and eventually reaching the Final, played at Acton Park, Wrexham, where they lost to Wrexham 1–0.

The club were allowed to play at Plasmadoc Park by George Hammond Whalley MP. However following his death in 1878 Druids lost the use of the Plasmadoc Ground. Because of this, Druids were forced to withdraw form the 1878–79 edition of the Welsh Cup. This resulted in the Club folding and many players, including Kenrick, leaving the club. The club briefly folded and did not play any further games until November 1879.

Salvation was found in the form of the Williams-Wynn family as they allowed the club to use an area of the Wynnstay Estate, which became Wynnstay Park and home to the Druids for the next forty years.

With their new home Druids once again entered the Welsh Cup and the 1879–80 edition saw the start of an era of success for the Ruabon Club. Druids reached the Welsh Cup final seven consecutive times between 1879 and 1886 winning the trophy five times. Druids also had some success in the FA Cup reaching the Fifth Round (last eight) in 1882–83 and the Fourth Round in 1884–85.

After seven years of success in Welsh football Druids would begin to suffer with the advent of professionalism. Druids failed to reach further than the Second Round in the Welsh Cup until the 1892–93 season. The earlier success in the FA Cup was also not to be matched as after 1887–88 they did not progress to the First Round proper again.

In September 1888 at a meeting at the Wynnstay Arms, the Club was reformed when they merged with neighbours Ruabon Wanderers. It was decided to retain the name Druids as it was a well known title. A follow-up meeting was held at the Bricklayers Arms, Ruabon where the committee was selected. Llewelyn Kenrick was present at this meeting.

In 1897–98 season Druids joined The Combination and remained there until 1899–1900 season, finishing Fourth in 1898–99 and Third in 1899–1900. The 1897–98 season also saw Druids win the Welsh Cup for the Sixth time. More Welsh Cup success followed the following year, followed by two Runners-up spots in 1899–1900 and 1900–01. More silver ware would follow in the form of the Welsh Amateur Cup in 1902–03 and the Welsh Cup again for the Eighth and final time in 1903–04.

By now the Wynnstay Park Ground was fast becoming unsuitable and as the Estate would not allow improvement on the site, Druids began to suffer financially. With the outbreak of World War I in 1914 football in the country ceased until 1920, which in lue prevented Druids from becoming nothing more than a foot-note in the History of Welsh football. After the War Druids left Wynnstay Park and combined with Rhosymedre F.C. to form Rhosymedre Druids F.C. who played on the Church Field in Rhosymedre.

Despite this new pairing, Druids still faced financial trouble and amalgamated once more in August 1927 with Acrefair United F.C. to form a new club Druids United.

Druids United F.C. continued to play their trade in the area and they too amalgamated, with Cefn Albion F.C. in 1992 to form Cefn Druids F.C., who still carry on the name and success of the old club as Cefn Druids in the Welsh Premier League.

League history
For a full history see; List of football seasons involving Cefn Druids and its predecessor clubs

International players
Several Druids players have represented Wales in international matches, who are listed below, with the number of caps won whilst with Druids and the total caps in parentheses:

Harry Adams (2) (4)
Edward Bowen (2) (2)
William Butler (2) (2)
Knyvett Crosse (3) (3)
Arthur Davies (1) (2)
John Price Davies (2) (2)
Robert Davies (1) (1)
Thomas Davies (4) (4)
Jack Doughty (1) (8)
Daniel Grey (2) (2)
Reuben Humphreys (1) (1)
John Jones (1) (1)
Ralph Jones (1) (1)
Robert Albert Jones (4) (4)
Samuel Jones (1) (6)
William P. Jones (2) (4)
Llewelyn Kenrick (3) (5)
Charles Ketley (1) (1)
Richard Morris (2) (11)
Jack Powell (9) (15)
George Richards (3) (6)
Robert Roberts (1) (9)
Charles Thomas (2) (2)
David Thomson (1) (1)
George Thomson (2) (2)
Jim Vaughan (4) (4)
John Vaughan (9) (11)
Ephraim Williams (5) (5)
William Williams (9) (11)

For further details of their international careers, see List of Wales international footballers

Honours

League
Welsh Senior League
1890–91, 1892–93, 1896–97

Cup
Welsh Cup
1879–80, 1880–81, 1881–82, 1884–85, 1885–86, 1897–98, 1898–99, 1903–04
Welsh Amateur Cup
1902–03

See also
Druids United F.C.
Cefn Albion F.C.
Cefn Druids A.F.C.

Notes
  Church Field, Rhosymedre was home at one point to the original Druids F.C. as well as the preceding club Druids United and Cefn Albion. Cefn Druids, who were formed by the amalgamation Druids United and Cefn Albion, play in a newly built stadium in Rhosymedre called The Rock/Rhosymedre Stadium. This new stadium is mere metres away from Church Field.

References

External links
 History of Elements Cefn Druids AFC on official.sportnetwork.net
 History of Elements Cefn Druids AFC on welshpremier.com

Defunct football clubs in Wales
Sport in Wrexham County Borough
Association football clubs established in 1869
Ruabon
1869 establishments in Wales
1923 disestablishments in Wales
Football clubs in Wrexham


Bharat Operating System Solutions (BOSS GNU/Linux) is an Indian Linux distribution based on Debian, with Its latest stable version is 9.0 ("Urja") which was released in February 2021.

Editions
BOSS Linux was released in four editions for different purposes:
 BOSS Desktop: Designed for personal, home, and office use.
 EduBOSS: Designed for schools and the education community.
 BOSS Advanced Server: The server-oriented edition.
 BOSS MOOL: A specialized edition for specific purposes.

History
BOSS Linux was developed by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing with the aim of promoting the adoption of free and open-source software throughout India. As a vital deliverable software of the National Resource Centre for Free and Open Source Software, it has an enhanced desktop environment that includes support for various Indian language and instructional software.

The software has been endorsed by the Government of India for adoption and implementation in India. BOSS Linux has been certified by the Linux Foundation for compliance with the Linux Standard Base. BOSS Linux supported Intel and AMD IA-32/x86-64 architecture until version 6 ("Anoop"). From version 7 ("Drishti"), the development shifted to x86-64 architecture only.

Versions

BOSS Linux has nine major releases:

BOSS 5.0 (Anokha)
This release came with many new applications that focused mainly on enhanced security and user-friendliness. The distribution included over 12,800 new packages, for a total of over . Most of the software in the distribution had been updated as well: over  software packages (70% of all packages in Savir). BOSS 5.0 supported Linux Standard Base (LSB) version 4.1. It also featured XBMC to allow users to easily browse and view videos, photos, podcasts, and music from a hard drive, optical disc, local network, and the Internet.

BOSS 6.0 (Anoop)
There are several significant updates in BOSS Linux 6.0 (Anoop) from 5.0 (Anokha). Notable changes include a kernel update from 3.10 to 3.16, a shift for system boot from init to systemd, the full support of GNOME Shell as part of GNOME 3.14, an update to the GRUB version, the Iceweasel browser being replaced by Firefox and the Pidgin messaging client replacing Empathy, as well as several repository versions of available programs being updated as part of the release.

BOSS Linux 6.0 also shipped various application and program updates, such as LibreOffice, X.Org, Evolution, GIMP, VLC media player, GTK+, GCC, GNOME Keyring, and Python.

Related specifically to localization support, language support improved with the replacement of SCIM with IBus with the Integrated System Settings. Indic languages enabled with "Region and Languages" are now directly mapped to the IBus, and the OnScreenKeyboard layout is provided for all layouts.

This release is fully compatible with LSB 4.1.

BOSS 7.0 (Drishti)
The most significant change over previous releases is that support for the x86 version has been dropped, and BOSS is now only available for x86-64. Other notable changes include a kernel update to 4.9.0, a GNOME update from 3.14 to 3.22, and software updates to various applications and programs with wide Indian language support & packages. This release aims to enhance the user interface with more glossy themes and is coupled with the latest applications from the community.

BOSS 8.0 (Unnati)
The desktop environment is changed from GNOME to Cinnamon.

BOSS 9.0 (Urja)
The Linux kernel was updated from 5.2 to 5.10.

See also

 Debian
 Comparison of Linux distributions
 Free culture movement
 Simputer

References

External links

2007 software
Debian-based distributions
Language-specific Linux distributions
Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media
X86-64 Linux distributions
Indic computing
Urdu-language computing
State-sponsored Linux distributions
Linux distributions


Dorino II Gattilusio (died circa 1488) was the Lord of Ainos, Samothrace and Imbros from 1455 to January 1456. He was the second son of Palamede Gattilusio.

History
Upon his father's death, Dorino seized all of his father's properties as his own, despite the rights of his older brother's widow and children by primogeniture. The widow attempted a peaceful resolution, but when Dorino refused to negotiate she sent her uncle to petition the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II for help. This, along with complaints from the Turkish judges of Ipsala and Ferrai (Ferecik) induced the Sultan to take action: 24 January 1456 he led an army by land on the city while his admiral Yunus Pasha established a blockade with a squadron of 10 ships. At the time Dorino was absent from Ainos, wintering on Samothrace. Without their master, the inhabitants of Ainos negotiated their surrender to the Sultan.

After accepting the surrender of Ainos, Mehmed II then sent Yunus Pasha to seize Samothrace and Imbros; the admiral appointed the historian Kritobulos governor of Imros. At the same time Yunus Pasha sent a ship to take Dorino into custody; suspicious of the admiral, Dorino preferred to travel to the Sultan by his own means, first sending his daughter with lavish gifts ahead. Sultan Mehmed inclined to returning the two island to Dorino until he learned from Yunus Pasha the discontent of Dorino's subjects. Instead Mehmed II granted Dorino an estate far from the sea, at Ziche in Macedonia. Dorino was unhappy with his new residence, and after picking a quarrel with his Ottoman "guard of honor" he massacred them and fled Ziche. First he settled in Lesbos, then moved to Naxos which he made his permanent home.

Personal life
Dorino married in 1454 his cousin Elisabetta Crispo (born 1445), daughter of Giacomo II Crispo, thirteenth Duke of the Archipelago, and wife Ginevra Gattilusio. They had no children.

References

External links

Dorino 02
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
15th-century lords in Europe
1480s deaths
Samothrace
Imbros
Dorino
15th-century Genoese people


Dhana Palbhawari  is a village development committee in Sarlahi District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2338 people living in 473 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Sarlahi  District

Populated places in Sarlahi District


Mohammad-Nabi Sarbolouki () was a distinguished Iranian biophysicist and polymer chemist and one of the most influential individuals behind modern scientific movement in Iran. He was known as the inventor of a DNA vehicle called "dendrosome". Sarbolouki was one of the main founders and pioneers of nano science, biomaterials, biotechnology and biophysics in Iran.

Sarbolouki studied chemistry at Tehran University and did his PhD in Macromolecular Physical Chemistry at Polytechnic University of New York. He then spent two years at Michigan State University as a postdoctoral fellow. Sarbolouki then joined NASA where he worked as a group leader till 1981.

Sarbolouki had numerous publications and patents on various subjects ranging from engineering to basic sciences. He initiated biomaterial research in Iran and was among the first to do structural biology in the country. He made significant contribution to the field of lipid bilayer membranes and liposomes, biodegradable polymers, tissue engineering, nanospheres (magnetic/fluorescent) and drug delivery.

Sarbolouki was of the founding members of Iranian Society of Nanotechnology, Iranian Society of Proteomics and Iranian Chemical Society. He founded the first Biomaterial Research Center in Iran as well as National Research Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, ICGEB headquarter in Iran.

Sarbolouki was involved in science policy making at the national level and was instrumental in the advancement of interdisciplinary and applied research in Iran.

Professor Sarbolouki was the editor of Molecules, an international journal devoted to synthetic organic chemistry and natural product chemistry. He was also chief editor of Iranian Journal of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering.

Professor Sarbolouki died on September 1, 2009, and his body was buried in Tehran Cemeteries, at the block for national legends on September 2, 2009. The Vice President and Minister of Science delivered messages of condolence and his burial was attended by numerous Iranian academics, scholars and students.

Awards and distinctions
National Biotechnology Award, (2000)
Iranian Academy of Science, Associate member (1992–2008)
Iranian Academy of Literature, Associate member (2003–2008)
President, Institute of Biophysics and Biochemistry.
President, Biomaterial Research Center
Chairman, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tehran

Selected publications

Dendrosome:
Dendrosomes: a novel family of vehicles for transfection and therapy. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology. Volume 75 Issue 10, Pages 919 - 922 (2000)
Dendrosomes as novel gene porters-III. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology Volume 83 Issue 6, Pages 912 - 920 (2008)
Structural biology:
Functional and structural characterization of a novel member of the natriuretic family of peptides from the venom of Pseudocerastes persicus. FEBS Letters Volume 557 Issue 1-3, Pages 104-108 (2004)
Solution structure of long neurotoxin NTX-1 from the venom of Naja naja oxiana by 2D-NMR spectroscopy. European Journal of Biochemistry Volume 271 Issue 23-24 Pages 4950-4957 (2004)
Biomaterials:
Synthesis and thermal behavior of triblock copolymers from L-lactide and ethylene glycol with long center PEG block. Journal of Applied Polymer Science Volume 68 Issue 12 Pages 1949-1954 (1998)
Synthesis and characterization of novel biodegradable triblock copolymers from L-lactide, glycolide, and PPG. Journal of Applied Polymer Science  Volume 73 Issue 5 Pages 633-637 (1999)
Synthesis and characterization of ABA triblock and novel multiblock copolymers from ethylene glycol, L-lactide, and epsilon-caprolactone. Journal of Applied Polymer Science Volume 83 Issue 10  Pages 2072-2081 (2002)
Mass preparation and characterization of alginate microspheres. Process Biochemistry Volume 35    Issue 9 Pages 885-888 (2000)
Membranes:
A simple method for preparation of immuno-magnetic liposomes. International Journal of Pharmaceutics Volume 215 Issue 1-2 Pages 45–50 (2001)
Chromatography:
Separation and Indirect Detection of Amino-acids by Reversed Phase ion-pair Chromatography. Journal of Chromatographic Science Volume 31  Issue 11  Pages 480-485 (1993)
Determination of pore/protein size via electrophoresis and slit sieve model. Electrophoresis Volume 25 Issue 17  Pages 2907-2911 (2004)

See also
Science in Iran
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics

References

California Institute of Technology people
Iranian biophysicists
Iranian chemists
2009 deaths
Michigan State University alumni
NASA people
Iranian physical chemists
University of Tehran alumni
Academic staff of the University of Tehran
Year of birth missing


Valeri Grigoryevich Urin (; 10 August 1934 – 23 January 2023) was a Soviet football player and coach.

International career
Urin made his debut for USSR on 30 August 1958 in a friendly against Czechoslovakia.

Personal life and death
Urin was of Jewish ethnicity. He died on 23 January 2023, at the age of 88.

Honours
Dynamo Moscow
 Soviet Top League: 1957, 1959

References

External links
  Profile

1934 births
2023 deaths
Footballers from Yekaterinburg
Jewish Russian sportspeople
Russian men's footballers
Soviet men's footballers
Jewish men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Soviet Union men's international footballers
Soviet Top League players
FC Dynamo Kirov players
FC Dynamo Moscow players
FC Daugava Riga players
FC Dinamo Minsk players
FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia players
Soviet football managers
FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk managers


Dhanakaul Purba  is a village development committee in Sarlahi District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5,089 people living in 920 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Sarlahi  District

Populated places in Sarlahi District


Dhangadha is a village in the Sarlahi District in the Janakpur Zone of Nepal. As of the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 3,446 people living in 880 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Sarlahi  District

Populated places in Sarlahi District


The Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW) is a center for advanced scholarly research and graduate education at New York University.  ISAW's mission is to cultivate comparative, connective investigations of the ancient world from the western Mediterranean to China. Areas of specialty among ISAW's faculty include the Greco-Roman world, the Ancient Near East, Egypt, Central Asia and the Silk Road, East Asian art and archaeology, Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages, ancient science, and digital humanities.

ISAW was founded in 2006 with funding from the Leon Levy Foundation, established to continue the philanthropic legacy of Leon Levy, co-founder of the Oppenheimer mutual funds. Long interested in ancient history, Levy in his final years, along with his wife Shelby White, began discussions about the creation of a path-breaking institute where advanced scholars would explore trade and cultural links among ancient civilizations. After Levy's death in 2003, one of the earliest initiatives of the Leon Levy Foundation, was the fulfillment of that plan.  ISAW is a discrete entity within New York University, independent of any other school or department of the university, with its own endowment and its own board of trustees, and is housed in separate facilities in a historic six-story limestone on East 84th Street in Manhattan.

Governance, faculty, and staff

The director of ISAW is Alexander Jones (classicist). He succeeded the founding director Roger Bagnall in September, 2016. Jennifer Chi was the founding exhibitions director and chief curator, who guided the visual arts program until 2018.

As of September 1, 2021, the following individuals served as ISAW faculty:
 Lorenzo d'Alfonso
 Claire Bubb
 Roderick B. Campbell
 Sebastian Heath
 Robert G. Hoyland
 Alexander Jones
 Antonis Kotsonas
 Beate Pongratz-Leisten
 Daniel T. Potts
 Sören Stark
 Lillian Lan-ying Tseng

As of September 1, 2021, Senior Staff Members included:
 Diane Bennett (associate director for administration)
 Tom Elliott (associate director for digital programs and senior research scholar)
 Clare Fitzgerald (associate director for exhibitions and gallery curator)
 Marc LeBlanc (associate director for academic affairs)
 David M. Ratzan (head, ISAW Library)

ISAW's website describes its governance structure as follows:

Appointments and academic programs of the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World are under the jurisdiction of its faculty, which achieved independent status in fall, 2010, and which is led by the director. The director reports to the provost and president of New York University. In addition, the institute has its own Director's Council. Its chair is the institute's founder, Shelby White. The council plays a crucial role in ensuring that ISAW fulfills its mission and has the means necessary to do so. It provides essential advice to the director on strategic directions and public programming, and its members are vital ambassadors for ISAW in enlarging the public reached by its work.

Academic programs
ISAW's graduate program offers a PhD in the Study of the Ancient World.

ISAW offers hosts visiting research scholars conducting postdoctoral research. There are three types of appointment for visiting scholars:

 Visiting assistant professors, appointed for two years, during which they are expected to teach two undergraduate courses and one graduate seminar.
 Visiting research scholars, appointed for one year of research, funded in part or in whole by ISAW. These scholars may be at any point in their career from postdoctoral to retired.
 Externally funded scholars, who have the same responsibilities and privileges as the categories above, but do not receive financial support from ISAW.

Scholars in all three categories are expected to be in residence at ISAW for the duration of their appointment and to participate in the intellectual life of the community, including presenting a public lecture.

Exhibitions
In order to support its mission of communicating information about antiquity to the public, ISAW organizes public exhibitions. Past exhibitions include:

 Wine, Worship and Sacrifice: The Golden Graves of Ancient Vani (March 12 – June 1, 2008)
 The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000 – 3500 BC (November 11, 2009 – April 25, 2010)
 Before Pythagoras: The Culture of Old Babylonian Mathematics (November 12, 2010 – January 23, 2011)
 Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Africa (March 11 – June 12, 2011)
 Edge of Empires: Pagans, Jews, and Christians at Roman Dura-Europos (September 23, 2011 – January 8, 2012)
 Nomads and Networks: The Ancient Art and Culture of Kazakhstan (March 7 – June 3, 2012)
 Echoes of the Past: The Buddhist Cave Temples of Xiangtangshan (September 11, 2012 – January 6, 2013)
 Temple and Tomb: Prehistoric Malta, 3600–2500 BCE (March 21 – July 7, 2013)
 Measuring and Mapping Space: Geographic Knowledge in Greco-Roman Antiquity (October 4, 2013 – January 5, 2014)
 Masters of Fire: Copper Age Art from Israel (February 13, 2014 – June 8, 2014)
 When the Greeks Ruled Egypt: From Alexander the Great to Cleopatra (October 8, 2014 – January 4, 2015)
 From Ancient to Modern: Archaeology and Aesthetics (February 12, 2015 – June 7, 2015)
 The Eye of the Shah: Qajar Court Photography and the Persian Past (October 22, 2015 – January 17, 2016)
 Designing Identity: The Power of Textiles in Late Antiquity (February 25 – May 22, 2016)
 Time and Cosmos in Greco-Roman Antiquity (October 19, 2016 – April 23, 2017)
 ...circle through New York (March 1 – August 31, 2017)
 Restoring the Minoans: Elizabeth Price and Sir Arthur Evans (October 5, 2017 – January 7, 2018)
 Romance and Reason: Islamic Transformations of the Classical Past (February 14, 2018 – May 13, 2018)
Devotion and Decadence: The Berthouville Treausure and Roman Luxury (October 17, 2018 – January 6, 2019)
 Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World
 History books pdf

Most exhibitions have been accompanied by illustrated catalogs, many of which are co-published by ISAW and Princeton University Press.

Library
ISAW houses a research library of approximately 40,000 non-circulating print volumes. The ISAW Library is a branch library of the NYU Division of Libraries, with facilities located on four floors of ISAW's facilities on East 84th Street. The library is open to members of the ISAW and NYU communities, as well as to scholars from other institutions who can demonstrate a need to access materials in the collection for their research.

Particular areas of strength in the ISAW Library's print collection include Greek and Roman material culture and history, Papyrology, Egyptology, Mesopotamian Archaeology and Assyriology, Central Asia and Iran, and Early China.

The library is engaged in providing access and support for new and emerging forms of digital scholarship, scholarly communication, and pedagogy in ancient studies. The library's digital initiatives include the Ancient World Digital Library (AWDL) and a joint project with ISAW Digital Programs to help catalog the online and open access resources.

Publications
ISAW has produced or sponsored both print and electronic publications related to the ancient world. These include:

 Jonathan Ben-Dov and Seth Sanders, eds. Ancient Jewish Sciences and the History of Knowledge in Second Temple Literature. NYU Press, 2014.
 George Hatke. Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa. NYU Press, 2013.
 David Wengrow. The Origins of Monsters: Image and Cognition in the First Age of Mechanical Reproduction. Princeton University Press, 2013. Based on the author's Rostovtzeff Lectures delivered at ISAW in 2011.
 Roger S. Bagnall and Giovanni R. Ruffini. Amheida I: Ostraka from Trimithis 1. NYU Press, 2012. Also published in an open-access online version.
 ISAW At Five, a book produced for ISAW's Five Year Celebration in May 2012.
 ISAW Papers, an open-content scholarly journal that publishes article-length works on any topic within the scope of ISAW's scholarly research.
 The Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology
 ISAW Newsletter

References

External links
official website

New York University research institutes
2006 establishments in New York City
Research institutes in New York (state)
Archaeological research institutes in the United States
Art museums and galleries in Manhattan
University art museums and galleries in New York City


Daniel Mangeas, (born 10 April 1949) is a former baker who was the commentator of the Tour de France and other important cycle races in France and Belgium between 1974 and 2014.  During his career he commentated on 200 events a year, and tried to never speak for the rest of the day after races, to preserve his voice.

Origins
Mangeas is from Saint-Martin-de-Landelles in Normandy, he was born in Mortain (Manche). He comes from a cycling family. He saw the Tour de France for the first time at the age of four. He also watched his cousin ride. He worked as a baker for 10 years in Saint-Hilaire-du-Harcouët before being discovered by Albert Bouvet, the deputy director of the Tour de France. Mangeas recounted in an interview with Vélo 101 that he had commentated on table-football games among friends when he was a child, and commented on his first bike race when he was 15 years old.

Tour de France
He continued commentating after finishing his national service at 21, was heard by Albert Bouvet and recruited for the 1974 Tour de France as deputy speaker. He rode ahead of the race in an air-conditioned Chevrolet ("which were pretty rare at the time") to stand in for the main speaker, Pierre Shori. Shori's car broke down on the Saint-Lary-Soulan stage and Mangeas had to take over at the finish. Until then he had spoken only at the starts and at time trials. He said:

He became the main speaker two years later, presenting riders at the start of each day's race for two hours, then driving the length of the race and commentating the last  at the finish.

Mangeas' commentating has been praised for its energy and his knowledge of details about each rider.  On the other hand, he is criticised for presenting an over-optimistic view of the sport of cycling.

References

1949 births
Living people
Tour de France journalists
French sports broadcasters
Cycling announcers
French male non-fiction writers


Palamede Gattilusio (c. 1389–1455) was the Lord of Ainos from 1409 to his death, succeeding his great-uncle Niccolò. He was a younger son of Francesco II of Lesbos.

During the early years of his reign over Ainos, the city prospered, as attested by six inscriptions which survived into the 20th century. The churches of the Chrysopege and of St. Nicholas were erected at that time. It was also during his tenure that Samothrace came into the possession of the Gattilusio family, for when Bertrandon de la Broquiere visited Ainos in 1433, he wrote that Samothrace was part of Palamede's lands.

Family
He married a woman named Valentina and had six children:
 Giorgio Gattilusio (died 1449), married Helena Notara, daughter of Loukas Notaras.
 Dorino II Gattilusio, married Elisabetta Crispo, daughter of Giacomo II Crispo
 Caterina Gattilusio, married Marino Doria
 Ginevra Gattilusio (died shortly aft. 3 May 1489), married Lodovico di Campofregoso, Doge of Genoa (died 1498)
 Constanza Gattilusio, married Gian Galeazzo di Campofregoso, brother of Lodovico
 A daughter who was married to her cousin Francesco III of Thasos, without issue

References

External links

1389 births
1455 deaths
House of Gattilusio
Year of birth unknown
Samothrace
Lords of Ainos
15th-century Genoese people


Niverka Dharlenis Marte Frica (born October 19, 1990 in Santo Domingo) is a volleyball player from the Dominican Republic who currently plays for Indonesian side Jakarta Popsivo Polwan. She played the 2012 Summer Olympics with the Dominican Republic national team ranking in fifth place. She also played the 2010 and the 2014 World Championship earning the 17th place and the fifth place and the 2011 and the 2015 FIVB World Cup with  her national team ranking in the eight and seventh place. She won the bronze medal in the 2015 Pan American Games.

With her Junior national team, she took the silver at the 2009 World Championship.

Career
During the 2006 season, she played in La Romana with Aviación and with Mirador at Distrito Nacional Superior Championship, winning her team the league championship.

Niverka played for her native country at the 2007 FIVB Girls' U18 Volleyball World Championship in Baja California, Mexico. There her team ended up in 8th place.

In 2008, she participated at the NORCECA Women´s Junior Continental Championship U-20 as team captain, winning with her them the silver medal and individually, the "Best Setter" award. Shortly afterwards she claimed the gold medal at the 2008 Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup in Mexico, with the senior national team.

With the National Junior Team she won the silver medal at the 2009 Women's U20 Volleyball World Championship.

Playing beach volleyball (three) with Ana Yorkira Binet and Marianne Fersola, she won the gold medal at the 2010 Hato Mayor Beach Volleyball Tournament.

As a setter, she helped the National Senior Team playing in Chiapas, Mexico, to win the 2010 Final Four Cup gold medal.

Marte returned to Hato Mayor to win the gold medal in the annual Sport Festival in Beach Volleyball (three), this time playing along Altagracia Mambrú and Ana Yorkira Binet.

In 2012, Marte played on Olympic Games, where Dominican Republic qualified to quarter-final.

In September 2012, Marte won the gold medal at the first 2012 U23 Pan-American Cup, played in Callao, Peru.

Marte was transferred to the Azerbaijani Club Igtisadchi Baku in early November. With this club, she claimed the silver medal of the 2012/13 Azerbaijani Super League.

During the 2014 World Championship held in Italy, Marte helped the national team to reach the competition's fifth place starting with 7-2 record, and despite the losing 2-3 to China, her team qualified for the first time to the World Championship third round besides but being unable to reach a semifinal spot after losing their two third round matches 2-3 to China and 0-3 to Brazil.

Marte and her national team took part of the 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games. and she helped them to win their fourth consecutive gold medal, being awarded Best Setter of the tournament.

Marte was part of the Dominican Republic delegation to the 2015 Pan American Games, and she won with her national team the bronze medal after losing to the United States in the semifinals and defeated 3-1 the Puerto Rico national team. After leading the setters during the 2015 FIVB World Cup she was awarded tournament's Best Setter while her national team posted a 5-6 record, valid for the seventh place. After the World Cup, she was announced to be transferred to the French club Rocheville Le Cannet taking the role of the main setter for the 2015-16 season. Castillo won the silver medal and the Best Setter award in the NORCECA Championship. In December 2015, Marte won with her club the French Supercup, defeating RC Cannes 3-2 in the championship match.

Clubs
 Deportivo Nacional (2004)
 Modeca (2005)
 Mirador (2006)
 Aviación (2006)
 Deportivo Nacional (2007–2008)
 Distrito Nacional (2007–2010)
 Mirador (2010)
 Igtisadchi Baku (2012-2013)
 Mirador (2015)
 Rocheville Le Cannet (2015-2016)
 Geminis de Comas (2018-2019)
 Jakarta Pertamina Energi (2022)
 Jakarta Popsivo Polwan (2023)

Awards

Individuals
 2008 NORCECA Junior Continental Championship U-20 "Best Setter"
 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games "Best Setter"
 2015 FIVB World Cup "Best Setter"
 2015 NORCECA Championship "Best Setter"
 2022 Pan-American Cup "Most Valuable Player"

National Team

Senior Team
 2008 Pan-American Cup -  Gold Medal
 2008 Final Four Women's Cup -  Silver Medal
 2009 FIVB World Grand Champions Cup -  Bronze Medal
 2009 NORCECA Championship -  Gold Medal
 2009 Pan-American Cup -  Silver Medal
 2009 Final Four Women's Cup -  Bronze Medal
 2010 Final Four Women's Cup -  Gold Medal
 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games -  Gold Medal
 2010 Pan-American Cup -  Gold Medal
 2011 Pan-American Cup -  Silver Medal
 2011 NORCECA Championship -  Silver Medal
 2012 U23 Pan-American Cup -  Gold Medal
 2013 Pan-American Cup -  Silver Medal
 2013 NORCECA Championship -  Silver Medal
 2014 Pan-American Cup -  Gold Medal
 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games -  Gold Medal
 2015 Pan-American Cup -  Silver Medal
 2015 Pan American Games -  Bronze Medal

Junior Team
 2006 NORCECA Girls Youth Continental Championship U-18  Silver Medal
 2008 NORCECA Women´s Junior Continental Championship U-20  Silver Medal
 2009 FIVB U20 Volleyball World Championship  Silver Medal

Clubs
 2006 Dominican Republic Distrito Nacional Superior Tournament 2006 -  Champion, with Mirador
 2007 & 2008 Dominican Republic Volleyball League -  Champion, with Distrito Nacional
 2012-13 Azerbaijan Super League -  Runner-Up, with Igtisadchi Baku
 2015 French Supercup -  Champion, with Rocheville Le Cannet
 2022 Indonesian Proliga - 4th place, with Jakarta Pertamina Energi

Beach Volleyball
 2010 Hato Mayor Beach Volleyball Tournament  Gold Medal
 2011 Hato Mayor Beach Volleyball Tournament  Gold Medal

References

External links
 FIVB Profile

1990 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Santo Domingo
Dominican Republic women's volleyball players
Volleyball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Volleyball players at the 2015 Pan American Games
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the Dominican Republic
Olympic volleyball players for the Dominican Republic
Pan American Games medalists in volleyball
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for the Dominican Republic
Competitors at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games
Igtisadchi Baku volleyball players
Setters (volleyball)
Expatriate volleyball players in Azerbaijan
Expatriate volleyball players in France
Expatriate volleyball players in Peru
Expatriate volleyball players in Indonesia
Dominican Republic expatriates in France
Dominican Republic expatriate sportspeople in Indonesia
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in volleyball
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games
Volleyball players at the 2020 Summer Olympics


The Prussian Class S 10 included all express train locomotives in the Prussian state railways that had a 4-6-0 wheel arrangement.  There were four sub-classes: the S 10, S 10.1 (with 1911 and 1914 variants) and S 10.2.

Prussian S 10

As a result of the lack of powerful express locomotives in the first decade of the 20th century, the Prussian state railways ordered the Class S 10 locomotives from  Schwartzkopff. This engine was an evolutionary development of the passenger train locomotive, the Prussian P 8, which can be seen from the similarity in their locomotive frames. Unlike the P 8, however, the S 10—inspired by the Saxon XII H—had a four-cylinder engine with simple expansion.

Between 1910 and 1914 a total of 202 locomotives were built. The two prototypes were initially designated as S 8 class and only reclassified in 1912 to S 10. The Lübeck-Büchen Railway took delivery of five similar, albeit somewhat less powerful, machines that they also designated as the S 10.

Over the course of time several modifications were made. In the end the S 10 proved to be worse than the S 101, a  four-cylinder compound locomotive in terms of both steam and coal consumption and was one of the most uneconomical Prussian locomotives.

The Deutsche Reichsbahn took over 135 locomotives into its Class 17.0-1 and gave them the running numbers 17 001–135. They were retired by 1935, however, due to their high fuel consumption. Only three examples (17 039, 102 and 107) survived the Second World War, as braking locomotives. The last S 10 was retired in 1954.

Number 17 008 has been sectioned and is on display in the German Museum of Technology in Berlin .

The S 10s were coupled with tenders of classes pr 2'2' T 21.5 and pr 2'2' T 31.5.

Prussian S 10.1 (1911 variant)

Even as production started on the S 10, Henschel were given an order for the manufacture of a compound locomotive, which promised to deliver lower coal consumption.

This locomotive, classified as the S 10.1, was not based on the S 10, but was a new design. The four-cylinder compound engine was of the de Glehn type, which meant that the outside cylinders, set well to the rear, drove the second coupled axle and the inside cylinder drove the first. The engines were larger and more powerful than the S 10 and, thanks to their compound engines, also more economical.

Between 1911 and 1914, no less than 135 examples were built for Prussia and 17 for Alsace-Lorraine. Following initial dissatisfaction with the vehicles, several modifications to the locomotives finally led to the desired success. For example, no feedwater preheater was fitted to start with for weight-saving reasons, but one was later installed. The remaining disadvantages, such as the poor accessibility of the inside drive, led to the development of a new version in the shape of the 1914 variant.

After three locomotives were sent abroad as reparations, the Deutsche Reichsbahn took over the remaining 132 vehicles as Class 17.10–11 with numbers 17 1001–1123 and 17 1145–1153.

The three locomotives left in 1945 with the Austrian Federal Railway were renumbered to 617.1004, 617.1089 and 617.1099 and retired in 1957.

The Deutsche Bundesbahn withdrew their last S 10.1 engines in 1952. The Deutsche Reichsbahn in East Germany held onto these locomotives for longer and converted 13 examples to coal-dust firing. Locomotive number 17 1119 was given a condensing tender. In 1963 the last machines were taken out of service by the DR.

Number 17 1055 (formerly "Posen 1107", running as "Osten 1135") was partly returned to its original configuration and belongs today to the Dresden Transport Museum.

The S 10.1s were equipped with tenders of Prussian classes pr 2'2' T 21.5 and pr 2'2' T 31.5.

Prussian S 10.1 (1914 variant)

Various disadvantages of the 1911 variant of the S 10.1, such as the difficulty of accessing the inside driving gear and the long steam lines between high and low-pressure cylinders, caused the Prussian state railways to have the design reworked.

The four cylinders were now located – as on the von Borries compound – on a slant; the twin-axle drive configuration was however retained. Even the boiler was modified; grate and firebox heating areas and the superheater were increased in size. Due to the altered location of the cylinders the running plate could be raised, which gave the locomotives a higher and more modern appearance, although in fact the height of the boiler axis above the rails remained unchanged.

In spite of these considerable differences, the 1914 variant was also designated as the S 10.1. These locomotives were the most powerful expresses in Prussia, and the Prussian state railways continued to live without Pacific locomotives. In 1914, one locomotive reached a speed of 152 km/h on a trial run with three coaches (according to some sources it may even have reached 156 km/h).

The Deutsche Reichsbahn took over 77 locomotives as Class 17.11-12 with the numbers 17 1124–1144 and 1154–1209.

In the DR in the GDR two 1914 variant locomotives were given Wendler coal-dust firing. The last engine was retired in 1964. Unlike the 1911 variant, no 1914 variant of this locomotive class remains preserved.

Prussian S 10.2

The Stettiner Maschinenbau AG Vulcan built the Class S 10.2 based on the S 10. In contrast to the S 10 it only had three cylinders, but was otherwise largely identical.

The Prussian state railways bought a total of 124 locomotives from 1914. These variants were certainly superior to the S 10, but not the S 10.1.

28 engines had to be handed to foreign railway administrations after the First World War.  The Deutsche Reichsbahn took over the remaining 96 vehicles, incorporating them into Class 17.2 with running numbers 17 201–296. The remaining engines were gathered together into the northern and central German Reichsbahn railway divisions. Here they were partly replaced from 1930 by the Class 03.

88 engines survived the Second World War and ended up with the Deutsche Bundesbahn, where they were retired by 1948.

The S 10.2s were equipped with pr 2'2' T 31.5 tenders.

Trial locomotives
Three S 10.2s were fitted with Stumpf parallel-flow cylinders (Gleichstromzylinder) for test purposes, whereby unlike the production models, the outer cylinders drove the second coupled axle. Even when they were converted to the standard configuration, the twin-axle drive was retained. One of these engines went to Poland after the First World War; the others were given numbers 17 203 and 17 204 by the Deutsche Reichsbahn.

In 1925, locomotive 17 206 was given a Schmidt-Hartmann high-pressure boiler with a boiler overpressure of 5.884 MPa (58.84 bar), and the drive was converted to a compound configuration. The increased performance of the H 17 206 designated locomotive compared with the production design did not justify the higher construction costs however; the engine was converted back to the standard design in 1929 and retired in 1936.

The two locomotives with running numbers 17 236 and 17 239 were given a medium-pressure boiler in 1933 with a boiler overpressure of 2.452 MPa (24.52 bar), and they were also converted to compound operation at the same time. The performance of these converted engines matched that of the DRG Class 03 and they were employed together with the Class 03s in scheduled services. After several cases of boiler damage, however the boiler pressure, had to be reduced to 16 bar (1.6 MPa) in order to avoid further problems. During the 1930s the two medium-pressure locomotives were reconverted again. Both engines survived the ware and were retired together with the other S 10.2s in 1948.

See also
 Prussian state railways
 List of Prussian locomotives and railcars
 List of preserved steam locomotives in Germany

Sources

S 10
4-6-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1910
Berliner locomotives
Henschel locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
2′C h4 locomotives
AG Vulcan Stettin locomotives


Marsalis Jams is a program of the Music Education Initiative, Inc., a non-profit organization dedicated to furthering music education in schools and colleges and to seeking innovative ways to enhance public and community support for the arts. MEI was co-founded by jazz musicians Branford Marsalis and Harry Connick, Jr., and Marsalis Jams is its first program.

Marsalis Jams brings leading established jazz ensembles to high school and college campuses for interactive mini-residencies. The components of the program are workshops for student musicians, information sessions with the general student population, and a culminating performance in which the visiting group performs its own music and is then joined by student musicians for a jam session. The goals of the program are to (1) provide opportunities for student musicians to perform with established professional groups, (2) expose student audiences to live jazz performance, and (3) expand opportunities for working bands outside of the currently limited nightclub and concert settings.

In 2008, Marsalis Jams established Marsalis Berklee Jams, an ongoing program with the Berklee College of Music that brings bands to the school’s newly created performance space Café 939.

Marsalis Jams past school participants have included:

Berklee College of Music
Hialeah-Miami Lakes Senior High School (Miami, FL)
High School for the Performing and Visual Arts (Houston, TX)
Miami Norland Senior High School (Miami, FL)
Moores School of Music, University of Texas
Peabody Institute of Johns Hopkins University
Sherwood High School (Sandy Spring, MD)
Smith College
SUNY Plattsburgh
Texas Southern University
University of New Hampshire
Williams College

Artist presenters have included the ensembles of David Sánchez, Miguel Zenón and the late James Williams.

Music education organizations


Lake Minto (, "where there are spotted seals") is a lake on western Ungava Peninsula, Nunavik, Quebec, Canada. It has a total surface area of  and a net area of .

It was named by Canadian explorer and geologist Albert Peter Low in 1898 after Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto, who was Governor General of Canada at that time.

It is only some  east of Hudson Bay in a valley between several rows of hills, but Lake Minto's outlet, the Leaf River, flows north-east for about  to Ungava Bay. As such, it is used by canoeists especially when crossing Ungava from west to east.

It is considered one of the most beautiful lakes in northern Quebec.

References

Lakes of Nord-du-Québec


P. Kunjanandan Nair (February 15, 1916 – January 28, 2001), better known by his pseudonym, Thikkodiyan, was an Indian playwright, novelist, lyricist and screenwriter  of Malayalam. He was known for his contributions to the genre of radio plays and his autobiography, Arangu Kaanatha Nadan (The actor who had never been on stage), which detailed the socio-cultural development of Malabar in the post-independent period, fetched him a number of awards including the Kendra Sahithya Academy Award, Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography, Vayalar Award and the Odakkuzhal Award.

Biography
Thikkodiyan was born P. Kunjanandan Nair, on February 15, 1916, at Thikkodi, a small hamlet in Kozhikode district, of the south Indian state of Kerala, to Puthiyedath Kunjappa Nair and P. Narayani Amma. He lost his parents while he was boy and was brought up by his grandfather, who was a theatre enthusiast. After schooling at Basel Mission Middle School, Koyilandy, he completed a teachers'training course and started his career as a teacher at his alma mater in 1936. There, he became involved in trade union activities and he was expelled from service when he participated in a strike in 1938. Later, he became associated with the Bharat Seva Sangham and the Devadhar Malabar Reconstruction Trust where he worked alongside K. Kelappan and V. R. Nayanar and was also involved in Nayanar Balika Sadanam, an orphanage founded by Nayanar in 1942. It was during this time, he joined Dinaprabha daily and worked there until 1948. In 1950, he moved to the All India Radio as a script writer, and spent the rest of his official career there to superannuate from service in 1979 as a drama producer.

Thikkodiyan married Parvathy in 1942 and the couple had a daughter, Pushpa. He died at his residence in Kozhikode on January 28, 2001, at the age of 84.

Legacy
P. Kunhananandan Nair began his literary career using the pen name Anand and his first poem, Veendum Karayatte was published in Mathrubhumi. Later, he wrote satires and noted humourist, Sanjayan, who published a few of them in Vishwadeepam weekly, suggested the pseudonym, Thikkodiyan which he assumed for the rest of his career. He took to writing plays in the early 1950s, while serving as a scriptwriter at the Kozhikode station of the All India Radio. His friends, Uroob, S. K. Pottekkatt. N. V. Krishna Warrier, M. V. Devan, V. Abdulla and K. A. Kodungalloor encouraged him to write a play and he wrote Jeevitham, which won a prize in a drama competition conducted by the Kendra Kala Samithy. It was the first of his plays, numbering over, 25, such as Pazhaya Bandham, Attupoya Kanni, Pushpavrishti, Mahabharatham and Kanyadanam. Apart from plays, he had also written novels, including Chuvanna Kadal, Aswahridayam and Pazhassiyude Padavaal. Drawn against the background of the sea and the Portuguese invasion, Chuvanna Kadal was among the major historical novels in Malayalam. He was considered among the major writers of radio plays in Malayalam literature. He made a foray into cinema, writing the story, screenplay and dialogues for Kunchako's 1964 film, Pazhassi Raja and he write the screenplay and dialogues for five more films which included Uttarayanam, the debut film of the award-winning director, G. Aravindan. Two other films, Nrithasala and Ithiri Poove Chuvanna Poove were based on his stories. He also wrote a song, Appolum Paranjillee, for the movie, Kadamba for which the music was scored by K. Raghavan.

Thikkodiyan, who was a part of a group of Kozhikode-based litterateurs, was also among the group of writers who regularly gathered in Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer's house in Beypore along with Uroob, M. V. Devan and M. T. Vasudevan Nair. He was known to have assisted many stage and film actors, such as Kunhandi and Balan K. Nair, in developing their careers. His autobiography. Arangu Kaanatha Nadan (The Actor Who Had Never Been on Stage), is considered one of the best among autobiographies written in Malayalam and the book fetched him several major literary awards.

Awards
Thikkodiyan shared the 1974 Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay with G. Aravindan for the film, Uttarayanam, which was the first of his several major awards. In 1992, his autobiography, Arangu Kaanaatha Nadan, was selected for the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography; the same year, the book also won the Odakkuzhal Award. Three years later, the book fetched him two more awards, the 1995 Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award and the Vayalar Award (1995). The Kerala Sahitya Akademi inducted him as a distinguished fellow in  2000 and he received the inaugural Mathrubhumi Literary Award in 2001, the year of his death. He was also a recipient of the Deviprasadam Trust Award, and Samastha Kerala Sahithya Parishad Award.

Bibliography

Plays

Novels

Memoirs, essays, short stories, poetry

Filmography

See also

 List of Malayalam-language authors by category
 List of Malayalam-language authors

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Indian male dramatists and playwrights
Indian male novelists
Dramatists and playwrights from Kerala
People from Kozhikode district
Malayalam-language writers
Malayalam-language dramatists and playwrights
Malayalam novelists
1916 births
2001 deaths
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Malayalam
Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award
Kerala State Film Award winners
All India Radio people
20th-century Indian novelists
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
Novelists from Kerala
20th-century Indian male writers
Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship


The Fujifilm FinePix S and HS-series of digital cameras consists of the company's DSLR system and bridge camera models.

Current models
Bridge cameras: (as of 26 November 2016)
 Fujifilm FinePix S9900W / Fujifilm FinePix S9800

Discontinued models

DSLR system:
 FinePix IS Pro
 Fujifilm FinePix S1 Pro (Not to be confused with the FinePix S1 bridge camera of 2014)
 Fujifilm FinePix S2 Pro
 Fujifilm FinePix S3 Pro
 Fujifilm FinePix S5 Pro

Bridge cameras:
 Fujifilm FinePix S2900 series
 Fujifilm FinePix S3200 / Fujifilm FinePix S3280
 Fujifilm FinePix S3300 / Fujifilm FinePix S3380
 Fujifilm FinePix S3400
 Fujifilm FinePix S4000 / Fujifilm FinePix S4080
 Fujifilm FinePix S4200
 Fujifilm FinePix S4500
 Fujifilm FinePix SL240 / Fujifilm FinePix SL300
 Fujifilm FinePix HS series
 Fujifilm FinePix S1000FD
 Fujifilm FinePix S100fs
 Fujifilm FinePix S602 Zoom
 Fujifilm Finepix S1500
 Fujifilm FinePix S1600 / Fujifilm Finepix S1730 / Fujifilm FinePix S1770
 Fujifilm Finepix S1800 / Fujifilm FinePix S1880
 Fujifilm FinePix S2000HD
 Fujifilm FinePix S2500HD / Fujifilm FinePix S2600HD
 Fujifilm FinePix S2550HD
 Fujifilm Finepix S2800HD / Fujifilm FinePix S2900HD
 Fujifilm FinePix S200EXR
 Fujifilm FinePix S3000
 Fujifilm FinePix S3100
 Fujifilm FinePix S3500
 Fujifilm FinePix S5000 Zoom
 Fujifilm FinePix S5100
 Fujifilm FinePix S5200
 Fujifilm FinePix S5500
 Fujifilm FinePix S5800
 Fujifilm FinePix S600 / Fujifilm FinePix S5600
 Fujifilm FinePix S700
 Fujifilm FinePix S5700
 Fujifilm FinePix S800 / Fujifilm Finepix S5800
 Fujifilm FinePix S6000fd / Fujifilm FinePix S6500fd
 Fujifilm FinePix S7000
 Fujifilm FinePix S8000
 Fujifilm FinePix S8100fd
 Fujifilm FinePix S9000
 Fujifilm FinePix S9100
 Fujifilm FinePix S9500
 Fujifilm FinePix HS10 / Fujifilm FinePix HS11
  Fujifilm FinePix S1 (Not to be confused with the FinePix S1 Pro DSLR of 2000)

See also
 Fujifilm FinePix
 Fujifilm cameras
 Fujifilm

References

S-series
Year of introduction missing


The Lötschberg is an Alpine mountain massif and usually associated with a major, historically important transit axis of the Alps in Switzerland with, at its core, the Lötschen Pass (, Swiss German: Lötschepass). The mountain pass, which culminates at nearly 2,700 metres above sea level, are part of the eastern Bernese Alps, whose main crest straddles the border between the cantons of Berne and Valais. The valleys concerned by the Lötschberg are those of the Kander in the Berner Oberland, with Kandersteg at the head of it, and a secluded side-valley of the Upper Valais, the Lötschental, with Ferden at the valley's entrance and at the bottom of the pass.

Although the Lötschberg is one of the main north-south axes through the Alps, it is not on the main chain of the Alps, the Pennine Alps, further south, making up the main water divide. As a main north-south axis through the Alps, the Lötschberg is thus completed by the Simplon, between Brig and Domodossola in Italy. The Lötschberg alone constitutes an important shortcut from the Swiss Plateau to the Upper Valais, the alternative route involving a long detour via the lower Rhone Valley (Monthey) around the western end of the Bernese Alps.

The Lötschberg is crossed by two railway lines and tunnels. The first line, the Lötschberg railway line was opened to traffic in 1913. It has at its centre the 14.6 kilometre-long Lötschberg (Culmination) Tunnel, with portals in Kandersteg (BE) and Goppenstein (VS). It culminates at a height of 1,240 metres and is the highest railway on the main Swiss network. The second line uses, since 2007, the 34.6 kilometre-long Lötschberg Base Tunnel, which has its portals in Frutigen (BE) and Raron (VS). The maximum height of the new railway is 828 metres. Both railways are connected to the Simplon railway, which runs from Lausanne to Domodossola (and further to Milan) via the Simplon Tunnel.

Unlike the Gotthard, the other main north-south axis in Switzerland, the Lötschberg is not crossed by a road pass nor by a road tunnel. However, a car shuttle train is operated between Kandersteg railway station and Goppenstein railway station.

The Lötschen Pass itself is the lowest point (2,676 m) on the crest between the Balmhorn to the west and the high range west of the Jungfrau to the east, making up the water divide between the Rhine (north) and the Rhone (south). On the north side of the pass is a two kilometre-long glacier named Lötschengletscher. Although it is a glacier pass, the Lötschen Pass can be crossed by hikers without mountaineering equipment and a mountain hut, the Lötschenpasshütte, is located on the top of the pass. The pass is traversed by a trail (reaching 2,690 m) from Kandersteg via the secluded valley of Gasterntal to Ferden. The complete traverse from the railway station of Kandersteg to that of Goppenstein lasts about 10 hours. On the south side the approach can be shortened by a few hours starting from Lauchernalp, accessible by cable car from Kippel.

See also
Lötschental
List of mountain passes in Switzerland
Lötschberg Tunnel
Lötschberg Base Tunnel
NRLA

References
Swisstopo topographic maps

External links

Lötschenpass Hut
Travel guides and maps (BLS)
List of Alpine passes in switzerland

Mountain passes of Switzerland
Mountain passes of the Alps
Mountain passes of Valais
Bern–Valais border


A is a 1965 short film animated by Jan Lenica.

Summary
It involves a writer tormented by a giant letter "A". He frees himself from the "A" only to encounter a "B".

Background
It began production in late 1965 and premiered at the Oberhausen Film Festival in February 1965. The film was considered lost until it was found as a part of a 1973 episode of Screening Room  and uploaded to YouTube in 2016.

References

External links

1965 films
West German films
German animated short films
1960s French-language films
1965 animated films
1960s animated short films
1965 short films
1960s rediscovered films
Rediscovered German films
1960s German films
Rediscovered animated films


Product displacement is the removing of trademarked products from primarily visual media in order to avoid the payment of licensing fees, if the trademark owner objects, or if the broadcaster would prefer not to publicise a product for free, if the owners have not paid for it to be included in a programme.

Product displacement can also refer to brands/companies deliberately modifying their name or logo in an attempt to make people see the logo and realize that the logo/name is not correct. This extra thinking time forces people to register the real brand. This method can be more effective than product placement.

Method
Product displacement is usually achieved via digital pixelation, though prior to the widespread availability of computer post-production, stagehands would cover up brands on bottles, etc., using tape, or by using fake labels. This was called "greeking" and the term is now used for the digital process as well.

Types
There are two types of product displacements within the industry, which are identified as fictionalized and unbranded product displacements.

Fictionalized product displacement
Fictionalized product displacement is often used by directors or production staff to use a completely fictional brand and/or product which closely resembles and mimics a non-fictional product or brand. This is often done, so the viewers can make close correlation with an already existing non-fictional brand that they may use on a daily basis without having to create another fictional dimension for a separate product altogether. Some of the most popular TV series over the past decade have used this technique to allow their viewers to make that clear distinction, especially shows such as Scrubs where the protagonists are often seen mingling at a coffee shop known as "Coffee Bucks" which closely resembles the logo, colour and theme of a Starbucks. Similarly other TV shows such as My Name Is Earl also used similar technique with the fictional candy bar by the name of TitTat Candy, which closely resembles the Kit Kat chocolate bar, offered by The Hershey Company.

Unbranded product displacement
Unbranded product displacement is used when a marketer makes a known effort to hide or pixelate the logo of non-fictional company or product within a specific advertisement, TV show, or movie. Within unbranded product displacement there are two different ways that can be used to hide or pixelate a non-fictional product or brand. Either through "digital alternation" where the brand is pixelated, erased, and or hidden digitally, or through physical removal of a brand, such as removing the logo of a car from its front grill.

Other notable examples

A TV or film studio does not need permission from a company to display or mention its products or service in media form. Warner Bros. Television's The Big Bang Theory used The Cheesecake Factory as a setting without any formal arrangement with the chain.

According to Danny Boyle, director of the Oscar-winning 2008 film Slumdog Millionaire, the producers had to resort to "product displacement" when companies such as Mercedes refused to allow their products to be used in non-flattering settings, in this case, a slum. This forced the filmmakers to digitally remove logos in post-production, costing "tens of thousands of pounds".

The practice of product displacement is also frequently seen on reality television, which do not have clearance to display the logos or products of non-sponsor companies. This accounts for the frequent appearance of pixel mosaics and blurring of logo T-shirts, soda cans or bottles, and other instances on shows such as America's Next Top Model, Survivor, Dr. Phil and The Real World.

The 2012 film Dark Horse was denied permission to film inside a Toys "R" Us, so director Todd Solondz fogged out the logo.

The 1978 film Grease was originally shot with several scenes containing Coca-Cola branded paraphernalia. Producer Allan Carr had signed a product placement deal with Coke's rival, Pepsi; after filming had wrapped, Coca-Cola ordered director Randal Kleiser to remove the Coke trademarks. Coca-Cola later sponsored the 2016 TV remake.

References

See also
Product placement

Film and video terminology
Marketing techniques
Television terminology


"Dulce" (Sweet) is a pop song recorded by Chilean singer and song-writer Francisca Valenzuela and this song is the second single and also the more successful single released from her first solo debut studio album, Muérdete La Lengua, which was released in Chile on December 28, 2006.

Song information
The song was written during 2005 by Valenzuela, and produced by Mauricio Durán and Francisco Durán, members of Chilean Rock band Los Bunkers. The song was released on December 28, 2006 on the radio. Subsequently, on March 12, 2007, it was made available for Digital Download.

Music video

The official music video for the song "Dulce" was premiered on Via X on January 30, 2007 with high popularity in the Chilean music channels, later on March 12, 2007 was premiered for MTV Latin America, the same day of the Digital release of the single. The music video was directed by Francisca García and in the simple music video shows to Francisca playing a piano in front a black screen with candies over the piano.

Track listing
Promo Single
 "Dulce" (Radio Version) – 3:20
 "Dulce" (Album Version) – 3:28

Digital Download Single
 "Dulce" (Album Version) – 3:28

Release history

References

External links

 Official Music website
 Official MySpace
 Official Blog

2006 singles
Francisca Valenzuela songs
Songs written by Francisca Valenzuela
2006 songs


The 1993 Stockholm Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 25th edition of the Stockholm Open and was part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1993 ATP Tour. It took place at the Stockholm Globe Arena in Stockholm, Sweden, from 25 October through 1 November 1993.

The singles draw was headlined by Pete Sampras. Fourth-seeded Michael Stich won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Michael Stich defeated  Goran Ivanišević, 4–6, 7–6, 7–6, 6–2
 It was Stich's 5th title of the year, and his 12th overall. It was his 2nd Masters title of the year, and overall.

Doubles

 Todd Woodbridge /  Mark Woodforde defeated  Gary Muller /  Danie Visser, 6–1, 3–6, 6–2

References

External links

 ATP tournament profile
 ITF tournament edition details


Le5 Communications is a Canadian media company. Based in Sudbury, Ontario, the company operates radio stations and newspapers in the Northeastern Ontario region. The company operates the only francophone commercial radio stations in Ontario which originate their own programming; with the exception of one station in Eastern Ontario which primarily rebroadcasts a station from Montreal with only a few hours per week of original programming, all other francophone stations in the province are public or community radio stations operated by non-profit groups or Radio-Canada.

Owned and operated by Paul Lefebvre, at the time a lawyer with the Sudbury firm of Weaver, Simmons, the company was incorporated in 2008 after Lefebvre reached a deal with Haliburton Broadcasting Group to acquire the company's francophone radio stations in Sudbury and Timmins for $425,000. The deal was approved by the CRTC on October 31, 2008.

The company's name is a pun on Lefebvre's surname. If the numeral 5 is pronounced as in English (i.e. "five" rather than "cinq"), the company's name is very close to the French pronunciation of Lefebvre.

History
Although originally established by separate owners in the 1950s, CHYC-FM in Sudbury and CHYK-FM in Timmins had been under common ownership since their acquisition by Mid-Canada Radio in 1985. The stations were acquired by the Pelmorex Radio Network in 1990, and subsequently by Haliburton in 1999, before Le5 acquired the stations in 2008.

On August 4, 2010, Le5 Communications applied to operate a new French-language FM radio station in West Nipissing, operating at 97.1 MHz with an adult pop-music format. The company received approval to operate the new station on January 6, 2011.

On March 28, 2015, Lefebvre was chosen as the Liberal Party of Canada's candidate for the Sudbury riding in the 2015 federal election. He won the seat in the 2015 election. The company subsequently operated in a blind trust, for compliance with parliamentary conflict of interest regulations.

Holdings

Radio
 Sudbury - CHYC-FM
 Timmins - CHYK-FM
 West Nipissing - CHYQ-FM

All three stations are branded as Le Loup, and air common programming for the most part. Each station formerly produced its own distinct morning show, but for the remainder of the day each station was the host studio to at least one daypart within a shared region-wide simulcast, though the three stations aired separate identifications and commercials. Programming has since been centralized so that all three stations now broadcast virtually identical programming at all times, predominantly produced in Sudbury except for some syndicated programming; as of 2020, the only locally targeted programming that remains separate on the three stations is local weather updates.

The Timmins station CHYK-FM formerly operated rebroadcasters in Kapuskasing and Hearst, which were decommissioned in 2016, and a community group holds a separate license to rebroadcast the Sudbury station in Chapleau.

Newspapers
The company launched L'Express de Timmins, a weekly francophone community newspaper in Timmins, in 2010. In 2011, it also purchased Sudbury's existing francophone community newspaper Le Voyageur. In 2013, L'Express de Timmins and Le Voyageur merged to form Le Voyageur La voix du Nord, with expanded coverage throughout the Northeastern Ontario region.

Controversy
Although it was not opposed to Le5's application to take over ownership of CHYC, Le Voyageur published an editorial in 2008 criticizing the CRTC for its handling of the application process. The paper took issue with the fact that the CRTC's original notice of hearing was not published in any of the region's local media, but only in the Ottawa newspaper Le Droit, a publication with very limited readership in the Sudbury or Timmins areas — thereby giving the region's Franco-Ontarian community little notice of either the pending transaction or the deadlines for reviewing and submitting comments regarding the application.

References

Radio broadcasting companies of Canada
Companies based in Greater Sudbury
Mass media companies established in 2008
Privately held companies of Canada
Newspaper companies of Canada
French-language media in Ontario


Chang Chia-juch (; born 25 June 1950 in Shanghai)  was Taiwanese politician who was the Minister of Economic Affairs of Taiwan from 2013 to 2014.

Early life
A native of Shanghai, Chang obtained his bachelor's degree in civil engineering from National Cheng Kung University. He continued his master's degree in the same field from San Jose State University in the United States and his doctoral degree in transportation engineering from Purdue University.

ROC Economic Affairs Ministry

Longmen nuclear power plant
In mid April 2013, commenting on Taiwan's fourth nuclear power plant construction, Chang said that the power plant has undergone rigorous integration and testing, therefore it is inappropriate to call the plant as an "assembled car". He added that the MOEA has created a team to inspect the overall system of the plant over the next six months to end the controversy.

Electric vehicle industry
Speaking at an automotive trade show in mid April 2013, Chang spoke about Taiwan's young electric vehicle industry. In the midst of growing world oil price and rising environmental awareness, he said that the MOEA is currently considering efforts to lower the cost of manufacturing, marketing and distributing electric vehicles to general public.

However, he acknowledged the current stumbling blocks for common usage of electric vehicle, especially on the current technology and availability of the charging stations around Taiwan.

2013 H7N9 flu virus outbreak
In end of April 2013 during the H7N9 flu virus outbreak, citing from the research result from Taiwan Institute of Economic Research, Chang warned that if this outbreak continues for three months, Taiwan's GDP forecast will drop by 0.004%. The flu will also hit Taiwan's consumption, production and export-related sectors if the outbreak gets worse. To mitigate this situation, Chang said that the MOEA has prepared a special task force to monitor the ongoing situation, and they will aim to be well-prepared to prevent the disease from spreading further.

Taiwan's Q1 2013 economic growth
Commenting on Taiwan's Q1 2013 lower-than-expected 1.54% economic growth at Legislative Yuan in end of April 2013, Chang said the MOEA will continue to promote policies to strengthen Taiwan's export and domestic investment. He also reassure people to be more optimistic on the annual GDP growth, because low GDP growth in Q1 doesn't mean low GDP growth in the remaining quarters in the same year.

2014 APEC Ministerial meeting
In mid May 2014 during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Ministerial meeting in Qingdao, Shandong, Chang had a meeting with PRC Minister of Commerce Gao Hucheng. Chang asked the Mainland China side to give a pragmatic response to the key problems that are the challenges to the singing of the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement between the two sides, in which those problems are linked primarily to the industrial sectors. Gao promised that the Mainland side will continue their internal coordination and reiterated Beijing's effort to promote a win-win condition for cross-strait exchanges.

References

1950 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Shanghai
Republic of China politicians from Shanghai
Taiwanese Ministers of Economic Affairs
Purdue University College of Engineering alumni
San Jose State University alumni
National Cheng Kung University alumni
Taiwanese chairpersons of corporations
Businesspeople in steel
21st-century Taiwanese businesspeople
20th-century Taiwanese businesspeople
Taiwanese people from Shanghai


On June 29, 2008, the XVIII World Congress on Safety and Health at Work signed the Seoul Declaration on Safety and Health at Work. The declaration included statements concerning national governments' responsibility for perpetuating a "national preventive safety and health culture", for improving their national safe-workplace performance systematically, and for providing a health standard with appropriate enforcement to protect workers. The declaration also listed responsibilities of employers, stated the rights of workers, and emphasized the importance of promoting a culture of safety.

The XVIII World Congress on Safety and Health at Work
Every three years, the International Labour Organization (ILO) and International Social Security Association (ISSA) organize a World Congress on Safety and Health at Work, bringing together government ministers, corporate leaders, health experts, and employer and worker representatives. The XVIII World Congress was sponsored by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) and convened from June 29, 2008 through July 2, 2008, in Seoul, South Korea. The Congress drew over 4,000 participants from 100 countries and resulted in the signing of the Seoul Declaration on Safety and Health at Work.

Groundwork for the Seoul Declaration
The genesis of the Seoul Declaration came with the first Safety and Health Summit. The approximately 50 representatives at the Summit signed a Declaration of Safety and Health at Work. This document outlined standards through which workers, employers, and governments could collaborate to reduce workplace accidents and disease. The work was subsequently expanded upon, resulting ultimately in the Seoul Declaration later that year.

Provisions of the Seoul Declaration
The Seoul Declaration recognizes worker safety as a basic human right and emphasizes workplace safety's positive impact on working conditions, productivity, and economic and social development. The declaration addresses government, employer, and worker responsibilities, and describes the commitment made by the document's signatories.

Government
The declaration urges governments to implement effective labor inspection systems that focus on improving national performance systematically.  It encourages governments to ratify of the ILO Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006 (No. 187).

Employers
The declaration pronounces the relationship between high safety and health standards at work and good business performance. Employers are encouraged to implement management systems to improve workplace safety and health and to guarantee that workers are consulted, trained, informed and involved in the process.

Worker responsibilities
The declaration calls upon workers to follow safety and health instructions and procedures, to properly use personal protective equipment, to participate in safety and health training, and to cooperate with their employer in adhering to measures related to their safety and health at work.

Signatories
In accepting the Seoul Declaration, signatories committed to promote a preventive safety and health culture and push workplace safety in their various national agendas. Additional they agreed to revisit the declaration and review its progress at the next meeting of the Congress.

References

External links
 Official Website of the Seoul Declaration on Safety and Health at Work

Occupational safety and health
2008 works


Bybon was an athlete who lived in Ancient Greece during the early 6th century BC.

A single short inscription from Olympia records all that is known of Bybon. The son of a man named Phola, Bybon was apparently a weightlifter of remarkable capability. The inscription bearing his name was found on a block of granite with two deep notches carved out of it, forming a handle so that the stone could be used as a free weight; weighing approximately , the stone's carved inscription reads:

The historian E. Norman Gardinier translates the word 'lifted' as 'threw'. In regard to the athletic culture in which such a throw may have been made he states:

The stone is on display at the Archaeological Museum of Olympia.

See also
Ballistic training
Stone lifting
History of physical training and fitness

References

Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Greek male weightlifters
Ancient Greek sportspeople
6th-century BC Greek people


Sundarrajan is a South Indian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Major Sundarrajan (1935–2003), Tamil actor
 R. Sundarrajan (born 1950), Tamil director and actor
 R. Sundarrajan (died 2020), Indian politician

Surnames of Indian origin


Mao Chi-kuo (; born 4 October 1948 in Fenghua, Zhejiang) is a Taiwanese politician, who served as the Premier, the President of Executive Yuan from 2014 to 2016.

Early life
Mao was born on 4 October 1948, in Fenghua, Zhejiang Province. Mao obtained his bachelor's degree in civil engineering from the National Cheng Kung University in Tainan in 1971. He obtained his Master's of Engineering in Community and Regional Development from the Asian Institute of Technology in Thailand in 1975, then his Ph.D. in civil engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in United States in 1982.

Academic career
In 1982-1987, Mao was the Associate Professor, Professor and Director at the National Chiao Tung University (NCTU) in Hsinchu City. In 2003-2006, he became the Chair Professor of the College of Management of NCTU, and become the college's Dean and Professor in 2006-2008.

Political career
Mao's first service at the Ministry of Transportation and Communications was as the Administrative Deputy Minister under President Lee Teng-hui from 1993 until 2000.

He served as the Minister of Transportation and Communications in the Republic of China under the administration of President Ma Ying-jeou from 2008 until 2013.

Speaking at the completion ceremony in Kinmen of the first cross-strait submarine communication cable linking Kinmen and Xiamen in August 2012, Mao said that the undersea cable will ease the construction of any future cross-strait cable projects.

See also

 List of premiers of the Republic of China
 List of vice premiers of the Republic of China

References

External links
 Vice Premier

|-

1948 births
Asian Institute of Technology alumni
Kuomintang politicians in Taiwan
Living people
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Politicians from Ningbo
Premiers of the Republic of China on Taiwan
Republic of China politicians from Zhejiang
20th-century Taiwanese economists
Taiwanese Ministers of Transportation and Communications
Taiwanese people from Zhejiang


Gino Cauchi (born 25 January 1968 in Paola) is a Sales and Marketing Manager in One Productions Ltd and a Maltese politician. He was a member of parliament in the House of Representatives of Malta of the Labour Party (Partit Laburista).

Personal life and family
Cauchi was born in Paola and lives in Pembroke. He is married to Louiselle née Attard, and they have two children: Paula and Nicholas.

Career at One Productions
He joined One Productions as Head of News and Current Affairs in 2000.
Took over as Head of Sales and Marketing in 2005.
Currently he is a Communication Executive within the Labour Party.

Journalism
Cauchi worked as a journalist with the Public Broadcasting Authority (The National Television Station in Malta) from 1985 till 2000. He later worked as a journalist with Party's television and radio station, Super One Radio and took on a similar role at Super One TV., becoming the station's head of news in 2000. He was also editor of Party's media, One Productions Ltd, between 2000 and 2005.

Politics
Gino was as a member of the youth section of the Labour Party, the Socialist Youth Forum (Ghaqda Żgħażagħ Socjalisti) in the committee of Santa Lucija. From 1995 till 1998 he had served as a mayor of Pembroke. He later served as Education Secretary and Acting President of the local committee of Pembroke and he was involved in the 10th district of Labour Party. For these last three years, he contested the elections to represent the delegates in Labour Party General Conference. He produced the document of the social and economic of the Labour Party. On 31 October 2008, Cauchi was casually elected as a member of parliament following the passing away of Karl Chircop.

References

Members of the House of Representatives of Malta
1968 births
Living people
Labour Party (Malta) politicians
21st-century Maltese politicians


The Dolly Varden Mountains are a mountain range in Elko County, Nevada.

References

Mountain ranges of Nevada
Mountain ranges of Elko County, Nevada


Peter Stafford Hayden Lawrence (9 February 1913 – 18 March 2005) was a master at Eton College and The Doon School, India and an author. He was, until his death, the last surviving master at Eton to have served in the Second World War.

Lawrence was born on 9 February 1913, the son of Aubrey Trevor Lawrence KC, MBE and his wife Constance Emily Fanning. He was the grandson of Sir Trevor Lawrence, 2nd Baronet and was, until his death, heir to that title. He was educated at Eton, where his godfather, Cyril Alington, had recently been appointed head master, and at Christ Church, Oxford, his father's college, where he read science and mathematics.

During his time at Oxford he returned to Eton several times as a stopgap teacher. After university he taught for a while at The Doon School in India before returning to become a full-time assistant master at Eton. He later became a house master. Through his Indian connections he came to have the late Birendra of Nepal in his house. He was eventually rewarded with the Order of the White Elephant, First Class, for his work with the Nepalese Crown Prince.

In August 1940, Lawrence married Helena Frances Lyttelton, the daughter of G. W. Lyttelton (see Viscount Cobham) and Pamela Marie Adeane, herself daughter of Charles Adeane. With her he had two sons and four daughters.

During the Second World War he served in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve. Lawrence saw service as a radar officer in the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean. He was mentioned in dispatches following night patrols in the English Channel before D-Day and was demobilised as a Lieutenant Commander (Special Branch).

In 1977 Lawrence retired to Great Milton, Oxfordshire. He was the author of two volumes of photography of Eton (An Eton Camera) and edited many others (including The Encouragement of Learning, an anthology of articles and extracts from many sources covering most aspects of Eton life to the end of the Victorian Age, and Grizel Hartley Remembered, a collection of letters and memories of a unique Eton character). He founded the Museum of Eton Life, and also wrote obituaries of Eton masters for the Daily Telegraph.

See also

Lawrence baronets

References

Daily Telegraph obituary
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.
Burkes Peerage and Baronetage (2003), s.v. Lawrence, Baronets, of Ealing Park

1913 births
2005 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Teachers at Eton College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
The Doon School faculty


EFM32 Gecko MCUs are a family of mixed-signal 32-bit microcontroller integrated circuits from Energy Micro (now Silicon Labs) based on ARM Cortex-M CPUs, including the Cortex-M0+, Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4.

Overview
EFM32 microcontrollers have a majority of their functionality available down to their deep sleep modes, at sub-microamp current consumption, enabling energy-efficient, and autonomous behavior while the CPU is sleeping.

An example of a deep sleep peripheral on EFM32 is the Low Energy Sensor Interface (LESENSE), which is capable of duty-cycling inductive, capacitive, and resistive sensors while autonomously operating in Deep Sleep mode. Another aspect of the Gecko MCUs is that the peripherals have a direct connection with each other, allowing them to communicate without CPU wake-up and intervention. This interconnect is known as the Peripheral Reflex System (PRS).

Functionality is available at the lower Stop and Shutoff energy modes. The Stop mode includes analog comparators, watchdog timers, pulse counters, I2C links, and external interrupts. In Shutoff mode, with 20–100 nA current consumption, depending on the product, applications have access to GPIO, reset, a real-time counter (RTC), and retention memory.

The EFM32 family consists of a number of sub-families, ranging from the EFM32 Zero Gecko, based on an ARM Cortex-M0+, to the higher performing EFM32 Giant Gecko and Wonder Gecko, based on Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4 respectively. EFM32 technology is also the foundation for EFR32 Wireless Geckos, a portfolio of Sub-GHz and 2.4 GHz wireless system on a chip (SoC) devices.

Product families:

Key properties
The energy efficiency of the EFM32 MCU portfolio stems from autonomous operations in deep sleep modes, low active and sleep currents, and fast wakeup times. EFM32 devices claim to be constructed to reduce development cycles by being pin and software compatible, scalable across wide application requirements, and compatible with multiple development platforms. The wireless Gecko portfolio (EFR32) shares the same MCU architecture with both software and hardware (pin/package) compatibility.

Features
At a low level, the MCU can be broken down into eight categories: the core and memory, clock management, energy management, serial interfaces, I/O ports, timers and triggers, analog interfaces, and security modules.

Features of the MCU include:

 Low-energy modes.
 Peripheral Reflex System (PRS), a peripheral interconnect system with eight triggers to handle task execution without CPU intervention.
 CPU: ARM Cortex-M series, from the Cortex-M0+ to the Cortex-M4.
 Clock rate: 4 MHz to 48 MHz.
 Low frequency and ultralow frequency clocks.
 Internal voltage regulators.
 Flash memory: 4 kB to 1024 kB.
 RAM: 2 kB to 128 kB.
 Serial digital interfaces: USART, low energy UART, I2C, and USB.
 Timer and triggers block of the MCU includes a CRYOTIMER, low energy pulse counter (PCNT), and backup real-time-counter (RTC).
 Analog modules: ADCs, DACs, operational amplifiers, and analog comparators.
 Hardware cryptographic engines and cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs).
 Up to 93 General-purpose Input/Output (GPIO) pins.
 Some variants have LCD controllers.

Design and development resources
Design and development resources include: a freeware Integrated Development Environment (IDE), performance analysis tools, configuration tools and utilities, compilers and development platforms, software stacks, reference code and design examples, application notes, training videos, and white papers.

Silicon Labs Simplicity Studio is a freeware, Eclipse-based development platform with graphical configuration tools, energy-profiling tools, wireless network analysis tools, demos, software examples, documentation, technical support and community forums. It also includes compiler tool options, including GCC for ARM, Keil, IAR Embedded Workbench, and other third-party tools.

Tools within Simplicity Studio IDE include the Advanced Energy Monitor (AEM) and the Network Debugger called “Packet Trace”. The Advanced Energy Monitor is an EFM32 tool that allows developers to do energy profiling while their application is running. It also claims to allow direct code correlation to optimize both hardware and software. The Network Debugger is a tool that allows developers using the wireless Gecko MCUs to trace network traffic and packets throughout nodes on the network.

EFM32 is supported by multiple third-party Real-time operating system (RTOS) and software libraries, drivers, and stacks, like Micro-Controller Operating Systems (uC/OS) (Micrium), FreeRTOS, GNU Chopstx, embOS (Segger), and mbed OS (ARM). In October 2016, Silicon Labs acquired Micrium. In addition to IoT-critical middleware stacks such as TCP/IP, Micrium provides a RTOS that enables embedded IoT designs to handle task management in real time.

Getting started
EFM32 starter kits are available for evaluation purposes and to gain familiarity with the portfolio. Each starter kit contains sensors and peripherals that help illustrate device capabilities as well as serve as a starting point for application development. Using Simplicity Studio software also grants access to kit information and the ability to program the starter kit with demos and code examples. Most starter kits contain EEPROM with board IDs to enable automated setup when a kit is connected to Simplicity Studio IDE.

Some of the EFM32 kits are ARM mbed-enabled. These kits support ARM mbed out of the box, and are supported in Simplicity Studio development tools and community forums.

Featuring the Giant Gecko MCU with 1024KB of Flash and 93 GPIO, the EFM32 Giant Gecko Starter Kit, shown below, is one of the latest starter kit offerings in the EFM32 family.

Other EFM32 starter kits include:

Energy modes
The EFM32 is designed to achieve a high degree of autonomous operation in the low-energy modes. Multiple ultralow energy modes are available for tuning energy usage and significantly reducing power consumption.

Core technology
EFM32 products can maintain processing with reduced energy consumption. In Active/Run mode, the EFM32 has a base current consumption of 114 µA/MHz while running real-time code with a clock speed of 32 MHz at 3V of power. The EFM32 has a maximum clock speed of 48 MHz, which caps the total power consumption.

Energy consumption of the EFM32 can be reduced by configuring the attached peripherals. In the Active/Run mode, the CPU may interact with all peripherals. Interaction with high-frequency peripherals, those requiring a clock in the megahertz range, can be done in the Active/Run mode and the Sleep mode. Interaction with low-speed peripherals, those requiring a lower-speed clock such as 32 kilohertz, may be done in the Deep Sleep mode and any higher mode. Asynchronous peripherals, those that do not require a clock, may be interacted with in Stop mode and any higher mode.

To further reduce energy consumption, the timing of the interactions of the EFM32 may be grouped together so that the CPU is woken to interact with the peripherals and then, when the interactions and processing has completed, the EFM32 may be put into one of the lower energy modes. The features of Autonomous Peripherals, Peripheral Reflex System, and LESENSE may also be drawn upon to keep the EFM32 in lower energy modes.
 The Autonomous Peripheral feature ensures that peripheral devices can operate without waking up the CPU. This feature provides direct memory access (DMA) support with up to 16 channels, depending on the EFM32.
 The Peripheral Reflex System may be configured to work with the Autonomous Peripherals by executing tasks without CPU intervention.
 LESENSE is an EFM32 feature that allows the MCU to monitor up to 16 sensors in Deep Sleep mode. The EFM32 can do resistive sensing, capacitive sensing, and inductive sensing in this mode.

When needed, the EFM32 can wake up from Deep Sleep mode and engage the CPU in less than two microseconds.

Application examples of low-energy Gecko technology
ADC sensing applications (temperature): In a demonstration with the Wonder Gecko MCU and a standard temperature thermistor, setting the ADC to sample the thermistor every second (at 1 Hz rate) equates to 1.3 μA average current. This would equate to a 220 mA-hr CR2032 coin cell battery lasting for close to 20 years. This same application could be implemented with LESENSE and preset thresholds, instead of using regular time interval ADC samples. In the case of LESENSE and irregular triggers, a threshold trigger rate of 1 Hz would allow the EFM32 to stay in a low energy mode unless the sensor reading crosses a preset threshold.

Low-energy pulse counter for metrology: Using the low energy pulse counter, the EFM32 could also be used in (pulsed) sensing applications. For example, with a magnetic Hall effect sensor, the EFM32 can convert rotational position to quantified speed or flow rate. This is a common situation in water or heat flow metering. The EFM32 can be used in Stop mode (EM3) to count pulses and calculate flow. Operating power consumption in this state could be as low as 650 nA (3Vdc).

History
The EFM32 microcontroller family is one of the two products of Energy Micro. The other being EFR4D Draco SoC radios.
 In April 2008, Energy Micro announced that it licensed the ARM Cortex-M3 core.
 In October 2009, Energy Micro announced the EFM32 Gecko MCU family (EFM32G series) based on Cortex-M3.
 In December 2009, Energy Micro announced development kit for its EFM32 Gecko MCU family.
 In February 2010, Energy Micro announced EFM32 Tiny Gecko MCUs were announced.
 In March 2010, Energy Micro announced the EFM32 Tiny Gecko MCU family (EFM32TG series) based on Cortex-M3.
 In March 2010, Energy Micro announced low cost EFM32 Gecko starter kit.
 In July 2010, Energy Micro announced the EFM32 Giant Gecko MCU family (EFM32GG series) based on Cortex-M3 for memory heavy applications.
 In November 2010, Energy Micro announced the Simplicity Studio development suite.
 In March 2011, Energy Micro announced the EFM32 Zero Gecko MCU family (EFM32ZG series) based on Cortex-M0+ for low cost applications.
 In September 2011, Energy Micro announced the EFM32 Leopard Gecko MCU family (EFM32LG series) based on Cortex-M3.
 In April 2013, Energy Micro announced the EFM32 Wonder Gecko MCU family (EFM32WG series) based on ARM Cortex-M4F.
 In June 2013, Silicon Labs announced the intention to acquire Energy Micro.
 In July 2013, Silicon Labs completed the acquisition of Energy Micro.

Development tools

The Gecko mbed compiler is available at: https://developer.mbed.org/compiler/#nav:/;

See also

 ARM architecture, List of ARM microprocessor cores, ARM Cortex-M
 Microcontroller, List of common microcontrollers
 Embedded system, Single-board microcontroller
 Interrupt, Interrupt handler, Comparison of real-time operating systems
 JTAG, SWD

References

External links

EFM32 official documents

 EFM32 application notes
 EFM32 developer forum

ARM official documents

EFM32 starter kit videos
 Wireless Gecko Multiprotocol Simplicity from Silicon Labs
 Wireless Gecko - Introduction to EFR32 HW development tools
 EFM32 Gecko Cortex-M3 Starter Kit from Silicon Labs
 Wireless Gecko - Sub-GHz Design Practices from Silicon Labs
 Using the BG Tool to Make RF Testing
 Silicon Labs Wireless Gecko Family | Digi-Key Daily

EFM32 training videos
 Simplicity Studio IDE
 Mastering Simplicity Studio - Featuring Energy Profiler
 Mastering Simplicity Studio - Configurator
 Mastering Simplicity Studio - Network Analyzer
 Mastering Simplicity Studio - Application Builder

EFM32 blog
 Raising a Gecko
 IoT Hero from Teenage Engineering Puts a New Spin on Music
 IoT Hero: Tim Gipson from Mide
 Students to Study a New Course Based on EFM32
 Choose Wisely: An MCU is Only a Good as its Development Tools
 Get More from our New Multiprotocol and Sub-GHz Wireless SoCs with Connect Networking Stack

Other
 ARM: Energy Micro Licenses Cortex-M3 Processor
 EETimes: ARM Extends to Low Power applications

ARM-based microcontrollers