In solid-state physics, the Poole–Frenkel effect (also known as Frenkel-Poole emission) is a model describing the mechanism of trap-assisted electron transport in an electrical insulator. It is named after Yakov Frenkel, who published on it in 1938, extending the theory previously developed by H. H. Poole.

Electrons can move slowly through an insulator by the following process. The electrons are generally trapped in localized states (loosely speaking, they are "stuck" to a single atom, and not free to move around the crystal). Occasionally, random thermal fluctuations will give an electron enough energy to leave its localized state, and move to the conduction band. Once there, the electron can move through the crystal, for a brief amount of time, before relaxing into another localized state (in other words, "sticking" to a different atom). The Poole–Frenkel effect describes how, in a large electric field, the electron doesn't need as much thermal energy to be promoted into the conduction band (because part of this energy comes from being pulled by the electric field), so it does not need as large a thermal fluctuation and will be able to move more frequently.
On theoretical grounds, the Poole–Frenkel effect is comparable to the Schottky effect, which is the lowering of the metal-insulator energy barrier due to the electrostatic interaction with the electric field at a metal-insulator interface. However, the conductivity arising from the Poole–Frenkel effect is detected in presence of bulk-limited conduction (when the limiting conduction process occurs in the bulk of a material), while the Schottky current is observed when the conductivity is contact-limited (when the limiting conduction mechanism occurs at the metal-insulator interface).

Poole-Frenkel equation

The electrical conductivity  of dielectrics and semiconductors in presence of high electric fields (more than  for insulators and up to  for semiconductors) increases approximately as described by the Poole's law (eventually leading to electrical breakdown):

where
 is the zero-field electrical conductivity
 is a constant
E is the applied electric field.
In this model the conduction is supposed to be carried by a free electron system moving in a self-consistent periodic potential.
On the contrary, Frenkel derived his formula describing the dielectric (or the semiconductor) as simply composed by neutral atoms acting as positively charged trap states (when empty, i.e. when the atoms are ionized).
For localized trap states with Coulomb potentials, the barrier height that an electron must cross to move from one atom to another is the depth of the trap potential well. Without any externally applied electric field, the maximum value of the potential is zero and is located at infinite distance from the trap center. When an external electric field is applied, the height of the potential barrier is reduced on one side of the trap by the amount

where:
q is the elementary charge
 is the dynamic permittivity.
The first contribution is due to the applied electric field, the second is due to the electrostatic attraction between the ionic trap site and the conduction electron.
The potential has now a maximum at a distance  from the Coulomb trap center, given by
.
Therefore  and
.
This expression is similar to that obtained for the Schottky effect.
The factor 2 in the exponent, that makes the barrier reduction in the Poole–Frenkel effect twice larger than that experienced in the Schottky effect, is due to the interaction of the thermally excited electron with the immobile positive charge of the ion acting as a trap center, rather than with its mobile image charge induced in the metal at the Schottky interface.
Now if, without any applied electric field, the number of thermally ionized electrons is proportional to

where:
 is the voltage barrier (in zero applied electric field) that an electron must cross to move from one atom to another in the material
 is Boltzmann's constant
T is the temperature
then, in presence of an external electric field the electrical conductivity will be proportional to

thus obtaining

differing from Poole's law in the dependence on .
Taking everything into account (both the frequency with which electrons are excited into the conduction band, and their motion once they're there), and assuming a field-independent mobility of electrons, the standard quantitative expression for the Poole–Frenkel current is:

where J is the current density.
Making the dependences from the applied voltage and the temperature explicit, the expression reads:

where d is the dielectric thickness.
For a given dielectric, different conduction processes may dominate in different voltage and temperature ranges.

For materials such as Si3N4, Al2O3, and SiO2, at high temperature and high field regimes, the current J is likely due to Poole-Frenkel emission.
The detection of Poole-Frenkel emission as the limiting conduction process in a dielectric is usually made studying the slope in the so-called Poole-Frenkel plot, where the logarithm of the current density divided by the field () versus the square root of the field () is depicted. The idea of such a plot originates from the expression of the Poole-Frenkel current density, which contains this proportionality ( vs ), and would thus result in a straight line in this plot. For a fixed value of the voltage barrier in absence of any applied electric field, the slope is influenced by just one parameter: the dielectric permittivity.
Despite of the same functional dependence of the current density upon the electric field intensity, one could differentiate between Poole-Frenkel conduction upon Schottky conduction as they would result in straight lines with different slopes in a Poole-Frenkel plot. The theoretical slopes can be evaluated knowing the high frequency dielectric constant of the material (, where  is the vacuum permittivity), and comparing these with the slopes detected experimentally. As an alternative, one can evaluate the value for  equating the theoretical slopes to the experimental detected ones, provided that it is known if the conductivity is electrode-limited or bulk-limited. Such a value of the high frequency dielectric constant should then conform the relation , where  is the refractive index of the material.

Improved Poole-Frenkel models
Although many progresses have been made on the topic since the classical work of Frenkel,
the Poole-Frenkel formula has been spreadly used to interpret several non-ohmic experimental currents observed in dielectrics and also semiconductors.
The debate about the underlying assumptions of the classical Poole-Frenkel model has given life to several improved Poole-Frenkel models.
These hypotheses are presented in the following.

Only electron (single-carrier) conduction is considered, assuming the existence of ohmic contacts capable to refill detrapped electrons at the electrodes, and space charge effects are neglected, supposing that the field is uniform. A revisitation of this latter assumption can be found, for example, in the “theory of space charge limited current enhanced by Frenkel effect” developed by Murgatroyd.

The carriers mobility is assumed to be field-independent. Neglecting every kind of diffusion process for the de-trapped carriers, the pre-exponential factor in the Poole-Frenkel formula is thus proportional to . This depiction would be suitable for the description of the conduction either in dielectrics or semiconductors. However, Poole–Frenkel effect is likely to be observed only in materials characterized by low mobility values, for, in high mobility solids, the re-trapping of carriers would be gradually inhibited by carrier depletion.
Still, different dependences of the pre-exponential factor from the field can be found: assuming that the carriers could be re-trapped, proportionality to  or  is obtained, depending on the electron retrapping occurring by the nearest neighbouring trap or after a drift. Moreover, a pre-exponential factor proportional to  is found to be the result of random diffusion processes, while dependencies on  and  are found to be the result of hopping and diffusion transport processes respectively.

In the classical Poole-Frenkel theory a Coulombic trap potential is assumed, but steeper potentials belonging to multipolar defects or screened hydrogenic potentials are considered as well.

Regarding the typology of traps, the Poole–Frenkel effect is described to occur for positively charged trap sites, i.e. for traps that are positive when empty and neutral when filled, in order for the electron to experience a Coulombic potential barrier due to the interaction with the positively charged trap. Donors or acceptors sites and electrons in the valence band will also exhibit the Poole–Frenkel effect as well. On the contrary, a neutral trap site, i.e. a site that is neutral when empty and charged (negatively for electrons) when filled, will not exhibit Poole–Frenkel effect.
Among the others, Simmons has proposed an alternative to the classical model with shallow neutral traps and deep donors, capable to exhibit a bulk-limited conduction with a Schottky electric field dependence, even in presence of a Poole-Frenkel conduction mechanism, thus explaining the "anomalous Poole-Frenkel effect" revealed by Ta2O5 and SiO films.
Models there exist that consider the presence of both donor and acceptor trap sites, in a situation called compensation of traps.
The model of Yeargan and Taylor, for example, extends the classical Poole-Frenkel theory including diverse degrees of compensations: when only one kind of trap is considered, the slope of the curve in a Poole-Frenkel plot reproduces that obtained from Schottky emission, in spite of the barrier lowering being twice that for Schottky effect; the slope is twice larger in presence of compensation.

As a further assumption a single energy level for the traps is assumed. However, the existence of further donor levels is discussed, even if they are supposed to be entirely filled for every field and temperature regime, and thus to not furnish any conduction carrier (this is equivalent to state that the additional donor levels are placed well below the Fermi level).

Hartke’s equation
The calculation made for the trap depth reduction is a one-dimensional calculation, resulting in an overestimation of the effective barrier lowering.
In fact, only in the direction of the external electric field the potential well height is lowered as much estimated accordingly to the Poole-Frenkel expression. More accurate calculation, performed by Hartke making an average of the electron emission probabilities with respect to any direction, shows that the growth of the free carriers concentration is about an order of magnitude less than that predicted by Poole-Frenkel equation.
The Hartke equation is equivalent to

where
.
From a theoretical point of view, Hartke's expression has to be preferred to Poole-Frenkel equation on the grounds that the threedimensionality of the problem of the trap barrier lowering is considered.
Additional three-dimensional models have been developed, differing by the treatment they do of the emission process in the upwind direction.
Ieda, Sawa, and Kato, for example, have proposed a model that includes the barrier variation in directions both forward and opposite to the electric field.

Poole-Frenkel saturation
Poole-Frenkel saturation occurs when all the trap sites become ionized, resulting in a maximum of the number of conduction carriers.
The corresponding saturation field is obtained from the expression describing the vanishing of the barrier:

where  is the saturation field. Thus
.
The trap sites are now necessarily empty, being at the edge of the conduction band.
The fact that the Poole–Frenkel effect is described by an expression for the conductivity (and for the current) that diverges with increasing fields and does not experience a saturation, is attributable to the simplifying assumption that the trap population follows the Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics. An enhanced Poole-Frenkel model, comprehensive of a more accurate description of the trap statistics with the Fermi-Dirac formula, and capable to quantitatively represent the saturation, has been devised by Ongaro and Pillonnet.

Poole–Frenkel transport in electronic memory devices
In charge trap flash memories, charge is stored in a trapping material, typically a silicon-nitride layer, as current flows through a dielectric. In the programming process, electrons are emitted from the substrate towards the trapping layer due to a large positive bias applied to the gate. The current transport is the result of two different conduction mechanisms, to be considered in series: the current through the oxide is by tunneling, the conduction mechanism through the nitride is a Poole–Frenkel transport. The tunneling current is described by a modified Fowler-Nordheim tunneling equation, i.e. a tunneling equation that takes into account that the shape of the tunneling barrier is not triangular (as assumed for the Fowler-Nordheim formula derivation), but composed of the series of a trapezoidal barrier in the oxide, and a triangular barrier in the nitride. The Poole-Frenkel process is the limiting mechanism of conduction at the beginning of the memory programming regime due to the higher current provided by tunneling. As the trapped electron charge raises, beginning to screen the field, the modified Fowler-Nordheim tunneling becomes the limiting process. The trapped charge density at the oxide-nitride interface is proportional to the integral of the Poole-Frenkel current flowed across it.
With an increasing number of memory write and erase cycles, retention characteristics worsen due to the increasing bulk conductivity in the nitride.

See also

Schottky effect
Charge trap flash
Electrical breakdown
Dielectrics

References

Condensed matter physics
Solid state engineering


A list of films and television series shot in or near the city of Sonora, a historic Gold Rush mining town in the Sierra Nevada foothills and Tuolumne County, California.

List

 The A-Team (1983) TV Series
 A Woman Called Moses (1978)
 The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. (1993)
 Against All Odds (1924)
 Alex & the Gypsy (1976)
 The American Short Story (1976)
 Another 48 Hrs. (1990)
 Apache (1954)
 The Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again (1979)
 Back to the Future Part III (1990)
 Baby Doll (1956)
 Bad Girls (1994/I)
 Bad Men of Missouri (1941)
 Behind the Mask of Zorro (2005)
 Belle Starr (1980)
 The Best Bad Man (1925)
 The Big Country (1958)
 The Big Land (1957)
 The Big Valley (1965) TV Series
 Blood Red (1988)
 Bonanza (1959) TV Series
 Bonanza: The Return (1993)
 Booker (1984)
 The Border Legion (1918)
 The Border Legion (1930)
 Bound for Glory (1976)
 The Branding Iron (1920)
 The Brothers (2006)
 Bullwhip (1958)
 California Conquest (1951)
 The Call of the Wild (1935)
 Casey Jones (1957) TV Series
 Cat Story (1988)
 Catch My Smoke (1922)
 The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936)
 Chattanooga Choo Choo (1983)
 The Cimarron Kid (1951)
 Cimarron Strip (1967) TV Series
 Come Live with Me (1941)
 Conflict (1936)
 The Conquering Horde (1931)
 The Conquerors (1932)
 The County Chairman (1935)
 The Covered Wagon (1923)
 Death Valley Days (1953) TV Series
 The Deputies (Law of the Land) (1976) TV Series
 Dirty Mary, Crazy Larry (1974)
 Dodge City (1939)
 Down Rio Grande Way (1942)
 Downwardly Mobile (1996)
 Drums of the Deep South (1951)
 Duel in the Sun (1946)
 Dundee and the Culhane (1967) TV Series
 East of Eden (1981)
 The Eagle's Talons (1923)
 The F.B.I. (1965) TV Series
 Face of a Fugitive (1959)
 The Farmer Takes a Wife (1935)
 Fast Charlie... the Moonbeam Rider (1979)
 Father Murphy (1982) TV Series
 Fighting Caravans (1931)
 Finian's Rainbow (1968)
 Flying Lariats (1931)
 For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943)
 The Galloping Ace (1924)
 Girl of the Limberlost (1934)
 Go West (1940)
 Go West Young Dog (1977)
 The Great Bank Robbery (1969)
 The Great Man's Whiskers (1969)
 The Great Meadow (1931)
 The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid (1972)
 The Great Race (1965)
 Gold Rush (2006)
 The Great Missouri Raid (1951)
 Guest of Cindy Sherman (2008)
 Gunsmoke (1971) TV Series
 The Half-Breed (1916)
 The Hazards of Helen (1914)
 Hidalgo (2004)
 High Noon (1952)
 Highway to Heaven (1984) TV Series
 Hills of Home (1948)
 Honkytonk Man (1982)
 Hopalong Cassidy (television series, 1952)
 If You Believe It, It's So (1922)
 In Old Chicago (1937)
 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
 The Iron Horse (1966)
 The Inventing of America (1975)
 Ishi: The Last of His Tribe (1978)
 Jack Slade (1953)
 Joe Dancer: The Big Trade (1981)
 Joe Hill (1971)
 The Johnstown Flood (1926)
 Kansas Pacific (1952)
 Kate Bliss and the Ticker Tape Kid (1978)
 Kenny Rogers as The Gambler (1980)
 Kenny Rogers as The Gambler: The Adventure Continues (1983)
 Kidschool (2001)
 The Kissing Bandit (1948)
 Lacey and the Mississippi Queen (1978)
 Lasca of the Rio Grande (1931)
 Lassie (1961) TV Series
 The Last of His Tribe (1992)
 The Last Ride of the Dalton Gang (1979) (TV)
 The Legend of Jesse James (1965) TV Series
 Let Me Tell You A Song (1972)
 Libeled Lady (1936)
 Little House on the Prairie (1974) TV Series
 Locked Doors (1925)
 Lone Cowboy (1933)
 The Lone Ranger (1956) TV Series
 The Long Riders (1980)
 The Love Bug (1969)
 Mail Order Bride (1964)
 A Man Called Gannon (1968)
 Man From Shiloh (1970) TV Series
 The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1967) TV Series
 Man of Conquest (1939)
 Man of the West (1958)
 Man Power (1927)
 The Man Who Won (1923)
 Maxie (1984)
 Money! Money! Money! (1923)
 The Moonlighter (1953)
 Mountain Justice (1937)
 My Little Chickadee (1940)
 Nichols (1971) TV Series
 Nickelodeon (1976)
 The Night Rider (1979)
 No One's Watching: An Alien Abductee's Story (2006)
 No Place to Run (1972)
 North of 36 (1924)
 North of the Rio Grande (1937)
 Not a Drum Was Heard (1924)
 Oklahoma Crude (1973)
 The Omaha Trail (1942)
 The Outrage (1964)
 Over the Hill (1931)
 Overland Trails (1948)
 Overland Trail (1960) TV Series
 Ox Train (1952)
 The Painted Hills (1951)
 Pale Rider (1984)
 Paradise (1988) TV Series
 Passion (1954)
 The Perils of Pauline (1967)
 Petticoat Junction (1963)
 Pierre of the Plains (1942)
 The Prisoner of Zenda (1937)
 Promises (1998)
 Radio Flyer (1992)
 Rage at Dawn (1955)
 The Raiders (1932)
 The Rare Breed (1966)
 Rawhide (1960) TV Series
 The Red Glove (1919)
 The Red House (1947)
 The Red Pony (1973) (TV)
 Redemption of the Ghost (2002)
 The Return of Frank James (1940)
 Riders of the Cactus (1931)
 The Right of Way (1931)
 The Robin Hood of El Dorado (1936)
 Rose Marie (1936)
 The Romance of Rosy Ridge (1947)
 Roseanna McCoy (1949)
 Rustlers' Valley (1937)
 The Sacketts (1979) (TV)
 San Antone (1953)
 Santa Fe Trail (1940)
 Sawyer and Finn (1983)
 Scalplock (1965)
 Scarlet Days (1919)
 Scars of Jealousy (1923)
 Scouts to the Rescue (1939)
 Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay! (1948)
 Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1982) TV Series
 Seven Wonders of The Industrial World: The Line (2003)
 The Shadow Riders (1982) (TV)
 Shaughnessy (1996) (TV)
 Sierra Passage (1951)
 The Silent Call (1921)
 Silver City (1951)
 The Silver Whip (1953)
 Singer Jim McKee (1924)
 Slither (1973)
 Something for a Lonely Man (1968)
 Somewhere in Sonora (1933)
 Son of Slade (1955)
 The Song of the Lark (2001)
 Songs and Saddles (1938)
 Stampede (1949)
 Tales of Wells Fargo (1957) TV Series
 The Terror (1920)
 Terror in a Texas Town (1958)
 Tess of the Storm Country (1960)
 The Texan (1930)
 Texas Lady (1955)
 The Texas Rangers (1951)
 Three Bad Men (2005)
 Three Wishes (2005) TV Series
 Timber Stampede (1939)
 The Timber Wolf (1925)
 Toast of New York (1937)
 The Toll Gate (1920)
 Trail Dust (1936)
 The Trail Rider (1925)
 Traveling Salesman (1921)
 True Tales (1991) TV Series
 Two Alone (1934)
 Unforgiven (1992)
 Union Pacific (1939)
 The Virginian (1929)
 Wagon Wheels (1934)
 The West of the Imagination (1986)
 Wells Fargo (1937)
 When the Daltons Rode (1940)
 Where the Wind Dies (1954)
 Whispering Smith (1948)
 White-Collar Crime (1996)
 Wichita (1955)
 The Wild Wild West (1964) TV Series
 Without Compromise (1922)
 The World's Greatest Lover (1977)
 Wyoming (1940)
 Wyoming Mail (1950)
 The Young Riders (1969) TV Series
 Young Tom Edison (1940)
The Other Kids (2016)

See also

References

Sonora, California
Films shot in Sonora
Sonora
History of Tuolumne County, California
Sonora


Morel-Fatio is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Antoine Léon Morel-Fatio (1810–1871), French painter
 Alfred Morel-Fatio (1850–1924), French hispanist

Compound surnames
French-language surnames


One X One is an album by the Japanese R&B duo Chemistry, released on February 18, 2004, by Sony Music Japan.

Track listing
 "Intro-lude"
 "Us"
 "YOUR NAME NEVER GONE"
 "my Rivets"
 "This age"
 "Bound for Identity～dear friend～"
 "～Street Sounds of Naples,Italy～"
 "meaning of tears"
 "Ordinary hero"
 "Now or Never"
 "So in Vain"
 "赤い雲 白い星"
 "~Interlude~"
 "アシタヘカエル"
 "いとしい人"

External links
 Official Site: Track downloads

Chemistry (band) albums
2004 albums


Cherry Twister was an American power pop band consisting of musicians Steve Ward, Ross Sackler and Michael Giblin.  The band formed in early 1993; Ward and Sackler had previously been in Harrisburg-based band 23 Skidoo, with Dave Sheaffer and Joe Pisapia. Pisapia went on to form Nashville-based Joe, Marc's Brother. Ward and Sackler made some lo-fi recordings that were released on Planet Earthy in 1993; guitarist Michael Giblin signed on for the follow-up, 1999's At Home With Cherry Twister. At Home With Cherry Twister gained an entry in the Top 200 powerpop lists of 1999.

Steve Ward moved to a solo career, recording several CDs. Mike Giblin moved on to Parallax Project and released three CDs titled Oblivious, Perpetual Limbo and I Hate Girls. He then went on to form The Split Squad, with Clem Burke of Blondie, Josh Kantor of The Baseball Project, Eddie Munoz of The Plimsouls and Keith Steng of The Fleshtones. Ross Sackler joined up with Dave Aufiero and John Fritchey from The Polins and Mike Pasariello from Wayne Supergenius to form Peabody and released a self-titled CD.

In 2011, Cherry Twister reunited on stage for the first time in 13 years  to perform to a sold-out crowd at the 2nd Annual Susan Giblin Foundation For Animal Wellness and Welfare Benefit.

Albums

Cherry Twister
First album, 1993, self-titled.

Track listing
 You'd Rather See Me Lonely
 Fond
 Rose Garden
 Angeline
 Catch Me
 Mrs. Hall
 My Love
 Neverai
 We Float About
 This Man
 I'd Like To Fall In Love
 Sailing

At Home With Cherry Twister

Track listing
 Don't Forget Your Man
 Sparkle
 Meteorite
 Charlotte B.
 I'm Gonna Be The Lonely Boy Tonite
 American Nightlife
 Leila
 She's Gone
 Maryann
 Black Summer
 Brighten Up
 Kinda Like A Star
 She's In Love Again
 Til I'm Blue
 Careful (Can't Fall Again)
 Why Won't You Believe In Me?

Compilation albums

Come and Get It: A Tribute to Badfinger
Yellow Pills, Vol. 3
Bucketfull of Brains 50th Anniversary CD
Coming up! Independent artists pay tribute to the music of Paul McCartney

Notes
 At Home With Cherry Twister at Billboard.com
 [ Yellow Pills, Vol. 3 at Billboard.com]
 FROM DEMO TO CULT STATUS at The Record
  LET'S (NOT) TWIST AGAIN Intelligencer Journal
 POST-MODERN IRONY? RETRO-TECH CHIC? NAH, IT'S PURE POP Intelligencer Journal
Power Pop Criminals, Cherry Twister
Bucketfull Of Brains, 50th Anniversary CD
Amazon, Cherry Twister
Power of Pop, "Steve Ward"

References

American power pop groups


An Israeli vehicle registration plate, or an Israeli license plate, is a vehicle registration plate, a metal or plastic plate or plates attached to a motor vehicle or trailer, used in Israel for official identification purposes.

Israeli registration plates are issued by various approved licensing firms, like Dinamometer, and according to Specification no. 327 of the Standards Institute of Israel. Most regulations regarding Israeli vehicle registration plates are listed among the transport regulations, issued by the Ministry of Transport and Road Safety. These regulations define the proper placement of the plates, as well as other issues concerning the usage of the plates.

Appearance

Civil registration plates

Israeli civil registration plates are rectangular with reflecting yellow background and embossed with black registration number. Under the first dash of the registration number (see below form of registration numbers) there is a stamp of approval of the Standards Institute of Israel. On the left side of the plate there is a euroband embossed with the Israeli flag and beneath it the letters IL and ישראל (Israel) written in Hebrew and below it إسرائيل (Israel) written in Arabic. Old plates do not hold this euroband. In American standard plates (300 x 150mm), the digits are narrower and the blue rectangle is at the bottom of the plate, as the letters are to the right of the flag.

These plates are issued to Israeli citizens, whether they live in Israel-proper (including annexed territories of Golan Heights and East Jerusalem) or in the West Bank, as well as to Syrian citizens inhabiting in the Golan Heights, and Palestinian residents of East Jerusalem. Vehicles with this format of license plates are free to cross the Green Line, but not into the Gaza Strip unless they receive a permit from COGAT. Palestinians living in the West Bank and Gaza Strip are issued a different registration plate format by the Palestinian Authority. The owners of these vehicles need to apply for a permit from COGAT if they want to cross the Green Line or exit the Gaza Strip.

Vehicles registered in Israel often use 'disguised' plates, either remade black on white without the blue band, or with the blue band covered, when travelling outside of the country.

Current format- 8 digits
Current civil registration numbers (since July 2017) consist of eight digits, separated by dashes between the third and fourth digits and between the fifth and sixth digits (XXX-XX-XXX).

In this format, The first 6 digits are the registration code. the last two digits are the series of the license plate start from 01 and only go up when the first 6 digits reach their limit (999-99-9##). Thus, the code pattern follow this:
 From 100-00-001 to 999-99-901
 Then, 01 becomes 02 and the rest of the code resets, thus:
 From 100-00-002 to 999-99-902
 Then 100-00-003 to 999-99-903
 and onward...

Typical 1-line license plate, having a size compliant with that of European Union license plates, 520 x 110 mm

Typical 2-line license plate, installed on imported vehicles that can't accommodate a standard 1-line plate. Size compliant with American standard 300 x 150 mm

Motorcycle, Moped, and Scooter License Plate. 165 x 175 mm

1980-2017 - 7 digits

Registration numbers from 1980-2017 were seven digits, separated by dashes between the second and third digits and between the fifth and sixth digits (XX-XXX-XX). Older registration numbers, which are still seen in Israel, consist of five or six digits with one dash placed prior to the last three digits (XX-XXX or XXX-XXX). Vehicles from the same importer or brand usually have the two last digits in common. Special numbers consisting of identical digits or other patterns, may be granted as a premium by the dealership.

While the vehicle registration numbers of taxis in Israel always end with either 25 or 26, the last two digits of buses vary, although many end with 01. Many self-imported cars end with 00, as well as many trucks. Plate numbers ending with 4x and 9x are currently not in use.

Typical 1-line license plate, having a size compliant with that of European Union license plates, 520 x 110 mm

Typical 2-line license plate, installed on imported vehicles that can't accommodate a standard 1-line plate. Size compliant with American standard 300 x 150 mm

Motorcycle, Moped, and Scooter License Plate. 165 x 175 mm

Antique vehicle registration plates
Antique vehicles, which in Israel are vehicles over 30 years of age, may be specifically registered and carry special registration plates, which in addition to the registration number contain the words  (lit. "collectibles" vehicle). These vehicles, while exempt from annual registration costs, may not be driven on a public road between 07:00 and 09:00 on a workday. Since February 2011, self-imported antique vehicles are allocated a number plate with the 55 suffix.

Police registration plates
Typical 1-line license plate, having a size compliant with that of European Union license plates, 520 x 110 mm

Typical 2-line license plate, installed on imported vehicles that can't accommodate a standard 1-line plate. Size compliant with American standard 300 x 150 mm

Police registration plates are rectangular with red background and embossed with white registration number. Police registration numbers consist of the letter mem (מ), representing the word "mishtara" (, meaning: police) and the number, which is issued according to the seniority of the car holder. The number of the main car of the General commissioner of the Israel Police is 1.

Military registration plates

Registration plates of military service vehicles are rectangular with black background and embossed with a white registration number. Military registration numbers consist of the letter tsade (צ), representing the word "Tsahal" (Israeli Defense Forces) and several digits. Alternatively, the plate might be painted on the vehicle.

Military police registration plates

Military police registration plates are rectangular with blue background and embossed with white registration number. Military police registration numbers consist of the letters mem and tsade, representing the words "mishtara tsva'it" (military police) and several digits.

Diplomatic registration plates

Diplomatic Corps/Consular Corps registration plates are rectangular with white background and embossed with black registration number. Diplomatic/Consular Corps registration numbers consist of the letters CD/CC (respectively) and seven digits—the last two of them are 21 or 22. Private vehicles owned by a member of a diplomatic/consular mission and originally brought from the member's country of origin do not carry the letters CD/CC, but the last two digits remain 21 or 22. Honorary consuls' vehicles carry plates consisting of the letters CC without the final digits of 21 or 22, even though the vehicle is registered under a civil registration number.

7-digit format registration plate suffixes

The use of the 7-digit registration plate in Israel began in 1980. It ended in 2018 for cars and buses, but still used for Taxis until all numbers in the 25 and 26 series run out. The 2 last digits of the number, referred to as its suffix, have special meaning. In the eighties, the suffix indicated the vehicle's manufacturing year (80-89). In 1990 this rule was changed, and the suffix was determined according to the car's dealer or brand, when each dealer or brand was given a suffix, sometimes sharing the same suffix with other dealers or brands. This rule was gradually changed starting from 2000, and the suffix started to indicate the vehicle's manufacturing year again (although not according to a general rule as in the eighties) as well as dealer or brand.

The following table details the registration plates’ suffixes in Israel against the vehicle's manufacturing year and the car's dealer or brand. The table details private and small commercial cars only. It does not indicate suffixes that were allocated to the Palestinian Authority in the past.

A list of Israel's car dealers and the brands they import follows this table.

Vehicle dealers in Israel

Regulations

Regulations no. 300-301 state that every vehicle registered in Israel must carry two registration plates, installed on the front and rear ends of the vehicle (one on each) in the designated places by the manufacturer, or otherwise determined by the licensing authority. Motorcycles, trailers, semi-trailers, bicycles and tricycles must carry one plate only, installed on the rear end.

Registration plates must always be clean and must not be obscured by freight.

A damaged or vandalized registration plate must be replaced with a new one.

It is prohibited to remove a plate except for its replacement. It is also prohibited to add details to a plate, change its color or blur it.

A vehicle registered in Israel is allowed to carry Israeli plates only.

A registration plate in a motor vehicle must be illuminated, so it can be read from a distance of  in daylight and fair weather.

Electronic toll collection

When driving on an electronic toll collection route in Israel like Highway 6, the vehicle registration plate is electro-optically read at the entrance and exit from the route. Later, a clerk will manually enter the data into the database and subsequently, an invoice is sent to the address of the owner of the vehicle, as it is registered in the database of the Ministry of Transportation.

See also

Vehicle registration plates of the State of Palestine
List of international vehicle registration codes
Electronic toll collection

Notes & References

External links
Israeli Ministry of Transportation and Road Safety
Highway 6 operating company website

Israel
Road transport in Israel
Israel transport-related lists
 Registration plates


The Way We Are is an album by the Japanese R&B duo Chemistry, released on November 7, 2001 by Sony Music Japan.

Track listing
 "Intro-lude ~The Way We Are~"
 "合鍵"
 "PIECES OF A DREAM"
 "愛しすぎて"
 "BROTHERHOOD"
 "Point of No Return"
 "C'EST LA VIE"
 "You Go Your Way (Album Version)"
 "Rewind"
 "君をさがしてた ~The Wedding Song~"
 "星たちの距離"
 "Motherland"

External links
 Official Site: Track downloads

Chemistry (band) albums
2001 debut albums


In mathematics, the method of dominant balance is used to determine the asymptotic behavior of solutions to an ordinary differential equation without fully solving the equation. The process is iterative, in that the result obtained by performing the method once can be used as input when the method is repeated, to obtain as many terms in the asymptotic expansion as desired.

The process goes as follows:
 Assume that the asymptotic behavior has the form

 Make an informed guess as to which terms in the ODE might be negligible in the limit of interest.
 Drop these terms and solve the resulting simpler ODE.
 Check that the solution is consistent with step 2. If this is the case, then one has the controlling factor of the asymptotic behavior; otherwise, one needs try dropping different terms in step 2, instead.
 Repeat the process to higher orders, relying on the above result as the leading term in the solution.

Example: solving polynomial equation

To solve the equation  at the limit of small , we can consider performing a serial expansion of form . This however encounters the issue: when , the equation has just one root . However for nonzero  the equation has 5 roots. The main issue is that 4 of these roots escape to infinity as .

This suggests the use of the dominant balance method. That is, for small , we should have , so we would approximately solve the equation as , giving . So plugging in , we obtain There are five roots , and expanding each root as a power series in , we obtain the five series:

Example
For arbitrary constants   and , consider

This differential equation cannot be solved exactly. However, it is useful to consider how the solutions behave for large : it turns out that  behaves like  as x → ∞ .

More rigorously, we will have , not .
Since we are interested in the behavior of  in the large  limit, we change variables to   = exp(S(x)), and re-express the ODE in terms of S(x),

or

where we have used the product rule and chain rule to evaluate  the derivatives of .

Now  suppose first that a solution to this ODE satisfies

as  x → ∞, so that

as  x → ∞.  Obtain then the dominant asymptotic behaviour by setting

If  satisfies the above asymptotic conditions, then the above assumption is consistent. The terms we dropped will have been negligible with respect to the ones we kept.

 is not a solution to the ODE for , but it represents the dominant asymptotic behavior, which is what we are interested in. Check that this choice for  is consistent,

Everything is indeed consistent.

Thus the dominant asymptotic behaviour of a solution to our ODE has been found,

By convention, the full asymptotic series is written as

so to get at least the first term of this series we have to  take a further step to see if there is a power of  out the front.

Proceed by  introducing a new subleading dependent variable,

and then seek asymptotic solutions for C(x). Substituting into the above ODE for S(x) we find

Repeating the same process as before, we keep  and  to find that

The leading asymptotic behaviour is then

See also
Asymptotic analysis

References

Asymptotic analysis
Mathematical series
Ordinary differential equations


Thompson Peak, at  above sea level is the highest peak in the Sawtooth Range of Idaho.  The summit of Thompson Peak is located within Custer County, although some of the lower portion of the mountain is in Boise County.  Thompson Peak is also located within the Sawtooth Wilderness portion of the Sawtooth National Recreation Area, a unit of Sawtooth National Forest.  The town of Stanley, Idaho is about  northeast of Thompson Peak.

Redfish Lake, Little Redfish Lake, and the visitor services at these locations are only a few miles from Thompson Peak. Directly to the north is neighboring Williams Peak, while Mickey's Spire is  to the south-southwest.

There are a total of four routes to the top of Thompson Peak: South Couloir - , Southwest Couloir - 5.2, Northeast Face - 5.8, West Crack - 5.2.  The easiest way to access Thompson Peak is from the Redfish Lake trailhead and to take the Fishhook Creek Trail to the Alpine Way Trail.  From there, follow the Alpine Way Trail to the base of Williams Peak before going off trail up to an unnamed lake to the northeast of Thompson Peak.  Then, head up to the saddle between Thompson and Williams Peaks before making the class 3 scramble on the west-southwest side of the peak that begins on the Thompson-Mickey's Spire saddle.

See also

 List of peaks of the Sawtooth Range (Idaho)
 List of mountains of Idaho
 List of mountain peaks of Idaho
 List of mountain ranges in Idaho

References

External links

 Thompson Peak
 SummitPost.org - Thompson Peak
 Sawtooth National Forest - Official Site
 Thompson Peak Trip Report

Mountains of Idaho
Mountains of Custer County, Idaho
Sawtooth Range (Idaho)
Sawtooth Wilderness
Articles containing video clips


Black Water Transit is an unreleased 2009 American crime drama film based on the novel of the same name by Carsten Stroud. It is directed by Tony Kaye and stars an ensemble cast including Laurence Fishburne and Karl Urban.

Premise
In post-Katrina New Orleans, shipping executive Jack Vermillion (Fishburne) finds himself getting more than he bargained for after agreeing to help feds expose smuggler and all-around bad seed Earl Pike (Urban).

Cast
Laurence Fishburne as Jack Vermillion
Karl Urban as Earl Pike
Brittany Snow as Sardoonah
Aisha Tyler as Casey Spandau
Stephen Dorff as Nicky
Alex Sol as Jimmy Rock
Beverly D'Angelo as Valeriana Schick
Bill Cobbs as Frank Vermillion
Evan Ross as Gary Vermillion
Leslie Easterbrook as Bet Tannen

At various points in the film's development, Bruce Willis, Vin Diesel, and Samuel L. Jackson were attached to star.

Production
Bruce Willis and Arnold Rifkin had initially produced the film under their Cheyenne Enterprises banner at Revolution Studios. Samuel Bayer was attached to direct in 2005. Doug Richardson had written the initial draft. In a blog post about his experience, he claimed that the screenplay was one of the best he had ever written, and he was on development for two years until he was let go. After Tony Kaye had signed on, one of the producers wanted to bring Richardson back on board. After meeting with Kaye in person, Richardson turned the offer to return down, referring to him as a "lunatic". Filming took place in and around New Orleans between June and August 2007. Filming locations included the French Quarter, the 9th Ward and local military installations.

Post-production
In August 2008, Kaye revealed to the Los Angeles Times that he had recently screened a rough-cut of the film to actor Laurence Fishburne. According to Kaye, his lead "loved" the film, which had originally been conceived as a Die Hard-like thriller. However, Kaye suggested his script changes were used as an excuse by producer David Bergstein to hold back payments on the film, and that Bergstein was attempting to alleviate his financial trouble by casting doubt on the film's bankability.

On April 8, 2009, the production company came to an agreement with Cayman Islands-based financier Aramid Entertainment for the completion and release schedule for the film, which, at that point, remained unfinished. According to legal documents, Bergstein requested a sum of $1,775,000 for post-production.

In May 2009, Kaye reportedly screened a cut of the film at the Cannes Film Market. In July 2009, Aramid Entertainment provided a notice of default regarding the agreement to complete and release Black Water Transit, noting that the production company had failed to provide some of the necessary signatures for the agreement.

In November 2009, Bergstein and his co-producer Ron Tutor were sued by a New York-based hedge fund for $120 million. Bergstein and Tutor both confirmed that Kaye had delivered a cut of the film. However, both reiterated that the film was "unreleasable".

In January 2010, it was reported that Bergstein had reached a settlement in another lawsuit related to the film.

In June 2010, the rights for Black Water Transit, valued at $26 million, were sold by Library Asset Acquisition Company (LAAC) to Black Water Transit Acquisition Company at a foreclosure auction for $2 million. However, as both companies were suspected to be owned by Bergstein and Tutor, the sale was opposed by a key creditor and a federal bankruptcy trustee.

In March 2012, Kaye confirmed the film was still unfinished and that some additional material needed to be shot. He elaborated on the tonal shift of the project. "The film we made so far is not the film they expected," he said. "But as you edit, you learn more about the subject matter, and more about the actors, and nothing is set in stone. Movies are made many times—once in the writing, once in preproduction, once again during the shoot, once again in editing, in post, and again when you put it in the marketplace. These things, they change all the time, and that's what I love about it, the constant reinvention."

In September 2014, it was reported that Bergstein and Aramid Entertainment had reached a settlement in their lawsuit and that the rights for the film would revert to Bergstein, pending a New York bankruptcy court approval.

In May 2016, Bergstein issued a press release regarding a recent complaint by Aramid Entertainment against its former executive, David Molner. The complaint mentioned the project had gone into litigation, with the repayment of Aramid's $17.5 million "Black Water Transit loan" dependent on the outcome. The press release noted that "actions against other firms involved currently remain in litigation."

In June 2018, Bergstein was sentenced to eight years in prison for fraud. Earlier that month, Kaye signed on to direct a screenplay by writer Gary DeVore.

References

External links

2009 films
American crime drama films
Films shot in New Orleans
Films directed by Tony Kaye (director)
Unreleased American films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


Harold Loukes (1 March 1912 – 7 August 1980) was a British academic in India and at the University of Oxford.

Loukes was born in Ecclesall, Sheffield, Yorkshire. He was educated at the Central Secondary School in Sheffield before studying English at Jesus College, Oxford.  He obtained a first-class degree in 1934 and then spent 10 years teaching at the University of Delhi and at the New School in Darjeeling, where he was headmaster.  In 1945, he returned to Britain, teaching for four years before being appointed a lecturer in the Department of Education of the University of Oxford.  In 1951, he was promoted to Reader in Education; he spent a total of 30 years in the department.  In addition to his publications, he was a magistrate and member of Oxford City Education Committee.

He was a devoted member of the Society of Friends, known as the Quakers, and his books on the subject included  Friends Face Reality, The Discovery of Quakerism, and The Quaker Contribution.

References

1912 births
1980 deaths
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Academics of the University of Oxford
Academic staff of Delhi University
Heads of schools in India
English Quakers
People from Ecclesall
20th-century Quakers


Friedrich Ernst Ruhkopf (Latin: Fridericus Ernestus Ruhkopf; 1 October 1760 – 1821) was a German philologist and educator born in Soßmar, a village near Hildesheim.

Ruhkopf was a schoolteacher in Ruppin, and in 1794 was appointed rector at Bielefeld. From 1815 to 1821, he was director of the Lyceum in Hanover. He is remembered for his work in classical philology, in particular, his five-volume edition of Seneca, titled "L. Annaei Senecae philosophi Opera omnia quae supersunt" (1797-1811).

Published works
 Erklärende Anmerkungen zu Homers Ilias, (Explanatory notes on Homer's Iliad), with Johann Heinrich Justus Köppen.
 Geschichte des Schul- und Erziehungswesens in Deutschland, (History of the school and education system in Germany), (1794).
 L. Annaei Senecae Philosophi Opera omnia quae supersunt; (5 volumes, 1797–1811).
 P. Virgilii Maronis opera in tironum gratiam perpetua, edition of Virgil, with Christian Gottlob Heyne and Ernst Karl Friedrich Wunderlich (2 volumes, 1816).
 Über Homers Leben und Gesänge, (On Homer's life and songs), with Johann Heinrich Justus Köppen, (1821).
 Lateinisch-deutsches und deutsch-lateinisches Schulwörterbuch, (Latin-German and German-Latin dictionary), with Ernst Friedrich Kärcher; (1822).

References
 Zeno.org, Pierer's Universal-Lexikon (translated biography)
 Publications of F.E. Ruhkopf

German classical philologists
People from Peine (district)
1760 births
1821 deaths
Heads of schools in Germany


Between the Lines is an album by the Japanese R&B duo Chemistry, released on June 18, 2003 by Sony Music Japan.

Track listing
 "Naturally Ours"
 "It Takes Two (OCTOPUSSY Remix feat.LISA)"
 "Point of No Return (ケツメイシのremix)"
 "恋するカレン"
 "BACK TOGETHER AGAIN (West Indies Dream MIX)"
 "Running Away (Spanish Passion)"
 "B.M.N. (BIG MAN NOW)"
 "PIECES OF A DREAM (DJ WATARAI Remix)"
 "You Go Your Way (LOONY TUNE Remix)"
 "MOVE ON (Album Version)"
 "君をさがしてた～シーモネーター&DJ TAKI-SHIT Remix feat.CRYSTAL BOY (nobody knows)"
 "明治チェルシーの唄"
 "最後の夜"

External links
 Official Site: Track downloads

Chemistry (band) albums
2003 albums


Uncial 0135 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 85 (Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 9th century.

Description
The codex contains a fragments of the Matthew, Mark, and Luke, on 16 parchment leaves (14.3 cm by 12.5 cm). It is written in two columns per page, 20 lines per page, in uncial letters. It has breathings and accents.

The text is divided according to the  (chapters) whose numbers are given at the margin, with their  (titles) at the top of the pages. There is also another division according to the smaller Ammonian Sections, but without references to the Eusebian Canons. It contains lectionary markings at the margin.

Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 9th century.

It is a palimpsest, the upper text was overwritten in 1415, it contains Erotemata grammaticalia () written by Manuel Moschopoulos.

 Contents
 Gospel of Matthew 25:35-26:2; 27:3-17;
 Mark 1:12-24; 2:26-3:10;
 Luke 1:24-37; 1:68-2:4; 4:28-40; 6:22-35; 8:22-30; 9:42-53; 17:2-14; 18:7-9.13-19; 22:11-25.52-66; 23:35-49(?); 24:32-46,

 Text
The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Kurt Aland placed it in Category V.

 Location
The codex is located now at the Biblioteca Ambrosiana (Q. 6 sup., fol. 15. 18. 31. 34. 47. 50. 62. 65) in Milan.

 History
There is inscription on folio 4 verso "Ex dono Io. Baptistae Portae Neapoli V. Clarissimi". Gregory saw the manuscript in 1886.

See also

 List of New Testament uncials
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

 Hermann von Soden, "Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte," Verlag von Arthur Glaue, Berlin 1902, p. 82.
 J. H. Greenlee, Nine uncial Palimpsests of the New Testament, S & D XXXIX (Salt Like City, 1968).

External links
 U. Haepli, Catalogus graecorum Bibliothecace Ambrosianae (Mediolani 1906), vol. II, pp. 742–743.

Greek New Testament uncials
9th-century biblical manuscripts
Palimpsests
Manuscripts of the Ambrosiana collections


All's Faire in Love is a 2009 romantic comedy film directed by Scott Marshall and written by R. A. White and Jeffrey Ray Wine. The film stars Owen Benjamin as Will, a college student who is assigned to work at a renaissance fair by his professor (Cedric the Entertainer) after missing several classes, and Christina Ricci as Kate, an investment banker who leaves her job to work at the fair.

The film was shot primarily at the Michigan Renaissance Festival. Local residents, costumed participants and fairegoers were used as extras.

The film was originally titled Ye Olde Times but was renamed in late September 2008. Jack Black and Lindsay Lohan were attached at one point to star in the film.

Cast
Owen Benjamin as Will
Christina Ricci as Kate
Louise Griffiths as Jo
Chris Wylde as Prince Rank
Cedric the Entertainer as Professor Shockworthy
Matthew Lillard as Crockett
Ann-Margret as Mrs. Banks
Martin Klebba as Count Le Petite
Sandra Taylor as Princess Jeanette
Bill Engvall as Mr. Mendelson
Dave Sheridan as Jester Roy / Horny
Peter Ransom as General Tsoe

Production
In May 2007, it was announced that Jack Black, Tim Robbins, Cary Elwes, Will Arnett and John C. Reilly are attached to star in a romantic comedy called Ye Olde Times, with R.A. White making his directorial debut based on a screenplay he also wrote. In November 2007, it was reported that Matthew Lillard, Orlando Jones and David Arquette joined the cast of the film, Justin Chatwin being attached to star as the male lead. In March 2008, it was revealed that Lindsay Lohan is on board to play the female lead in the film. In September 2008, it was announced that Owen Benjamin, Christina Ricci and Cedric the Entertainer stepped in to replace Chatwin, Lohan and Black respectively, Bill Engvall, Louise Griffiths and Ann-Margret joining the cast in supporting roles. It was also reported that Scott Marshall will replace R.A. White as director, the film being renamed All's Faire in Love.

Release
The North American premiere was at the SoCal Independent Film Festival on September 9, 2009 in Huntington Beach, CA. The film premiered on the grounds of the Michigan Renaissance Festival on September 30, 2009. Two years later, the film was released to Regal Entertainment theaters on October 28, 2011.

References

External links

American romantic comedy films
Renaissance fair
2009 films
2009 romantic comedy films
Films shot in Michigan
Films directed by Scott Marshall
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


Nua Mailo Saoluaga (born May 30, 1948) is an American Samoan politician. He served as the Speaker of the American Samoa House of Representatives from 1997 until 2002, and as a Senator from 2013 to 2021.

Nua was a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of American Samoa in the 2008 gubernatorial elections, the running mate of Utu Abe Malae. Nua was a candidate for governor in the 2020 American Samoa gubernatorial election.

Early life and education
Nua was born and on the island of Taʻū. He attended elementary school and high school in American Samoa.

He first received an Associate of Arts degree from MiraCosta College in Oceanside, California, in 1971. Nua further continued his education, obtaining his Bachelor of Science degree in criminology and law enforcement in 1974 from California State University, Long Beach.

Career
Nua worked in several American Samoan government departments and agencies between 1975 and 1980.

Political career
Nua was first elected to the American Samoa House of Representatives in 1981. He would be elected to represent Manu'a District Number One in the House for much of the next two decades. He briefly left the House, but was re-elected again in 1985 and served continuously until 2002. Saoluaga served as the Speaker of the House from 1997 until 2001 during his tenure in office. He left office in 2001, but returned again to the American Samoa Fono from 2005 until 2006.

2008 Lt. Governor candidacy

Utu Abe Malae, the former head of the Development Bank of American Samoa and gubernatorial candidate, chose Saoluaga as his running mate for lieutenant governor in the 2008 election for Governor of American Samoa. Malae and Saoluaga formally announced their candidacy for governor and lt. governor at the Maliu Mai Beach Resort on June 10, 2008. Malae cited Saoluaga's legislative career, which complimented his management experience, as the reason that the two decided to run as a team.

Malae and Nua cited education and healthcare as their top priorities in their campaign. Malae and Saoluaga lost to Governor Tulafono in a gubernatorial runoff election held on November 18, 2008.

American Samoa Senate
Nua was elected to the American Samoa Senate in 2012, representing the first Manuʻa District. He was re-elected in 2016. His re-election was subsequently challenged by local chiefs. The challenge was rejected in June 2017.

2020 gubernatorial election

In January 2019, Nua announced his candidacy for Governor of American Samoa. Nua's running mate is Tapumanaia Galu Satele Jr., an educator and former member of the American Samoa House of Representatives.

References

1948 births
American Samoa Republicans
California State University, Long Beach alumni
Living people
Members of the American Samoa House of Representatives
Speakers of the American Samoa House of Representatives
American Samoa Senators