is a district of Minato, Tokyo, Japan. It consists of 1 to 3-chōme.

The Embassy of the Russian Federation in Japan as well as the Russian Embassy School in Tokyo are both located in Azabudai., as is the Embassy of Afghanistan.

Azabudai Hills is under construction, and its main building, Mori JP Tower is been constructed on the site of the Azabu Post Office.

Education

Minato City Board of Education operates public elementary and junior high schools.

Azabudai 1-chōme 1-10-ban, 2-chōme, and 3-chōme are zoned to Azabu Elementary School (麻布小学校) and Roppongi Junior High School (六本木中学校). Azabu-Jūban 1-chōme 11-ban is zoned to Onarimon Elementary School (御成門小学校) and Onarimon Junior High School (御成門中学校).

References

Districts of Minato, Tokyo


Fono is a rock band, originally from the United Kingdom but later based out of San Diego, California.

History
Fono formed under the name Seven (and originally from Milton Keynes), and released one album and one EP under this name; they also opened for a UK concert by Bon Jovi before changing their name to Fono in 1998. Lead singer Del Currie had previously played with Split Level and Tribe of Dan, and went on a year-long hiatus from songwriting and performing before putting the group together. The band has stated that the name "Fono" has no significance; in an interview, Currie said "It means absolutely nothing".  Following the name change, the group was featured in Kerrang! magazine as one of their Best Unsigned Bands. Not long after, they did sign with a label, and the group released their debut full-length, Goesaroundcomesaround, in 1999. Album reviewers noted the album's American, as opposed to British, rock sound and the group's general appeal to audiences outside the world of Christian rock. In America, the group scored two Christian radio hits with the singles "Now She's 24" (No. 7, 1999) and "Drift Away" ( 16, 2000). They also toured with Robert Plant, The Goo Goo Dolls, Third Eye Blind, and Audio Adrenaline.

After the release of the album, the band relocated permanently to the United States, settling in  San Diego, California in 2000. That year, a restructuring at their record label resulted in their becoming embroiled in a lawsuit which took over two years to resolve; during this time the band was prevented from recording any music. They then began recording a new album, but the studio where they were recording and all of their equipment and masters were destroyed in the Cedar Fire of 2003. The group re-recorded the material and independently released It's the Way That You Use It in 2004 and Too Broken to Break in 2007.

In 2010, vocalist Del Currie released a solo album under the name Zoo Seven.

Members

Current members
Del Currie - vocals, guitar
Andy Ridley - drums
Cindy Cate - bass
Soren Engen - guitar

Former members
Ian Crawford - bass (1996-)

Discography
As Seven
High And Wired (Blinding Music, 1996)
Burn EP (1997)

As Fono
Goesaroundcomesaround (KMG/Big Deal, 1999)
It's the Way That You Use It EP (2004)
Too Broken to Break (2007)

References

External links

British Christian rock groups
Christian rock groups from California
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical groups from San Diego


Christopher Carpenter may refer to:

 Chris Carpenter (born 1975), American baseball player
 Chris Carpenter (baseball, born 1985), American baseball player
 Christopher S. Carpenter, American economist
 Christopher Carpenter, a pseudonym of British writer Christopher Evans

See also
 Christopher Carpenter House, an historic house in Rehoboth, Massachusetts
 Chris Carpenter (disambiguation)


Otto Walter Heinrich Oscar Brune (10 January 1901 – 1982) undertook some key investigations into network synthesis at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) where he graduated in 1929.  His doctoral thesis was supervised by Wilhelm Cauer and Ernst Guillemin, who the latter ascribed to Brune the laying of "the mathematical foundation for modern realization theory".

Biography
Brune was born in Bloemfontein, Orange Free State 10 January 1901 and grew up in Kimberley, Cape Colony.  He enrolled in the University of Stellenbosch in 1918, receiving a Bachelor of Science in 1920 and Master of Science in 1921.  He taught German, mathematics, and science at the Potchefstroom Gymnasium, Transvaal in 1922, and lectured in mathematics at the Transvaal University College, Pretoria 1923–1925.

In 1926 Brune moved to the US to attend the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) under the sponsorship of the General Electric Company, receiving Batchelor and Master's degrees in 1929.  From 1929 to 1930, Brune was involved in artificial lightning tests on the power transmission line from Croton Dam, Michigan as a research assistant at MIT.  From 1930, Brune was a Fellow in Electrical Engineering at MIT with an Austin Research Fellowship.

Brune returned to South Africa in 1935.  He became Principal Research Officer at the National Research Laboratories, Pretoria.

Works
In 1933, Brune was working on his doctoral thesis entitled, Synthesis of Passive Networks and Cauer suggested that he provide a proof of the necessary and sufficient conditions for the realisability of multi-port impedances.  Cauer himself had found a necessary condition but had failed to prove it to be sufficient. The goal for researchers then was "to remove the restrictions implicit in the Foster-Cauer realisations and find conditions on Z equivalent to realisability by a network composed of arbitrary interconnections of positive-valued R, C and L."

Brune coined the term positive-real (PR) for that class of analytic functions that are realisable as an electrical network using passive components. He did not only introduce the mathematical characterization of this function in one complex variable but also demonstrated "the necessity and sufficiency for the realization of driving point functions of lumped, linear, finite, passive, time-invariant and bilateral network. Brune also showed that if the case is limited to scalar PR functions then there was no other theoretical reason that required ideal transformers in the realisation (transformers limit the practical usefulness of the theory), but was unable to show (as others later did) that transformers can always be avoided. The eponymous Brune cycle continued fractions were invented by Brune to facilitate this proof.

The Brune theorem is: The impedance Z(s) of any electric network composed of passive components is positive-real.
 If Z(s) is positive-real it is realisable by a network having as components passive (positive) R, C, L, and ideal transformers T.

Brune is also responsible for the Brune test for determining the permissibility of interconnecting two-port networks.

Legacy
For his work, Brune is recognized as one of those who laid the foundation of network analysis by means of mathematics. For instance, American computer scientist Ernst Guillemin dedicated his book Synthesis of Passive Network to Brune, describing him with these words: "In my opinion the one primarily responsible for establishing a very broad and mathematically rigorous basis for realization theory generally was Otto Brune."

References

Bibliography
 Cauer, E.; Mathis, W.; Pauli, R., "Life and Work of Wilhelm Cauer (1900–1945)", Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Symposium of Mathematical Theory of Networks and Systems (MTNS2000), Perpignan, June, 2000.
 Chen, Wai-Kai, Active Filters: Theory and Implementation, Wiley, 1986 .
 Brune, O., "Synthesis of a finite two-terminal network whose driving-point impedance is a prescribed function of frequency", Doctoral thesis, 5 May 1931a, republished in, MIT Journal of Mathematics and Physics, vol. 10, pp 191–236, 1931b.
 Brune O., "Equivalent Electrical Networks", Physical Review, vol. 38, pp 1783–1783, 1931c.
 Galkowski, Krzysztof; Wood, Jeff David, Multidimensional Signals, Circuits and Systems, Taylor & Francis, 2001 .
 Horrocks, D. H.; Nightingale, C., "The compatibility of n-ports in parallel", International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, vol. 4, pp. 81–85, January 1976.
 Seising, Rudolf, Die Fuzzifizierung der Systeme, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2005
 Seising, Rudolf, The Fuzzification of Systems: The Genesis of Fuzzy Set Theory and its Initial Applications - Developments up to the 1970s Springer, 2007 .
 Wildes, Karl L.; Lindgren, Nilo A., A century of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT, 1882-1982, MIT Press, 1985 .
 Willems, Jan; Hara, Shinji; Ohta, Yoshito; Fujioka, Hisaya, Perspectives in Mathematical System Theory, Control, and Signal Processing, Springer, 2010 .

South African mathematicians
1901 births
1982 deaths
20th-century South African mathematicians
Stellenbosch University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
South African scientists
South African emigrants to the United States


The uIP is an open-source implementation of the TCP/IP network protocol stack intended for use with tiny 8- and 16-bit microcontrollers. It was initially developed by Adam Dunkels of the Networked Embedded Systems group at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science, licensed under a BSD style license, and further developed by a wide group of developers.

uIP can be very useful in embedded systems because it requires very small amounts of code and RAM. It has been ported to several platforms, including DSP platforms.

In October 2008, Cisco, Atmel, and SICS announced a fully compliant IPv6 extension to uIP, called uIPv6.

Implementation

uIP makes many unusual design choices in order to reduce the resources it requires.  uIP's native software interface is designed for small computer systems with no operating system.  It can be called in a timed loop, and the call manages all the retries and other network behavior. The hardware driver is called after uIP is called.  uIP builds the packet, and then the driver sends it, and optionally receives a response.

It is normal for IP protocol stack software to keep many copies of different IP packets, for transmission, reception and to keep copies in case they need to be resent. uIP is economical in its use of memory because it uses only one packet buffer.  First, it uses the packet buffer in a half-duplex way, using it in turn for transmission and reception. Also, when uIP needs to retransmit a packet, it calls the application code in a way that requests for the previous data to be reproduced.

Another oddity is how uIP manages connections.  Most IP implementations have one task per connection, and the task communicates with a task in a distant computer on the other end of the connection.  In uIP, no multitasking operating system is assumed.  Connections are held in an array. On each call, uIP tries to serve a connection, making a subroutine call to application code that responds to, or sends data. The size of the connection array is a number that can be adjusted when uIP is recompiled.

uIP is fully compliant with the RFCs that define TCP, UDP and IP.  It also implements the mandatory maintenance protocol ICMP.

Versions
uIP 0.9 is the version with the least dependence on operating systems, the smallest resource use, and the only version that presents a pure event loop API, but in its original form does not support IP version 6, only the older, more common IPv4. It may be used in embedded systems with very small amounts of resources.

It was delivered with a set of examples of higher-level protocols that also run on an event loop system, including HTTP (a simple web server), SMTP (simple mail transmission protocol), FTP (file transfer protocol), telnet (terminal emulation), and others.  Despite the examples and its small size, uIP 0.9 can be difficult to apply because it does not use any form of socket API.

uIP is widely used code with well-known weaknesses.  The design minimizes and separates 32-bit arithmetic so that it can be adjusted or optimized for 8 and 16-bit CPUs.  Also, 16-bit software timers (common on small microcontrollers) can overflow and cause defective operation.  This can be fixed with a timer system that does not overflow (e.g. the timers count down or use modular arithmetic).

Another issue is that its single packet buffer can have substantial throughput problems because a PC host usually delays the "ACK" packet, waiting for more packets.  In slow, serial port implementations, the ack-throughput can be fixed by modifying uIP to send every packet as two half-packet fragments.  uIP systems with fast ethernet or WiFi can modify the hardware driver to send every packet twice.

Some PCs do not correctly respond to a fast uIP system on a local ethernet, because the uIP system can start a responding packet before the PC is ready to receive it.  The solution is to call the uIP system less frequently in the main loop (Windows PCs are designed for a response time of about 1 millisecond).  Typical implementations of uIP have a fixed IP address, which can make them impractical in real networks, although some have implemented DHCP.

Later versions of uIP, including the reference version of uIPv6, are integrated with Contiki, an operating system that uses coroutines for cooperative multitasking.  Contiki provides the multitasking needed by a simplified socket API, simplifying the use of uIP.  These versions may be less popular than 0.9 however.  Many examples of embedded code do not use them.

See also
 Internet Engineering Task Force
 List of TCP and UDP port numbers
 lwIP –another TCP/IP stack project (also created by Dunkels), but more fully-featured and aimed at more capable hardware

References

External links
 uIP source
 uIP port for AVR microcontrollers
 uIP-based Webserver using OpenRISC-embedded SoC

Embedded systems
Free network-related software
Software using the BSD license


is a district of Minato, Tokyo, Japan. It consists of 1 to 4-chōme. Azabu-Jūban Station is located in this district.

Azabu-Juban is a residential area in central Tokyo with a mixture of Japanese shops, restaurants and bars. The convenience of several supermarkets in a central location and the proximity of Hiroo and Roppongi make it one of the most trendy and sought after residential areas of Tokyo. The main street, a block away from a busy road junction, has a village-like feel with cobbled stoned paving in some places. This atmosphere is created by the narrow streets, slow moving traffic, and a mixture of stores operated by older owners. Even the McDonald's has been carefully designed to be architecturally sympathetic.

Azabu-Juban is known for being the main setting of the famous magical girls manga/anime series, Sailor Moon.

Azabu-Juban matsuri
In the middle of August (usually at the beginning or end of the Japanese Obon holiday), Azabu-Juban holds one of the most famous local summer festivals (matsuri) in Tokyo;
The event takes place over two days on Saturday and Sunday with the streets being lined with local stalls and food vendors.
Traffic is typically blocked from 3:00 to 9:00 pm on both days.
During this time, large crowds of festival goers make the main streets largely impassable.

In 2011, this festival was cancelled, due to the practice of  - voluntary self-restraint - implemented after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake.

Azabu-Juban hot spring
Until 2008, Azabu-juban had one of several natural onsen(:ja:麻布十番温泉) in Tokyo.
Every Sunday from 3:00 pm visitors could enjoy traditional Japanese songs (enka) and dancing.
The site of the hot spring has since become a car park.

Education
Minato City Board of Education operates public elementary and junior high schools. Azabu-Jūban 1-chōme, and 1-8 ban of 2-chōme, are zoned to Nanzan Elementary School (南山小学校). 9-21 ban of Azabu-Jūban 2-chōme and Azabu-Jūban 3-4-chōme are zoned to Higashimachi Elementary School (東町小学校). All of Azabu-Jūban is zoned to Roppongi Junior High School (六本木中学校).

In fiction
The protagonists of the manga and anime series Sailor Moon reside in this district.

References

Districts of Minato, Tokyo


KQLL (1280 AM, "Kool 102") is a commercial radio station located in Henderson, Nevada, broadcasting to the Las Vegas metropolitan area on the AM dial with a simulcast on K272EE 102.3 FM. KQLL airs an oldies music format. The station is currently owned by Summit Media.

History
The station went on the air in 1956 as KVOV.  It was assigned the call letters KREL on February 17, 1984. On January 28, 1991, the station changed its call sign to KDOL, and on March 6, 1998 to KDOX.

In June 2010, KDOX purchased the construction permit for K272EE licensed to Moapa, Nevada. with the plan to add an FM signal.  On August 12, 2010, this signal went live.

Prior to adopting an oldies music format, KDOX aired a news/talk format known as "Fox News Radio 1280." In August 2010, KDOX introduced a live, local mid-morning talk radio show hosted by Casey Hendrickson and Heather Kydd (formerly the drive-time hosts on competitor KXNT). On August 12, 2010, KDOX introduced a 99-watt FM translator on 102.3 MHz.  KDOX purchased the construction permit for $100.00 in June 2010.

On December 31, 2010, KDOX changed formats to a 50s-70s oldies format known as "Kool 102". Along with the format change, the calls were changed as well to reflect the format. The station became known as KQLL.

Translator

References

External links
FCC History Cards for KQLL

QLL
Radio stations established in 1956
QLL
1956 establishments in Nevada


Taylor Valley is the southernmost of the three large McMurdo Dry Valleys in the Transantarctic Mountains, Victoria Land, Antarctica, located west of McMurdo Sound at approximately . The valley extends from Taylor Glacier in the west to McMurdo Sound at Explorers Cove at the northwest head of New Harbour in the east and is about  long. It was once occupied by the receding Taylor Glacier, from which it derives its name. Taylor Valley contains Lake Bonney in the west (inward), and Lake Fryxell in the east (coastward), and Lake Hoare, Lake Chad, Lake Popplewell, Mummy Pond and Parera Pond close together between the two. Further east of Lake Bonney is Pearse Valley. Taylor Valley is separated from Wright Valley in the north by Asgard Range, and from Ferrar Glacier in the south by Kukri Hills.

At its southernmost end, Taylor Valley becomes Quinn Gully, a mainly ice-free gully, which descends between MacDonald Hills and Hjorth Hill to Explorers Cove in New Harbour. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (1997) after Thomas Quinn, supervisor of Continental Air Operations, Antarctic Support Associates.

Scar Peak overlooks the valley's northern wall, east of the Lacroix Glacier.

Taylor Valley was discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition (1901–04), it was more fully explored by the BrAE (1907–09) and the BrAE (1910–13), and named after Australian geologist Thomas Griffith Taylor.

In the oblique aerial photo at right, the tan bands are sandstone layers from the Beacon Supergroup, a series of sedimentary rock layers formed at the bottom of a shallow sea between 250 million and 400 million years ago. Throughout that period, Earth's southern continents were locked into the supercontinent Gondwana.

The dark band of rock that divides the sandstone is dolerite (sometimes called diabase), a volcanic rock that forms underground. The distinctive dolerite intrusion—or sill—is a remnant of a massive volcanic plumbing system that produced major eruptions about 180 million years ago. The eruptions likely helped tear Gondwana apart.

See also
Commonwealth Stream
McMurdo Dry Valleys geology
Victoria Valley (far north)
Lake Washburn (Antarctica)
Wright Valley (north)

References

External links
USGS Geographic Names Database - Taylor Valley
Map of the McMurdo Dry Valleys and Ross Island

McMurdo Dry Valleys
Valleys of Victoria Land
Transantarctic Mountains


The Federation of Norwegian Manufacturing Industries (, TBL) was an employers' organisation in Norway, organized under the national Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise. On 1 January 2006 it was merged with the Federation of Norwegian Process Industries to form the Federation of Norwegian Industries.

It was founded in 1889. The name at that time was De Mekaniske Værksteders Forening. With the Norwegian Union of Iron and Metalworkers, a trade union which is now a part of the United Federation of Trade Unions, MVF negotiated Norway's first collective bargaining agreement in 1907. The name was changed to Mekaniske Værksteders Landsforening in 1908, and to Teknologibedriftenes Landsforening on its centennial anniversary in 1989. From the same year it joined the Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise.

The idea to merge with the Federation of Norwegian Process Industries came into existence in 2003, and following negotiations the first general assembly of the new organization was held in November 2005. The merger was formally carried through on 1 January 2006.

References

Defunct employers' organisations in Norway
Organisations based in Oslo
Industry in Norway
2006 disestablishments in Norway
1889 establishments in Norway


Ronen Palan (born 21 March 1957) is an Israeli-born economist and Professor of International Political Economy in the Department of International Politics at the City University London. He has many books and articles on the political economy of the state, globalisation and state strategies, and evolutionary approaches to the study of international relations. Ronen Palan was of the founding editors of the Review of International Political Economy. Palan's major empirical work is the area of offshore financial centres and tax havens. Palan has argued that offshore finance "is certainly not the sole cause for the decline of the nation-state, but it must be seen as an important contributing factor to the decline".

In January 2016, Palan acted as an advisor to the BBC's documentary, Britain’s Trillion Pound Paradise – Inside Cayman. In May 2017, Palan also featured in the documentary, "The Spider's Web: Britain's Second Empire" on the U.K.'s relationships with tax havens.

As a student, Palan attended the London School of Economics, where he produced his PhD thesis Patterns of non-governmental interactions as a bridge between the structuralist theory of the state and the study of international relations. He subsequently worked at Newcastle University and the University of Sussex before joining Birmingham University in 2007. Palan has authored and edited a number of books, including Global Political Economy: Contemporary Theories (edited, Routledge, 2000), The Offshore World: Sovereign Markets, Virtual Places, and Nomad Millionaires (Cornell University Press, 2003), The Imagined Economies of Globalisation (with Angus Cameron, Sage, 2004) and Tax Havens: How Globalization Really Works (with Richard Murphy, Christian Chavagneux, Cornell University Press, 2010).

Palan is married and has two sons.

Books

References

Academics of City, University of London
Israeli political scientists
Living people
1957 births


The women's K-4 500 metres event was a fours kayaking event conducted as part of the Canoeing at the 1996 Summer Olympics program.

Medalists

Results

Heats
16 crews entered in two heats. The top two finishers from each of the heats advanced directly to the finals while the remaining teams were relegated to the semifinals.

Semifinals
The top two finishers in each of the semifinals and the fastest third-place finisher advanced to the final.

Final
The final was held on August 3.

Fischer became the first woman in any sport to win Olympic gold medals 16 years apart. She won the women's K-1 500 m event at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.

References
1996 Summer Olympics official report Volume 3. pp. 168–9.
Sports-reference.com women's 1996 K-4 500 m results.
Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2008). "Canoeing: Women's Kayak Fours 500 Meters". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. p. 495.

Women's K-4 500
Olympic
Women's events at the 1996 Summer Olympics


The Federation of Norwegian Process Industries (, PIL) was an employers' organisation in Norway, organized under the national Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise. On 1 January 2006 it was merged with the Federation of Norwegian Manufacturing Industries to form the Federation of Norwegian Industries.

References

Defunct employers' organisations in Norway


The 2004–05 New York Knicks season was the 59th season for the team in the National Basketball Association (NBA). During the offseason, the Knicks acquired Jamal Crawford from the Chicago Bulls. Early in the season, the team released Shandon Anderson after he had played one game; Anderson later joined the Miami Heat as a free agent. The Knicks played around .500 with a 16–13 start, but then lost 16 of their next 18 games. Head coach Lenny Wilkens resigned after a 17–22 start, and was replaced by assistant Herb Williams for the remainder of the season. The Knicks then lost nine straight games between March and April, finishing fourth place in the Atlantic Division with a 33–49 record, and failing to qualify for the NBA playoffs.

In his first full season with the Knicks, Stephon Marbury led the team with 21.7 points, 8.1 assists and 1.5 steals per game, and Jamal Crawford finished second on the team in scoring, averaging 17.7 points per game. Following the season, Larry Brown was hired as coach, Kurt Thomas was traded to the Phoenix Suns, Tim Thomas was dealt to the Chicago Bulls, and Allan Houston, who played just 20 games due to injury, retired after 12 seasons in the NBA.

NBA draft

Roster

Regular season

Record vs. opponents

See also
2004–05 NBA season

References

New York Knicks seasons
New York Knicks
New York Knicks
New York Knick
2000s in Manhattan
Madison Square Garden


Phidippus putnami is a species of jumping spider found in the United States.

Gallery

References

External links

 Salticidae.org's page on Phidippus putnami
 More pictures and information of P. putnami at BugGuide

Salticidae
Spiders of the United States
Spiders described in 1883


The 2009 African U-17 Championship was a football competition organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF). The tournament took place in Algeria. The top four teams qualified for the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup. Nigeria, automatically qualified as the hosts, didn't qualify for the Finals, although if they qualified for the Finals and went on to reach the semi-finals, then the teams who finished third in their respective groups would have met in a playoff for the fourth and final place in the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup.

Qualification

Qualified teams
  (host nation)

Squads

Venues

Group stage

Group A

Group B
After the group ended, Niger was ejected from the competition for fielding an over-aged player. Their results were expunged from the standings.

Original group standings

Corrected standings

Knock-out stage

Semifinals

Third place match

Final

Winners

References

External links
 Confederation of African Football
 African U-17 Championship 2009

2009
African U-17 Championship
Under
2009 in youth association football


Garrick's Villa is a Grade I listed country house located on Hampton Court Road in  Hampton in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. Its park and gardens are listed at Grade II by Historic England in the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England.

The house was originally constructed in the Middle Ages. The country house was initially listed as Hampton House prior to its acquisition by the actor and theatre manager David Garrick (1717–1779) in about 1754. Numerous alterations were made to it during Garrick's tenure by  the neoclassical architect Robert Adam (1728–1792), including the portico, the building of an orangery and the construction of a tunnel under the road to connect with his riverside lawn. A wing was added to the west side of the house in 1864.

In the late 19th century, the house belonged first to the preacher John Chippendall Montesquieu Bellew (1823–1874) and then to his son, the actor Kyrle Bellew (1850–1911).

During the early part of the 20th century the house was the family home of Sir (James) Clifton Robinson (1848–1910), Managing Director and Chief Engineer of London United Tramways, and a single private tram track leading into the grounds was constructed. The house was converted into flats in 1922 and redeveloped again in 1969.

On 25 October 2008, during building works on the house, a fire broke out and was brought under control five hours later.

References

Buildings and structures on the River Thames
David Garrick
Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
Grade I listed houses in London
Grade II listed parks and gardens in London
History of Middlesex
History of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
Houses completed in 1773
Houses in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
Neoclassical architecture in London
Robert Adam buildings
Trams in London


The 2008–09 Bulgarian Cup was the 27th official Bulgarian annual football tournament. The competition started on October 15, 2008 with the preliminary round and ended on May 26, 2009. The defending champions were Litex Lovech, who successfully defended their title against Pirin Blagoevgrad.

Preliminary round
In this round entered 4 winners from the regional competitions as well as 3 teams from B Group (second level) decided by random draw. There should have been 4 teams selected from B Group, but since this year's league features only 31 team, 3 teams were chosen. The matches were played on 15 October 2008.

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!colspan=3 style="background-color:#D0F0C0;" |15 October 2008

|}
Note: Roman numerals in brackets denote the league tier the clubs participate in during the 2008–09 season.

First round
In this round entered winners from the previous round together with the remaining 28 teams from B Group. The matches were played on 29 October 2008.

|-
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#D0F0C0;" |29 October 2008

|}

Second round
This round featured winners from the first round and all 16 teams from A Group. The matches were played on 11, 12, 13 and 26 November 2008.

|-
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#D0F0C0;" |11 November 2008

|-
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#D0F0C0;" |12 November 2008

|-
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#D0F0C0;" |13 November 2008

|-
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#D0F0C0;" |26 November 2008

|-
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#D0F0C0;" |3 December 2008

|}

Third round
In this round entered winners from the second round. The matches were played on 7 December 2008.

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!colspan=3 style="background-color:#D0F0C0;" |7 December 2008

|}

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Final

External links
 bulgarian-football.com

Bulgarian Cup seasons
Bulgarian Cup, 2008-09
Cup


Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) was the U.S. Army's first chemical munitions disposal facility. It was located on Johnston Island, at Johnston Atoll and completed its mission and ceased operation in 2000.

Background

Prior to the beginning of destruction operations at JACADS, the atoll held about 6.6% of the entire U.S. stockpile of chemical weapons. Chemical weapons were stockpiled on Johnston Atoll beginning in 1971, including weapons transferred from Okinawa during the 1971 Operation Red Hat. Some of the other weapons stored at the site, including Sarin (GB) and VX Nerve Agent, were shipped from U.S. stockpiles in Germany in 1990. The shipments followed a 1986 agreement between the U.S. and Germany to move the munitions. The remainder of the chemical weapons were a small number of World War II era weapons shipped from the Solomon Islands. In 1985, the U.S. Congress mandated that all chemical weapons stockpiles at Johnston Atoll, mostly mustard and nerve agents, be destroyed.

History

Planning for JACADS began in 1981 and initial construction started in 1985–1986. In August 1985, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a 10-year permit to the Army allowing it to construct and operate JACADS.<ref name=jacadsepa>"Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS)", U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, updated July 27, 2007, accessed October 25, 2008.</ref> As JACADS was preparing to begin operations, the U.S. Congress passed Public Law 100-456, which required JACADS to complete operational verification testing (OVT) to ensure each type of munition could be disposed of safely. Operations began at JACADS in June 1990, commencing with operational verification testing.

The first weapon disposal took place on June 30, 1990. That day, JACADS became the first U.S. chemical weapons disposal facility. The OVT phase of operations lasted until March 1993. Transition from the testing phase to full-scale operations began in May 1993 and, in August, full-scale operations began. Twice, in 1993 and 1994, the facility had to be evacuated because of hurricanes; operations were delayed for as long as 70 days during these periods.

On November 29, 2000, the last of the chemical weapons at JACADS were disposed of. The last disposal operation destroyed more than 13,000 VX filled land mines. Two years after the last chemical weapons at JACADS were destroyed, the Army submitted the plan to dismantle the facility to the EPA; it was approved in September 2002. Demolition on the  facility, home to the incinerators, laboratories and control rooms, took place from August–October 2003. In November 2003 a plaque was dedicated to JACADS personnel.

Disposal program

Disposal method

JACADS workers utilized incineration to destroy the chemical agents at Johnston Atoll. After workers loaded the weapons onto a conveyor, automated equipment would take over the process. The equipment removed the explosive component of the weapon and drained the chemical agent. The explosive and chemical agent were then incinerated at high temperature. The metal weapons casings were then thermally decontaminated and scrapped.JACADS: Defining a Moment in Chemical Weapons History ", U.S. Army Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization, accessed October 25, 2008.

Munitions destroyed
By early 1996, the facility at Johnston Atoll had destroyed about 3.5% of the overall U.S. chemical weapons stockpile. Included in that amount, out of total stockpile of 31,000 tons, was two million pounds of mustard and nerve agents destroyed by JACADS. The disposal program was overseen by Project Manager Gary McCloskey, and during the ten years from 1990–2000 was responsible for the destruction of over 400,000 chemical rockets, projectiles, bombs, mortars, ton containers, and mines. Also destroyed at JACADS were over 2,000 tons of the nerve agents sarin and VX, as well as the blister agent HD. In total, the program at Johnston Atoll destroyed 412,000 individual chemical munitions."Mission accomplished: JACADS safely destroys over 400,000 chemical weapons on Johnston Island", (Press release), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, updated July 27, 2007, accessed October 25, 2008.

Accidents and incidents
There were a few chemical weapons related accidents during the period JACADS was in operation.
In January 1993, the burster charge on a 105 mm artillery shell ignited. The shell contained World War II-era mustard gas, though none was released and the incident resulted in no injuries. A later incident on March 23, 1994 resulted in the accidental release of sarin gas after a chemical agent line was opened for maintenance without properly purging the line with fuel oil. The incident led to a $122,000 fine against the Army from the EPA. Another incident in November 1994 led to the explosion of a drained chemical rocket during mechanical removal of the fuse, but no leaks were reported.

On December 9, 1993, a spill of about 500 pounds (226 kg) of Sarin (Agent GB) occurred inside the Munitions Demilitarization Building (MDB). There was no agent migration outside the building and the contingency plan was not activated. The facility suspended processing of munitions until investigation of the incident was satisfactorily completed.

The U.S. National Research Council's Committee on Evaluation of Chemical Events at Army Chemical Agent Disposal Facilities was provided, by the Army, with a list of 39 incidents that occurred at JACADS from its opening until its closure. Of those 39 events, 24 were classified as chemical in nature. For example, five days after the last chemical weapons were destroyed at JACADS, VX was detected in ash from the incinerator. The committee's evaluation of JACADS incidents was published in 2002.

Response and reaction
The 1990 shipments of nerve agents from West Germany to JACADS caused several South Pacific nations to express unease. At the 1990 South Pacific Forum in Vanuatu, the island nations of the South Pacific indicated that their concern was that the South Pacific would become a toxic waste dumping ground. Other concerns raised included the security of the shipments, which were refueled at sea and escorted by U.S. guided missile destroyers, while they were en route to Johnston Atoll. In Australia, Prime Minister Bob Hawke drew criticism from some of these island nations for his support of the chemical weapons destruction at Johnston Atoll.

See also
Operation Steel Box
U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency

References

Further reading
McCloskey, Gary. "Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System Mines Its Business", Army Chemical Review, August 2001, via FindArticles.com, accessed October 25, 2008.
Schreiber, E. A., Doherty, Jr., Paul F. and Schenk, Gary A. "Effects of a Chemical Weapons Incineration Plant on Red-Tailed Tropicbirds", (JSTOR), The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 65, No. 4 October 2001, pp. 685–695
U.S. National Research Council: Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program, Closure and Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System, (Google Books), National Academies Press, 2002, ().

External links

Chemical Weapons Disposal Dispute", T.E.D. Case Study, "The Mandala Project", American University'', May 1997, accessed October 25, 2008.
"Johnston Island", U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency, official site, accessed October 25, 2008.
 Cleanup of Johnston Atoll Missile Launch Facility, DOD FOIA declassified document.  24Mb.

United States chemical weapons depots
Johnston Atoll
Chemical weapons destruction facilities
2000 disestablishments in the United States
1990 establishments in the United States
Buildings and structures completed in 1990
1990 establishments in Oceania
2000 disestablishments in Oceania


The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research (also known as Nofima), is a food science research institute in Norway. The head office is located in Tromsø, with research activities in Bergen, Stavanger, Sunndalsøra, Tromsø and Ås.

Nofima was established on 1 January 2008, following a political decision to merge four research institutions (Matforsk, Fiskeriforskning, Norconserv and Akvaforsk). Nofima has approximately 390 employees.

The current CEO of Nofima is Dr Øyvind Fylling-Jensen.

References

External links
 Official website

Research institutes in Norway
Independent research institutes
Food science institutes


FC Dynamo Kyiv is a Ukrainian professional association football club based in the neighborhood of Pechersk, Kyiv (Caves [Monastery]). The club was formed in Kyiv in 1927 as part of network of the Soviet Dynamo proletarian sports society. It was formed in place of the already existing local team of Sovtorgsluzhashchie (Russian word for Soviet retail associates).

List of seasons

Ukrainian SSR

{|class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Season
! Division (Name)
! Pos./Teams
! Pl.
! W
! D
! L
! GS
! GA
! P
!Dynamomania
!Domestic Cup
!Notes
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1929
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
| style="text-align:center; background:silver"|Finalist
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1931
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
| style="text-align:center; background:gold"|Winner
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1932
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
| style="text-align:center; background:silver"|Finalist
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1933
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
| style="text-align:center; background:gold"|Winner
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1934
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
| style="text-align:center; background:silver"|Finalist
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1935
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
| style="text-align:center; background:gold"|Winner
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
|}

Soviet Union

{|class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Season
! Division (Name)
! Pos./Teams
! Pl.
! W
! D
! L
! GS
! GA
! P
!Cup of UkrSSR
!Soviet Cup
!Notes
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|1936
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7"|1st(Group A)
|  style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|2/(7)
|align=center|6
|align=center|4
|align=center|0
|align=center|2
|align=center|18
|align=center|11
|align=center|14
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:gold"|Winner
|align=center rowspan=2|1/32 finals
|align=center|spring season
|-
|align=center|6/(8)
|align=center|7
|align=center|1
|align=center|3
|align=center|3
|align=center|16
|align=center|19
|align=center|12
|align=center|fall season
|-
|align=center|1937
|  style="text-align:center; background:#a67d3d;"|3/(9)
|align=center|16
|align=center|7
|align=center|6
|align=center|3
|align=center|33
|align=center|24
|align=center|36
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold"|Winner
|align=center|Quarter finals
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1938
|align=center|4/(26)
|align=center|25
|align=center|15
|align=center|6
|align=center|4
|align=center|76
|align=center|35
|align=center|36
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold"|Winner
|align=center|1/16 finals
|align=center|Point system change
|-
|align=center|1939
|align=center|8/(14)
|align=center|26
|align=center|9
|align=center|8
|align=center|9
|align=center|39
|align=center|44
|align=center|26
|align=center|Not played
|align=center|1/16 finals
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1940
|align=center|8/(13)
|align=center|24
|align=center|6
|align=center|9
|align=center|9
|align=center|32
|align=center|49
|align=center|21
|align=center|Not played
|align=center|Not played
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1941
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|8/(15)
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|9
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|4
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|2
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|3
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|16
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|14
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|10
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|Not played
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|Not played
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|Unofficial (did not finish due to World War II)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="14"|No championship in 1942–1944
|-
|align=center|1944
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="9"|No championship
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold"|Winner
|align=center|1/8 finals
|align=center|Cup tournaments took place
|-
|align=center|1945
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"|1st(First Group)
|align=center|11/(12)
|align=center|22
|align=center|1
|align=center|6
|align=center|15
|align=center|13
|align=center|50
|align=center|8
|  style="text-align:center; background:silver"|Finalist
|align=center|1/16 finals
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1946
|align=center|12/(12)
|align=center|22
|align=center|4
|align=center|5
|align=center|13
|align=center|18
|align=center|39
|align=center|13
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold"|Winner
|  style="text-align:center; background:#deb678;"|Semi-finals
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1947
|align=center|4/(13)
|align=center|24
|align=center|9
|align=center|9
|align=center|6
|align=center|27
|align=center|31
|align=center|27
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold"|Winner
|align=center|Quarter finals
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1948
|align=center|10/(14)
|align=center|26
|align=center|7
|align=center|6
|align=center|13
|align=center|32
|align=center|50
|align=center|20
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold"|Winner
|align=center|Quarter finals
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1949
|align=center|7/(18)
|align=center|34
|align=center|17
|align=center|6
|align=center|11
|align=center|48
|align=center|47
|align=center|40
|align=center|Not played
|align=center|1/8 finals
|align=center|
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Season
! Division (Name)
! Pos./Teams
! Pl.
! W
! D
! L
! GS
! GA
! P
!Soviet Cup
!colspan=2|Europe
!Notes
|-
|align=center|1950
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="25"|1st(Class A)
|align=center|13/(19)
|align=center|36
|align=center|10
|align=center|11
|align=center|15
|align=center|39
|align=center|53
|align=center|31
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1951
|align=center|8/(15)
|align=center|28
|align=center|9
|align=center|9
|align=center|10
|align=center|43
|align=center|39
|align=center|27
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1952
|  style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|2/(14)
|align=center|13
|align=center|7
|align=center|3
|align=center|3
|align=center|26
|align=center|14
|align=center|17
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1953
|align=center|8/(11)
|align=center|20
|align=center|6
|align=center|5
|align=center|9
|align=center|21
|align=center|26
|align=center|17
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1954
|align=center|5/(13)
|align=center|24
|align=center|8
|align=center|10
|align=center|6
|align=center|31
|align=center|29
|align=center|26
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1955
|align=center|6/(12)
|align=center|22
|align=center|8
|align=center|6
|align=center|8
|align=center|31
|align=center|37
|align=center|22
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1956
|align=center|4/(12)
|align=center|22
|align=center|7
|align=center|10
|align=center|5
|align=center|32
|align=center|31
|align=center|24
|align=center|Not played
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1957
|align=center|6/(12)
|align=center|22
|align=center|8
|align=center|7
|align=center|7
|align=center|30
|align=center|30
|align=center|23
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1958
|align=center|6/(12)
|align=center|22
|align=center|7
|align=center|9
|align=center|6
|align=center|40
|align=center|33
|align=center|23
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1959
|align=center|7/(12)
|align=center|22
|align=center|6
|align=center|8
|align=center|8
|align=center|26
|align=center|33
|align=center|20
|align=center|Not played
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|1960
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|1/(11)
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|20
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|13
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|2
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|5
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|46
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|23
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|28
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|Qualifying round
|-
|  style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|2/(6)
|align=center|10
|align=center|5
|align=center|1
|align=center|4
|align=center|19
|align=center|14
|align=center|11
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|Final group
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|1961
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|2/(11)
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|20
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|12
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|5
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|3
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|41
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|19
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|29
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|Qualifying round
|-
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|1/(10)
|align=center|30
|align=center|18
|align=center|9
|align=center|3
|align=center|58
|align=center|28
|align=center|45
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|Final group
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|1962
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|1/(11)
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|20
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|14
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|5
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|1
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|44
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|20
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|33
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|Qualifying round
|-
|align=center|5/(12)
|align=center|22
|align=center|8
|align=center|9
|align=center|5
|align=center|36
|align=center|28
|align=center|25
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|Final group
|-
|align=center|1963
|align=center|9/(20)
|align=center|38
|align=center|16
|align=center|12
|align=center|10
|align=center|68
|align=center|48
|align=center|44
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1964
|align=center|6/(17)
|align=center|32
|align=center|10
|align=center|16
|align=center|6
|align=center|42
|align=center|29
|align=center|36
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1965
|  style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|2/(17)
|align=center|32
|align=center|22
|align=center|6
|align=center|4
|align=center|58
|align=center|22
|align=center|50
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1966
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|1/(19)
|align=center|36
|align=center|23
|align=center|10
|align=center|3
|align=center|66
|align=center|17
|align=center|56
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center|CWC
|align=center|1/4 finals
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1967
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|1/(19)
|align=center|36
|align=center|21
|align=center|12
|align=center|3
|align=center|51
|align=center|11
|align=center|54
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1968
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|1/(20)
|align=center|38
|align=center|21
|align=center|15
|align=center|3
|align=center|58
|align=center|25
|align=center|57
|align=center|
|align=center|ECC
|align=center|Second round
|align=center|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|1969
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|1/(10)
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|18
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|10
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|8
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|0
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|25
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|6
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|28
|  style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|1/4 finals
|  style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|ECC
|  style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|withdrew
|  style="text-align:center; background:gray;"|Qualifying round
|-
|  style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|2/(14)
|align=center|26
|align=center|16
|align=center|7
|align=center|3
|align=center|37
|align=center|13
|align=center|39
|align=center|Final round
|-
|align=center|1970
|align=center|7/(17)
|align=center|32
|align=center|14
|align=center|5
|align=center|13
|align=center|36
|align=center|32
|align=center|33
|  style="text-align:center; background:#deb678;"|Semi-finals
|align=center|ECC
|align=center|Second round
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1971
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="22"|1st(Top League)
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|1/(16)
|align=center|30
|align=center|17
|align=center|10
|align=center|3
|align=center|41
|align=center|17
|align=center|44
|align=center|1/8 finals
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1972
|  style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|2/(16)
|align=center|30
|align=center|12
|align=center|11
|align=center|7
|align=center|52
|align=center|38
|align=center|35
|align=center|1/8 finals
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1973
|  style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|2/(16)
|align=center|30
|align=center|16
|align=center|8
|align=center|6
|align=center|44
|align=center|23
|align=center|36
|  style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|Runner-up
|align=center|ECC
|align=center|1/4 finals
|align=center|Draw games rule
|-
|align=center|1974
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|1/(16)
|align=center|30
|align=center|14
|align=center|12
|align=center|4
|align=center|49
|align=center|24
|align=center|40
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center|UC
|align=center|Third round
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1975
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|1/(16)
|align=center|30
|align=center|17
|align=center|9
|align=center|4
|align=center|53
|align=center|30
|align=center|43
|align=center|1/4 finals
|align=center|CWC
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner of UEFA Super Cup
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|1976
|align=center|8/(16)
|align=center|15
|align=center|5
|align=center|5
|align=center|5
|align=center|14
|align=center|12
|align=center|15
|align=center rowspan=2|1/4 finals
|align=center rowspan=2|ECC
|align=center rowspan=2|1/4 finals
|align=center|spring half
|-
|  style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|2/(16)
|align=center|15
|align=center|6
|align=center|6
|align=center|3
|align=center|22
|align=center|16
|align=center|18
|align=center|fall half
|-
|align=center|1977
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|1/(16)
|align=center|30
|align=center|14
|align=center|15
|align=center|1
|align=center|51
|align=center|12
|align=center|43
|align=center|1/4 finals
|align=center|ECC
|  style="text-align:center; background:#deb678;"|Semi-finals
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1978
|  style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|2/(16)
|align=center|30
|align=center|15
|align=center|9
|align=center|6
|align=center|42
|align=center|20
|align=center|38
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center|UC
|align=center|1/32 finals (first round)
|align=center|Draw games rule
|-
|align=center|1979
|  style="text-align:center; background:#a67d3d;"|3/(18)
|align=center|34
|align=center|21
|align=center|5
|align=center|8
|align=center|51
|align=center|26
|align=center|47
|align=center|1/4 finals
|align=center|ECC
|align=center|1/8 finals (second round)
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1980
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|1/(18)
|align=center|34
|align=center|21
|align=center|9
|align=center|4
|align=center|63
|align=center|23
|align=center|51
|  style="text-align:center; background:#a67d3d;"|Semi-finals
|align=center|UC
|align=center|1/8 finals (third round)
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1981
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|1/(18)
|align=center|34
|align=center|22
|align=center|9
|align=center|3
|align=center|58
|align=center|26
|align=center|53
|align=center|1/4 finals
|align=center|UC
|align=center|1/32 finals (first round)
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1982
|  style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|2/(18)
|align=center|34
|align=center|18
|align=center|10
|align=center|6
|align=center|58
|align=center|25
|align=center|46
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center|ECC
|align=center|1/4 finals
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1983
|align=center|7/(18)
|align=center|34
|align=center|14
|align=center|10
|align=center|10
|align=center|50
|align=center|34
|align=center|38
|align=center|1/4 finals
|align=center|ECC
|align=center|1/4 finals
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1984
|align=center|10/(18)
|align=center|34
|align=center|12
|align=center|13
|align=center|9
|align=center|46
|align=center|30
|align=center|34
|align=center|1/8 finals
|align=center|UC
|align=center|1/32 finals (first round)
|align=center|Draw games rule
|-
|align=center|1985
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|1/(18)
|align=center|34
|align=center|20
|align=center|8
|align=center|6
|align=center|64
|align=center|26
|align=center|48
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1986
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|1/(16)
|align=center|30
|align=center|14
|align=center|11
|align=center|5
|align=center|53
|align=center|33
|align=center|39
|align=center|1/8 finals
|align=center|CWC
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|  style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|Runner-up of UEFA Super Cup
|-
|align=center|1987
|align=center|6/(16)
|align=center|30
|align=center|11
|align=center|10
|align=center|9
|align=center|37
|align=center|27
|align=center|32
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center|ECC
|  style="text-align:center; background:#a67d3d;"|Semi-finals
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1988
|  style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|2/(16)
|align=center|30
|align=center|17
|align=center|9
|align=center|4
|align=center|43
|align=center|19
|align=center|43
|align=center|1/8 finals
|align=center|ECC
|align=center|1/16 finals (first round)
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1989
|  style="text-align:center; background:#a67d3d;"|3/(16)
|align=center|30
|align=center|13
|align=center|12
|align=center|5
|align=center|44
|align=center|27
|align=center|38
|  style="text-align:center; background:#a67d3d;"|Semi-finals
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1990
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|1/(13)
|align=center|24
|align=center|14
|align=center|6
|align=center|4
|align=center|44
|align=center|20
|align=center|34
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center|UC
|align=center|1/8 finals (third round)
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1991
|align=center|5/(16)
|align=center|30
|align=center|13
|align=center|9
|align=center|8
|align=center|43
|align=center|34
|align=center|35
|align=center|1/16 finals
|align=center|CWC
|align=center|1/4 finals
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1992
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="9"|No championship
|align=center|1/4 finals
|align=center|ECC
|align=center|Group stage
|align=center|Withdrew from Soviet Cup
|}

Ukraine

{|class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Season
! Division
! Position
! Pl.
! W
! D
! L
! GS
! GA
! P
!Ukrainian Cup
!Ukrainian Super Cup
!colspan=2|Europe
!Notes
|-
|align=center|1992
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="17"| 1st(Top League)
|  style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|2
|align=center|18
|align=center|13
|align=center|4
|align=center|1
|align=center|31
|align=center|13
|align=center|30
|align=center|1/4 finals
|align=center|
|align=center colspan=2|
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1992–93
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|1
|align=center|30
|align=center|18
|align=center|8
|align=center|4
|align=center|59
|align=center|14
|align=center|44
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center|
|align=center|UC
|align=center|1/16 finals (second round)
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1993–94
|align=center|34
|align=center|23
|align=center|10
|align=center|1
|align=center|61
|align=center|21
|align=center|56
|align=center|1/8 finals
|align=center|
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL
| style="text-align:center;background:lightgreen;"|first round
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1994–95
|align=center|34
|align=center|25
|align=center|8
|align=center|1
|align=center|87
|align=center|24
|align=center|83
|align=center|1/4 finals
|align=center|
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL
| style="text-align:center;background:lightgreen;"|Group stage
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1995–96
|align=center|34
|align=center|24
|align=center|7
|align=center|3
|align=center|65
|align=center|17
|align=center|79
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center|
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL
| style="text-align:center;background:lightgreen;"|Group stage
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1996–97
|align=center|30
|align=center|23
|align=center|4
|align=center|3
|align=center|69
|align=center|20
|align=center|73
|align=center|1/8 finals
|align=center|
|align=center|UC
|align=center|1/32 finals (first round)
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL – Qual round
|-
|align=center|1997–98
|align=center|30
|align=center|23
|align=center|3
|align=center|4
|align=center|70
|align=center|15
|align=center|72
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center|
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL
| style="text-align:center;background:lightgreen;"|Quarter-finals
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1998–99
|align=center|30
|align=center|23
|align=center|5
|align=center|2
|align=center|75
|align=center|17
|align=center|74
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center|
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL
|  style="text-align:center; background:tan;"|Semi-finals
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1999-00
|align=center|30
|align=center|27
|align=center|3
|align=center|0
|align=center|85
|align=center|18
|align=center|84
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center|
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL
| style="text-align:center;background:lightgreen;"|2nd group stage
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|2000–01
|align=center|26
|align=center|20
|align=center|4
|align=center|2
|align=center|58
|align=center|17
|align=center|64
|align=center|1/16 finals
|align=center|
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL
| style="text-align:center;background:lightgreen;"|1st group stage
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|2001–02
|  style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|2
|align=center|26
|align=center|20
|align=center|5
|align=center|1
|align=center|62
|align=center|9
|align=center|65
|  style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|Runner-up
|align=center|
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL
| style="text-align:center;background:lightgreen;"|1st group stage
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|2002–03
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|1
|align=center|30
|align=center|23
|align=center|4
|align=center|3
|align=center|66
|align=center|20
|align=center|73
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center|
|align=center|UC
|align=center|3rd round
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL – 1st group stage
|-
|align=center|2003–04
|align=center|30
|align=center|23
|align=center|4
|align=center|3
|align=center|68
|align=center|20
|align=center|73
|  style="text-align:center; background:tan;"|1/2 finals
|align=center|
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL
| style="text-align:center;background:lightgreen;"|1st group stage
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|2004–05
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|2
|align=center|30
|align=center|23
|align=center|4
|align=center|3
|align=center|58
|align=center|14
|align=center|73
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center|UC
|align=center|Round of 64
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL – Group stage
|-
|align=center|2005–06
|align=center|30
|align=center|23
|align=center|6
|align=center|1
|align=center|68
|align=center|20
|align=center|75
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center bgcolor=silver|Runner-up
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL
| style="text-align:center;background:lightgreen;"|2nd qual round
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|2006–07
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|1
|align=center|30
|align=center|22
|align=center|8
|align=center|0
|align=center|67
|align=center|23
|align=center|74
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL
| style="text-align:center;background:lightgreen;"|Group Stage
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|2007–08
|  style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|2
|align=center|30
|align=center|22
|align=center|5
|align=center|3
|align=center|65
|align=center|26
|align=center|71
|  style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|Runner-up
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL
| style="text-align:center;background:lightgreen;"|Group Stage
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|2008–09
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="16"| 1st(Premier League)
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|1
|align=center|30
|align=center|26
|align=center|1
|align=center|3
|align=center|71
|align=center|19
|align=center|79
|  style="text-align:center; background:tan;"| 1/2 finals
|align=center bgcolor=silver|Runner-up
|align=center|UC
|  style="text-align:center; background:tan;"|Semi-finals
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL – Group stage
|-
|align=center|2009–10
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|2
|align=center|30
|align=center|22
|align=center|5
|align=center|3
|align=center|61
|align=center|16
|align=center|71
|align=center|1/4 finals
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL
| style="text-align:center;background:lightgreen;"|Group Stage
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|2010–11
|align=center|30
|align=center|20
|align=center|5
|align=center|5
|align=center|60
|align=center|24
|align=center|65
|  style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|Runner-up
|align=center|
|align=center|EL
|align=center|Quarter-finals
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL – PO round
|-
|align=center|2011–12
|align=center|30
|align=center|23
|align=center|6
|align=center|1
|align=center|56
|align=center|12
|align=center|75
|align=center|1/8 finals
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center|EL
|align=center|Group Stage
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL – 3rd QR
|-
|align=center|2012–13
|  style="text-align:center; background:tan;"|3
|align=center|30
|align=center|20
|align=center|2
|align=center|8
|align=center|55
|align=center|23
|align=center|62
|align=center|1/16 finals
|align=center|
|align=center|EL
|align=center|Round of 32
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL – Group stage
|-
|align=center|2013–14
|align=center|4
|align=center|28
|align=center|16
|align=center|5
|align=center|7
|align=center|55
|align=center|33
|align=center|53
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"| Winner
|align=center|
|align=center|EL
|align=center|Round of 32
|align=center|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2014–15
|  rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|1
|align=center|26
|align=center|20
|align=center|6
|align=center|0
|align=center|65
|align=center|12
|align=center|66
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center bgcolor=silver|Runner-up
| style="text-align:center;"|EL
| style="text-align:center;"|Quarter-finals
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2015–16
|align=center|26
|align=center|23
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|align=center|54
|align=center|11
|align=center|70
|align=center|1/4 finals
|align=center bgcolor=silver|Runner-up
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL
| style="text-align:center;background:lightgreen;"|Round of 16
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|align=center|2016–17
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|2
|align=center|32
|align=center|21
|align=center|4
|align=center|7
|align=center|69
|align=center|33
|align=center|67
|align=center bgcolor=silver|Runner-up
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
| style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL
| style="text-align:center;background:lightgreen;"|Group Stage
|align=center|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2017–18
|align=center|32
|align=center|22
|align=center|7
|align=center|3
|align=center|64
|align=center|25
|align=center|73
|align=center bgcolor=silver|Runner-up
|align=center bgcolor=silver|Runner-up
|align=center|EL
|align=center|Round of 16
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL – 3rd QR
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2018–19
|align=center|32
|align=center|22
|align=center|6
|align=center|4
|align=center|54
|align=center|18
|align=center|72
|align=center|1/4 finals
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center|EL
|align=center|Round of 16
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL – PO round
|-
|2019–20
|align=center|32
|align=center|18
|align=center|5
|align=center|9
|align=center|65
|align=center|35
|align=center|59
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center|EL
|align=center|Group Stage
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL – 3rd QR
|-
|2020–21
|  rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|1
|align=center|26
|align=center|20
|align=center|5
|align=center|1
|align=center|59
|align=center|15
|align=center|65
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|  style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
|align=center|EL
|align=center|Round of 16
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL – Group stage
|-
|2021–22 was terminated
|align=center|2 (after 18/30)
|align=center|18
|align=center|14
|align=center|3
|align=center|1
|align=center|47
|align=center|9
|align=center|45
|align=center|Not played after Round of 16
|align=center bgcolor=silver|Runner-up
| style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL
| style="text-align:center;background:lightgreen;"|Group Stage
|   style="text-align:center; background:red;" | began on 24.02.2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
|-
|2022-23
|align=center|4
|align=center|30
|align=center|18
|align=center|6
|align=center|6
|align=center|51
|align=center|25
|align=center|60
|align=center| Not played
|align=center| Not played
|align=center| EL
|align=center|Group Stage
|  style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|ECL – PO round
|-
|2023-24
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|align=center|0
|align=center|0
|align=center|8
|align=center|3
|align=center|6
|align=center|Round of 16
|align=center| Not played
|align=center| CL
|align=center| Third qualifying round
|align=center|
|-
|}

See also
 The Invincibles (football)

References

Seasons

Dynamo Kyiv


The 2003–04 New York Knicks season was the 58th season for the Knicks in the National Basketball Association (NBA). During the offseason, the Knicks signed All-Star center Dikembe Mutombo in free agency. The Knicks started the season by losing seven of their first nine games as fans at the Garden chanted "Fire Layden", in reference to general manager Scott Layden. Knicks fans would get their wish as Layden was fired and replaced by former Detroit Pistons star Isiah Thomas.

In January, the Knicks traded Antonio McDyess and Charlie Ward to the Phoenix Suns for All-Star guard Stephon Marbury and Penny Hardaway. Ward was released by the Suns, and later signed as a free agent with the San Antonio Spurs. At midseason, Thomas made more moves, trading Keith Van Horn to the Milwaukee Bucks for Tim Thomas. After a 15–24 start, the Knicks fired head coach Don Chaney, and played one game under assistant Herb Williams before signing Lenny Wilkens as their new coach. With a 39–43 record, which placed them third in the Atlantic Division, the Knicks qualified for the NBA playoffs as the seventh seed in the Eastern Conference. Allan Houston averaged 18.5 points per game, but played just 50 games due to injury.

In the first round of the playoffs, the Knicks were swept in four games by the New Jersey Nets. New York did not return to the playoffs until the 2010–11 season. Following the season, Mutombo was traded to the Chicago Bulls, who then dealt him to the Houston Rockets. Longtime Knicks play-by-play announcer Marv Albert was not retained by the MSG Network, having criticized poor play by the team on-air. He remained an NBA on TNT broadcaster until he retired from NBA broadcasting following the 2020–21 season.

NBA draft

Roster

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Playoffs

|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 1
| April 17
| @ New Jersey
| L 83–107
| Penny Hardaway (18)
| Stephon Marbury (5)
| Shandon Anderson (5)
| Continental Airlines Arena18,206
| 0–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 2
| April 20
| @ New Jersey
| L 81–99
| Stephon Marbury (23)
| Kurt Thomas (12)
| Penny Hardaway (10)
| Continental Airlines Arena19,918
| 0–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 3
| April 22
| New Jersey
| L 78–81
| three players tied (18)
| Kurt Thomas (12)
| Stephon Marbury (10)
| Madison Square Garden19,763
| 0–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 4
| April 25
| New Jersey
| L 94–100
| Stephon Marbury (31)
| Kurt Thomas (15)
| Stephon Marbury (7)
| Madison Square Garden19,763
| 0–4
|-

Player stats

Awards and records

Transactions

References

New York Knicks seasons
New York Knicks
New York Knicks
New York Knick
2000s in Manhattan
Madison Square Garden


Environment Agency v Clark [2001] Ch 57 (also, Re Rhondda Waste Disposal Ltd) is a UK insolvency law case concerning the right of creditors to bring proceedings against insolvent companies in administration. It concerned s.10, Insolvency Act 1986, now Schedule B1, para. 43(6) whereby a moratorium on legal proceedings is effected after an administration order takes place.

Facts
Rhondda Waste Disposal Ltd, a company wholly owned by Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council ran a landfill site under a waste management licence in Nant-y-Gwyddon, Rhondda Valley. The Environment Agency served an enforcement notice against Rhondda, telling it to comply with its licence terms, under s.33(6), Environmental Protection Act 1990. It then got an injunction. Rhondda failed to change in the next six months. So Rhondda petitioned for an administration order. The administrator asked the court to clarify whether the Environment Agency needed leave under the Insolvency Act 1986, s.10(1)(c) and s.11(3)(d) to bring criminal prosecutions.

Judge Moseley QC, Deputy High Court Judge of the Chancery Division, held it did. The Environment Agency appealed, arguing the words "other proceedings" in the sections were not intended to cover environmental and criminal proceedings, but only recovery of money.

Judgment
Scott Baker J, speaking for the Court of Appeal (Henry LJ and Robert Walker LJ) held that the moratorium on "other proceedings" plainly meant all proceedings, including criminal proceedings. So the Environment Agency needed permission before prosecuting. This was because other sections in the Act referred to criminal offences, so on a proper construction, criminal proceedings would have been excluded specifically if that had been intended.

The purpose of the Insolvency Act 1986 was to give a window of opportunity for the company to make proposals to creditors. Both criminal and civil proceedings would frustrate that. Moreover the broad range of offences could mean such an exception would work against creditors' interests. Courts concerned with administration are well placed to balance the arguments for and against leave. Scott Baker J also referred to remarks by Morritt J in the Re Celtic Extraction case, on the “polluter pays” principle. This should not be applied so that unsecured creditors pay to the whole extend of the available assets.

However, the judge had erred in refusing leave. The allegations of Rhondda's serious and long standing breaches of the Environmental Protection Act should not be overridden by creditors' interests.

Here, any fine that might be imposed on the company could only be paid at the expense of the creditors, since, although the company could pay, it could only do so out of assets available for distribution to the creditors.

See also
UK company law

Notes

References
Ann Cheong, ‘Rhondda Waste Disposal Ltd (In Administration), Re [2001] Ch. 57’ (2001) Company Lawyer 283

United Kingdom insolvency case law
Court of Appeal (England and Wales) cases
2001 in United Kingdom case law


Unbreakable is a 2008 reality television series presented by explorer Benedict Allen on UK's Channel 5, where eight volunteers undergo an onslaught of physical and mental pressure in a bid to be declared unbreakable.

Filmed across four continents, Unbreakables takes eight super-fit members of the public on a punishing global trail to undergo a series of brutal challenges.

In settings ranging from the Norwegian arctic to the Sahara Desert, the volunteers learned to survive in the world's harshest environments and endured difficult military training. They were bossed and cajoled by physical trainers and survival experts as they bid to outdo and outlast each other.

Contestants

Episodes

Episode 1
The jungle of Guyana. They're spurred on by Mark Billingham, a jungle warfare instructor who served with the British SAS for 27 years. They also face challenges inspired by a tribe of former cannibals.

Episode 2
Norwegian School of Winter Warfare in Norway. They are placed in the vicinity of a TNT explosion and forced to jump into an ice hole while still wearing their skis. During the nights they were required to dig a snow holes and sleep in them.

Episode 3
The Royal Navy. After a week's training in Portsmouth, they go aboard HMS Belfast on nearby Whale Island and face simulations of both a sinking under heavy gunfire and a terrifying helicopter crash. After disorientation and freezing temperatures, their final challenge is a two assault course challenge including the disassembling of a 1,250lb gun.

Episode 4
Sahara Desert. They find themselves at the mercy of The French Foreign Legion. Taking them into the Sahara, they subject them to a series of gruelling challenges, including being buried alive, a 10-kilometre camel race, and an exhausting run over the sand dunes while wearing stifling gas masks.

Episode 5
US Navy SEALs. They travel to Virginia to carry out "simulated" Navy SEAL training with some former US Navy SEALs, whose beach-based challenges from long beach runs to "surf torture" leave them physically and emotionally drained. After the first day, Carla suffers from dehydration and exhaustion, but must face her fear of water in a drownproofing challenge where the volunteers repeatedly sink in a pool with their ankles and wrists bound.

Episode 6
Everglades. They will be sharing the territory with two million alligators and 60 species of venomous snake, and perhaps most formidable of all, their Native American guide. “My name is not important to you,” he sneers. “But you will call me Teacher.” They have to cut open an alligator and remove its entrails with their bare hands. They canoe across alligator infested waters and wrestle alligators, and play a game of lacrosse.

Episode 7
South Africa. They are required to take on the might of highly trained Zulu warriors in a series of stick-fighting contests. However, before they are deemed worthy of battle, the contenders must first prove themselves by stealing honey from wild bees, and participate in a body cleansing ritual.

Episode 8
The unbreakables are handed over to The South African Elite Fighting Force, ex-special forces instructors who teach African armies the reality of warfare. The unbreakables are woken before dawn to find that Barnaby has vanished, but the unbreakables along with the South African elite forces find him, and he is told that he is broken.

After David Bain has proven himself the strongest boxer among those remaining, he breaks while being buried alive, blaming it on his claustrophobia.

Against all odds, the 3 remaining, Frasier, Angus and Matt manage to reach the finish and are considered 'Unbreakable'.

Episode 8 was not available on Channel 5's Player due to copyright and contractual reasons.

External links
Series Director Leo McCrea's site
Fi Ramsden's site. The doc.
Facebook page for David Bain
Facebook group for Unbreakable

2000s British reality television series
2008 British television series debuts
2008 British television series endings
Channel 5 (British TV channel) original programming
Television series by Warner Bros. Television Studios


A ducted propeller, also known as a Kort nozzle, is a marine propeller fitted with a non-rotating nozzle. It is used to improve the efficiency of the propeller and is especially used on heavily loaded propellers or propellers with limited diameter. It was developed first by Luigi Stipa (1931) and later by Ludwig Kort (1934). The Kort nozzle is a shrouded propeller assembly for marine propulsion. The cross-section of the shroud has the form of a foil, and the shroud can offer hydrodynamic advantages over bare propellers, under certain conditions.

Advantages are increased efficiency at lower speeds (<10 knots), better course stability and less vulnerability to debris. Downsides are reduced efficiency at higher speeds (>10 knots), course stability when sailing astern, and increase of cavitation. Ducted propellers are also used to replace rudders.

History
Luigi Stipa in 1931 and later Ludwig Kort (1934) demonstrated that an increase in propulsive efficiency could be achieved by surrounding the propeller with a foil-shaped shroud in the case of heavily loaded propellers.  A "Kort Nozzle" is referred to as an accelerating nozzle and is generally a MARIN 19A profile or a MARIN 37 profile.

Advantages and disadvantages
Kort nozzles or ducted propellers can be significantly more efficient than unducted propellers at low speeds, producing greater thrust in a smaller package. Tugboats and fishing trawlers are the most common application for Kort nozzles as highly loaded propellers on slow moving vessels benefit the most.  Nozzles have the additional benefits of reducing paddlewheel-effect (e.g. the tendency of a right-hand wheel to back to the left) and reduce bottom suction while operating in shallow water.

The additional shrouding adds drag, however, and Kort nozzles lose their advantage over propellers at about ten knots (18.5 km/h).

Kort nozzles may be fixed, with directional control coming from a rudder set in the water flow, or pivoting, where their flow controls the vessel's steering.

Shrouding of this type is also beneficial to navigation in ice fields since it protects the propeller tips to some extent.  However, ice or any other floating object can become jammed between the wheel and nozzle, locking up the wheel.  Fouled wheels in Kort nozzles are much more difficult to clear than open wheels.

A research paper by Bexton et al. (2012) concluded that ducted propellers were the likely cause of fatal injuries of seals in the northeastern Atlantic. The authors hypothesized that the seals were drawn through the nozzle and past the rotating propeller blades, incurring curvilinear lacerations to skin and muscle tissue. This type of injury has come to be known as a "corkscrew" injury. The authors also comment that other animals, including harbour porpoises, have been seen to exhibit similar injuries.

Types
There are two types of ducts; accelerating and decelerating. With accelerating ducts, the duct profile is airfoil-like curved towards the inner side, which increases the inflow velocity and efficiency of the propeller. This effect works at lower speeds and is compensated increasingly at higher speeds by the added drag of the duct, which tends to decrease the efficiency of the propulsion. The accelerating type is used on heavily loaded propellers or propellers with limited diameter. As Ludwig Kort performed extensive research on it, this type is also called "Kort nozzle".

With the second type, the straight surface of the duct profile on the inside and the bent one on the outside, the inflow velocity is reduced, whereby pressure is increased, reducing cavitation. This is called a pump-jet, especially in combination with fixed blades or variable stators.

MARIN has done extensive research on ducted propellers. Many of the used profiles are based on the NACA airfoils of which the NACA 4415 has very good characteristics. Most commonly used are nozzle 19A and 37 of the MARIN series. These have a rounded trailing edge to ease fabrication and increase efficiency sailing astern. Initially, the propellers of the Wageningen B-series were used, later the Kaplan-type with a wider blade tip.

Physics

In a Kort nozzle, the inflow velocity is increased, reducing pressure. This lowers thrust and torque of the propeller. At the same time, a circulation occurs, resulting in an inward aimed force, that has a forward component. The duct therefore has a positive thrust. This is normally larger than the thrust reduction of the propeller. The small clearance between the propeller and duct reduces tip vortex, increasing efficiency.

As drag increases with increasing speed, eventually this will become larger than the added thrust. Vessels that normally operate above this speed are therefore normally not fitted with ducts. When towing, tugboats sail with low speed and heavily loaded propellers, and are often fitted with ducts. Bollard pull can increase up to 30% with ducts.

With decelerating ducts, the circulation opposite of the Kort nozzle, resulting in a negative thrust of the duct. This type is used for high speed vessels with increased exposure to cavitation and vessels that want to reduce noise levels, such as warships.

See also

References

Bibliography
 (2007): Marine Propellers and Propulsion, Butterworth-Heinemann
 (2004): Basic Ship Propulsion, Allied Publishers
 (1970): Wake Adapted Ducted Propellers, Nederlands Schip Model Basin, Wageningen

External links
Rice Speed Nozzle and Propeller
Tug boat glossary
Papers by L. Stipa, translated by the NACA
Damen Marine Components Netherlands

Propellers
Marine propulsion
Nozzles


"The Hermit of Tong" is a missing/lost masterpiece of the English artist, William Armfield Hobday (1771–1831). The painting is a portrait of Carolus, aka Charles Evans, resident Hermit on the estate of Colonel Durant, Tong Castle, Shropshire, England.  In the biography of William Armfield Hobday, printed in Arnolds' Library of the Fine Arts in 1831, the painting and hermit are described as follows:

"If, as it is said, genius is more felicitous at one time than another, certain it is that Hobday while at Broad Street painted a picture, the like of which he never did before nor after; viz. the painting known as the Hermit of Tong, and individual passing under the name of Carolus, living on the estate of Colonel Durant in Staffordshire [actually, Shropshire]. This work is distinguished by a fine subdued brilliancy in the flesh, depth and transparency in the shadows, and great harmony of colouring in the whole. It represented the Hermit at the mouth of his Hermitage, the left elbow resting on a book and hand raised to the temples; the back part of his head was enveloped in a hood, and the transparency of its shadow on the upper part of the head was particularly clear, rich, and well painted, and the folds of his dark brown habit were broad and easy. Altogether this was undoubtedly his chef-d'oevre. Many were the applicants for its purchase; but, with all its Excellencies, no one would give the moderate sum he fixed, of 100 guineas; and this likewise went, like all his other effects, at the sale."

The location of this portrait of the Hermit of Tong is unknown. The last mention of the painting in the literature is in the bankruptcy proceedings, sales of personal goods and effects, of William Armfield Hobday, in London, 1829.

Renewed interest in Hobday's work has created a strong drive to locate this painting, as its value has increased significantly, reputed to be worth 800,000 pounds sterling.

References

English paintings
Lost paintings


VDE may refer to:

Science and technology
 Virtual Distributed Ethernet, a virtualised network infrastructure
 Violaxanthin de-epoxidase, an enzyme
 Visteon Dockable Entertainment, a portable DVD player with Game Boy Advance slot

Other uses
 VDE e.V. (Verband der Elektrotechnik, Elektronik und Informationstechnik), a German technical association
 German Unification Transport Projects (German initials "VDE"), transportation infrastructure projects


Budharaopet is a village in Khanapur Mandal of Warangal district in Telangana, India. The population was 4,827 at the 2001 Indian census.

Geography
Budharaopet is located at .

The village is 8 km from Narsampet on the way to Mahabubabad. The village is surrounded by three water tanks (cheruvulu) and the Sangem canal of Pakhal lake runs on the border of village which makes the fields green.

Demographics

At the 2001 Indian census, Budharaopet had a population of 4,827 persons in 1,127 households. The population consisted of 2,423 males and 2,404 females.

The languages spoken are Telugu and Urdu and English.

Economy
The major industry of the people is farming. Rice is the major crop grown there. There are also three rice mills.

Government
The village is governed by a village panchayat
present sarpanch " Kasa Praveen Kumar Yadav "

Environment
In some areas of the village, the fluoride content in the water is more than usual.

References

Villages in Warangal district


Channel [V] Philippines was a 24-hour music-entertainment television network owned by STAR TV and Fox Networks Group Philippines in partnership with TV Xtreme Broadcasting Company (formerly Makisig Network) and Northern Star Productions as network provider.

History

Debut on UHF 23
Channel V was first launched in 1994 in the Philippines, as MTV Asia made the decision to split from STAR TV and form its own satellite TV channel in Asia. It began airing on UHF Channel 23, licensed to Ermita Electronics Corporation, as the Philippines' first UHF TV station fully devoted to re-broadcasting a foreign satellite channel after MTV Asia was started as a music channel in 1992. It was started as the "Next Generation of Music" until it relaunched as Channel V. During that time, the actual feed was Channel V Chinese on AsiaSat 1 while the Asian/Indian counterparts were on AsiaSat 2 and Palapa C2, respectively.

Channel V in the Philippines aired only a few of the English-language shows like The Ride, Over The Edge, By Demand, Rewind, Asian Top 20, Billboard US Countdown and Sigaw Manila (with Filipino artists, locally produced by Probe Productions) but aired several of their Mandarin Chinese or Indian counterparts.

In the same year, the station launched the first ever Channel V Philippines VJ Hunt for aspiring Filipino VJs; it was won by Melanie Casul, the competition's first and last winner.

The channel left UHF 23 in July 1996, when EEC (the owner of the license) turned over to AMCARA Broadcasting Network, an ABS-CBN affiliate, creating Studio 23 (now known as ABS-CBN Sports+Action). The station is currently inactive since May 2020, after NTC release a cease and desist order on ABS-CBN after its franchise was relapsed.

Move to UHF 27

August 1995
Before GMA Network officially launched Citynet Television in August 1995, GMA Network signed a contract with Star TV Network to broadcast selected taped Channel V International TV shows from 1995 until its closure in March 1999. This programming made Trey Farley, Joey Mead, Amanda Griffin, Michael Zerrudo and the late Francis Magalona former VJ-TV hosts of part-Filipino descent, familiar to Citynet viewers. From 1998 until its closure in March 1999, Asian Top 20 Countdown was the only rebroadcast Channel V show.

December 1999
On December 15, 1999, STAR TV leased the airtime of Citynet to launch Channel V Philippines through EMC, also known as Entertainment Music Channel. Part of the strategy to localize Channel V was with programming produced both by Star TV and GMA through Alta Productions and Probe Productions, Inc. The marketing image was shifted from music to more live-action products. Idents from this time frame used the brackets in the name. It dimensionalized the name Channel V, making it into an object that could then become an environment for its broadcast design and a stage for live events. Additional shifts in programming occurred at the relaunch, specifically a shift to genre-specific rather than continuous hits, with special graphics for each set. In the middle of 2001, Channel V Philippines shut down due to the intense competition from MTV Philippines provided by Nation Broadcasting Corporation, a PLDT sister company, when PLDT bought a controlling stake of GMA Network. The channel was officially shut down on July 25, 2001.

After 17 years of inactivity, UHF 27 was resurrected again and became the new flagship channel of GMA News TV which was re-established on June 4, 2019, after GMA Network's partnership with ZOE Broadcasting Network was terminated in May 2019, it was later rebranded to GTV.

Channel V returns to the Philippines
Eight years later, STAR TV (in turn was directly over to Fox Networks Group) and Makisig Network/Herma Group Inc (now known as TV Xtreme Broadcasting Company) announced an agreement to expand Channel V in the Philippines and to launch Tagalog-language content geared toward youth audiences, with an emphasis on local VJs, Pinoy music, and local bands and artists. Makisig now included Channel V International in its basic tier of cable channels, expanding the reach of the channel to more than 600,000 households across the Philippines. The channel's program mix is 60% Hong Kong satellite feed and 40% local feed versions of the more popular programs. Local content includes local-language and Pinoy music. The channel's creative director is Jose Javier Reyes.

Makisig continued to expand the reach of Channel V, moving it down from channel 59 to 25 on SkyCable and adding online content.

On March 26, 2011, Channel V Philippines went temporarily off-the-air after its CEO, then Ilocos Sur representative Ronald Singson, was jailed in Hong Kong for possession of illegal drugs. Its international counterpart took its place temporarily until April 25, 2011, when it returned on Destiny Cable through Northern Star Productions (owned by Chavit Singson). On July 13, 2012, Channel V Philippines had its final broadcast due to still unknown reasons, then reverted to Channel V Asia.

In 2015, Fox Networks Group's Philippine branch took over the rights on the Channel [V] Philippines branding, but this time as a sponsor for its forthcoming concerts and events and using Philippine feed for the teaser or promos to other Fox Networks Group Philippines' channels and special programming such as Fusion Music Festivals until the main feed's shutdown on October 1, 2021.

Channel V Philippines programs

Note: Some of the Channel V International programs also air on V Philippines with the V orange logo except from V Philippines produced programs only airs during night time, early morning and during commercials (V light blue logo).

Previous shows
Backtrack Pinas
Bente Uno
Boys Night Out (also broadcast on Magic 89.9)
Circuit TV
Dyip Ni Juan
Encore
Filipino Poker Tour
Hits All You Can
In Command
The G Spot
PopKorn
Scene and Heard Philippines
Sound Reel
V Buzz
V Life
V Scene
V Trends
V Tunes Pinas
V'd Out
V Tunes Pinas Live

Channel V Philippines executives
Luis "Chavit" Singson – Owner, Northern Star Production (Channel V Philippines)
Rommel Singson – Channel Head
Cora Dacong – overall in charge of production
Arnel Balauro – Production Manager
Jed Velasco – Events Head, Sales/Advertising
Francis Quilantang – Production Head
Joanna Cayanan – Head Writer
Kimm Hadap – Events and Marketing Coordinator
Kerstie Sorbito – Writer
Angela Realica – Marketing
Josh Garcia – Marketing

2012
Judith Evaristo - Sales Director
Angelo Valenzuela - Sales Manager
Pam Reyes - Events and Marketing Manager
Arnel Balauro – Production Manager
Francis Quilantang – Production Head
Kerstie Sorbito – Writer
Angela Realica – Marketing Officer
Mary Joy Simeon-Sales and Marketing Officer

VJs

Previous VJs and program hosts
Cliff Ho
Megan Young
Sanya Smith
Kevin Cisco
Trey Farley
Joey Mead
Melanie Casul
Amanda Griffin
Francis Magalona†
Mike Zerrudo
Brad Turvey
Maxine Mamba
Alvin Pulga
Georgina Wilson
Solenn Heussaff
Marc Nelson (The Bro Code)
Claudine Trillo (V Life)
JR Issac (Circuit TV)
Maike Evers (Filipino Poker Tour)
Geoff Rodriguez (Filipino Poker Tour)
Tim Yap (V Trends)
Slick Rick (Boys Night Out)
Sam Y.G. (Boys Night Out)
Tony Toni (Boys Night Out)
DJ Vince G (The G Spot)

See also
Channel V
MTV Philippines
MTV Pinoy
myx
Citynet Television

References

External links

Channel V Philippines UHF 27 Promo Video (2000)

Television networks in the Philippines
Music video networks in the Philippines
GMA Network (company) channels
Defunct television networks in the Philippines
Television channels and stations established in 1999
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2001
Television channels and stations established in 2009
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2012
1999 establishments in the Philippines