Carl Filtsch (28 May 1830 – 11 May 1845) was a Transylvanian pianist and composer. He was a child prodigy, and student of Frédéric Chopin.

Life and education
Filtsch was born in Mühlbach (Sebeș) in present-day Romania. His father Joseph Filtsch, a Lutheran church pastor in Mühlbach, was his first piano teacher. His first public success came at the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Vienna. Carl and his brother Joseph, also a child pianist, arrived in Paris on November 29, 1841, and immediately sought out Chopin to be Carl's teacher.  Though Chopin almost never taught children, and rarely gave a student more than one lesson per week, he agreed to teach Carl, and gave him three lessons per week.

Considered Chopin's most talented pupil, Filtsch received high praise from Franz Liszt, Friedrich Wieck, Giacomo Meyerbeer, Ignaz Moscheles, the music critic Ludwig Rellstab, and fellow child prodigy, Anton Rubinstein.  Filtsch began touring Europe on concert tours at the age of 13.  After triumphant concerts in Paris, London, and Vienna, his promising career was cut short by an early death in Venice from tuberculosis. He is buried in the Protestant section of the San Michele cemetery.

Quality of playing
According to numerous letters from Chopin and his acquaintances, Chopin considered Filtsch the most worthy interpreter of his music.  A friend of Chopin, Ferdinand Denis, reported in an article in Vienna's Der Humorist in February 1843 that on one occasion after listening to Filtsch, Chopin exclaimed, "My God!  What a child!  Nobody has ever understood me as this child has...It is not imitation, it is the same sentiment, an instinct that makes him play without thinking as if it could not have been any other way.  He plays almost all my compositions without having heard me [play them], without being shown the smallest thing - not exactly like me [because he has his own cachet], but certainly not less well."

Recordings
 Filtsch, Talberg, Liszt, Chopin: Piano music - Leonhard Westermayr (CD MMS 2616)
 (2010) Mikuli, Teffelsen, Filtsch, Gutmann: Piano music - Hubert Rutkowski (Naxos 8.572344)
 (2011) Mikuli, Teffelsen, Filtsch: Violin & piano music - Voytek Proniewicz, Alexander Jakobidze-Gitman (Naxos 8.572460)
 (2012) Tellefsen and Filtsch: Piano Concerto, Concert Piece, Overture - Hubert Rutkowski, Polish Radio Symphony Orchestra, Lukasz Borowicz (Accord 177 2)
(2016)   Carl Filtsch Piano Solo Pieces - Chiyo Hagiwara  (ALCD-9161)

References

External links
 The Annual Filtsch Piano Competition
 Konzertstueck by Carl Filtsch (1830-1845)
 Partial list of works

Polish Romantic composers
Austrian classical composers
Austrian children
Austrian Lutherans
Transylvanian Saxon people
1830 births
1845 deaths
Austrian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Child classical musicians
Pupils of Frédéric Chopin
People from Sebeș
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
19th-century classical composers
19th-century classical pianists
19th-century male musicians
Tuberculosis deaths in Italy
Burials at Isola di San Michele
Infectious disease deaths in Veneto


The white suckerfish or mantasucker (Remora albescens) is a species of remora in the family Echeneidae, a group of elongated marine fish with adhesive discs for attaching to larger organisms. The distribution of this species is worldwide in warm open seas: it is found in the western Indian Ocean including Réunion and Mauritius, in the eastern Pacific Ocean from San Francisco to Chile (but is rare north of Baja California), and in the western and eastern central Atlantic Ocean from Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to Brazil and St. Paul's Rocks.

The white suckerfish can reach  in standard length. The adhesive disk is short and wide, the length 34-40% and the width 22-26% of the standard length, with 13-14 lamellae. The pelvic fins are placed far forward and narrowly attached to the abdomen; the dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins are short with reduced rays. The dorsal fin rays number 18-23, the anal fin rays 18–24, and the pectoral fin rays 18–21. The dentition is specialized, consisting of many large, stout canine teeth set in large patches in broad jaws. The head, body, and fins are colored light brown, light tan, or light grey to whitish. Three documented specimens from the Gulf of Mexico show considerable variation in color pattern, from uniform grey or pale bluish-white to light grey, darkening on the sides and belly and bearing numerous elongated spots. One living specimen immediately darkened in color when it was removed from sea water and lightened when it was returned.

White suckerfish are rarely found free-swimming; they are host-specific to manta rays, and enter their host's mouth and gill chamber more often than any other remora. They are also occasionally found attached to sharks, and in the Indo-Pacific region to black marlin. Unlike some other remora species, parasitic copepods comprise a negligible part of the diet of the white suckerfish, suggesting it may not have a mutualistic relationship with its host. The white suckerfish responds to a touch on its belly by forcefully erecting its pelvic fins, possibly an adaptation to avoid crushing by its host. Nothing is known about their reproduction. It is used in Chinese medicine.

References

External links
 Photograph

white suckerfish
white suckerfish


{{Speciesbox
|name = Desert bloodwood
|image = Corymbia opaca habit.jpg
|image_caption = Corymbia opaca in Central Australia
|genus = Corymbia
|species = opaca
|authority = (D.J.Carr & S.G.M.Carr) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson
|synonyms_ref =
|synonyms =
 Eucalyptus centralis D.J.Carr & S.G.M.Carr
 Eucalyptus opaca D.J.Carr & S.G.M.Carr
 Eucalyptus orientalis D.J.Carr & S.G.M.Carr
 Corymbia eremaea subsp. eremaea'  auct. non (D.J.Carr & S.G.M.Carr) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson
 Eucalyptus terminalis auct. non F.Muell.
 Eucalyptus terminalis auct. non F.Muell.
}}
thumb|225px|fruitCorymbia opaca, also known as desert bloodwood''', is a species of tree that is endemic to northern Australia. It has rough bark on part or all of the trunk, lance-shaped leaves, club-shaped flower buds and urn-shaped fruit. Several parts of this plant are used by Aboriginal Australians in traditional medicine.

Description
Corymbia opaca is a tree, rarely a mallee, that typically grows to a height of  and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, tessellated, reddish brown bark over some or all of its trunk. Young plants and coppice regrowth have petiolate, egg-shaped to lance-shaped leaves,  long and  wide, with a small point on the tip. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same shade of green or greyish green on both sides, lance-shaped,  long and  wide with a petiole  long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven on an unbranched, cylindrical peduncle  long, the individual buds on pedicels  long. Mature buds are club-shaped, with an oval floral cup about  long and  wide and a saucer-shaped operculum that has a central point and is about  long and  wide. The flowers are creamy white and the fruit is an urn-shaped capsule  long and  wide.

Taxonomy and naming
The desert bloodwood was first formally described in 1985 by Denis John Carr and Stella Grace Maisie Carr who gave it the name Eucalyptus opaca and published the description in their book Eucalyptus 1 - New or little-known species of the Corymbosae. The type specimens were collected in 1983 from the Lasseter Highway near Kata Tjuta. In 1995, Ken Hill and Lawrie Johnson changed the name to Corymbia opaca, publishing the change in the journal Telopea. The specific epithet (opaca) is derived from the Latin word opacus meaning "darkened, dull, not shining or opaque".

Some authors and herbaria accept C. opaca as a distinct species and others consider it to be inseparable from C. terminalis and C. tumescens. To the extent that the species can be reliably differentiated, C. terminalis has thinner leaves, larger buds and fruit and thicker pedicels than C. opaca.

Distribution and habitatCorymbia opaca'' occurs in scattered population in desert areas of the southwest Kimberley, Pilbara and northern desert regions of Western Australia, in central and southern parts of the Northern Territory (particularly around Alice Springs) and in the Mann and Musgrave Ranges in the far northwest of South Australia. It commonly grows in sandy soils in alluvial areas and on lower hillslopes.

Conservation status
This eucalypt is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife and as "least concern" in South Australia.

Use in bush medicine
Occasionally a bloodwood tree will shed a piece of bark, hence opening a "wound" through which a blood-like kino will flow. The sap flows until it crystallises, covering up the hole in the bark. Australian Aboriginals collect this substance as bush medicine.  They apply the sticky gum directly to sores or cuts and it works as an antiseptic.  If the sap is in a dried form, it can be crushed into powder and boiled in water to use as an antiseptic wash.

Another use of the bloodwood sap by Aboriginal people is to tan "kangaroo-skin waterbags".

People collect bush coconuts (a type of bush tucker) from the tree, which are produced by an insect in gall.

The roots of the bloodwood tree store water.  Aboriginal peoples would dig up the roots and drain the water into a container.

See also
List of Corymbia species

References

opaca
Myrtales of Australia
Australian Aboriginal bushcraft
Rosids of Western Australia
Flora of the Northern Territory
Flora of South Australia
Plants described in 1985
Taxa named by Maisie Carr


Logan County Schools is the operating school district within Logan County, West Virginia. It is governed by the Logan County Board of Education.

Schools

Elementary Schools

 Buffalo Elementary School
 Chapmanville Primary School
 Chapmanville Intermediate
 Holden Central Elementary School
 Hugh Dingess Elementary School
 Justice Elementary School
 Logan Elementary School
 Man Elementary School
 Omar Elementary School
 South Man Elementary School
 Verdunville Elementary School

Middle Schools

 Chapmanville Middle School
 Logan Middle School
 Man Middle School

High Schools
Logan High School
Chapmanville Regional High School
Man High School
Ralph R. Willis Career and Technical Center

References

External links
 Logan County Schools

School districts in West Virginia
Education in Logan County, West Virginia


Blue Delight is a jazz album by free jazz pioneer Sun Ra.

The album was the first in a short-term recording deal with major label A&M Records on their "Modern Masters Jazz Series" imprint.

The album was recorded at Variety Recording Studios, New York on December 5, 1988 featuring a 19-piece group that included several Arkestra members or veterans.

Eight tracks were used for the Blue Delight album. Other recordings from this session were released three years later by Rounder Records on the album Somewhere Else, released shortly before Sun Ra's death. The Blue Delight album is available on iTunes and other digital outlets, and the copyright on the original album was passed on by A&M's current owner, Universal Music, to Sun Ra’s estate’s holding company, Sun Ra LLC, in 2016.

Reception
The Allmusic review by Sean Westergaard awarded the album 4½ stars stating "Blue Delight is a great late-period Arkestra recording, notable for several reasons: 1. This is a very large, impeccably recorded Arkestra featuring special guests Tommy Turrentine and Don Cherry AND a number of Arkestra alumni returning for the date. 2. Although synthesizers are present, the majority of Ra's solos are on piano. 3. John Gilmore solos on nearly every cut. 4. The band swings mightily from start to finish. Blue Delight also features a program of a handful of standards mixed with Ra originals that don't head too far into outer space. Although this recording is out of print, it is well-worth seeking out.".

Track listing
"Blue Delight" - 11:10
"Out of Nowhere" (Green, Heyman) - 5:26
"Sunrise" - 11:48
"They Dwell on Other Planes" - 14:41
"Gone with the Wind" (Magison, Wrubel) - 5:51
"Your Guest is as Good as Mine" - 5:53
"Nashira" (Priester) - 4:09
"Days of Wine and Roses" (Mancini) - 6:58

All compositions by Sun Ra except as indicated. All arrangements by Sun Ra.
Recorded at Variety Recording Studios, New York on December 5, 1988.

Personnel
Sun Ra - piano, synthesizer
Fred Adams - trumpet
Tommy Turrentine - trumpet
Ahmed Abdullah - trumpet
Al Evans - flugelhorn
Tyrone Hill - trombone
Julian Priester - trombone
Marshall Allen - alto saxophone, flute, oboe, clarinet
Noel Scott - alto saxophone, percussion
John Gilmore - tenor saxophone, clarinet, percussion
Danny Ray Thompson - baritone saxophone, flute, bongos
Eloe Omoe - bass clarinet, alto saxophone, contra-alto clarinet, percussion
James Jacson - bassoon, flute, percussion
Bruce Edwards - electric guitar
Carl LeBlanc - electric guitar (all solos)
John Ore - bass
Billy Higgins - drums
Earl "Buster" Smith - drums
Elson Nascimento - percussion

References

Sun Ra albums
A&M Records albums
1989 albums


Chapmanville Regional High School is West Virginia's first cross-county consolidated high school, combining students from Chapmanville High School in Logan County with students from Harts High School in Lincoln County. CRHS is located in Chapmanville. It is operated by Logan County Schools, but funded by both counties. The school hosts roughly 600 students in a given academic year.

Since the merger, CRHS has enjoyed success in football, baseball, and basketball and is a member of the West Virginia Class AA sports division.

The CRHS baseball team went 35-3 and won the Class AA state championship in 2011 marking it the first state championship as Chapmanville Regional High School.

On March 17, 2018, the CRHS boys basketball team defeated the Polar Bears of Fairmont Senior High School by a score of 69 to 60 to take home their first ever state championship.

On March 16, 2019, The CRHS boys basketball team repeated as WV Class AA State Champs by defeating the Fairmont Senior High School Polar Bears 60-46.

Notable alumni

 Obinna Anochili-Killen, Marshall University Basketball Player

References

External links
Chapmanville Regional High School

Public high schools in West Virginia
Schools in Logan County, West Virginia


Tropical Storm Dorothy was the deadliest tropical cyclone of the 1970 Atlantic hurricane season. The fourth named storm and fifth tropical storm or hurricane of the season, Dorothy developed on August 17 from a tropical wave to the east of the Lesser Antilles. It tracked west-northwestward throughout its entire duration, and despite forecasts of attaining hurricane status, Dorothy reached peak winds of 70 mph (110 km/) – slightly below hurricane status. The storm struck Martinique on August 20, and subsequently began a gradual weakening trend in the Caribbean Sea. On August 23, Dorothy dissipated south of Hispaniola.

Most significantly affected by the storm was Martinique, which received 26.8 in (680 mm) of rainfall in a 24‑hour period. The rainfall caused flooding and mudslides, resulting in about $34 million in damage (1970 USD); 186 homes were destroyed, and 700 people were left homeless. The flooding killed up to 50 people on the island. Elsewhere in the Lesser Antilles, the storm killed one person on Dominica from heavy rainfall, and in Guadeloupe heavy damage to the banana crop was reported.

Meteorological history

The origins of Tropical Storm Dorothy were from a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa on August 13. It tracked generally westward, developing into a tropical depression on August 17 about  east of Tobago in the Lesser Antilles. Two days later, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Dorothy, while located about 500 mi (800 km) east of the Lesser Antilles, with its intensity confirmed by the hurricane hunters.

With light vertical wind shear and warm water temperatures, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) remarked on August 19 that "hurricane status would probably be attained this afternoon or tonight." Its track was expected to continue generally west-northwestward, influenced by a ridge near the Bahamas, and within 60 hours Dorothy was forecast to be north or over Puerto Rico. However, a subsequent hurricane hunters flight reported a more westerly motion, which would bring its track through the central Lesser Antilles. Tropical Storm Dorothy gradually intensified, reaching peak winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) on August 20 just east-northeast of Barbados. hurricane hunters confirmed the intensity, though the flight also reported a weakness of low-level inflow. Despite maintaining winds of just below hurricane-force, there was no evidence of an eyewall on radars as the storm approached the Lesser Antilles. Late on August 20, the storm moved across Martinique into the Caribbean Sea, during which its low-level circulation became disorganized.

As Tropical Storm Dorothy moved further into the Caribbean Sea, it began a gradual weakening trend initiated by a persistent tropical upper tropospheric trough, as well as the presence of strong wind shear and a lack of inflow. Hurricane Hunter flights late on August 21 and early on August 22 failed to locate a closed low-level circulation, and as a result the storm was downgraded to a tropical depression. After another flight into the system could not detect a circulation, the NHC discontinued advisories on Dorothy to the south of Hispaniola late on August 22. Around the same time, thunderstorms increased in association with the cyclone, and forecasters remarked the potential for re-intensification over the western Caribbean Sea. However, the storm became more disorganized, and on August 23 Dorothy degenerated into a tropical wave.

Preparations and impact

After the first tropical cyclone advisory was issued on Tropical Storm Dorothy, a hurricane watch and storm warning were issued for the Leeward Islands from Dominica northward. As its westward track became more apparent, the watches and warnings were extended southward to include Martinique and Saint Lucia. On Martinique, authorities released a statement that warned the public for the potential for strong winds, heavy rainfall, and rough waves. Also on the island, officials converted schools and government buildings into shelters for people in low-lying areas. As a result of the storm, the Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport in Le Lamentin was closed.

The storm dropped heavy rainfall while crossing the Lesser Antilles. In Martinique, the highest 24-hour total was  in Fourniols, which was twice the average rainfall for August. Additionally, the capital city of Fort-de-France reported 13.4 in (341 mm). There, the rainfall broke all records for durations up to 24 hours; about  fell in 5 minutes, and in one hour a station reported . The rainfall caused flooding and mudslides, as well as rivers exceeding their banks; several bridges collapsed during the storm, and many homes were washed away. During the passage of the storm, sustained winds on the island reached , with gusts reaching  in the Caravelle peninsula. Throughout the country, the storm destroyed 186 homes and left 700 people homeless. The passage of Dorothy left heavy crop damage on the island, totaling 32 million francs (1970 FRF, $5.8 million 1970 USD); a total of  of banana crop was destroyed, and  of sugar cane was destroyed. Damage on the island totaled 190 million francs (1970 FRF, $34 million 1970 USD).

Tropical Storm Dorothy caused several deaths on Martinique, although the exact death toll is unknown. The National Hurricane Center reported 50 deaths, although the post event report provided by the French meteorological agency reported 44 people dead or missing. Most of the deaths were in Saint-Joseph, where 20 people drowned in the Rivière l'Or. Floodwater rescues had been made difficult due to washed out roads and poor communications after the storm. In addition to the deaths, several people were injured. After the passage of the storm, Martinique was temporarily left isolated, when communications were downed with other nearby islands. The French Red Cross distributed 500 blankets and one ton of condensed milk; the agency also sought international assistance.

Elsewhere in the Lesser Antilles, the storm caused flooding and mudslides in Dominica. There, the storm caused one death, when flooding heavy rainfall washed out a bridge. Also, all of the capital city of Roseau lost power and water service due to the storm. In neighboring Guadeloupe, the storm left much of the banana crop destroyed. Later, after it entered the Caribbean Sea, small craft warnings were issued for the Leeward Islands, the Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico. In its review of the storm, the National Hurricane Center did not mention any damage in the Greater Antilles.

See also

Other tropical cyclones named Dorothy
Tropical Storm Erika

References

Dorothy (1970)
Dorothy
Dorothy (1970)
Dorothy (1970)
Dorothy (1970)


The Dauphin County Courthouse is a government building of Dauphin County located in the county seat, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 2, 1993.

History
The current building is the third county courthouse built in Dauphin County. The first courthouse was built in 1792 at Market and Court Streets. The first courthouse was removed in 1860 and the second was built in its location. The second building was removed in 1948. Plans were drawn up for a new courthouse in 1938 due to complaints about the deteriorating conditions of the building.  The current courthouse was designed in 1940 by the Harrisburg architectural firm Lawrie and Green. It was completed in 1942. The interior artwork was done by sculptor C. Paul Jennewein.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania
 List of state and county courthouses in Pennsylvania

References

County courthouses in Pennsylvania
Buildings and structures in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Government buildings completed in 1942
Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
1942 establishments in Pennsylvania
1940s architecture in the United States
Neoclassical architecture in Pennsylvania
Stripped Classical architecture in the United States


Vinod Rai (born 23 May 1948) is a former IAS officer who served as the 11th Comptroller and Auditor General of India. He assumed office on 7 January 2008 till 22 May 2013. He is the current chairman of UN Panel of External Auditors and Honorary Advisor to the Indian Railways and a member of the Railway Kaya Kalp Council.

The most prominent action of CAG under Vinod Rai was the report that stated that the 2G sprectrum allocation by the government had caused a loss of over  to the government. The trial of 2G allocation accused led to the court passing the judgement that not a single piece of admissible evidence existed against the accused.
Rai was made the chairman of the Banking Board of India under the new government. On 30 January 2017, the Supreme Court of India appointed Rai as the interim president of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI). He is the head of advisory commission of Kerala Infrastructure and Investment Board (KIIFB), appointed by Government of Kerala.

Early life and education
He was born in a Bhumihar family at Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh. He did his schooling from Birla Public School in Pilani, Rajasthan. He graduated from Hindu College, University of Delhi. He has a bachelor's and master's degree in economics from Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi and MPA from Harvard University, USA in 1988. He chose to study Financial Administration at Harvard Kennedy school in 1987 while he held the position of District Collector and Magistrate in the state of Kerala, India.

He is married and has three children.

Career
Rai is a 1972 batch Kerala cadre officer of Indian Administrative Service (IAS). He started his career as the sub-collector of Thrissur District. Later, he became the Collector and spent his eight years of career in Thrissur City. He was called the second Sakthan Thampuran for his role in the development of the Thrissur City.  He was the MD of Kerala State Co-operative Marketing Federation from 1977 to 1980. Later he was appointed as Principal Secretary (Finance) in the State Government of Kerala. He had served senior positions in the Ministries of Commerce and Defence, Government of India. Prior to his appointment as CAG, he served as Secretary, Financial Services and Additional Secretary in the Banking Division including banks and insurance companies under Ministry of Finance.

Rai was instrumental in setting up the India Infrastructure Finance Company and was also on the Board of this company. Apart from serving in both, state and union governments, he has been a director on several Boards, including the State Bank of India, ICICI Bank, IDBI Bank, Life Insurance Corporation of India and Infrastructure Development and Finance Company of India.

In February 2016, Rai was appointed the chairman of Banks Board Bureau (BBB), the body which advises the government on top-level appointments at public sector banks and ways to address the bad loans.

United Nations Panel of External Auditors
He is the chairman of United Nations Panel of External Auditors  and member of the Governing Board of the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI). The United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon has appreciated the panel and the yeoman service rendered by the external auditors in improving governance in the United Nations system. The panel headed by Vinod Rai discussed the major business transformations currently under way in the United Nations with Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon. The Panel of External Auditors plays an important role in promoting accountability and strengthening governance mechanisms in the UN organisations. Mr. Rai has taken over as the chairman of Governing Board of the Asian Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (ASOSAI) on 29 February 2012.

CAG of India
Forbes described Rai as being among that rare breed of civil servants who knows how to get work done in the government. A former colleague says Rai has an uncanny ability to cut through red tape.
He was appointed as Comptroller and Auditor General of India with the backing of finance minister P. Chidambaram.
But he has served up uncomfortable audit reports that have pinned many government departments beyond the baseline.

He has consistently hit the headlines for his unforgiving audits, ranging from the scathing report on the shoddy preparation for the Commonwealth Games to the latest on spectrum allocations for second generation (2G) telecom services.

Along with a vibrant media, an activist Supreme Court and an increasingly vociferous civil society, his supporters say, Rai has made his office into a powerful force for accountability and transparency in modern India.

BCCI chief

 The Supreme Court nominated a four-member panel to look after the administration of the BCCI.
 Former CAG Vinod Rai, historian Ramachandra Guha, banker Vikaram Limaye and former captain of women's cricket team Diana Edulji were to look after the BCCI's administration until formal elections were held.

Reforms suggested by Vinod Rai
Vinod Rai recommended that all private-public partnerships (PPPs), "Panchayti Raj Institutions" and societies benefiting from government funds should come within the ambit of the CAG. The PPP model is a popular medium for the execution of infrastructure projects worth millions of rupees, and these projects are not audited by the CAG. 60 percent of government spending does not currently come under the scrutiny of the CAG.

Major audits

2G Spectrum allocation

He is widely credited for the report on issue of Licences and Allocation of 2G Spectrum by United Progressive Alliance government which resulted in a huge controversy in India. The report estimated that there was a presumptive loss of . In a chargesheet filed on 2 April 2011 by the investigating agency Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), the agency pegged the loss at

On 2 February 2012 the Supreme Court of India on a public interest litigation (PIL) declared allotment of spectrum as "unconstitutional and arbitrary" and quashed all the 122 licenses issued in 2008 during tenure of A. Raja (then minister for communications & IT in United Progressive Alliance) the main accused. The court further said that A. Raja "wanted to favour some companies at the cost of the public exchequer" and "virtually gifted away important national asset".

However, the Presumptive Revenue loss calculation has never been established and has at best remained a conjecture. On 3 August 2012 when according to the directions of the Supreme Court, the Government of India revised the spectrum price to Rs 140 billion as reserve price for 2G spectrum and decided to sell airwaves in Delhi, Mumbai, Karnataka and Rajasthan for 1800 MHz band, and pan India for the 800 MHz band the response was poor, to say the least. The Government then announced that it would auction the unsold spectrum in the 1800 MHz band from the 2012 spectrum auction, immediately after the first round, which began on 11 March, got over to comply with a Supreme Court order. The government also reduced the reserve price for 1800 MHz by 30% and for 800 MHz by 50% from the 2012 spectrum auction. Response to the 2013 spectrum auction was also very poor. While there were no bidders for spectrum in 1800 MHz and 900 MHz bands, MTS India was the only bidder for airwaves in 800 MHz band. Airtel and Idea were reluctant to participate in the spectrum auction for due to steep pricing of the auction.

The main criticism to the report now emerging is that the CAG exceeded its constitutional mandate as it attempted in a sense to change the policy of the Government of India which at that point was to promote telecom growth and not revenue maximisation by arguing that spectrum could only be sold by auction and creating figures for Presumtive losses around it. However, the Honble Supreme Court Of India in the Presidential Reference (2012) has upheld the right of the Government to frame policy and said "The norm of 'common good' has to be understood and appreciated in a holistic manner. The manner in which the common good is best subserved is not a matter that can be measured by any constitutional yardstick — it depends on the economic and political philosophy of the government. Revenue maximization is not the only way in which the common good can be subserved. Where revenue maximization is the object of a policy, being considered qua that resource at that point of time to be the best way to subserve the common good, auction would be one of the preferable methods, though not the only method. Where revenue maximization is not the object of a policy of distribution, the question of auction would not arise. Revenue considerations may assume secondary consideration to developmental considerations."
A.Raja is set free by CBI trial court and CBI went for review petition in Delhi High court, case is under trial now.

In 2014, Rai named Sanjay Nirupam as one of the MPs who pressured him to leave former prime minister Dr. Manmohan Singh out of the report. Nirupam filed a defamation case against Rai in the Metropolitan Court in New Delhi’s Patiala house. In October 2021, he tendered unconditional apology to Mr. Sanjay Nirupam for the false accusations. In a written affidavit Rai said: “That I have realised that in answer to questions posed to me by the interviewers, I had inadvertently and wrongly mentioned the name of Sanjay Nirupam as one of the MPs who pressurised me to keep the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh’s name out of the CAG report on 2G spectrum allocation during the meetings in the PAC or the sidelines of JPC.”

CoalGate (coal mines allocation)

Delhi Commonwealth Games 2010

Padmanabhaswamy Temple Audit
Based on the recommendations by amicus curiae-senior advocate Gopal Subramaniam who was investigating the issues of financial irregularities and mismanagement in the Padmanabhaswamy Temple, the Supreme Court of India issued an interim order on 24 April 2014 stating that Mr Vinod Rai will supervise special audit of property of temple. Rai responded by saying that he felt "very humbled" and said "With all sincerity I will take up the task".

Confrontation with Governments

As a part of his duty, Rai has many a times raised questions on faulty policy making of several state governments and Union government run by Congress led United Progressive Alliance and BJP led Governments in Chhattisgarh and Gujarat. He had slammed the Union government in the allocation of spectrum for 2G mobile use to telecom operators, conduct of the 2010 Commonwealth Games, running of its flagship rural employment guarantee scheme and the spending by Reliance Industries in KG D6 oil block. He had also pointed out improprieties in allocating coal blocks, and Union government's overt generosity to GMR in an airport project and Reliance Power in Sasan ultra mega power plant. CAG slammed the government of Goa for forest policy delay, and the Haryana government for loss of over  due to "deficiency" in imposing taxes like sales tax on goods, stamp duty and registration fee in land deals and taxes on vehicles in more than 4,000 cases in a year.

There are certain times when ministers of ruling Congress coalition government criticised CAG. Minister of state in PMO, V. Narayanasamy said "CAG has no authority or right to comment on the policy of the government but unfortunately it has questioned its authority, which is totally unwarranted and against the mandate given to them". However CAG Vinod Rai defended his position by stating at an Economic Editor's Conference in 2011 "I am making it clear that I do not think the CAG is exceeding its jurisdiction, because the basic responsibility of the CAG is to identify if there is any lapse," and challenged the government to identify the specific breach of mandate.

Published book
He wrote Not Just an Accountant: The Diary of the Nations Conscience Keeper, which speaks about how the political system was exploited to violate laws in 2G spectrum case, Krishna-Godavari gas basin contract, Commonwealth Games scam, Indian coal allocation scam and the controversial purchase of aircraft.

Awards and recognition

He figured as one of the Persons of the Year in Forbes magazine in January 2011.

In December 2011, he was chosen as the chief of UN external audit panel.

In February 2012, CAG was complimented for professionalism, training and infrastructure by its US counterpart.

References

External links

Living people
Comptrollers in India
People from Ghazipur
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
1948 births
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service
Indian Administrative Service officers


USS Wapasha (YN-45), later YNT-13, later YTB-737, was a United States Navy net tender, later large harbor tug, in commission from 1941 to 1947.

Wapasha was built as the steel-hulled, single-screw tug William J. Moran, completed in September 1938 at Bay City, Michigan, by the Defoe Boat and Motor Works, Inc. William J. Moran was acquired by the U.S. Navy from the Moran Towing and Transportation Company of New York City, 9 December 1940. The tug was classified as a yard net tender, renamed USS Wapasha, and designated YN-45 on 25 December 1940. Converted for naval use at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn, New York, Wapasha was placed in service on 27 January 1941.

Wapasha was allocated to the 1st Naval District at Boston, Massachusetts, which became her home port. After shifting to Boston on 1 February 1941, she took up her net tending duties in Narragansett Bay, based at Naval Training Center Newport at Newport, Rhode Island.  During her service there, which lasted into 1947, she was twice reclassified: on 8 April 1942 she was reclassified a tug-class net tender and redesignated YNT-13 and, on 4 August 1945, she was reclassified a large harbor tug and redesignated YTB-737.

Placed out of service on 11 February 1947, Wapasha was struck from the Navy List on 11 March 1947 and turned over to the Maritime Commission for disposal on 16 May 1947. Acquired by Tug Anne Moran, Inc., of New York City, the vessel was renamed Anne Moran and performed harbor tug services in New York Harbor.  She was sold in 1976 to Solvent Tanker Corporation of Staten Island, New York, and renamed Yankee. She later was sold again, to  Eklof Marine Corporation of Staten Island.

References

Wapasha (YTB-737) ex Wapasha (YNt-13) (1942–1945) Wapasha (YN-45) (1941–1942)

Net tenders of the United States Navy
Tugs of the United States Navy
Ships built in Bay City, Michigan
1938 ships
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States


Isa Quensel (21 September 1905 – 3 November 1981) was a Swedish actress and operatic soprano who appeared in over 50 films, plays, operas, TV and radio shows. In 1939 she created the title role in the world premiere of Erich Wolfgang Korngold's Die Kathrin at the Royal Swedish Opera.

Partial filmography

 The Million Dollars (1926) - Journalist
 Kärlek måste vi ha (1931) - Cora
 The Love Express (1932) - Detective's Niece
 Jolly Musicians (1932) - Margit, his daughter
 House Slaves (1933) - Greta
 Pettersson & Bendel (1933) - Elsa Wallin
 Love and Dynamite (1933) - Rosa
 False Greta (1934) - Lisa
 Äventyr på hotell (1934) - Elly
 Raggen (1936) - Maria alias Raggen
 Min svärmor - dansösen (1936) - Sylvia
 The Girls of Uppakra (1936) - Elsa Brummell
 En flicka kommer till sta'n (1937) - Ulla Frank
 Happy Vestköping (1937) - Ann-Marie Brandt
 Wanted (1939) - Ulla Ståhle
 Marianne (1953) - Marianne's Mother
 The Chieftain of Göinge (1953) - Black-Elsa
 The Glass Mountain (1953) - Luiza Cabral
 The Unicorn (1955) - Harriet's Mother
 Moon Over Hellesta (1956) - Emmy Anckarberg
 Gårdarna runt sjön (1957) - Mathilde
 A Guest in His Own House (1957) - Stepmother
 Seventeen Years Old (1957) - Agnes Bentick
 The Lady in Black (1958) - Cecilia von Schilden
 The Koster Waltz (1958) - Doris Fågelström
 Playing on the Rainbow (1958) - Björn's Mother
 The Phantom Carriage (1958) - Maria
 Laila (1958) - Elli Logje
 Do You Believe in Angels? (1961) - Louise Günther
 Two Living, One Dead (1961) - Miss Larousse
 Pärlemor (1961) - Gertrude Odenstam
 Sällskapslek (1963) - Agda Stjernesten
 To Love (1964) - Märta
 Swedish Wedding Night (1964) - Hilma Palm
 Loving Couples (1964) - Fredrika von Strussenhjelm
 The Cats (1965) - Tora
 Woman of Darkness (1966)- Grave-Karna
 Mästerdetektiven Blomkvist på nya äventyr (1966, TV Movie) - Hilda Krikonblad
 Nya hyss av Emil i Lönneberga (1972) - Krösa-Maja (voice, uncredited)
 Emil and the Piglet (1973) - Krösa-Maja (voice)
 Agaton Sax och Byköpings gästabud (1976) - Aunt Tilda (voice)

Further reading

External links

1905 births
1981 deaths
Swedish operatic sopranos
Swedish film actresses
Swedish television actresses
20th-century Swedish actresses
20th-century Swedish women  opera singers


The Malone Area Heritage Museum is a historical museum in Malone, Wisconsin, United States. The museum documents the history of immigrants into the Holyland region of Wisconsin. The museum is affiliated with the Wisconsin Historical Society. It has been in existence since 2005. It is open to the public on Thursday afternoons between 2:00 and 4:00 pm and on the second Sunday of each month.

Displays
The museum consists of two buildings. Both were purchased from Malone's co-op. One is the original train depot for Malone, which was moved across the street to its present location in early 2005. Had the building not been moved, it would have been dismantled because it was in the way of large trucks. It documents the development and usage of the Sheboygan and Fond du Lac Railroad. There is a piece of the original railroad that was dug up in a local field. The building is the final remaining depot from that line. The other building is a more recently purchased agricultural shop which is being adapted for displaying items as of 2008. Both buildings contain artifacts from activities common in the area, especially farming.

Documentation and photography are displayed from the local communities of St. Cloud, Mt. Calvary and its train station at Calvary Station, Charlesburg, Dotyville, St. Peter, St. Joe, Garnet, St. Anna, Marytown, Taycheedah, Johnsburg, and Silica.

Images

References

Museums in Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin
History museums in Wisconsin
Museums established in 2005
2005 establishments in Wisconsin


Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi () also nicknamed the Great (); died 26 September 862) was leader of the Muwallad Banu Qasi clan and ruler of a semi-autonomous principality in the upper Ebro valley in northern Iberia in the 9th century.

Rise
Musa ibn Musa was descendant of Cassius, who converted to Islam after the Muslim conquest of Iberia. His father, Musa ibn Furtun, may be the man who was assassinated in the late 8th century, of necessity in Musa's youth, though this would create problematic chronology and a more recent reconstruction would make that man Musa ibn Musa's great-grandfather. His mother, whose name is unknown, was also mother by another husband of Basque chieftain Íñigo Arista, Musa's half-brother according to chronicler Ibn Hayyan. Musa's early years are obscure, although he is presumed to have supported the Basques against the Franks in the Second Battle of Ronceveaux, a battle generally credited as giving birth to the nascent Kingdom of Pamplona. Likewise it is claimed that in 839 his son Furtun ibn Musa led a campaign that resulted in a rout of the "king of the Gallaecians", "Loderik" or "Luzriq" and he leveled the defenses of Álava.

Rebellion
It is in 840/41 that we first hear of Musa ibn Musa himself. In response to attacks on the lands of his half-brother, Íñigo Arista, and the expulsion of kinsman Abd al-Jabbar al-Qasawi by the brothers Abd Allah and Amir ibn Kalayb, governors respectively of Zaragoza and Tudela, Musa and Íñigo rose in rebellion against emir Abd ar-Rahman II. This led to a reprisal campaign under the leadership of the emir's son, Mutarrif, and general Abd al-Wahid ibn Yazid Iskandarani. In 842, Musa was in charge of the vanguard of the emir's army marching against Cerdanya, but believing himself mistreated by the commanding general, Musa again rebelled and along with his nephew, García Íñiguez of Pamplona, defeated a Cordoban army. Musa ibn Musa and Íñigo Íñiguez again joined forces to ambush and capture one of Abd ar-Rahman's commanders in 843, al-Harit, but the consequence was a massive military response from Córdoba, led by the Emir in person, resulting in the defeat of the allies and the taking of slaves in the vicinity of Pamplona. A second retaliatory expedition in 844 inflicted a further defeat, in which Fortún Íñiguez, the premier soldier of Pamplona, was killed and Musa and Íñigo barely escaped, while hundreds of the Pamplona nobility defected to the Cordoban side.

Musa submitted and in November led his troops to Seville, helping to defeat a large army of Viking raiders who had sacked the city. However, he again rebelled the next year. When Muhammad, son of Abd ar-Rahman, took Tudela, Musa submitted, offered his sons as hostages and went to the emir's court. In 846 Musa again was forced to submit, this time to the emir's son Hisham, but Abd ar-Rahman was again forced to launch punitive campaigns against Musa in 847, and in 850 when Musa and Íñigo again joined in rebellion, Musa's son Isma'il ibn Musa playing a critical role in the uprising.

Throughout this time, Musa faced opposition from within his family.  Ibn Hazm reports that his brother, Yunus ibn Musa, remained loyal to Córdoba, and joined with the sons of their uncle Zahir ibn Fortun to fight Musa ibn Musa for most of his life, about 30 years.

Third King of Spain
The Islamic year 237 (851/2) proved critical for Musa ibn Musa. In this year his half-brother and repeated ally in rebellion, Íñigo Arista, died, as did the emir, Abd er-Rahman II. Musa also gained a great victory in a two-day battle, defeating Basque or Gascon forces near Albelda.  The next year, Musa's control over his territories and his links to the emirate were formalized, the new emir, Muhammad, naming Musa Wāli of Zaragoza and governor of the Upper March of Al-Andalus.  The next decade marked the height of his power. He would control Zaragoza, Tudela, Huesca and Toledo, forming what was, in effect, a Taifa state stretching from Nájera to Zaragoza and Calatayud, and viewed as equivalent to the emirate of Córdoba and the Kingdom of Asturias, Musa being referred to as “The Third King of Spain”.

In 854, Toledo rebelled, supported by Ordoño I of Asturias and García Íñiguez, and the emir Muhammad launched a punitive campaign which ended in the Battle of Guadalacete, Musa apparently participating on Córdoba's behalf.  The next year(855) Musa led a Cordoban attack on Álava, in the southeastern section of the Kingdom of Asturias, and in 856 he launched an independent expedition against Barcelona and Terrassa.  Apparently in 859, Musa's son Lubb ibn Musa al-Qasawi was appointed Wali of Toledo, and the same year, Musa permitted a Viking force to pass through his lands to attack Pamplona, where they captured Musa's nephew and former ally García Íñiguez and ransomed him for either 70,000 or 90,000 gold dinars. This further soured relations between the kinsmen, and García joined with Ordoño in an assault on Musa's lands, which led to a second battle at Albelda. The Christians divided their forces, besieging the town and pursuing Musa’a army to a refuge on Mount Laturce. They dealt Musa a crushing defeat, killing his son-in-law, an otherwise unknown Basque prince García, and forcing Musa to flee. This victory would be remembered in Christian sources in the form of the legendary Battle of Clavijo.

Decline and Death
The Christian victory at Albeda led to the end of Musa's autonomy. In 860, emir Muhammad removed Musa as wali and governor, and personally led an army through Musa’a lands on a month-long punitive campaign against Pamplona which resulted in the capture of prince Fortún Garcés of Pamplona. In 861, Muhammad required Musa to play a subservient role in a campaign against Barcelona.  The next year, 862, saw Musa trying to re-exert his power, directing a military show of force against his son-in-law, the Berber Azraq ibn Mantil ibn Salim (). Musa attacked Guadalajara, but received several wounds, being unable to mount a horse. He withdrew to Tutila, where he died 26 September 862.

Family
Musa ibn Musa is reported by the Códice de Roda to have married a daughter of his half-brother Íñigo Arista. She was not his only wife, as he also married a cousin Maymuna (), daughter of his paternal uncle Zahir ibn Furtun and mother of his younger son Isma'il. No source reports the mother of his other sons: Lubb, Mutarrif and Furtun. He had at least two daughters; Auria (, Awriyah), wife of Basque prince Garcia, killed at Mount Laturce, and by him having a son Musa ibn Garshiya; and another daughter, "the most beautiful girl in Al-Andalus", married to Azraq ibn Mantil.

Legacy
The death of Musa led to a decade-long disappearance of the family from the political scene but it returned to rule over a shrinking territory for another half-century. However, their position between the growing powers of the caliphate to the south and the Christian principalities to the north proved untenable, and after three generations of varied success, the leaders of the family, Musa's great-great grandsons, were displaced, exiled or killed by the end of the 920s and the last vestiges of Musa's principality disappeared. His pseudo-autonomy from a Córdoba unable to maintain direct control foreshadowed the Muwallad rebels of the early 10th century and the later Taifa kingdoms.

Notes

References

Ibn Hazm, Jamharat ansab al-'Arab
Levi-Provençal, Histoire de l'Espagne Musulmane

862 deaths
People from the Emirate of Córdoba
Basque history
9th-century people from al-Andalus
Banu Qasi
8th-century births
9th-century monarchs in Europe
Upper March


Wapasha may refer to:

People
A succession of Mdewakanton Sioux chiefs
Wapasha I (1718-1806)
Wapasha II (c.1773–1836)
Wabasha III (1816-1876), also known as Joseph Wabasha
Wabasha IV, also known as Napoleon Wabasha

Ships
USS Wapasha (YN-45), later YNT-13, later YTB-737, a United States Navy net tender, later large harbor tug, in service from 1941 to 1947


Russell Frederick Phillips (September 17, 1888 in Rat Portage, Ontario – August 22, 1949 in Vancouver, British Columbia) was a Canadian ice hockey player. Russell was a member of the Stanley Cup 1907 champion Kenora Thistles. Russell was the younger brother of the Hockey Hall of Fame member Tommy Phillips.

Career
He played four regular season games as a forward for the Thistles in 1906–07. However in January 1907, along with legendary defenseman "Bad" Joe Hall, Kenora defeated the Montreal Wanderers in a Stanley Cup Challenge game, while Phillips sat on sidelines as a spare. He was still included on the Stanley Cup winning picture, and the award gold plate cup. In 1907–08 he played one game for the Kenora Thistles. Later he played for the New Ontario Hockey League (NOHL)'s Fort William Forts.

External links
 Kenora Thistles tribute website references Russell Phillips
  Picture of Stanley Cup Champion team 1907, includes Russell Phillips

1888 births
1949 deaths
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Kenora Thistles players
Sportspeople from Kenora
Stanley Cup champions


Jin Mao Xiang is a Chinese television series first broadcast on CCTV in China in 2004. It was produced in collaboration by a number of companies, including the Communication University of China. The series was aired on ATV in 2009 in Hong Kong under the title Yunzhuan Tianxia (運轉天下; literally: "Luck Changes the World").

Story
The story begins with the Che family business in the Qing Dynasty. The head of the business was mother Yugui. She had fixed her daughter Jiaoyan's marriage so that she end up with someone who was more financially stable. The daughter however was extremely unhappy since the fixed husband was fat and unattractive. The daughter was actually in love with the poor coolie boy A'long. However society would not allow a girl of reputable social status to marry a boy of low social status. The oldest brother of the family Che Weiren later committed a murder. He has been spoiled by the family riches. When the government was looking for the murderer, the coolie boy A'long innocently admitted to the crime so the brother didn't have to go to prison.

Eventually the house got weak in morale. A fisherman named Gao Lixiang came in to help the Che family business. At first he was looked down upon due to his low society status. Soon he figured out how to dye clothes. He single handed won an imperial clothing competition by making through the obstacle course with his dyed clothes. The Che family was surprised that a simple fisherman could beat the business.

Then one day a major fire broke out in a restaurant and Lixiang saved a daughter and a westerner from the crisis. The daughter turned out to be from the competing Wang family business. She tried to lure him into their family claiming the Che family treats him unfairly. After a number of business competitions he was gaining more respect in the Che family. Eventually the siblings got jealous and tried to get Lixiang kicked out of the household. Eventually the mother made Lixiang the head of the business, since he was most capable.

Eventually the business was in trouble from all the competition. But the westerner who was saved in the fire came back with a bunch of goods from the west such as magnifying glass and music boxes. They started selling western goods and the business improved again, since no one else have seen these merchandise. Later the family went into a feud between the oldest son Che Weiren and Lixiang. In setting Lixiang up, the oldest son killed an outsider, Bai Biao, who later turned out to be his own genetic father.

After a number of twists Lixiang was promoted to be the chairman of the business association above all businesses, but he was put in the chairman position because the government official liked his former fiancée Yang Danping. The oldest brother in the family soon developed a deep jealousy over the Lixiang's success who now owns his family business, his girlfriend Xu Xiaoman and his mother's trust. He sank into depression with opium addictions, and was later bribed by a government official to sell out his whole family business in exchange for unlimited opium. The mother of the family ended up in prison having been set up by the government officials. But her kids did not stand by her since they experienced too much hardship during their childhood. Lixiang ended up rescuing the family business, but soon finds the business to be unmanageable. Worse is that the mother who ran the business indirectly murdered his parents earlier. The story experience more twists and turns eventually to include the death of Qing government officials.

Cast

Cuisine reference

The show featured a dish called Squirrel whole jumping fish (松鼠活魚) from Wuzhen. The fish is cooked in a rather cruel way where the head is alive while the body is fried. If cooked correctly however, the mouth continues to move/talk even after the dish is finished. It does not contain any squirrel contrary to the name.

References

Television series set in the Qing dynasty
2004 Chinese television series debuts
Mandarin-language television shows
Chinese historical television series


Fabrik may refer to:

 Fabrik Inc., a manufacturer of external hard drives and associated software
 Fabrik (Hamburg), an events centre in Hamburg, Germany
 Fabrik (software), a visual programming integrated development environment
 FABRIK, an inverse kinematics solver


Edward Joseph Giroux (July 4, 1883 – May 26, 1930) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player best known for being the only 20-year-old to have competed in the 1904 Stanley Cup Playoffs. Giroux played as a goaltender.

Career
According to Census data and Toronto street directories, Eddie Giroux was born and raised in Toronto. He grew up on Gould Street, near the Mutual Street rink. Giroux had been working since at least the age of 17 (he had a job feeding newsprint into the press at a Toronto trade paper), but he also played hockey. Giroux began his hockey career at a young age.  He was a member of the Marlboros junior team that reached the OHA finals in 1902–03, and also of the intermediate team that won the provincial championship that year. He first appeared in the Stanley Cup playoffs in February 1904, at the age of 20, while playing for the OHA senior champion Toronto Marlboros. Toronto played against the Ottawa Silver Seven, who beat Toronto in the first game 6-3 and 11–2 in the second game (best-of-three format).

A Toronto Star story on September 13, 1904, notes that Giroux had taken up residence in Rat Portage (later Kenora), Ontario the hometown of his Marlboros teammate Tommy Phillips who had returned home that May. Giroux and Phillips played with the Kenora Thistles in 1905. Kenora played for the Stanley Cup, but lost two games to one to Ottawa.

In January 1907 Kenora again played for the Stanley Cup, and with Giroux in net, Kenora defeated the Montreal Wanderers 12–8 over two games to win. Each player received a gold-plated cup for winning the Stanley Cup. Giroux was in net when Kenora defeated Brandon on March 16 and 18, to win the Manitoba Championship and retained the Stanley Cup.  However, about a week later the Montreal Wanderers regained the Stanley Cup from Kenora in two games in Winnipeg.

Because Kenora was unable to compete with other professional teams, it folded in 1908, and Giroux retired as a player. When Kenora challenged the Winnipeg Victorias for the Allan Cup in March 1911, Giroux officiated along with long-time friend Tommy Phillips. Winnipeg won the Allan Cup, out scoring Kenora 12–5.

References

External links

1883 births
1930 deaths
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Ice hockey people from Toronto
Kenora Thistles players
Stanley Cup champions


This agreement is officially known as the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste relating to the Unitisation of the Sunrise and Troubadour Fields.

The Sunrise International Unitisation Agreement (Sunrise IUA) was made to enable the exploitation of the Sunrise and Troubador petroleum and gas fields in the Timor Sea, together known as the Greater Sunrise field.  The Greater Sunrise field straddles the border between the joint petroleum development area (JPDA) established under the Timor Sea Treaty and Australian territorial waters as determined by the 1972 seabed boundary agreement between Australia and Indonesia. Unitisation of the field would enable it to be treated as one as far as exploitation, regulation, revenue taxation, management and other purposes are concerned, giving certainty to investors by providing a financial framework and international legal basis for development of the field.

The agreement deemed 20.1% of the resources of the Greater Sunrise field as lying within the JPDA, attributing 20.1% of production from it to the JPDA and 79.9% to Australia. With East Timor getting 90% of the revenue of the JPDA, it effectively was only going to receive 18.1% of the revenue from the field. This share ratio was amended to both Australia and East Timor getting equal share of the upstream revenue from the field with the signing of the Treaty on Certain Maritime Arrangements in the Timor Sea (CMATS) in 2006. By virtue of this, this agreement is "read together" with CMATS and the Timor Sea Treaty.

The Sunrise IUA was signed in Dili, East Timor on 6 March 2003 by then Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs Alexander Downer and Ana Pessoa, East Timor's Minister of State for the Presidency of the Council of Ministers. The agreement came into force on 23 February 2007 by virtue of the coming to force of CMATS on the same day.

See also
Treaty on Certain Maritime Arrangements in the Timor Sea (CMATS)
Timor Sea Treaty

References

Timor Sea
Commercial treaties
Joint development areas
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of East Timor
Treaties concluded in 2003
Treaties entered into force in 2007
Energy in East Timor
Petroleum in Australia
Australia–East Timor border
Australia–East Timor relations


The Jewish Sports Hall of Fame may refer to:
The International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in Netanya, Israel
The National Jewish Museum Sports Hall of Fame in Commack, New York
The Orange County Jewish Sports Hall of Fame at the Merage Jewish Community Center in Irvine, California
The Southern California Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in Beverley Hills, California


Reggie McNamara (born Grenfell, New South Wales, Australia, 7 November 1887, died Belleville, New Jersey, United States, October 1970 or 1971 or 1972) was an Australian cyclist known as a roughhouse velodrome rider with a string of dramatic crashes and broken bones over 20 years. He was known as the Iron Man. He specialised in six-day races but rode races from 200m sprints to 100 km endurance races. He rode 3,000 races on three continents over 30 years and won more than 700 before he retired aged 50 in 1937.

Background
Reggie McNamara grew up in the Australian countryside, the son of a sheep rancher. A snake bit him on a finger when he was 12 and hunting rabbits with his brother. He and his brother chopped off the finger with an axe. He and his 13 brothers and sisters learned to ride on the same bicycle. He began racing for money in local fairs around Sydney, shooting kangaroos and selling their skins to raise the entry fee. Some reports say he was 14, others 16.

He won his first race, over a mile and a half on a dirt track, and travelled across Australia and New Zealand to wherever he could find races. He won the Sydney six-day race at the start of 1913 and caught the eye of Alf Goullet, an Australian international who had been asked to find two good Australians to race in Newark, New Jersey, United States. Goullet signed just McNamara, telling the historian Peter Nye that McNamara was worth any two other riders.

International career

McNamara went to the USA and took American nationality when he married an Irish nurse, Elizabeth McDonough in 1913, whom he had met after breaking a leg during his first training ride. They had two daughters,  Eileen and Regina. McNamara set five world records from one to 25 miles at Newark velodrome in 1915, 1916 and 1917. He won seven six-day races at Madison Square Garden in New York between 1918 and 1932, another five at the Chicago Coliseum and other six-day races in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany and England. He won the 1932 Madison Square Garden six-day at the age of 45. His winnings up to 1933 reached the modern equivalent of at least A$2 000 000.
McNamara was known for spectacular crashes on the steep wooden tracks. He crashed up to 20 times in some sixes.

An American newspaper reported:
To undergo a serious operation on the fourth day of a six-day race and then finish the contest and run third, less than a wheel's length behind the winner, is going some. But that is what Reggie McNamara did and he did it against the advice of doctors, his family and the rider who was his mate in the race. So often has this fellow pulled through tight places solely on his nerve he has been dubbed the "Iron Man" of cycling.
It was in the Melbourne, Australia, six day race two years ago that McNamara jumped off his wheel, had an incision several inches long made in his side and then resumed the race after more than a dozen stitches were taken to bring the gap together. An abscess the size of a tennis ball was removed, and, although the rider lost considerable blood, he started a sprint immediately upon going on the track to relieve his partner, who was little Jackie Clark, one of the greatest of all six-day riders. No anaesthetic was used in the operation which shows the iron nerve possessed by the cyclist. During the painful operation the "Iron Man" never winced, ignoring his own troubles, he enquired continually about Clark, who was in poor condition and riding none too well.

By 1946 McNamara calculated he had broken his collarbone 17 times, his skull, nose and leg once each, his jaw in three places. He had needed 500 surgical stitches and suffered concussion five times. He had 47 scars, "one of them, running along his right cheek, gives his dark and friendly face a dangerous look which he enhances by wearing black sweaters and scowling."

When a reporter asked McNamara if he parted his hair down the middle because movie star Rudolph Valentino did, he shook his head:

The American magazine, Time, described him as "a friendly, mild-mannered man with a deep scar in his right cheek." Peter Nye said:
He distinguished himself by winning the [Madison Square] Garden's six-days in March and December in 1926, but only after narrowly averting disaster. In the final 15 minutes during the heat of the action in December when McNamara and his partner, Pietro Linari of Italy, were trading places, both were caught in a spectacular high-speed crash. They were knocked out cold. McNamara was the first to regain his senses. He staggered to retrieve his bicycle and told the doctor, "If my legs are all right, I'm going back in." He got back on his bike to win the race. Afterward, he discovered he had cracked three ribs.

McNamara won his 19th and final six-day victory in Cleveland, USA, in January 1933. His partner, Norman Hill, was 26 and born the year McNamara began racing.

Retirement
The Depression and then the war ended the six-day circuit in the USA. McNamara was already 45 when he rode his last six-day. He worked as a race official while the races lasted  and then in a school kitchen. He wrote his life story but failed to find a publisher. He died at 83 of a stroke in Belleville, survived by his wife, daughters, four grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.

Peter Nye said:

He is credited in VeloPlus, the Belgian reference book, with 19 six-day victories and finishing 108 sixes. He still ranks in VeloPlus'''s all-time top 25 six-day racers. Considering that he pedalled about 1,250 miles in each six-day, he churned some 135,000 racing miles in his career - more than enough to commute five times around the globe.

Drugs
The journalist René de Latour, who worked as McNamara's track manager for several years, said of a chase at the Velodrome d'Hiver in Paris:

It was one of the toughest races of Mac's career. The last jam lasted NINE HOURS, with teams all over the track as if in a marathon pursuit. The 12th and 13th teams to finish were 17 laps back at the end (the Vel' d'Hiv' was about seven laps to a mile). No wonder Mac fell asleep in the taxi when I took him back to a hotel. Such punishing efforts could hardly be done on mineral water and Mac had his secrets. He kept them in a small case and, if I was keeper of the key, I never found out what they were made of. There were all kinds of pills in phials without any names on them, and I knew it was useless to ask Mac what they were. But I guess Mac knew what he was doing.

Anecdote
The magazine Time'' believed in 1932 that it had found another Iron Man. It reported:
Most celebrated of McNamara's confreres is Franco Giorgetti, a small knock-kneed Italian who finished a sulky last in last week's race, but failed to butt his head against a wall for losing as he did once. Obviously heir to Iron McNamara, Giorgetti was once pierced by an eight-inch splinter which he sent to his father to be exhibited. He earns $28,000 per year, has a barber shave him every day of the race, frequently dines on rice, lobster and beer with Tenor Benjiamino Gigli of the Metropolitan Opera Company.

Six-day victories

References

1887 births
1970s deaths
Australian male cyclists
American male cyclists
American track cyclists
Cyclists from New South Wales
Sportsmen from New South Wales


Wabasha II (c. 1773–1836), also known as Wapahasha, Wapasha, or "The Leaf," succeeded his father as head chief of the Mdewakanton Dakota tribe in the early 1800s. He led the Dakota forces fighting with the British in the War of 1812, but sided with the United States in the Black Hawk War of 1832. Chief Wabasha II signed the Treaties of Prairie du Chien in 1825 and 1830.

In 1843, the settlers of Rocque's Landing changed the name of their town to "Wabasha" in honor of the chief. A statue of Wapahasha II stands next to a fountain in present-day Wabasha, Minnesota, on the west bank of the Mississippi River.

Changes among the Dakota
For a time in the late 1700s, the Mdewakanton Dakota were said to have united into a large village called Titankatanni (meaning "great old village") on the lower Minnesota River, with as many as 400 lodges. By 1805, however, Titankatanni had split up due to the decline in the local population of game for hunting. The old Mantanton, Watpaton and Issati bands had dissolved, and five new Mdewakanton bands had formed and spread out geographically.

Chief Wabasha II led an offshoot of the Mantantons which called itself the Kiyuksa (Keoxa) band. In the early 1800s, the Kiyuksa band migrated periodically between the mouth of the upper Iowa River and Lake Pepin, and hunted on both sides of the upper Mississippi River. By 1830, the Kiyuksa band under Chief Wabasha grew to be over twice as large as any other Mdewakanton band.

Family and kinship ties
Wabasha had kinship ties to French Canadian fur trader Joseph Rolette, who married his niece, Marguerite Dubois, in 1807. He regularly stepped in to assist Rolette when there was trouble with hunters in his band, or when Rolette's clerks faced competition. In turn, Rolette probably advised Wabasha on issues such as the War of 1812, in which they both fought for the British, and relations with the Americans.

Another prominent fur trader with kinship ties to Wabasha was Augustin Rocque, whose parents were French Canadian voyageur Joseph Rocque and one of Wabasha's sisters.

Early encounters with Americans

Pike expedition
In the fall of 1805, Lieutenant Zebulon Pike stopped at the mouth of the Upper Iowa River to meet with Chief Wabasha, "son of the great Wapashaw," before proceeding north on his first expedition. On September 23, 1805, he held a council with seven Mdewakanton "chiefs" to negotiate the purchase of 100,000 acres of land so that the United States could build a fort at the mouth of the Minnesota River. The Treaty of St. Peters, also known as Pike's Purchase, was signed by only two of the seven Mdewakanton leaders present, including Chief Little Crow I and Penichon.

In April 1806, after spending the winter with the Ojibwe and with fur traders in the north, Pike returned to the mouth of the Minnesota River (to what is now known as Pike Island) and held another council with the Dakota. This time, more than forty chiefs from the Sisseton, Wahpeton and Mdewakanton Dakota bands attended, together with 500 tribesmen. The Ojibwe had refused to attend the proposed peace council organized by Pike, and had sent him away with pipes, which the Dakota chiefs accepted and smoked. However, a few Dakota objected to reconciliation with the Ojibwe, and Pike was unable to convince any Dakota leaders to accompany him to St. Louis for further talks as he had hoped.

Following the council, Pike went downriver and stopped in Kaposia, and again in the villages of Tatankamani and Wabasha, on his way back to St. Louis.

Delegation to St. Louis
In May 1806, a large party of Dakota men including four chiefs went down the Mississippi River to St. Louis to meet with General James Wilkinson. Soon afterward, Lieutenant Pike was sent on an expedition to Mexico and General Wilkinson left St. Louis abruptly due to his involvement in the Aaron Burr conspiracy, leaving further diplomatic relations with the Dakota to fall to others.

War of 1812

Chief Wabasha II led Dakota forces fighting for the British in the War of 1812. The Dakota, like many other Native American tribes, rallied against the Americans with "near unanimity"; Pike's efforts to establish American sovereignty over them had clearly failed.

Support for the British
Even before the outbreak of war, British fur trader Robert Dickson had called a council of 300 representatives of various tribes. Mdewakanton chiefs Wabasha II and Little Crow I were among those who made speeches in favor of standing by the English. Wabasha stated that the English traders had "always assisted us, and never more so than this year, at the risk of their lives," whereas the promises made by Americans were "not the songs of truth."

The Americans had failed to build the fort and trading post that Pike had promised in 1805. Meanwhile, in the winter of 1811–12, Robert Dickson had distributed nearly £2,000 in goods to the Dakota, who had suffered a particularly tough winter. The British fur traders had also suggested the possibility of establishing a permanent Indian nation, closed to settlers, that would serve as a buffer between Canada and the United States.

Leadership in battle
Robert Dickson and other traders with the North West Company were commissioned as British army officers, and Wabasha II and Little Crow I were both named generals of the Indian forces. The British forces led by Captain Charles Roberts together with over 400 Indians assembled by Robert Dickson quickly captured Fort Mackinac in July 1812. In the winter of 1812–1813, most British allies stayed near Green Bay and Mackinac Island, but the Mdewakanton forces now led by Chief Wabasha II went west for the winter hunt.

In February 1813, Chief Wabasha II received orders to report in at Prairie du Chien with his men. A total of 97 Dakota warriors fought in the campaigns near Detroit that summer. They took part in the unsuccessful Siege of Fort Meigs and Battle of Fort Stephenson near Lake Erie in 1813.

Discontent among Dakota warriors
The failure of the British to take the forts was discouraging to many Dakota warriors, who also complained that they had received very little in return for their service. In the fall of 1813, Colonel Robert Dickson was unable to deliver supplies to the west, testing the patience of even Wabasha. When his tribesmen complained about the lack of guns, ammunitions and lead, Chief Wabasha took out the medals and flags he had received from the Americans to show that he could wield influence with them if needed.

In February 1814, Colonel Dickson finally arrived on the upper Mississippi River with five canoes filled with supplies. Wabasha thanked Dickson for the goods, but it was too little too late for many of the disaffected fighters.

During the Siege of Prairie du Chien in the summer of 1814, Wabasha's men stood by the British but did not get involved in the fighting. After the Americans surrendered Fort Shelby, the Mdewakanton warriors spent most of their energy protecting the defeated U.S. troops from the Ho-Chunks (Winnebagos) who seemed intent on attacking them.

Over the winter of 1814–15, the British maintained the garrison at Prairie du Chien, mainly to ensure that the Native Americans remained neutral. Chief Wabasha continued to support the British outwardly but the commander was aware that he regularly received visits from tribes sympathetic to the Americans, including the Yanktons and Wahpekutes. Nevertheless, the British regarded Wabasha as the key to controlling the region and continued to placate him with supplies from the garrison, often at the expense of others.

Council on Drummond Island
Following the signing of the Treaty of Ghent between the United States and the United Kingdom in 1815, the Indians felt that they had been betrayed and "sold out" by the British. The Canadian fur traders were also shocked to learn that they had gained no new territory; the border between Canada and the United States was remaining the same as before the War of 1812.

In 1816, the British held a council of western Indians on Drummond Island,  east of the Straits of Mackinac. They praised the Sioux for their valor during the War of 1812 and offered gifts of blankets, knives and food provisions. Wabasha II and Little Crow I rejected their gifts and made speeches expressing anger at the British for failing to protect the interests of the Indians. At the meeting, Chief Wabasha said to Lieutenant Colonel Robert McDouall (through a translator):"We never knew of this peace. We are told it was made by our Great Father...that it is your duty to obey his orders. What is that to us? Will these presents pay for the men we have lost in battle?...Will they make good your promises?”As a result, McDouall wrote many letters to his superiors arguing in favor of British intervention against the military outposts that the United States was planning to build in Green Bay and Prairie du Chien. The Indians considered this an intrusion on their territory; they had never given permission for the Americans to build forts there. McDouall argued that the forts would be in violation of the Treaty of Ghent and that the British risked losing support from the Indians if they failed to stand up to the Americans.

Ambivalence toward Americans
While the British held their council on Drummond Island, American treaty commissioners met with a group of eastern Sioux near St. Louis. More than forty Dakotas, including nearly ten chiefs and headmen, "touched a pen" to an 1816 accord pledging peace and reaffirming all previous agreements with the United States including Pike's 1805 treaty. The Mdewakanton chiefs who signed included Bad Hail and Penichon from the Minnesota River bands; Red Wing II, Iron Cloud and Marching Wind from the Red Wing band, which had switched sides to support the Americans during the war; and White Dog, second chief from Wabasha's village.

On their way back from Drummond Island, Wabasha and Little Crow were traveling with their men down the Wisconsin River toward Prairie du Chien, when they were stopped by the new American commanding officer, Brevet Brigadier General Thomas A. Smith. Chief Wabasha explained that they intended to join their tribesmen who had pitched their tents above the town, at a location traditionally reserved for the Dakota, after returning from St. Louis. General Smith insisted that only the Dakota who had made peace with the Americans in St. Louis were allowed to camp north of the town, and launched a gunboat in a show of force that made Wabasha's men very unhappy. Nevertheless, Wabasha and Little Crow secured permission to visit and confer with their relatives.

The following morning, Wabasha and Little Crow gave up their British flags and medals and pledged to protect "their American father." They then reapproached Prairie du Chien by river, this time with American flags flying from the bows of their canoes, and were greeted with a celebration. General Smith wrote that he was satisfied that Chief Wabasha, a leader with "dignity and superior understanding," had been won over to support the Americans, observing that Wapasha had led his men in "shaking the flags with much zeal."

Indian superintendent William Clark, however, was not convinced. He was aware that Robert Dickson had begun building a stockade between Big Stone Lake and Lake Traverse, and was suspicious of his intentions. Clark then hired Benjamin O'Fallon as Indian agent to the eastern Sioux with orders to spy on Dickson's movements.

Other American expeditions

First Long expedition
In 1816, the United States Department of War planned to establish a system of military outposts in the region. In July 1817, Major Stephen Harriman Long was sent on an expedition to further explore the land acquired by Pike in 1805. On July 12, 1817, Long reached Wabasha's village which was then located on the Prairie aux Ailes in present-day Winona, Minnesota. Long found the village mostly deserted due to a hunting expedition and wrote:The name of their chief is Wauppaushaw, or the Leaf, commonly called by a name of the same import in French La Feuille, or La Fye, as it is pronounced in English. He is considered one of the most honest & honourable of any of the Indians and endeavours to inculcate into the minds of his people the sentiments & principles adopted by himself. He was not at home at the time I called & I had no opportunity of seeing him.The next day, Long reported meeting "the nephew of La Fieulle" [sic], whom he was told would succeed Wabasha as chief. Wabasha's nephew was out on a hunting expedition.

Visits with O'Fallon
In the fall of 1817, several Sioux leaders including Wabasha and Shakopee took turns visiting Indian agent Benjamin O'Fallon in Prairie du Chien. Chief Wabasha II was said to show "strong friendship" to the Americans, mentioning the "lies" the British had used to "shut our ears against truth." Chief Shakopee I went as far as to ask O'Fallon to visit his village to bring presents, and drag away the British traders who were corrupting his young men. On each of those occasions, O'Fallon smoked with the chiefs and promised to send American traders to take care of their needs.

In the spring of 1818, O'Fallon arrived on the Upper Mississippi with fifty infantrymen on two keelboats and stopped at every Mdewakanton village on the way, impressing many. At Wabasha's village, however, he received a mixed reception. Although Chief Wabasha embraced O'Fallon warmly, others in his camp were less friendly. When O'Fallon sat down in a council with seventeen village elders, ten of them refused to shake hands and promptly left. Wabasha explained that some of the elders "had not yet become reconciled with the big knives [Americans] and view them with indifference." After all, he explained, the Americans still had not delivered on the promises they had made more than ten years earlier. Wabasha reassured O'Fallon that he would not tolerate rude behavior if it continued, but also pointed out the transgressions of O'Fallon's own men. For example, several loggers from the fort at Prairie du Chien had taken lumber from their lands without permission.

Forsyth expedition
In the summer of 1819, Major Thomas Forsyth, an experienced Indian agent, was sent from St. Louis with provisions for the future Fort Snelling and US$2,000 worth of gifts for the Indians as late payment for the land cessions negotiated by Pike in 1805.

His first visit was to Wabasha's village. Forsyth met with Chief Wabasha to discuss the benefits of having a fort at the proposed site. He explained that the new fort would be a place where the Dakota could trade; it would offer certain services such as blacksmithing; and its proximity would discourage the Ojibwe from attacking the Dakota. In return, Forsyth asked for safe passage of American vessels and restraint in intertribal warfare. Finally, he said that the President of the United States was then at peace but was prepared for war, and warned them against being led astray by the British "bad birds from the northern quarter" as they had been during the War of 1812.

In his journal, Forsyth was negative in his assessment of the upper Mississippi River valley, describing it as "a mountainous, broken, rocky and sterile country, not fit for either man or beast to live in." He was also highly critical of the Sioux, and blamed their "alteration" on the influence of "those whom we called civilized people."

However, he admired Chief Little Crow I, and was positive about Chief Wabasha II, whom he referred to as "Leaf." After offering him a gift of a blanket, a pipe of tobacco, and some powder, Forsyth described Wabasha's reaction:He accepted of the presents with thanks, and, after sundown, he came aboard of my boat to visit me, and conversed on many subjects. This man is no beggar, nor does he drink, and perhaps I may say he is the only man in the Sioux nation of this description.

Second Long expedition
In 1823, geologist William H. Keating, naturalist Thomas Say, and topographer James Edward Calhoun joined Major Stephen Harriman Long on a scientific expedition to the Minnesota River, Red River, Lake Winnipeg, Lake of the Woods and Lake Superior. On June 29, 1823, Major Long, who was traveling in the advance party, reached Wabasha's village first. Long was only able to hold a short conversation with the chief because of his interpreter.  His initial impression of Chief Wabasha II was as follows:The chief is about fifty years of age, but appears older; his prominent features are good and indicative of great acuteness and of a prying disposition; his stature is low; he has long been one of the most influential of the Dacota Indians, more perhaps from his talents in the counsel than his achievements in the field. He is represented as being a wise and prudent man, a forcible and impressive orator. His disposition to the Americans has generally been a friendly one, and his course of policy is well spoken of.
One hour later, Keating, who was traveling with Say and Calhoun, landed at Wabasha's village, learning that they had missed Major Long's party. Nevertheless, they were eager to meet Chief Wabasha because he was "held in such high esteem among the powerful and extensive nation of the Dacotas." Wabasha accepted the invitation to board their boat, but did not travel with them to Fort St. Anthony (which later became Fort Snelling). He explained that he had to remain at his village to watch over his band, due to the approach of Ojibwe warriors.

According to Keating, Chief Wabasha was interested in a wide range of subjects:Wapasha spoke of the advantages of the arts and agriculture; of his wish to see them introduced; he expressed his desire to accept the invitation, given him by the Indian agent, to accompany him to the seat of government, as he was anxious to see how every thing was managed among white men. One of the objects which he spoke with the greatest rapture was the steamboat, which had ascended the river in the spring, and which he considered a wonderful invention. We were told that when this boat had come up. he was taken on board, and the machine was exhibited to him; he appeared to take great interest in the explanations of it, which were given to him.He also explained the ongoing conflict between the Ojibwe (Chippewa) and the Dakota, and reminded them of past promises:Wapasha informed the gentlemen in the boat, that the Chippewa Indians had been very troublesome, frequently descending the river that bears their name, and cutting off small parties of the Dacotas that were hunting. He spoke also of the advantages of having a mill built at the rapids of Chippewa river, as had been promised to them by the American government.

Treaties
 In the spring of 1824, Chief Wabasha II departed Kiyuksa village as part of the "first Sioux Indian delegation to Washington" organized by Indian agent Lawrence Taliaferro. Other notable Dakota leaders in the delegation included Mdewakanton Chief Little Crow I and Yanktonai Chief Wanata I (The Charger). They were accompanied on the journey by a delegation of the Ojibwe (Chippewa). Agent Taliaferro had arranged the visit as part of his efforts to end warfare between the Sioux and the Chippewa, as well as between the Sioux and the Sac and Foxes.

The party traveled in keelboats from Fort Snelling to Prairie du Chien. Upon reaching Prairie du Chien, Wabasha and Wanata said they wanted to turn back, after speaking to traders who warned that they would get sick and die if they went further. Little Crow stated that he intended to continue to Washington with Taliaferro. Historians have offered differing interpretations of Taliaferro's account of the journey. Some imply that Wabasha and Wanata went no further and did not proceed to Washington, while others suggest that they were persuaded by Little Crow to continue.

In Washington, the Native American delegations met with United States Secretary of War John C. Calhoun and President James Monroe. The stage was set for the treaty negotiations at Prairie du Chien the following year.

1825 Treaty of Prairie du Chien

On August 19, 1825, leaders of the Native American tribes of the Upper Mississippi assembled at Prairie du Chien. The chiefs and headmen in attendance represented tribes including the Dakota Sioux, the Ojibwe, the Sauk and Meskwaki (Fox), the Menomonee, the Iowa, the Ho-Chunk (Winnebago), and the Odawa. The United States treaty commissioners included Governor William Clark of Missouri Territory and Governor Lewis Cass of Michigan Territory.

After protracted discussions, boundaries were finally agreed between the Dakota and Ojibwe tribes. In addition, the first article of the treaty stated, "There shall be a firm and perpetual peace between the Sioux and Chippewas; between the Sioux and the confederated tribes of Sacs and Foxes; and between the loways and the Sioux."

The Dakota signatories to the 1825 Treaty of Prairie du Chien included Chiefs Wabasha II, Little Crow I, Standing Buffalo, Sleepy Eye, Two Faces, Tasaugye (His Cane), Black Dog, Wanata (The Charger), Red Wing II, Shakopee I, Penichon and Eagle Head, and several other head soldiers and "principal men."

The treaty failed to achieve its goal of establishing a lasting intertribal peace. Within months, it became evident that neither the Dakota nor the Ojibwe were willing to be restricted by the boundaries established in the treaty, and the tribes quickly reverted back to their previous pattern of hostilities. The 1825 treaty did, however, have the effect of making it easier for the U.S. government to purchase specific tracts of land from Native American tribes in subsequent years.

1830 Treaty of Prairie du Chien

In the summer of 1830, a second conference of the northwestern tribes was held at Prairie du Chien, with United States treaty commissioners William Clark, superintendent of Indian affairs based in St. Louis, and Colonel Willoughby Morgan of the 1st Infantry Regiment at Fort Crawford.

The main purpose of the treaty was to stop various tribes, including the Dakota (Sioux] and the Sauk and Meskwaki (Fox), from raiding each other's territories. The U.S. army pledged to end intertribal warfare, while the tribal representatives consented to the punishment of those who violated the peace. In practice, the army would find this difficult to enforce as hostilities continued, and no laws existed to try Indians who were accused of inciting violence.

The U.S. also pushed for land cession as part of the 1830 treaty. The Dakota ceded a twenty-mile-wide strip of land on their side of the 1825 border, and the Sac and Fox ceded a similar strip of land. The creation of this "neutral zone" by the U.S. government would only serve to aggravate tensions between them, as hunters from both sides were tempted to hunt there. However, the tribes also received compensation for the land cessions. An annuity of $2,000 a year would be paid to the Dakota in the form of money, merchandise or animals, at the chiefs' discretion, for a period of ten years.

The Dakota representatives who signed the 1830 Treaty of Prairie du Chien included 26 Mdewakantons, nine Wahpekutes, two Sissetons and no Wahpetons. Notable signatories included Chiefs Wabasha II, Little Crow I and Big Eagle (grandfather of the later Big Eagle), as well as Wacouta I (who had succeeded Red Wing II), Big Thunder (who would later become Little Crow II), and Good Road (successor of Penichon).

In subsequent years, Indian agent Lawrence Taliaferro used the $2,000 annuity to purchase goods which he divided three ways: to Tasaugye's Wahpekute band, to Wabasha's Mdewakantons, and to the Indians living near St. Peters Agency. While the annuities promised in the 1830 treaty were "too small to have much effect, good or bad, on the Santee Sioux," Taliaferro tried to use them to build support for his efforts, particularly as local fur traders under newcomer Henry Hastings Sibley became less willing to provide for their needs. The treaty annuities made the Mdewakanton leaders aware that the U.S. government could relieve the economic difficulties they were having due to the decline in game available for hunting.

The treaty had also promised a blacksmith, which became especially convenient for Wabasha's village. Wabasha briefly protested when he found out that the planned blacksmith shop would be located at St. Peters Agency — too far for his sizable band to benefit from the rat spears, hoes and metal traps it would produce. Agent Taliaferro eventually agreed to put the new blacksmith shop in Kettle Hills, just below Kiyuksa village.

Finally, the 1830 treaty set aside a tract of land for the "half-breed relations of the Medawa Kanton Sioux," encompassing 320,000 acres of land west of Lake Pepin. Referred to as the "Half-Breed" Tract, or as the Wabasha or Pepin Reservation, the land was set aside for the mixed-race relatives of the Dakota and would become a point of contention in the 1850s. Chief Wabasha is said to have agreed to discuss land cession only after the United States agreed that the Sioux could "give a small piece [of land] to our friends the half breeds." Wabasha's band owed considerable debt to "mixed-blood" fur trader Alexis Bailly, who was said to have influenced Wabasha's decision to push for this. Nevertheless, Taliaferro was satisfied that the treaty commissioners had resisted pressure from the American Fur Company to include an article within the treaty for their benefit.

Black Hawk War

Chief Wabasha II and his band were recruited by the United States to fight against Chief Black Hawk and the "British band" of Sauks during the Black Hawk War of 1832.

Peace talks with the Meskwaki
On May 21, 1832, Chief Wabasha held peace talks with the Dubuque Meskwaki (Fox) in the presence of Colonel Willoughby Morgan at Prairie du Chien. The Dakota had complained that a war party of Sauks and Meskwakis had entered their territory as defined by the 1830 treaty and killed three or more of their men. The Meskwaki denied that anyone from their tribe had gone against the Dakota since signing the treaty, and said that they wished for peace. In doing so, they stipulated that they could only speak for themselves and not for other members of their brethren. The Dakota and Meskwaki "smoked and danced together and parted in apparent friendship and harmony" before returning home.

Recruitment and payment by Indian agents

Toward the end of May, after the United States declared war against Chief Black Hawk, Brevet Brigadier General Henry Atkinson sent a message from Dixon, Illinois to Prairie du Chien, instructing Indian agent Joseph M. Street to recruit the Sioux to fight with them. Street sent former Fort Snelling schoolteacher John Marsh and Indian sub-agent Thomas Burnett to speak to Chief Wabasha. They left Prairie du Chien by boat on May 30 and reached Wabasha's village on June 1. They found the Sioux "apparently anxious and fully prepared to go to war against their old enemies." Within six days, they returned to Prairie du Chien with 80 Sioux and 20 Winnebago warriors who were willing to fight with the U.S.; in the end, there were nearly 100 Dakota who joined.

Indian agent Street wrote to his counterpart Lawrence Taliaferro complaining that Taliaferro's Dakota were "a discontented people and hard to please." Street had argued with Chief Wabasha, French Crow and other headmen about the best way to distribute payment to the warriors. Wabasha and the other leaders wanted a lump sum, which they would divide up as they saw fit; Street insisted on paying each warrior individually, while admitting that his records were flawed.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Wabasha's men, led by head soldier The Bow (also known as  "L'Arc" or "Lark"), were placed under the command of Colonel William S. Hamilton, together with a group of Menominees and Ho-Chunks (Winnebagos). On June 16, 1832, they arrived at the Pecatonica River battleground, one hour after the volunteer militia led by Colonel Henry Dodge had already killed and scalped the eleven Kickapoo warriors who had attacked them. Dodge reported to Atkinson that after the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, some of the scalps were shared with the "friendly" Indians who "appeared delighted with the scalps."

Desertions and reprimand
Following "a fortnight of inconspicuous service," the Dakota were marching with Colonel Hamilton to join General Atkinson's army in fighting Black Hawk's men, when all but six of them had a change of heart, turned around, and fled. Some returned home through Galena, Illinois, where they were held briefly as deserters; others went to Prairie du Chien, where they were met by Indian agent Street, who reprimanded them for their "cowardice". Street was reported as saying to The Bow and to the Sioux:"I wish to know why you have left the army...I said to you: 'Go and be revenged of the murderers of your friends if you wish it. If you desire revenge you have permission to take it. I will furnish you arms, ammunition, and provisions, and here is the man who is sent to conduct you to the enemy. Follow him and he will lead you to the murderers of the Winnebagoes, the Menomonees, and the Sioux.' That is what I said to you. With one accord you desired to go to war, and appeared bent on full satisfaction for your wrongs and injuries. You raised the war song. Colonel Hamilton led you into the country infested by Sacs and Foxes, and when in striking distance of your enemy you mangled the dead bodies of eleven Sacs [sic] killed by the warriors of your Great Father the day before you arrived. Then you turned about and came back to this place. You have neither seen, nor made any effort to see the Sacs and Foxes...Answer me truly — Why have you returned and what do you mean to do?"The Bow, who was half Dakota and half Ho-Chunk, replied that they intended to go home. He explained that the Sauk had begun to kill a great many white people, and that Colonel Dodge was brave but had too few men. The Dakota, he said, were unhappy with Colonel Hamilton, who had starved them and did not use the Indian warriors well. Furthermore, their feet were sore, their moccasins were worn out, and they missed their families. Street accused The Bow of lying and said that their conduct had been "most despicable":"You have not hearts to look at the Indians who murdered your families and friends. Go home to your squaws and hoe corn, you are not fit to go to war. Your Great Father gives you some flour and pork to eat; you have no stomachs for war. Go home to your squaws and hoe corn, and never again trouble your Great Father with your anxiety to go to war. Take your canoes and clear yourselves."With that, he sent the Dakota deserters home and reported to Taliaferro that he was confident at least in the determination of the Menominees for revenge.

Battle of Bad Axe

Despite the desertions, General Atkinson and Henry Dodge called for the assistance of the Dakota once again in bringing the war to a close. On August 1, 1832, Captain Joseph Throckmorton was sent with his steamboat, the Warrior, up to Wabasha's village to inform them that the Sauks were approaching the Mississippi and to come down at once. On his return trip, Captain Throckmorton learned that Black Hawk and the "British band" were at the mouth of the Bad Axe River, and was soon engaged in battle.

On August 2, Wabasha and his warriors arrived on the west bank of the river, after the Sauk had been well defeated. General Atkinson, who was on board the Warrior with Lieutenant Colonel Zachary Taylor and Captain Throckmorton on their way back to Prairie du Chien, immediately gave orders for the Sioux to pursue the remaining Sauks who were fleeing into the "neutral" Iowa country. The Dakota soon overtook the Sauks, who were too weak to continue fighting; they killed at least 68 in a single attack. Mixed-blood hunter Jack Frazer alone took seven scalps.

Black Hawk later denounced the Americans for sending the Sioux in pursuit of the Sauks, including women and children who had managed to escape. Once they had recovered from the devastating loss, the Sauks sought retribution, and raids continued back and forth with the Dakota for another decade.

Death
Chief Wabasha II died during a smallpox epidemic in 1836 which killed many in his band. On September 10, 1836, Wabasha's band signed a treaty with Colonel Zachary Taylor, acting Indian agent at Prairie du Chien. The treaty relinquished any Sioux claim to present-day northwest Missouri for $400 and was signed not by Chief Wabasha II, but by his son who succeeded him as Chief Wabasha III.

References

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