Andy Blythe and Marten Joustra are British composers who have collaborated on various TV, Production Music and game projects as part of their company, Swallow Studios. Their specialty is jazz, although they have also written in other genres. They are also known as Blythe Joustra.

Career
Blythe and Joustra have been composing music together for 25 years, and in that time they have composed over 1,000 pieces of music for television, radio, film, games, production music libraries, and video. Joustra's background is as a classically trained pianist. He is a jazz pianist and has played in a variety of orchestras, rock bands, jazz quartets and a TV House band.

Blythe's background is in recording and production. Having started out as a drummer in various rock and pop bands, he opened and ran a commercial recording studio. It was through this that he and Joustra met. They quickly established a mutual ambition to write music for television and initially gained experience composing soundtracks for corporate videos, radio commercials, and live events.
Since then, they have contributed tracks to over 40 library music albums and written themes and incidental music for clients all over the world.

Aside from movies and video game music, they wrote music and songs for the UK TV show Dick & Dom in da Bungalow, which aired between 2002 and 2006. A soundtrack CD of this music was released. The tune "Good Evening and Welcome" appeared on the Swedish TV series Ursäkta röran (vi bygger om) by Filip Hammar and Fredrik Wikingsson. They have also written music for OOglies.

List of works

Video games

Film/TV

Production Music Library

 As Heard On TV
 Atmosphere Music Library
 BBC Production Music
 Big Shorts
 Bruton
 Chappell
 Flexitracks
 Zoot

References

External links

British composers
British jazz composers
Video game composers
Musical duos

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Dark Forest (; lit. "Forest of Death") is a 2006 South Korean film and the final installment of the 4 Horror Tales film series.

Cast
So Yi-hyun
Lee Jong-hyuk
Kim Young-joon
Choi Seong-min
Park Choong-seon

References

External links

2006 films
2006 horror films
2000s Korean-language films
South Korean zombie films
2000s South Korean films


NRG Engineering is a Singapore consulting company specializing in the Oil and Gas Industry with worldwide operations. It was founded in 2005. In 2008, NRG Engineering moved its company headquarters to the  new "Fusionopolis" complex in Singapore, and has a representative office in France.

The company is privately owned. It underwent some changes in ownership in 2010 with the departure of two of the three initial co-founders of the company.

NRG Engineering works with oil companies, EPC Contractors and engineering MNCs at different stages of their project. In 2005, they signed the first contract with Cegelec on the Agbami platform operations training centre in Ogere.

From 2006, NRG Engineering developed considerably in Asia, notably because of their involvement in the first refinery ever built in Vietnam: the Dung Quat Refinery project, which is managed by a TECHNIP-JGC-TECNICAS REUNIDAS joint-venture. 2007 also witnessed an increase in their offshore operations, such as pipeline laying projects in Thailand and Indonesia with SAIPEM and CLOUGH, as well as drilling start-up operations in Brunei for TOTAL. 2008 saw the company taking a new turn by winning responsibilities in work in Kuwait and Nigeria. NRG was also awarded a PMC contract in the Shell Gumusut project with MMHE.

In 2014, NRG underwent a rebranding exercise to enhance its service focus to its project management, i.e. people management, safety management, training as well as software.

NRG Engineering used to organize an annual sailing event, the NRG Cup, to gather some players of the industry. The 2nd and last edition of the race was held in Thailand in July 2009.

References

External links

Engineering companies of Singapore


Johnson-Wolfe Farm, more commonly known as the Comus Inn, is a historic set of four buildings located at Comus, Montgomery County, Maryland. The complex includes a ca. 1862 vernacular dwelling known as the Comus Inn, smokehouse, and barn, and a ca. 1936 poultry house.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.

References

External links
, including photo in 2002, at Maryland Historical Trust website

Houses in Montgomery County, Maryland
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery County, Maryland


Tales from Eternal Dusk is the first full album of the German melodic black metal band Dark Fortress. This was the band's debut album and was released on October 1, 2001. Though the album was released in 2001, the vinyl version of this album was released four years later in 2005.

On October 15, 2005, a limited double LP version of Tales from Eternal Dusk was released for €15,- through mailorder and directly from the band. The vinyl version contained 2 bonus tracks: Into My Deepest Desire and Eye of the Greyhound.

Tracks
 "The Arcanum of the Cursed" - 1:44
 "Pilgrim of the Nightly Spheres" - 4:14
 "Twilight" - 4:41
 "Apocalypse" - 3:39
 "Dreaming... (Chapter I)" - 4:17
 "Throne of Sombre Thoughts (Chapter II)" - 5:07
 "Captured in Eternity's Eyes (Chapter III)" - 4:18
 "Misanthropic Invocation" - 5:49
 "Crimson Tears" - 6:45
 "Tales from Eternal Dusk" - 8:35
 "Moments of Mournful Splendour (At the Portal to Infinity)" - 3:03

Vinyl bonus tracks
 "Into My Deepest Desire"
 "Eye of the Greyhound"

Personnel

Additional personnel
 Christophe Szpajdel – logo

References

External links
 Encyclopaedia Metallum

2001 debut albums
Dark Fortress albums


Jérôme Palatsi (born 10 December 1969) is a French former footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

Having had no impact as a professional in his country of birth, he spent the bulk of his senior career in Portugal, appearing in 180 Primeira Liga matches mainly at the service of Vitória de Guimarães and retiring in his 40s.

Club career
Palatsi was born in Béziers, Hérault. After only three matches as a professional at Montpellier HSC over the course of five seasons (although two were spent on loan), he moved to the lower leagues in the country.

In 1996, Palatsi started a Portuguese adventure that would last nearly 15 years, starting at S.C. Beira-Mar. At the Aveiro club and his second, Vitória de Guimarães, he was sometimes charged with penalty-taking, scoring a total of four goals in the Primeira Liga.

From 2005 onwards, Palatsi played mostly in the country's Segunda Liga, first signing with Moreirense F.C. then moving to F.C. Penafiel. Aged almost 39, he returned to Beira-Mar also in that level, and retired two years later after a brief stint with amateurs A.A. Avanca.

With Beira-Mar again in the top flight, Palatsi returned to the club as goalkeeper coach. He also worked in that role with S.C. Freamunde and F.C. Felgueiras 1932. He was both head and assistant manager – as well as player – at Vitória de Guimarães's beach soccer team and acted as scout for Montpellier.

Honours
Le Grau-du-Roi
Division d'Honneur Languedoc-Roussillon: 1995–96

Beira-Mar
Taça de Portugal: 1998–99
Segunda Liga: 2009–10

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Béziers
French men's footballers
Footballers from Hérault
Men's association football goalkeepers
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Division d'Honneur players
Montpellier HSC players
Olympique Alès players
FC Rouen players
Pau FC players
ES Grau-du-Roi players
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
S.C. Beira-Mar players
Vitória S.C. players
Moreirense F.C. players
F.C. Penafiel players
A.A. Avanca players
French expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
French expatriate sportspeople in Portugal


Palatsi may refer to:
Jérôme Palatsi, French footballer
Jorge Palatsí, Spanish footballer
Palatsi (opera), opera composed by Aulis Sallinen


Arnold Allan Lazarus (27 January 1932 – 1 October 2013) was a South African-born clinical psychologist and researcher who specialized in cognitive therapy and is best known for developing multimodal therapy (MMT). A 1955 graduate of South Africa's CHIPS University of the Witwatersrand, Lazarus' accomplishments include authoring the first text on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) called Behaviour Therapy and Beyond and 17 other books, over 300 clinical articles, and presidencies of psychological associations; he received numerous awards including the Distinguished Psychologist Award of the Division of Psychotherapy from the American Psychological Association, the Distinguished Service Award from the American Board of Professional Psychology, and three lifetime achievement awards. Lazarus was a leader in the self-help movement beginning in the 1970s writing books on positive mental imagery and avoiding negative thoughts. He spent time teaching at various universities in the United States including Rutgers University, Stanford University, Temple University Medical School, and Yale University, and was executive director of The Lazarus Institute, a mental health services facility focusing on CBT.

Background

Family life
Lazarus was born in South Africa, where he spent his childhood through post secondary education. He is the son of Benjamin and Rachel Lazarus, the youngest of four children to a middle class family. After episodes of being bullied by his brother-in-law, Lazarus took up body building and boxing, leading to a life long interest in health and nutrition. Lazarus was married to Daphne for 57 years before his death. He had two children Linda and Clifford. He was a grandfather to Linda's son, Taylor. Donna is  his daughter-in-law, married to Clifford.

Education and teaching career
Lazarus completed his undergraduate and graduate education at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa. Upon receiving his Ph.D. in 1960, he became a private practitioner in Johannesburg until 1963 when he was invited to Stanford University for a yearlong position as an assistant professor. He then returned to Johannesburg to teach at his alma mater until 1966 when he and his family returned to the United States for his position as the director of the Behavior Therapy Institute in Sausalito, California. He was a professor at Temple University Medical School from 1967-1970 and Yale University from 1970-1972 where he was director of Clinical training. Finally in 1972, Lazarus became a distinguished professor for the Graduate School of Applied Psychology at Rutgers University in New Jersey; Lazarus would remain in this position until 1999.

Clinical work and theories
As a graduate student at Stanford University, Lazarus extended his knowledge beyond the typical psychological views of the time and is credited with coining the term for the growing field of "behavioral therapy."  Lazarus and his mentor Joseph Wolpe published the book Behavioral Therapy Techniques in 1966 which was the first to show the importance of increasing adaptive behavior and decreasing maladaptive behaviors on mental health. In the process of writing their book, Lazarus and Wolpe came to differ in their stances on use of behavioral therapy. Wolpe favoring an approach centered on applying only therapy techniques and Lazarus favoring the supplementation of other techniques in addition to therapy. Later, in his book Behavior Therapy and Beyond, Lazarus presented his ideas for adding cognitive constructs to behavioral therapy as treatment for anxiety and depression. Lazarus' ideas continued to develop throughout his next few publications as his writings and theories gained popularity throughout the field.

In Multimodal Behavioral Therapy (1976) and The Practice of Multimodal Therapy (1981), arguably his most notable works, Lazarus introduced multimodal therapy (MMT). MMT is based on the idea that humans have modalities to their personality that must be addressed separately in order to properly treat a mental disorder. The modalities are referred to with the acronym BASIC ID which stands for Behavior, Affect, Sensation, Imagery, Cognition, Interpersonal Relationships, and Drugs/Biology.

Lazarus is also noted for his advocacy for the expansion of boundaries between patient and therapist. Lazarus advocated for the expansion of relationships beyond scheduled sessions, arguing that a relationship beyond scheduled professional sessions to be beneficial for patients. Lazarus himself would participate in meals, mall trips and weddings in belief that it would strengthen the adaptive abilities of patients.

Lazarus Institute

The Lazarus Institute (TLI) was Lazarus' practice for the rest of his life. Founded in partnership with his son Clifford and daughter-in-law Donna, the mission of TLI was to broaden Cognitive-Behavior CHIPS Therapy; their motto "Think Well - Act Well - Feel Well - Be Well" reflects their focus on CBT. However, the Lazarus' went further by offering each client an individualized therapy plan to maximize their benefit. TLI promotes their use of broad practices while remaining rooted in approaches that have been scientifically supported.

Honors
 Fellow of three divisions of the American Psychological Association (Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Psychologists in Independent Practice)
 Distinguished Service Award - American Board of Professional Psychology
 Lifetime Achievement Award - Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
 Lifetime Achievement Award - California Psychological Association
 Cummings PSYCHE Award honoring contributions to integrated healthcare delivery systems
 Albert Ellis Humanitarian Award

References

1932 births
2013 deaths
South African psychologists
Behavior therapy
South African social scientists


Discoteuthis is a genus of squid in the family Cycloteuthidae. It is distinguished from the genus Cycloteuthis by the absence of a tail on the mantle. The genus occurs in tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide.

The genus contains bioluminescent species.

References

External links
 Tree of Life web project: Discoteuthis

Cephalopod genera
Squid
Bioluminescent molluscs


Loorenkopf tower is a  high freestanding wood lattice tower on Adlisberg, north of Witikon in Zürich, Switzerland. It was built in 1954. The tower is owned by Zürich city and it is open to the public.

The tower is located within the forest at an altitude of . The upper platform is reached by 153 steps. On a clear day with high visibility, you can see Eiger, Mönch and Jungfrau.

External links

Towers in Switzerland
Buildings and structures in the canton of Zürich
Tourist attractions in the canton of Zürich


The Kensington Historic District is a national historic district located at Kensington, Montgomery County, Maryland.  The district includes the core of the original town that was incorporated in 1894.  It is dominated by large late-19th and early-20th-century houses, many with wraparound porches, stained-glass windows, and curving brick sidewalks. Large well-kept lawns, ample sized lots, flowering shrubbery, and tree-lined streets contribute to the historic environment which Kensington still retains despite its proximity to Washington, D.C.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

See also
Kensington (MARC station)

References

External links
, including photo in 2003, at Maryland Historical Trust website
Boundary Map of the Kensington Historic District, Montgomery County, at Maryland Historical Trust
Kensington Historical Society

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Historic districts in Montgomery County, Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery County, Maryland


Aditya-L1 (/ɑːd̪it̪jə/)(from Sanskrit: Aditya, "sun" and L1, "Lagrange 1 Point") a coronagraphy spacecraft to study the solar atmosphere, designed and developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and various other Indian research institutes. It will be orbiting at about 1.5 million km from Earth in a halo orbit around the L1 Lagrange point between the Earth and the Sun where it will study the solar atmosphere, solar magnetic storms, and their impact on the environment around the Earth.

It is the first Indian mission dedicated to observing the Sun. Nigar Shaji is the project's director. Aditya-L1 was launched aboard the PSLV C57 at 11:50 IST on 2 September 2023, ten days after the successful landing of ISRO's Moon mission, Chandrayaan-3. It successfully achieved its intended orbit nearly an hour later, and separated from its fourth stage at 12:57 IST. It is projected to reach its designated orbit at the L1 point approximately 127 days after its launch.

Science objectives

The main objectives of Aditya L1 are:
 To observe the dynamics of the Sun's chromosphere and corona:
 To study chromospheric and coronal heating, the physics of partially ionised plasma, of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and their origins, of the coronal magnetic field and heat transfer mechanisms, and flare exchanges
 To observe of the physical particle environment around its position
 To determine the sequence of processes in multiple layers below the corona that lead to solar eruptions
 To study space weather, and the origin, composition and dynamics of solar wind

History
Aditya was conceptualised in January 2008 by the Advisory Committee for Space Sciences (ADCOS). It was initially envisaged as a small  satellite in a Low Earth Orbit (800 km) with a coronagraph to study the solar corona. An experimental budget of  was allocated for the financial year 2016–2017. The scope of the mission has since been expanded and it became a comprehensive solar and space environment observatory to be placed at Lagrange point L1, hence the mission was renamed "Aditya-L1". , the mission has an allocated cost of  excluding launch costs.

Overview

The Aditya-L1 mission will take around 109 Earth days after launch to reach the halo orbit around the L1 point, which is about  from Earth. The spacecraft is planned to remain in the halo orbit for its mission duration while being maintained at a stationkeeping Δv of 0.2–4 m/s per year. The  satellite carries seven science payloads with various objectives, including instruments to measure coronal heating, solar wind acceleration, coronal magnetometry, origin and monitoring of near-UV solar radiation (which drives Earth's upper atmospheric dynamics and global climate), coupling of the solar photosphere to the chromosphere and corona, and in-situ characterisations of the space environment around Earth by measuring energetic particle fluxes and magnetic fields of the solar wind, and solar magnetic storms.

Aditya-L1 will provide observations of the sun's photosphere, chromosphere and corona. Its scientific payloads must be placed outside the interference from the Earth's magnetic field and hence could not have been useful in the low Earth orbit as proposed in the original Aditya mission concept.

One of the major unsolved problems in the field of solar physics is coronal heating. The upper atmosphere of the Sun has a temperature of  whereas the lower atmosphere is just . In addition, it is not understood exactly how the Sun's radiation affects the dynamics of the Earth's atmosphere on a shorter as well as a longer time scale. The mission will obtain near-simultaneous images of the different layers of the Sun's atmosphere, which will reveal the ways in which energy is channeled and transferred from one layer to another. Thus, the Aditya-L1 mission will enable a comprehensive understanding of the dynamical processes of the Sun and address some of the outstanding problems in solar physics and heliophysics.

Payloads

The instruments of Aditya-L1 are tuned to observe the solar atmosphere, mainly the chromosphere and corona. In-situ instruments will observe the local environment at L1. There are seven payloads on-board, with four for remote sensing of the Sun and three for in-situ observation. The payloads have been developed by different laboratories in the country with close collaborations of various ISRO centres.

Visible Emission Line coronagraph (VELC)
The Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) is a key instrument on India's Aditya-L1 space solar mission. The VELC is an internally occulted reflective coronagraph designed to fulfil specific observation needs. The instrument allows for high spatial resolution imaging (1.25-2.5 arc seconds) of the Sun's corona, simultaneous observations in three modes (Imaging, Spectroscopy and Spectro-polarimetry), and even utilities artificial intelligence to aid in the detection of coronal mass ejections (CME's).

Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT)
The SUIT is an ultraviolet imaging telescope designed to study the solar spectral radiation in the ultraviolet range, using narrowband and broadband spectral filters in the range of 200-400 nm with the hope of developing a better understanding between solar activity and the atmospheric dynamics of Earth. The SUIT provides near-simultaneous coverage of the solar atmosphere, from lower photosphere to the upper chromosphere. The instrument was developed by Inter University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (lUCAA), in collaboration with ISRO.

Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer (SoLEXS)
The SoLEXS is an X-ray spectrometer designed to continuously measure the solar soft X-ray flux (1 keV-22 keV) from the Sun-Earth Lagrangian point L1. These measurements can be used to better understand the properties of the Sun's corona, in particular, why the temperature of the corona is so high. The SoLEXS will observe solar flares, and in conjunction with data provided by the VELC, will help study the complex thermal properties of the Sun's outer layers.

High Energy L-1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS)
Developed by the Space Astronomy Group, URSC, the HEL1OS (pronounced helios) is an x-ray spectrometer designed to study solar flares in the x-ray spectrum, in particular, energy bands of 10-150 Kev (kilo-electron volts). Utilising a twin-pair of Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) and Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) detectors, the instrument aims to study the acceleration and movement of electrons in the Sun's corona, as well as to study the cut-off energy between thermal & non-thermal solar emissions.

Aditya Solar Wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX)
The ASPEX is an instrument composed of low and high energy particle spectrometers, designed to conduct measurements of the Sun's solar wind particles. SWISS, the low energy spectrometer, contains two analysers, each designed to study particles entering the device in different planes. STEPS, the high energy spectrometer, also consists of two parts, STEPS 1 and STEPS 2, both designed to separate protons and alpha particles and measure the integrated flux.

Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya (PAPA)
The PAPA is an instrument onboard the Aditya-L1 designed to study the temperature, distribution and velocity of the solar winds. The instrument was developed by the Space Physics Laboratory of the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre. The instrument contains two sensors; the Solar Wind Electron Energy Probe (SWEEP) and the Solar Wind lon Composition Analyser (SWICAR). The detectors are used in conjunction to analyse the energy levels of electrons and ions within the solar wind.

Mission profile

Launch

On 2 September 2023, at 11:50 IST, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C57) accomplished a successful launch of the Aditya-L1 from the Second Launch Pad of the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) located in Sriharikota.

Aditya-L1, following a flight duration of 63 minutes and 20 seconds, achieved a successful injection into an elliptical orbit around the Earth at 12:54 IST.

Aditya-L1 is scheduled to undergo a series of four Earth-bound orbital maneuvres prior to its injection to a transfer orbit towards the L1 Lagrange point. It is projected to reach its designated orbit at the L1 point approximately 127 days after its launch.

Orbit raising burns

First orbit raising burn
On 3 September 2023, the Aditya-L1 performed its first Earth-bound maneuvre, raising its orbit to a  into  orbit.

Second orbit raising burn
On 5 September 2023, Aditya-L1 performed its second Earth-bound maneuvre, raising its orbit to a  into  orbit.

Third orbit raising burn
On 10 September 2023, Aditya-L1 performed its third Earth-bound maneuvre, raising its orbit to a  into  orbit.

Fourth orbit raising burn
On 15 September 2023, Aditya-L1 performed its fourth Earth-bound maneuvre, raising its original orbit to a  into  orbit. This is  the last of such maneuvres, being directly followed by the Trans-Lagrangian 1 Injection, bound to take place on 19 September.

Trans-Lagrangian 1 Injection
On 19 September 2023, Aditya-L1 performed its last maneuvre around Earth to escape its orbit and headed towards the Lagrange 1 point. It will take at least 4 months to further reach its destination, 1.5 million kilometers away.

On 30 September 2023, Aditya-L1 had escaped the Earth’s sphere of influence and was on the way to the Lagrange 1 point.

Trajectory correction maneuvre
On 6 October 2023, Aditya-L1 performed a Trajectory Correction maneuvre (TCM1). It was needed to correct the trajectory evaluated after tracking the Trans-Lagrangian Point 1 Insertion (TL1I) maneuvre performed on September 19, 2023.

Team
 Nigar Shaji - Project director
 Sankarasubramanian K - Principal scientist of the mission

See also

 Lagrange point
 Solar space missions
 Solar Orbiter
 Parker Solar Probe
 ISRO

References

External links

 ISRO page for Aditya-L1

Satellites of India
Spacecraft launched by India in 2023
Missions to the Sun
September 2023 events in India
Space probes launched in 2023


A bully pulpit is a conspicuous position that provides an opportunity to speak out and be listened to.
This term was coined by United States President Theodore Roosevelt, who referred to his office as a "bully pulpit", by which he meant a terrific platform from which to advocate an agenda. Roosevelt used the word bully as an adjective meaning "superb" or "wonderful", a more common usage at that time.

References

External links

Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt


is a Japanese manga artist, born in Urawa, Saitama Prefecture (now part of Saitama City). She graduated from Saitama Prefecture's prestigious Urawanishi High School and Hosei University's department of psychology, with a major in sports psychology. During her high school days, she was a member of her school's softball team, which would go on to be an inspiration in her work Ōkiku Furikabutte as well as her high school which is featured in detail (the school now advertising the manga and anime on their website).

In 1998, Higuchi won noted seinen manga magazine Afternoon'''s Shiki competition with her work Yuku tokoro. It was noted for the unique relationships shared by its characters  and was subsequently published in the August issue of the magazine, thus marking her debut as a manga artist. She is currently working on Ōkiku Furikabutte, which has spanned 32 volumes to date and being serialized in the monthly Afternoon. It won the 10th Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize for best creative work in 2006, and the 31st Kodansha Manga Award for general manga in 2007.

 Works
 Yuku tokoro (1998)
 Kazoku no Sore Kara (2000, serialized in Afternoon, Kodansha)
 Yasashii Watashi (2001–2002, serialized in Afternoon, Kodansha)
 Ōkiku Furikabutte (2004–present, serialized in Afternoon'', Kodansha)

References

External links

Japanese female comics artists
Female comics writers
Women manga artists
Manga artists from Saitama Prefecture
Living people
1970 births
Hosei University alumni
20th-century Japanese women writers
20th-century Japanese writers
21st-century Japanese women writers
21st-century Japanese writers


Hellisøy Lighthouse () is a coastal lighthouse in Fedje municipality in Vestland county, Norway.  The lighthouse lies on the small island of Hellisøy, just off the southwest coast of the larger island of Fedje.

History
This tower was built in 1855, making it Norway's second-oldest cast iron lighthouse.  It is essentially a copy of the Eigerøy Lighthouse built a year earlier on the southwest coast.  The lighthouse was automated in 1992.

The lighthouse emits a continuous white light with a more intense flash every 30 seconds.  The light sits at an elevation of about  above sea level.  The  tall round cast iron tower is painted red with two narrow white horizontal bands. There is a 3rd order Fresnel lens in the lighthouse that has been in use since 1903.  The lens puts out a light with an intensity of 960,000 candela which can be seen for up to .

See also

 List of lighthouses in Norway
 Lighthouses in Norway

References

External links

 Norsk Fyrhistorisk Forening

Fedje
Lighthouses completed in 1855
Lighthouses in Vestland


J. D. Watt (born May 25, 1987) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger.  He was originally drafted by the Flames in the fourth round (111th overall) of the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. Beginning with the 2012–13 season, Watt has been playing with the SAIT Trojans of the Alberta Colleges Athletics Conference (ACAC). Watt was born and raised in Cremona, Alberta.

Playing career
A native of Cremona, Alberta, Watt played Junior A hockey with the Drumheller Dragons of the Alberta Junior Hockey League (AJHL) in 2003–04 before joining the major junior ranks with the Vancouver Giants of the Western Hockey League (WHL) late in the season.  Playing with the Giants, Watt won the 2006 President's Cup and the 2007 Memorial Cup championships.  He played for the Red Deer Rebels and the Regina Pats in his final year of major junior.

Watt was drafted after his second junior season by his hometown team, the Calgary Flames (Cremona is approximately just 75 km outside of Calgary), in the fourth round, 111th overall, in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.  In 2008–09, he was initially assigned to the Flames' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Quad City Flames, but was quickly reassigned to the Las Vegas Wranglers of the ECHL.  On November 9, 2008, he recorded his first professional hat trick and added an assist for a four-point night against the Phoenix RoadRunners in a 6–2 win. Watt was recalled, however, by the Quad City Flames on December 8, 2008.  He was suspended by the AHL late in the season for four games on February 24, 2009, after delivering a check to the head in a game against the San Antonio Rampage.

On January 5, 2011, the Calgary Flames announced that J.D. Watt's contract has been terminated effective immediately.  "J.D. notified us on Monday that he was no longer interested in pursuing his career with the Calgary Flames organization,"  "He informed us of his decision and as a result, he was then suspended and cleared unconditional waivers this morning. We are moving forward in the best interests of the hockey club, our players in Abbotsford and the Flames organization."

During the 2010–11 AHL season Watt played 27 games with the Abbotsford Heat, recording one goal and three assists for four points while accumulating 73 penalty minutes. On May 1, 2011, Watt left the Calgary Flames' organization.

As a professional, Watt was known for his abrasive style of play as an agitator. During his eight years of play in the Western Hockey League, American Hockey League, and ECHL, Watt was penalized for 117 fights. He joined the SAIT Trojans with the 2012–13 season, and through his first season of ACAC play, which included 28 regular season games and 8 playoff contests, Watt was not involved in a single fight.

Awards
Won the President's Cup as WHL champions with the Vancouver Giants in 2006.
Won the Memorial Cup as CHL champions with the Vancouver Giants in 2007.

Career statistics

References

External links

J. D. Watt on HockeysFuture.com

1987 births
Living people
Abbotsford Heat players
Calgary Flames draft picks
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Las Vegas Wranglers players
Manchester Monarchs (AHL) players
Ontario Reign (ECHL) players
People from Mountain View County
Quad City Flames players
Red Deer Rebels players
Regina Pats players
San Antonio Rampage players
Utah Grizzlies (ECHL) players
Vancouver Giants players


Thorpe-in-Balne railway station was an unopened railway station on the Hull and Barnsley and Great Central Joint Railway. It was situated about  from the village of Thorpe in Balne, South Yorkshire, England adjacent to the road and some  north of Doncaster.

Like the other stations on the line it was built ready to accept passenger trains with flanking platforms and facilities, however the passengers never came. Although it was built ready for the opening on 1 May 1916 the line only opened for goods traffic, particularly coal, it stayed that way all its working life.

The structures remained in position until the early 1960s when they were demolished.

The line saw very few passenger workings, all of them enthusiasts specials, the final one being the "Doncaster Decoy" on 5 October 1968.

References
"Great Central", Vol.3 (Fay sets the pace), Ian Allan / Locomotive Pub. Co., 1965.
"Railways in South Yorkshire", C.T.Goode, Dalesman Publications 1975.

Disused railway stations in Doncaster
Unbuilt railway stations in the United Kingdom


"Lost" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Gorilla Zoe, released October 14, 2008 as the lead single from his second studio album Don't Feed Da Animals (2009). The song leaked in May 2008 entitled "Losin' My Mind", featuring a verse from fellow American rapper Lil Wayne. It is notable that, specifically with the Lil Wayne version, both songs use the auto-tune effect. "Lost" received positive reviews from critics praising Drumma Boy's electronic production and Zoe's sincere Auto-Tune delivery of introspective lyrics.

Critical reception
"Lost" received positive reviews from music critics praising the production and usage of Auto-Tune to reveal an honest performance by Zoe. Steve 'Flash' Juon of RapReviews praised the synth production and use of Auto-Tune to give Zoe a heartfelt performance, saying that "You might not think someone with Zoe's deep raspy flow could pull off crooning, but Drumma Boy plays to his strengths and gives him a joint he can sing low and slow over." Nathan Slavik of DJBooth was surprised by the honesty and self-awareness delivered by Zoe about his newfound lifestyle, saying that "'Lost' is a display of the lyricist lurking behind Zoe’s gravel-voiced swagger, dropping carefully constructed lines like “I’m losing my mind, I’m losing control...of the wheel swerving on and off the road.” That’s right, Zoe dropped a dope metaphor. Suck on that haters." Brendan Frederick of XXL called it "a brink-of-insanity cry for help that’s filled with booming 808s and sing-along digital harmonies." AllMusic's David Jeffries felt that the introspective lyricism were being overshadowed by sophomoric humor, calling it "a heartfelt song about loneliness that would work splendidly if it wasn't for the diaper talk."

Chart performance
"Lost" debuted at number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week of January 24, 2009. Six weeks later, it moved twenty-two spots to peak at number 71 the week of March 7, staying on the chart for eleven weeks.

Music video
The music video was directed by Zollo and premiered on the BET show The Deal. Miami-based rapper Rick Ross makes a cameo appearance along with Atlanta-based rappers Young Jeezy, Ludacris, Plies, Shawty Lo, Lil Jon, Waka Flocka Flame, Gucci Mane, other cameo appearances did include Erup, KRS-One, Slick Rick, Nelly, Fat Joe, YoungBloodz, Cutty, Andre 3000, Big Boi, Fiend, N.O.R.E., DMX, Chi McBride AND Raekwon. The music video is similar to the music video of "Somebody's Watching Me" by R&B artist Rockwell, relating the subject's paranoid fears of being followed and watched, although the lyrics of "Lost" chronicle the emptiness and loneliness that fame can bring. The music video does not show the underground background singer named as "the mistress". It was released on BET, MTV, MTV2 and MTV Jams on December 23, 2008 and on iTunes on January 19, 2009.

Remixes and freestyle
On September 14, 2008, American rapper Bow Wow released a freestyle to the song.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

2008 singles
2008 songs
Gorilla Zoe songs
Bad Boy Records singles
Songs written by Gorilla Zoe
Songs written by Drumma Boy


is a railway station on the Chikuho Main Line and Sasaguri Line operated by JR Kyushu in Keisen, Kaho District, Fukuoka, Japan.

History
The privately run Chikuho Kogyo Railway had opened a track from  to  on 30 August 1891 and, after several phases of extension, the track had reached south to  by 1893. On 1 October 1897, the Chikuho Kogyo Railway, now renamed the Chikuho Railway, merged with the Kyushu Railway. Kyushu Railway undertook the next phase of expansion by extending the track to Keisen, then named Nagao, and establishing it as the new southern terminus on 12 December 1901. After the Kyushu Railway was nationalized on 1 July 1907, Japanese Government Railways (JGR) took over control of the station. On 12 October 1909, the track to Iizuka was designated the Chikuho Main Line while the track from Iizuka to Nagao was designated the Nagao Line. On 15 July 1928, Nagao became a through-station when the track was further extended to . On 7 December 1929, both lines were merged and the station became part of the Chikuho Main Line. On 1 December 1940, the station was renamed Keizen. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR), the successor of JGR, on 1 April 1987, control of the station passed to JR Kyushu.

Station numbering was introduced on 28 September 2018 with Keisen being assigned station number JC10 for the Fukuhoku Yutaka Line and JG04 for the Haruda Line.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2016, the station was used by an average of 1,881 passengers daily (boarding passengers only), and it ranked 97th among the busiest stations of JR Kyushu.

See also
The following stations have the same name in Kanji but have different readings and hence are written differently in Hiragana and when transliterated:
Katsuragawa Station (Hokkaidō)
Katsuragawa Station (Kyoto)

References

External links
Station information (JR Kyūshū)

Railway stations in Fukuoka Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1901


In multilinear algebra, the higher-order singular value decomposition (HOSVD) of a tensor is a specific orthogonal Tucker decomposition. It may be regarded as one type of generalization of the matrix singular value decomposition. It has applications in computer vision, computer graphics, machine learning, scientific computing, and signal processing. Some aspects can be traced as far back as F. L. Hitchcock in 1928, but it was L. R. Tucker who developed for third-order tensors the general Tucker decomposition in the 1960s, further advocated by L. De Lathauwer et al. in their Multilinear SVD work that employs the power method, or advocated by Vasilescu and Terzopoulos that developed M-mode SVD a parallel algorithm that employs the matrix SVD.

The term higher order singular value decomposition (HOSVD) was coined be DeLathauwer, but the algorithm referred to commonly in the literature as the HOSVD and attributed to either Tucker or DeLathauwer was developed by Vasilescu and Terzopoulos.  Robust and L1-norm-based variants of HOSVD have also been proposed.

Definition
For the purpose of this article, the abstract tensor  is assumed to be given in coordinates with respect to some basis as a M-way array, also denoted by , where M is the number of modes and the order of the tensor.  is the complex numbers and it includes both the real numbers  and the pure imaginary numbers.

Let be a unitary matrix containing a basis of the left singular vectors of the standard mode-m flattening  of  such that the jth column  of  corresponds to the jth largest singular value of . Observe that the mode/factor matrix  does not depend on the particular on the specific definition of the mode m flattening. By the properties of the multilinear multiplication, we havewhere  denotes the conjugate transpose. The second equality is because the 's are unitary matrices. Define now the core tensorThen, the HOSVD of  is the decomposition The above construction shows that every tensor has a HOSVD.

Compact HOSVD
As in the case of the compact singular value decomposition of a matrix, it is also possible to consider a compact HOSVD, which is very useful in applications.

Assume that  is a matrix with unitary columns containing a basis of the left singular vectors corresponding to the nonzero singular values of the standard factor-m flattening  of . Let the columns of  be sorted such that the  th column  of  corresponds to the th largest nonzero singular value of . Since the columns of  form a basis for the image of , we havewhere the first equality is due to the properties of orthogonal projections (in the Hermitian inner product) and the last equality is due to the properties of multilinear multiplication. As flattenings are bijective maps and the above formula is valid for all , we find as before thatwhere the core tensor  is now of size .

Multilinear rank
The multilinear rank of  is denoted with rank-.  The multilinear rank is a tuple in  where . Not all tuples in  are multilinear ranks. The multilinear ranks are bounded by  and it satisfy the constraint  must hold.

The compact HOSVD is a rank-revealing deomposition in the sense that the dimensions of its core tensor correspond with the components of the multilinear rank of the tensor.

Interpretation
The following geometric interpretation is valid for both the full and compact HOSVD. Let  be the multilinear rank of the tensor . Since  is a multidimensional array, we can expand it as followswhere  is the th standard basis vector of . By definition of the multilinear multiplication, it holds thatwhere the  are the columns of . It is easy to verify that  is an orthonormal set of tensors. This means that the HOSVD can be interpreted as a way to express the tensor  with respect to a specifically chosen orthonormal basis  with the coefficients given as the multidimensional array .

Computation
Let  be a tensor with a rank-, where  contains the reals  as a subset.

Classic computation
The strategy for computing the Multilinear SVD and the M-mode SVD was introduced in the 1960s by L. R. Tucker, further advocated by L. De Lathauwer et al., and by Vasilescu and Terzopulous.  The term HOSVD was coined by Lieven De Lathauwer, but the algorithm typically referred to in the literature as HOSVD was introduced by Vasilescu and Terzopoulos with the name M-mode SVD.  It is a parallel computation that employs the matrix SVD to compute the orthonormal mode matrices.

M-mode SVD:
 For , do the following:
 Construct the mode-m flattening ;
 Compute the (compact) singular value decomposition , and store the left singular vectors ;

 Compute the core tensor  via the multilinear multiplication

Interlacing computation
A strategy that is significantly faster when some or all  consists of interlacing the computation of the core tensor and the factor matrices, as follows:

 Set ;
 For  perform the following:
 Construct the standard mode-m flattening ;
 Compute the (compact) singular value decomposition , and store the left singular vectors ;
 Set , or, equivalently, .

In-place computation
The HOSVD can be computed in-place via the Fused In-place Sequentially Truncated Higher Order Singular Value Decomposition (FIST-HOSVD)  algorithm by overwriting the original tensor by the HOSVD core tensor, significantly reducing the memory consumption of computing HOSVD.

Approximation
In applications, such as those mentioned below, a common problem consists of approximating a given tensor  by one with a reduced multilinear rank. Formally, if the multilinear rank of  is denoted by , then computing the optimal  that approximates  for a given reduced   is a nonlinear non-convex -optimization problem
where  is the reduced multilinear rank with , and the norm  is the Frobenius norm.

A simple idea for trying to solve this optimization problem is to truncate the (compact) SVD in step 2 of either the classic or the interlaced computation. A classically truncated HOSVD is obtained by replacing step 2 in the classic computation by
 Compute a rank- truncated SVD , and store the top  left singular vectors ;
while a sequentially truncated HOSVD (or successively truncated HOSVD) is obtained by replacing step 2 in the interlaced computation by
 Compute a rank- truncated SVD , and store the top  left singular vectors . Unfortunately, truncation does not result in an optimal solution for the best low multilinear rank optimization problem,. However, both the classically and interleaved truncated HOSVD result in a quasi-optimal solution: if  denotes the classically or sequentially truncated HOSVD and  denotes the optimal solution to the best low multilinear rank approximation problem, thenin practice this means that if there exists an optimal solution with a small error, then a truncated HOSVD will for many intended purposes also yield a sufficiently good solution.

Applications
The HOSVD is most commonly applied to the extraction of relevant information from multi-way arrays.

Starting in the early 2000s, Vasilescu addressed causal questions by reframing the data analysis, recognition and synthesis problems as multilinear tensor problems.  The power of the tensor framework was showcased by decomposing and representing an image in terms of its causal factors of data formation, in the context of Human Motion Signatures for gait recognition, face recognition—TensorFaces and computer graphics—TensorTextures.

The HOSVD has been successfully applied to signal processing and big data, e.g., in genomic signal processing. These applications also inspired a higher-order GSVD (HO GSVD) and a tensor GSVD.

A combination of HOSVD and SVD also has been applied for real-time event detection from complex data streams (multivariate data with space and time dimensions) in disease surveillance.

It is also used in tensor product model transformation-based controller design.

The concept of HOSVD was carried over to functions by Baranyi and Yam via the TP model transformation. This extension led to the definition of the HOSVD-based canonical form of tensor product functions and Linear Parameter Varying system models and to convex hull manipulation based control optimization theory, see TP model transformation in control theories.

HOSVD was proposed to be applied to multi-view data analysis and was successfully applied to in silico drug discovery from gene expression.

Robust L1-norm variant
L1-Tucker is the L1-norm-based, robust variant of Tucker decomposition. L1-HOSVD is the analogous of HOSVD for the solution to L1-Tucker.

References

Multilinear algebra
Tensors


Radnice coal basin was a relatively small area around Radnice and Břasy in the Rokycany District of the Czech Republic where coal depots existed and coal mining developed in the 19th century. During the 20th century the coal reserves were largely depleted and mining stopped in this region. The coal basin was said to be the only locality in Central Europe where bituminous coal was found so close to the surface that it could be retrieved by open pit mining.

See also

 Energy in the Czech Republic

References

Coal mining regions in the Czech Republic


Isaac Kuoki (born May 6, 1978, in Accra) is a Ghanaian football attacking midfielder.

Career
Kuoki began his career by Al-Najma before scouted from Asante Kotoko, before in 2004 leaving the club with a move to PFC Beroe Stara Zagora. After 3 years he left Beroe.

 1993-1999 Asante Kotoko
 1999-2003 Al-Najma
 2001-2004 Asante Kotoko
 2004-2007 Beroe

References

External links
Player Profile
Isaac Kwakye Profile

1978 births
Living people
Ghanaian men's footballers
Ghanaian expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Accra
Al-Najma SC (Saudi Arabia) players
Asante Kotoko S.C. players
PFC Beroe Stara Zagora players
Saudi Pro League players
Ghana Premier League players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria

bg:Айзък Куоки
nl:Isaak Kuoke


Waikaremoana is a former New Zealand Parliamentary electorate, from 1984 to 1996. During the four terms of the electorate's existence, it was held by National's Roger McClay.

Population centres
The 1981 census had shown that the North Island had experienced further population growth, and three additional general seats were created through the 1983 electoral redistribution, bringing the total number of electorates to 95. The South Island had, for the first time, experienced a population loss, but its number of general electorates was fixed at 25 since the 1967 electoral redistribution. More of the South Island population was moving to Christchurch, and two electorates were abolished, while two electorates were recreated. In the North Island, six electorates were newly created (including Waikaremoana), three electorates were recreated, and six electorates were abolished. These changes came into effect in the .

History
Roger McClay was the Waikaremoana electorate's representative from 1984; McClay had since the  represented the  electorate. He retired from politics at the . The Waikaremoana electorate was abolished in 1996, the first mixed-member proportional (MMP) election.

Members of Parliament
Key

Notes

References

Historical electorates of New Zealand
Politics of the Hawke's Bay Region
1984 establishments in New Zealand
1996 disestablishments in New Zealand


Gustave Louis Adolphe Victor Aristide Charles Chaix d'Est-Ange (11 April 1800, Reims - 14 December 1876, Paris) was a French lawyer and politician.

External links
  Nécrologie de Chaix d'Est-Ange
  Portrait on www.lavieremoise.free.fr

Sources

1800 births
1876 deaths
Politicians from Reims
Members of the 1st Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 3rd Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 4th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 5th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 6th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
French senators of the Second Empire
19th-century French lawyers
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour


was a railway station on the Hakodate Main Line operated by Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido) in Mori, Kayabe District, Oshima Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. This station permanently closed on March 4, 2017.

See also
Katsuragawa Station (Kyoto)

References

Railway stations in Hokkaido Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1944
Railway stations closed in 2017
Defunct railway stations in Japan


Henry II of Świdnica, (, , ;  – ), was a Duke of Świdnica from 1326 until his death (with his brother as co-ruler).

He was the second and younger son of Duke Bernard of Świdnica by his wife Kunigunde, daughter of Władysław I the Elbow-high, Duke of Kuyavia and since 1320 King of Poland.

Life
Henry's exact date of birth is unknown, but was assumed that he was significantly younger than his older brother Bolko II the Small, because he was first mentioned only in 1337. He co-ruled with his brother since 1326 after their father's death, but at the end Bolko II take all the government into his hands.

Marriage and issue
By 1 June 1338 Henry II married with Katharina (d. bef. 29 June 1355), daughter of King Charles I of Hungary, from the House of Capet in the Anjou branch. They had only one daughter:
Anna (b. 1339 - d. Prague, 11 July 1362), married on 27 May 1353 with Charles IV of Luxembourg, King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor.

The birth of his daughter, future Holy Roman Empress, was the only important event of Henry II's life, according to the contemporary chronicles. He died by 28 June 1345. It's unknown where he was buried.

References

 Genealogy of the Dukes of Świdnica
 Genealogical database by Herbert Stoyan

Literature
 Joachim Bahlcke, Schlesien und die Schlesier, Langen-Müller-Verlag, 2000,
 H. Grünhagen: Geschichte Schlesiens, Breslau 1878
 Heinrich II. (Schweidnitz). In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Band 11, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1880, S. 615.

1316 births
1345 deaths
Piast dynasty
Dukes of Silesia


The Last of Mrs. Cheyney may refer to:

The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (play), a 1925 play by Frederick Lonsdale
The Last of Mrs. Cheney (1929 film), a 1929 adaptation starring Norma Shearer and Basil Rathbone
The Last of Mrs. Cheney (1937 film), a 1937 adaptation starring Joan Crawford and William Powell
The Last of Mrs. Cheney (1961 film), a 1961 adaptation starring Lilli Palmer

See also
The Law and the Lady (1951 film), an adaptation starring Greer Garson


Raúl Eduardo Vela Chiriboga (1 January 1934  – 15 November 2020) was an Ecuadorian prelate of the Catholic Church who was the Archbishop of Quito from 2003 to 2010. He became a bishop coadjutor in 1972 and served as an auxiliary in Guayaquil, Bishop of Azogues, and Military Ordinary of Ecuador before his appointment in Quito. Pope Benedict XVI raised him to the rank of cardinal in 2010.

Biography
Raúl Eduardo Vela Chiriboga was born on 1 January 1934 in Riobamba, Ecuador. He was one of nine children. He attended a Salesian high school there. In 1951 he entered the major seminary in Quito and studied theology and philosophy in the local seminary. On 28 July 1957, he was ordained a priest of the Diocese of Riobamba. He was the director of Caritas for that diocese. From 1968 to 1970 he served as undersecretary of the Ecuadorian Episcopal Conference and was then elected its secretary general.

On 20 April 1972 Pope Paul VI appointed him titular Bishop of Ausafa and Auxiliary Bishop of Guayaquil. He received his episcopal consecration on 21 May 1972. During this time he worked with the Christian Family Movement.

On 29 April 1975 Pope Paul named him Bishop of Azogues. In February 1979, he participated as a delegate of Ecuador's bishops in the third General Conference of Latin American Bishops and from 1981 to 1988 he was a member of the Latin American Episcopal Council (CELAM).

On 8 July 1989, Pope John Paul II transferred him to the titular see of Pauzera and appointed Military Ordinary of Ecuador.

On 21 March 2003, Pope John Paul appointed him Archbishop of Quito, where he worked above all for education and priestly formation.

Pope Benedict XVI accepted his resignation as Archbishop of Quito on 11 September 2010.

Pope Benedict elevated Vela Chiriboga to the status of cardinal at a consistory on 20 November 2010, making him Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Via. He participated in the papal conclave of 2013 which elected Pope Francis.

He died on 15 November 2020 in Quito.

References

External links

Profile on the Archdiocese of Quito's website

1934 births
2020 deaths
People from Riobamba
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Ecuador
Ecuadorian cardinals
Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI
21st-century cardinals
Roman Catholic bishops of Azogues
Roman Catholic bishops of Guayaquil
Roman Catholic archbishops of Quito


Aravot (, "Morning") is a leading liberal and politically independent daily newspaper based in Yerevan, Armenia. It was founded in 1994. Its editor-in-chief is Aram Abrahamyan.

History and political alignment
Sources differ on who founded the newspaper. Some hold it was the newspaper's long-time editor Aram Abrahamyan, others believe it was the controversial Interior Minister Vano Siradeghyan, while still others refer to a general "editorial staff". Its first issue was published on August 2, 1994. At the time its editor-in-chief was Ignat Mamyan. Aram Abrahamyan replaced him in December 1994.

Sources generally agree that Aravot was supportive of President Levon Ter-Petrosyan (1991-1998) and his liberal party Pan-Armenian National Movement (HHSh), although it gave space to different points of view. Abrahamyan denied that he was close to Ter-Petrosyan and his government in a 2004 interview and added: "Go and ask the former government what they think about Aravot. You'll realize that their attitude is anything but positive."

The newspaper was highly critical of the government of President Robert Kocharyan (1998-2008). During the 2003 presidential election Aravot "allocated 37% of its coverage to the incumbent [President Kocharyan], with an overwhelmingly negative tone."

Following the deadly 2008 presidential election protests Aravot was prevented by security forces from being published according to a March 1 state of emergency decree signed by outgoing President Kocharyan. It was not until March 21 when the de facto media blackout was lifted along with the state of emergency that Aravot resumed publication. In addition, the newspaper's website (aravot.am) was blocked during that period.

Aravot has been critical of President Serzh Sargsyan, who came to power in the disputed 2008 election.

During the 2013 presidential election the newspaper's editor-in-chief Aram Abrahamyan publicly endorsed the liberal former Prime Minister Hrant Bagratyan, but stated that it's only his personal opinion and not that of the newspaper.

In a 2014 interview Abrahamyan stated that the newspaper's ultimate goal is to create a "mild and tolerant" atmosphere in the Armenian society.

According to a research conducted in October–November 2014 by the Yerevan-based Region Research Center, in their reporting Aravot.am had the second highest number of negative descriptions of Russia at 40%, but also the highest in terms of positive descriptions at 19%.

Reception

Acclaim
According to a 2012 study Aravot was the "more neutral and objective" of all Armenian newspapers.

Military analyst Vahram Mirakyan praised Aravot for being more balanced in their articles about the Armenian Army than other independent or opposition newspapers. Although the majority of articles were negative in their content, they were largely devoid of "libels" and had more neutral and positive articles than the other newspaper monitored in the study.

In 2014 Raffi Hovannisian praised Aravot for its professionalism and unbiased reporting.

Criticism
In 2005 Liana Sayadyan of Hetq Online wrote that Aravot is not an independent newspaper since it was established by former Interior Minister Vano Siradeghyan. She also suggested that Abrahamyan "does not hide his admiration for the former government. Hence, Aravot has not been independent from the start, and Vano Siradeghyan himself confessed on more than one occasion that by publishing Aravot he hoped to reestablish the popularity" of HHSh.

See also
List of newspapers in Armenia
 Media of Armenia

References

Newspapers published in Armenia
Armenian-language newspapers
1994 establishments in Armenia


VITAL may refer to:
 Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial, a 7 year clinical trial
 VHDL-VITAL, VHDL Initiative Towards ASIC Libraries
 VITAL (machine learning software)
 VITAL (asset management software), a software suite of digital asset management products by VTLS based on the open source Fedora architecture
 VITAL (ventilator), NASA ventilator developed during the COVID-19 pandemic

See also
 Vital (disambiguation)


Candler v Crane, Christmas & Co [1951] 2 KB 164 is an English tort law case on negligent misstatement.

In the case, Denning LJ delivered a dissenting judgment, arguing that a duty of care arose when making negligent statements. His dissenting judgment was later upheld by the House of Lords in Hedley Byrne v Heller 1963.

Facts
Donald Ogilvie was the director of a company called Trevaunance Hydraulic Tin Mines Ltd, which mined tin in Cornwall. He needed more capital, so he placed an advertisement in The Times on 8 July 1946 which read,

"£10,000. Established Tin Mine (low capitalisation) in Cornwall seeks further capital. Install additional milling plant. Directorship and active participation open to suitable applicant - Apply"

Candler responded, saying he was interested in investing £2000, provided he was shown the company's accounts. Ogilvie instructed Crane, Christmas & Co, a firm of auditors, to prepare the company’s accounts and balance sheet. The draft accounts were shown to Candler in the presence of the auditor's clerk, a Mr Fraser. Candler relied on their accuracy and subscribed for £2,000 worth of shares in the company; but the company was actually in a very poor state. Ogilvie used the £2,000 on himself and then went bankrupt. Candler lost all the money he invested and brought an action against the accountants, Crane, Christmas & Co. for negligently misrepresenting the state of the company. As there was no contractual relationship between the parties, no case arose in misrepresentation, and so the action was brought in tort for pure economic loss.

Judgment
The majority of the Court of Appeal (Cohen LJ and Asquith LJ) relied on the case of Derry v Peek to refuse a remedy to the plaintiff, holding that loss resulting from negligent misstatement was not actionable in the absence of any contractual or fiduciary relationship between the parties.

Denning LJ (as the future Master of the Rolls then was) delivered a dissent, in which he argued that any person in the reasonable contemplation of someone making a statement who might rely on that statement is owed a duty of care in tort. He was asked to read his decision first.

See also

Cann v Willson (1888) 39 Ch.D 39, a valuer instructed by a mortgagor sent his report to the mortgagee who made an advance in reliance on the valuation. The valuer was held liable in the tort of negligence to the mortgagee for failing to carry out the valuation with reasonable care and skill.
Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd [1964] AC 465
Ministry of Housing and Local Government v Sharp [1970] 2 QB 223, the local authority was held liable to the Ministry because of the failure of an employee of the authority to exercise reasonable skill and care in searching for entries in the local land charges register. The search certificate prepared by the clerk negligently failed to record a charge of £1,828 11s. 5d. in favour of the Ministry. Lord Denning MR, 268, rejected that a duty of care only arose when there was a voluntary assumption of responsibility, rather "from the fact that the person making it knows, or ought to know, that others, being his neighbours in this regard, would act on the faith of the statement being accurate."
Smith v Eric S. Bush
Caparo Industries plc v Dickman
White v Jones
Her Majesty's Commissioners of Customs and Excise v Barclays Bank Plc

References

English tort case law
Lord Denning cases
1951 in British law
Court of Appeal (England and Wales) cases
1951 in case law
Mining in Cornwall


An analog signal to discrete time interval converter (ASDTIC) is a specialized kind of an analog-to-digital converter, which converts the analog input signal (e.g. voltage or current) to time intervals between pulses.

This conversion is a type of Pulse-width modulation (PWM). The origin of the term ASDTIC lies with NASA around 1970.

ASDTIC were used in the control of DC-DC converters. For use in space-rated systems, reliable hybrid circuits were developed to implement the ASDTIC function.

Operation
The DC-DC converters under study in this work had a similar form as a DC chopper or switching regulator. A bipolar transistor switches current flowing into an L-C network of an inductor and capacitor. To reduce , the transistor is always turned either fully off or fully on. Control of this transistor is derived from a control circuit that supplies a series of pulses. In the circuits studied here, the pulses are all of equal length. The overall ON time or mark/space ratio of the pulse train (and thus the output power delivered) is controlled by varying the interval between pulses. Closely spaced pulses increase output. This control signal is derived by use of an ASDTIC circuit.

The ASDTIC circuit used is based around an integrator and a threshold detector. The incoming signal is integrated over time and when it exceeds a threshold, a control pulse is generated by the ASDTIC. Within the converter control circuit outside the ASDTIC, a One-Shot Pulse Generator then generates a pulse of constant length to drive the switching transistor.

The ASDTIC approach was taken in an attempt to improve the regulation and stability of previous switching regulators with linear control systems. These used an error signal derived from the converter's DC output voltage and had a tendency to behave as underdamped second-order systems which were prone to oscillations in their output. The ASDTIC control system of Schoenfeld & Yu was an attempt to improve this dynamic performance. An additional AC component was measured, from the voltage across the output inductor, and this new AC loop signal was also supplied to the integrator within the ASDTIC. Such a second AC loop went beyond the claims of the original Schwartz ASDTIC patent Performance of the new control technique was good: converter stability was enhanced, and its dynamic performance characteristics greatly improved.

References

Power supplies
Analog circuits


Ruahine is a former New Zealand parliamentary electorate, from 1972 to 1978.

Population centres
Since the , the number of electorates in the South Island was fixed at 25, with continued faster population growth in the North Island leading to an increase in the number of general electorates. There were 84 electorates for the 1969 election, and the 1972 electoral redistribution saw three additional general seats created for the North Island, bringing the total number of electorates to 87. Together with increased urbanisation in Christchurch and Nelson, the changes proved very disruptive to existing electorates.  In the South Island, three electorates were abolished, and three electorates were newly created. In the North Island, five electorates were abolished, two electorates were recreated, and six electorates were newly created (including Ruahine).

The Ruahine electorate was located north-east of Palmerston North and followed the Ruahine Range. Settlements included in the electorate were Feilding, Cheltenham, Kiwitea, and Kimbolton.

History
Les Gandar of the National Party had represented the  electorate since  and when the Manawatu electorate moved to south of the  electorate, Gandar stood in the newly created Ruahine electorate in . He defeated Labour's candidate, T S Mihaere.

The Ruahine electorate was absorbed into the new Rangitikei electorate in 1978. Gandar was defeated in 1978 general election in Rangitikei by Bruce Beetham. Beetham had won the electorate in the Rangitikei by-election, held earlier in the year on 18 February 1978 after the death of Sir Roy Jack. National planned that Gandar would take over the new electorate at the November general election, and stood an interim candidate, local Jim Bull, in the by-election. But, to general surprise, Beetham won the by-election for Social Credit.

Members of Parliament
Key

Election results

1975 election

1972 election

Notes

References

Historical electorates of New Zealand
Politics of the Hawke's Bay Region
1972 establishments in New Zealand
1978 disestablishments in New Zealand


Elections for local government were held in Northern Ireland on 19 May 1993.

Results

Overall

By council

Antrim

Ards

Armagh

Ballymena

Ballymoney

Banbridge

Belfast

Carrickfergus

Castlereagh

Coleraine

Cookstown

Craigavon

Derry

Down

Dungannon

Fermanagh

Larne

Limavady

Lisburn

Magherafelt

Moyle

Newry and Mourne

Newtownabbey

North Down

Omagh

Strabane

References

Council elections in Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland
1993 elections in Northern Ireland


Pandukabhaya (474 BC – 367 BC) was King of Upatissa Nuwara and the first monarch of the Anuradhapura Kingdom and 6th over all of the island of Sri Lanka since the arrival of the Vijaya; he reigned from 437 BC to 367 BC. According to many historians and philosophers, he is the first truly Sri Lankan king since the Vijayan migration, and also the king who ended the conflict between the Sinha clan and the local clans, reorganizing the population. His story is one wrapped in myth and the truth

He was the only child of Princess Unmadachithra (daughter of King Panduvasdew and Queen Baddhakachchana) and Prince Dighagamini (son of Prince Digayu and Princess Disala). Pandula was his teacher and Pandula's son Chandra was his advisors

Origin
There are two prevailing opinions on his origin.
 In the Mahavansa, his mother is Umaddhanie Chithra and father is prince Digha-Gamini who is a relation of the princess
 He has no affiliation to the Aryan dynasty. He is a local hero. (A claim lacking evidence.) The father Digha-Gamini's name Digha has been attempted to be associated with indigenous populations which is false as the name Digha is already found in West Bengal and Orissa regions. West Bengal and Orissa is significant as the Aryan ancestors (Vijaya and Panduvasdeva) of Sinhalese have their origins from the West Bengal and Orissa regions which were regions associated with the ancient Vanga kingdom.

The exchange of people
Chithra and Digha-Gamini had been made aware of the prophecy at the time of their marriage and had promised ,to put to death any son that Chithra gave birth to. However, once Pandukabhaya was born, Chithra was unwilling to kill the infant, and so she decided to exchange babies with another woman who had given birth to a baby girl that same day.

Chithra announced to her father and husband that she had given birth to a girl. Only her mother, Baddha-Kacchayana, knew of the secret exchange.

The woman who gave up her daughter took Prince Pandukabhaya to a nearby village called Doramadalawa where he would be brought up as a herdsman's son.

The attempts on Pandukabhaya’s life
The first threat to Pandukabhaya's life came while he was being transported to Dvaramandalaka (Doramadalawa). The woman who had exchanged infants with Chitra carried Prince Pandukabhaya to the village in a covered basket. Unfortunately, she ran into ten of Chitra's brothers (the ones who had wanted their sister to be murdered for fear that her child would kill them). They asked her what she had in the basket and she replied that it contained food. Not satisfied with the answer, they asked her to open up the basket and show them its contents. Luckily, two wild boars happened to run past them, and they forgot about the basket in their eagerness to hunt the animals down. The baby was delivered to the herdsman safely. (the two wild boars were commanders of yakka tribe named Chithraraja & Kalawela in disguise to protect the prince)

That same year, King Panduvasudeva died and Abhaya became his successor. He was not a great king, but he was certainly a kind one and he was well-loved, especially by the poor.

Several years went by and when Pandukabhaya was about seven years old, rumours reached his ten uncles about a boy in Dvaramandalaka who supposedly was a herdsman's son, but who showed all signs of being of royal background. They suspected that this child may be their sister's son, because they had reason to believe that the little girl who was being brought up as a princess in the palace was not Chitra's daughter. They sent out soldiers to kill all boys in the village who were around the same age as their nephew.

It was known that all the boys of Dvaramandalaka bathed at a certain pond, and it was planned that they should be killed while they were bathing. The boys who were there all took their clothes off, but Pandukabhaya did not and he found a hollow tree and went inside and while he was inside the plan was executed and several young children were murdered. The men counted the sets of clothes and counted the dead bodies and since it was the same amount they thought they had killed Pandukabhaya, however, had been hiding at the time, and so he escaped death.

While Pandukabhaya's uncles were satisfied at the time that they had eliminated their nephew, some years later they became suspicious again when they heard stories of a village boy who looked more like a prince than a herdsman's son. They attempted to have him killed again, and the attempt failed once more.

When Pandukabhaya was about sixteen years old, Princess Chitra, fearing for her son's safety, arranged to have him live with a Brahman named Pandula.

Once he was old enough to become king, Pandukabhaya left Pandula, married his cousin Pali and fought his uncles to claim his right to the throne. Eight of his ten uncles perished in the war, which lasted for seventeen years. Abhaya, who had never fought against Pandukabhaya, and Girikandasiva, who was Pali's father, were not killed.

Pandukabhaya was a good king and reigned over Sri Lanka for seventy years, leaving the country in a prosperous state when he died.

Services
 Established an organized system of governance.
 Established a post called "Nagara Gutthika" to rule the city and named his uncle Abhaya to the post.
 Ordered the demarcation of all the villages in the island in his tenth year of reign. He was the first king to do so.
 Constructed 3 tanks, namely Abaya Wewa, Gamini Wewa and Jaya Wewa.

In Media
Aba (film), a 2008 film based on the historical legend of King Pandukabhaya
 Mahaviru Pandu (TV series), a TV serial based on the historical legend of King Pandukabhaya

See also
List of Sri Lankan monarchs
History of Sri Lanka

References

External links
 Kings & Rulers of Sri Lanka
 Codrington's Short History of Ceylon
 King Pandukabhaya in Mahavamsa

Sinhalese kings
474 BC births
367 BC deaths

Monarchs of Anuradhapura
House of Vijaya
5th-century BC Sinhalese monarchs
4th-century BC Sinhalese monarchs


Reverse geocoding is the process of converting a location as described by geographic coordinates (latitude, longitude) to a human-readable address or place name.  It is the opposite of forward geocoding (often referred to as address geocoding or simply "geocoding"), hence the term reverse.  Reverse geocoding permits the identification of nearby street addresses, places, and/or areal subdivisions such as neighbourhoods, county, state, or country.  Combined with geocoding and routing services, reverse geocoding is a critical component of mobile location-based services and Enhanced 911 to convert a coordinate obtained by GPS to a readable street address which is easier to understand by the end user, but not necessarily with a better accuracy.

Reverse geocoding can be carried out systematically by services which process a coordinate similarly to the geocoding process.  For example, when a GPS coordinate is entered the street address is interpolated from a range assigned to the road segment in a reference dataset that the point is nearest to. If the user provides a coordinate near the midpoint of a segment that starts with address 1 and ends with 100, the returned street address will be somewhere near 50. This approach to reverse geocoding does not return actual addresses, only estimates of what should be there based on the predetermined range.  Alternatively, coordinates for reverse geocoding can also be selected on an interactive map, or extracted from static maps by georeferencing them in a GIS with predefined spatial layers to determine the coordinates of a displayed point.  Many of the same limitations of geocoding are similar with reverse geocoding.

Public reverse geocoding services are becoming increasingly available through APIs and other web services as well as mobile phone applications. These services require manual input of a coordinate, capture from a localisation tool (mostly GPS, but also cell tower signals or WiFi traces), or selection of a point on an interactive map; to look up a street address or neighbouring places.  Examples of these services include the GeoNames reverse geocoding web service which has tools to identify nearest street address, place names, Wikipedia articles, country, county subdivisions, neighbourhoods, and other location data from a coordinate. Google has also published a reverse geocoding API which can be adapted for online reverse geocoding tools, which uses the same street reference layer as Google maps. The other popular reverse geocoding services utilise various search engines based on OpenStreetMap data.

Reverse geocoding is not limited to streets only, but can also be used to identify a ship in a canal or lake; as it makes more sense to describe a ship location using nautical map identities.

Privacy concerns
Geocoding and reverse geocoding have raised potential privacy concerns, especially regarding the ability to reverse engineer street addresses from published static maps. By digitizing published maps it is possible to georeference them by overlaying with other spatial layers and then extract point locations which can be used to identify individuals or reverse geocoded to obtain a street address of the individual. This has potential implications to determine locations for patients or study participants from maps published in medical literature as well as potentially sensitive information published in other journalistic sources.

In one study a map of Hurricane Katrina mortality locations published in a Baton Rouge, Louisiana, paper was examined. Using GPS locations obtained from houses where fatalities occurred, the authors were able to determine the relative error between the true house locations and the location determined by georeferencing the published map. The authors found that approximately 45% of the points extracted from the georeferenced map were within 10 meters of a household's GPS obtained point. Another study found similar results in examining hypothetical low and high-resolution patient address maps similar to what might be found published in medical journals. They found approximately 26% of points obtained from a low-resolution map and 79% from a high-resolution map were matched precisely with the true location.

The findings from these studies raise concerns regarding the potential use of georeferencing and reverse geocoding of published maps to elucidate sensitive or private information on mapped individuals. Guidelines for the display and publication of potentially sensitive information are inconsistently applied and no uniform procedure has been identified. The use of blurring algorithms which shift the location of mapped points have been proposed as a solution. In addition, where direct reference to the geography of the area mapped is not required, it may be possible to use abstract space on which to display spatial patterns.

Footnotes

Geocodes


Simone Aresti (born 15 March 1986) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for  club Cagliari.

Club career

During the 2011–12 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione season, the goalkeeper Aresti, while wearing the shirt of Italian club Savona, scored 2 goals.

On 10 July 2018, Aresti returned at Serie A side Cagliari.

On 4 January 2020, he returned to Olbia, signing a contract until the end of the 2019–20 season.

Personal life
On 19 December 2020 he tested positive for COVID-19.

References

External links
 Skysports profile

1986 births
Living people
Italian men's footballers
Cagliari Calcio players
US Pistoiese 1921 players
Savona FBC players
Delfino Pescara 1936 players
Olbia Calcio 1905 players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Serie C players
People from the Province of South Sardinia
Footballers from Sardinia
Men's association football goalkeepers
Polisportiva Alghero players


من سيربح 2 مليون (English translation: Who will win 2 million?, transliteration: Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon) was a Middle Eastern and North African game show based on the original British format of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. The show was hosted by George Kurdahi.
Top prize was SRls 2,000,000. This is the successor of the first season of Man sa yarbah al malyoon with SRls 1,000,000 as the top-prize. The first season of Man sa yarbah al malyoon was aired since Monday, September 14, 1998 after the tenth episode of British WWTBAM to help and prevent the hiatus situation of British WWTBAM.

Money tree

References

Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?


Jordan Knackstedt (born September 28, 1988) is a Canadian professional ice hockey winger currently playing for Dresdner Eislöwen of the German DEL2.

Playing career
Knackstedt entered the major junior ranks with the Red Deer Rebels of the Western Hockey League (WHL) in 2004–05. Three seasons later, in his draft year, he was traded to the Moose Jaw Warriors and put up 56 points between the two teams. He was then drafted in the seventh round, 189th overall, by the Boston Bruins in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft. Returning to the Warriors, Knackstedt recorded a team-leading 85 points, seventh overall in league scoring. At the end of the WHL season, he was assigned by Boston to complete 2007–08 with the Providence Bruins of the American Hockey League (AHL).

On December 9, 2010, he was traded along with Jeff LoVecchio to the Florida Panthers in exchange for Sean Zimmerman and a conditional seventh round pick in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft.

Knackstedt signed a one-year contract with Bolzano-Bozen Foxes (HC Bolzano) as a free agent on 2011.

On September 25, 2013, the Bakersfield Condors of the ECHL signed Knackstedt for the 2013–14 season.

After a successful season with the Condors, Knackstedt opted to resume a European career in signing a one-year deal with Rubin Tyumen of the Russian second league the VHL, on August 6, 2014. He endured a journeyman 2014–15 season, transferring to fellow VHL club, Saryarka Karaganda before finishing the season in Germany with ESV Kaufbeuren of the DEL2.

On November 4, 2015, Knackstedt belatedly signed for the 2015–16 season, in returning to America to sign with the Greenville Swamp Rabbits of the ECHL.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Abbotsford Heat players
Bakersfield Condors (1998–2015) players
Bolzano HC players
Boston Bruins draft picks
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Dresdner Eislöwen players
EfB Ishockey players
ESV Kaufbeuren players
ETC Crimmitschau players
Greenville Swamp Rabbits players
Herlev Hornets players
Moose Jaw Warriors players
Providence Bruins players
Quad City Mallards (ECHL) players
Red Deer Rebels players
Rochester Americans players
Rubin Tyumen players
Saryarka Karagandy players
Ice hockey people from Saskatoon
Tingsryds AIF players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Germany


Jason Marcelo Elame (born 4 January 1982 in Yaoundé) is a Cameroonian football defender who currently plays for Vereya Stara Zagora.

Career
He moved with teammate Daniel Bekono in January 2004 from Fovu Baham to Bulgarian side PFC Beroe Stara Zagora, from July 2006 to June 2007 he was loaned out to Lokomotiv Plovdiv and played 25 games. After 1 year he returned to Beroe Stz. He left Beroe in July 2008 and moved to FC Vihren Sandanski. He also holds a Bulgarian passport.

External links

Profile
Scorezz Profile

1982 births
Living people
Cameroonian men's footballers
Cameroon men's international footballers
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Men's association football defenders
Fovu Club players
PFC Beroe Stara Zagora players
PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv players
OFC Vihren Sandanski players
OFC Nesebar players
Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria
Cameroonian expatriates in Bulgaria


Mutasiva was ruler of the Kingdom of Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka, based at the ancient capital of Anuradhapura. He ruled from 367 BC to 307 BC. He had nine sons, some of whom were his successors such Devanampiya Tissa, Uttiya, Mahasiva and Asela.  Mutasiva was the son of King Pandukabhaya.

The king ruled for sixty years which was an unbroken peaceful era of the country.  He was the creator of Mahamevnāwa Park in Anuradhapura which is the only historical record of his accomplishments.

See also
Mahavamsa
List of Sri Lankan monarchs
History of Sri Lanka

References

External links
 Kings & Rulers of Sri Lanka
 Codrington's Short History of Ceylon

Monarchs of Anuradhapura
Sinhalese kings
4th-century BC Sinhalese monarchs
House of Vijaya


Gerardus Mauritius "Natu" Tuatagaloa (born May 25, 1966) is a former American football defensive end in the NFL. He played for the 1995 Houston Oilers, Seattle Seahawks in 1992 and 1993,  and for the Cincinnati Bengals from 1989 to 1991 . His parents, Gage and Ria Tuatagaloa, are both first-generation immigrants from Western Samoa and The Netherlands. He credits his parents with instilling strong family values and setting a great example of work ethic, determination, perseverance and community involvement.

Early life
Both Tuatagaloa graduated from San Rafael High School in 1984  as a four-sport letterman in football, basketball, boxing and track. Although he was recruited by many schools, he quickly decided to accept a full-ride football scholarship to the University of California, Berkeley.

He was a four-year letterman and three-year starter on the Golden Bears football team with head coaches Joe Kapp (1984–1986) and Bruce Snyder (1987–1988). Tuatagaloa was voted captain his senior year by his teammates. To his benefit, his five-year position coach Rod Marinelli, (2006 Detroit Lions head coach), characterizes the level of talent at a B− while grading the work ethic at an A+. Tuatagaloa earned All Pac-10 honors and held the Golden Bear sack record until 1996. He also was awarded the Brick Muller Award, awarded to the most valuable lineman. Tuatagaloa graduated with a BA in History.

Professional life
Tuatagaloa spent six years playing professional football in the NFL. As a defensive lineman, Tuatagaloa was drafted 138th overall in the fifth round of the 1989 NFL Draft. He played for the 1989, 1990, and 1991 Cincinnati Bengals under head coach Sam Wyche. Tuatagaloa played for the 1992 and 1993 Seattle Seahawks with coach Tom Flores. Tuatagaloa, in his fifth season, made seven tackles, two sacks and intercepted a pass in exhibition games. Tuatagaloa played for both the New Orleans Saints and Houston Oilers in 1995 under head coaches Jim Mora and Jeff Fisher. He was a plaintiff in a lawsuit filed against the NFL in regarded to the NFL's Plan B free agency rules.

Upon returning to San Rafael in 1996, Tuatagaloa joined IDEX Global Services, Inc. to develop the California Telecommunications Services Division. During his eight-year career at IDEX, Tuatagaloa was involved with all facets of the business and quickly rose through the ranks to ultimately become the President of the Western Region in 2004.

Currently, Tuatagaloa is a Principal at a "Facilities and Technology Infrastructure" company.

Tuatagaloa was elected to the San Rafael City School Board in November 2001 with 31.39%  and is currently serving a fourth term as trustee.  He has also been the Board President and Vice-President during his terms as Trustee.

Member of the San Rafael Rotary Club #409 in District 5150. He was inducted into the Marin County Athletic Hall of Fame in November 2004. He is also a member of the Board of Directors for the Marin Athletic Foundation.

Personal life
Tuatagaloa and his wife Judy reside in San Rafael with three daughters: Tianna, Malia, and McKenna.

References

External links

League of Women Voters of California information regarding his run for school board

1966 births
Living people
American people of Dutch descent
American sportspeople of Samoan descent
Sportspeople from San Rafael, California
Players of American football from Marin County, California
American football defensive ends
California Golden Bears football players
Cincinnati Bengals players
Seattle Seahawks players
Houston Oilers players
Players of American football from San Francisco


A non-receptor tyrosine kinase (nRTK) is a cytosolic enzyme that is responsible for catalysing the transfer of a phosphate group from a nucleoside triphosphate donor, such as ATP, to tyrosine residues in proteins. Non-receptor tyrosine kinases are a subgroup of protein family tyrosine kinases, enzymes that can transfer the phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine residue of a protein (phosphorylation). These enzymes regulate many cellular functions by switching on or switching off other enzymes in a cell.

Unlike the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), the second subgroup of tyrosine kinases, the non-receptor tyrosine kinases are cytosolic enzymes. Thirty-two non-receptor tyrosine kinases have been identified in human cells (). Non-receptor tyrosine kinases regulate cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration and apoptosis, and they are critical components in the regulation of the immune system.

Function

The main function of nRTKs is their involvement in signal transduction in activated T- and B-cells in the immune system. Signaling by many receptors is dependent on nRTKs including T-cell receptors (TCR), B-cell receptors (BCR), IL-2 receptors (IL-2R), Ig receptors, erythropoietin (EpoR) and prolactin receptors. CD4 and CD8 receptors on T lymphocytes require for their signaling the Src family member Lck. When antigen binds to T-cell receptor, Lck becomes autophosphorylated and phosphorylates the zeta chain of the T-cell receptor, subsequently another nRTK, Zap70, binds to this T-cell receptor and then participates in downstream signaling events that mediate transcriptional activation of cytokine genes. Another Src family member Lyn is involved in signaling mediated by B-cell receptor. Lyn is activated by stimulation of B-cell receptor, which leads to the recruitment and phosphorylation of Zap70-related nRTK, Syk. Another nRTK, Btk, is also involved in signaling mediated by the B-cell receptor. Mutations in the Btk gene are responsible for X-linked agammaglobulinemia, a disease characterized by the lack of mature B-cells.

Structure

Unlike receptor tyrosine kinases, nRTKs lack receptor-like features such as an extracellular ligand-binding domain and a transmembrane-spanning region. Most of the nRTKs are localized in the cytoplasm, but some nRTKs are anchored to the cell membrane through amino-terminal modification. These enzymes commonly have a modular construction and individual domains are joined together by flexible linker sequences. One of the important domain of nRTKs is the tyrosine kinase catalytic domain, which is about 275 residues in length. The structure of the catalytic domain can be divided into a small and a large lobe, where ATP binds to the small lobe and the protein substrate binds to the large lobe. Upon the binding of ATP and substrate to nRTKs, catalysis of phosphate transfer occurs in a cleft between these two lobes. It was found that nRTKs have some sequence preference around the target Tyr. For example, the Src preferred sequence is Glu–Glu/Asp–Ile–Tyr–Gly/Glu–Glu–Phe and Abl preferred sequence is  Ile/Val–Tyr–Gly–Val–Leu/Val. Different preferred sequences around Tyr in Src and Abl suggest that these two types of nRTKs phosphorylates different targets.
Non-receptor tyrosine kinases do not contain only a tyrosine kinase domain, nRTKs also possess domains that mediate protein-protein, protein-lipid, and protein-DNA interactions. One of the protein-protein interaction domains in nRTKs are the Src homology 2 (SH2) and 3 (SH3) domains. The longer SH2 domain (~100 residues) binds phosphotyrosine (P-Tyr) residues in a sequence-specific manner. The P-Tyr interacts with SH domain in a deep cleft, which cannot bind unphosphorylated Tyr. The SH3 domain is smaller (~60 residues) and binds proline-containing sequences capable of forming a polyproline type II helix.
Some nRTKs without SH2 and SH3 domains possess some subfamily-specific domains used for protein-protein interactions. For example, specific domains that target enzymes to the cytoplasmic part of cytokine receptors (Jak family) or two domains: an integrin-binding domain and a focal adhesion-binding domain (Fak family). The nRTK Abl possess the SH2 and SH3 domains, but also possesses other domains for interactions: F actin–binding domain and a DNA-binding domain contains a nuclear localization signal and is found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. In addition to SH2 and SH3 domains, Btk/Tec subfamily of nRTKs possess another modular domain, a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. These PH domains bind to phosphatidylinositol lipids that have been phosphorylated at particular positions on the head group.  These enzymes can bind to activated signaling complexes at the membrane through PH domain interactions with phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol lipids.

Regulation

The most common theme in nRTKs and RTK regulation is tyrosine phosphorylation. With few exceptions, phosphorylation of tyrosines in the activation loop of nRTKs leads to an increase in enzymatic activity. Activation loop phosphorylation occurs via trans-autophosphorylation
or phosphorylation by different nRTKs. It is possible to negatively regulate kinase activity by the phosphorylation of tyrosines outside of the activation loop. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) restore nRTKs to their basal state of activity. In some cases PTPs positively regulate nRTKs activity.

Src and Abl

Tyrosine kinases of Src family contain the same typical structure: myristoylated terminus, a region of positively charged residues, a short region with low sequence homology, SH3 and SH2 domains, a tyrosine kinase domain, and a short carboxy-terminal tail. There are two important regulatory tyrosine phosphorylation sites. To repress kinase activity it is possible by phosphorylation of Tyr-527 in the carboxy-terminal tail of Src by the nRTK Csk. By the experiment of v-Src, an oncogenic variant of Src, the importance of this phosphorylation site was confirmed. This oncogenic v-Src is a product of the Rous sarcoma virus and as a result of an carboxy-terminal truncation, v-Src lacks the negative regulatory site Tyr-527 leading this enzyme to be constitutively active that in turn causes uncontrolled growth of infected cells. Moreover, substitution of this tyrosine with phenylalanine in c-Src results in activation. A second regulatory phosphorylation site in Src is Tyr-416. This is an autophosphorylation site in the activation loop. It was found that a phosphorylation of Tyr-416 and Tyr-416 can suppressing the transforming ability of the activating Tyr-527→Phe mutation by Tyr-416→Phe mutation leads to maximal stimulation of kinase activity.

Both the SH2 and SH3 domains are important for a negative regulation of Src activity. Mutations in the SH2 and SH3 domains that disrupt binding of phosphotyrosine lead to activation of kinase activity. Although the nRTK Abl contains SH3, SH2, and kinase domains in the same linear order as in Src, regulation of Abl is different. Abl lacks the negative regulatory phosphorylation site that is present in the carboxy terminus of Src, so the carboxy terminus of Abl does not have a functional role in the control of kinase activity. In a contrast to Src, mutations in the SH2 domain of Abl that abrogates phosphotyrosine binding do not activate Abl in vivo. For the repression of kinase activity of Abl is important the SH3 domain; mutations in the SH3 domain result in activation of Abl and cellular transformation.

ZAP70/Syk and JAKs

The kinase activity of Syk is regulated by the SH2 domains. Binding of the two SH2 domains to the tyrosine-phosphorylated ITAM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif) sequences in the zeta chain of the T-cell receptor is thought to relieve an inhibitory restraint on the kinase domain, leading to stimulation of catalytic activity. Kinase activity of Zap70 can be increased by phosphorylation of Tyr-493 in the activation loop by Src family member Lck. Conversely the phosphorylation of Tyr-492 inhibit the kinase activity of Zap70; the mutation of Tyr-492 to phenylalanine results in Zap70 hyperactivity.

Jak family members possess a fully functional tyrosine kinase domain and additionally pseudo-kinase domain in which substitution of several key catalytic residues leads to inactivation of kinase activity. This pseudo-kinase domain is enzymatically nonfunctional, but maybe it plays a role in the regulation of Jak activity. The experiments with a mutant of the Jak family member Tyk2, in which the pseudo-kinase domain is deleted, showed that these mutant enzyme lacks catalytic activity in vitro and is not capable of interferon-mediated signal transduction. In contrast, another mutant of the Jak family Jak2, also lacking the pseudo-kinase domain, was able to mediate growth hormone signaling. The role of the pseudo-kinase domain in Jak regulation is still not fully understood. There are two tyrosine phosphorylation sites within the activation loop. It is known that the autophosphorylation of the first of these tyrosines is important for stimulation of tyrosine kinase activity and biological function, but the role of the second tyrosine is not clear.

JAKs are also regulated by SOCS (suppressor of cytokine signaling) proteins. These proteins contain a pseudo-substrate sequence thought to interfere with Jak substrate binding and phosphoryl transfer. In addition to a pseudo-substrate sequence, SOCS proteins possess an SH2 domain that binds to a phosphotyrosine in the Jak activation loop, which may facilitate interaction between the pseudosubstrate sequence and the kinase domain. Binding of the SH2 domain to the activation loop could also block substrate access directly or alter the conformation of the activation loop to repress catalytic activity.

Inhibitors

The mutation in a gene for non-receptor tyrosine kinase can results an aberrant activity of this enzyme. This pathologically increased activity of nRTK may be responsible for growth and progression of cancer cells, the induction of drug-resistance, formation of metastasis and tumor neovascularization. The inhibition of nRTKs could help to a treatment of these tumors. Some of nRTKs inhibitors are already tested as an anti-cancer agents. This targeted therapy blocks intracellular processes involved in the tumor transformation of cells and / or maintenance of malignant phenotype of tumor cells. Usually monoclonal antibodies are used for the targeted blockade of RTK, which block the extracellular domain of the receptor and prevent the binding of a ligand. For the specific blockade of nRTKs, however, low molecular weight substances called Tyrosine-kinase inhibitor (TKIs) are used, that block the transduction cascade either at the intracytosplasmatic level, or directly block the nRTKs.

Examples
Examples of non-receptor tyrosine kinases include:

 ABL family
 ABL1
 ARG

 ACK family
 ACK1
 TNK1
 CSK family
 CSK
 MATK
 FAK family
 FAK
 PYK2
 FES family
 FES
 FER
 FRK family
 FRK
 BRK
 SRMS
 JAK family
 JAK1
 JAK2
 JAK3
 TYK2
 SRC family
 SRC
 FGR
 FYN
 YES1
 BLK
 HCK
 LCK
 LYN
 SYK family
 SYK
 ZAP70
 TEC family
 TEC
 BMX
 BTK
 ITK
 TXK

References

EC 2.7.10
Enzymes of known structure