Israeli Americans (, or ) are Americans who are of full or partial Israeli descent. In this category are those who are Israelis through nationality and/or citizenship. Reflecting Israel's demographics, while the vast majority of the Israeli American populace is Jewish, it is also made up of various ethnic and religious minorities; most notably the ethnic Arab minority, which includes Muslims, Christians, and the Druze, as well as the smaller non-Arab minority ethnic groups.

History
Israelis began migrating to the United States shortly after the establishment of the State of Israel in May 1948. Thus, during the 1950s, 21,376 Israeli immigrants came to the US and the 1960s saw 30,911 Israeli immigrants, often seen as the first wave of Israeli immigration to the United States when 52,278 Israelis emigrated to the US according to US Immigration data. A second wave of modest immigration continued with a total of  36,306 Israelis during 1970 to 1979, 43,669 in 1980 to 1989, 41,340 in 1990 to 1999 and 54,801 in 2000 to 2009. Since 2010, Israeli migration to the US has continued at around four thousand per year. The number of immigrants in the United States born in Israel is estimated by demographers to be close to 140,000, while the number of Israeli immigrants in the US is an issue that has been debated by laymen to be much larger, a phenomenon of overestimation of co-ethnic population common to many ethnic communities.

Israeli immigration to the United States developed during the 1980s and 1990s due to a number of reasons, including continuing conflict with the Palestinians and high taxes and lack of affordable housing available in their homeland. Also, the acquisition of aspects of American culture (especially fashion and entertainment) in Israel caused many Israelis to want to have the economic and educational opportunities of the United States.

Demographics
Since the declaration of the State of Israel, and until today, many Israelis emigrated to the United States. The 2000 United States census estimated that nearly 110,000 Israelis lived in the United States back then, while other unsourced estimates say the number is much higher, around 500,000. A considerable numbers of Israelis, estimated broadly from 200,000 to three times that figure, have moved abroad in the recent decades (Yerida).

According to statistics from the United States Department of Homeland Security, between 1949 and 2015, about 250,000 Israelis acquired permanent residency in the United States. The statistics did not track those who eventually moved back to Israel. In 2012, a Global Religion and Migration Database constructed by the Pew Research Center showed that there were a total of 330,000 native-born Israelis, including 230,000 Jews, living outside of Israel, in the United States and elsewhere around the world, approximately 4% of Israel's native-born Jewish population. Based on current estimates of Israel-born Jewish migrants to the U.S. of 140,000, two thirds of Jewish Israeli native emigrants have settled in the U.S. and the remaining third in Canada, Europe, South America, South Africa and the remainder of the world.

In addition to native-born Israelis and Israelis who originally immigrated to Israel from other countries and then moved on to the United States, there have been American Jews who immigrated to Israel and became Israeli citizens, lived there for a certain period of time, and later returned to the United States. Israeli demographer Yinon Cohen estimated the number of American-born Israelis who had returned to the United States to be between 30,000 and 60,000 by 1990, and between 53,000 and 75,000 in 2000.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development calculated an 'expatriate rate' of 2.9 persons per thousand, putting Israel in the mid-range of expatriate rates among the 175 OECD countries examined in 2005.

The New York City metropolitan area has now become by far the leading metropolitan gateway for Israeli immigrants legally admitted into the United States, with the Los Angeles metropolitan area now in a distant second place. Within the United States, as of April 2013, Israeli airline El Al operated from John F. Kennedy International Airport and Newark Liberty International Airport, both in the New York City metropolitan area, as well as from Los Angeles International Airport. The New York City metropolitan area is home to the largest Jewish community outside Israel, and the city proper contains the largest Jewish community in the world.

In 2009, Steven M. Cohen and Judith Veinstein found that in New York, Jewish Israeli emigrants are highly affiliated with the Jewish community even though community affiliation is low in Israel. Israelis were found to be more connected to Judaism than their American counterparts in terms of synagogue membership and attendance, kashrut observance, participation in Jewish charity events and membership in Jewish community centers, among other indicators used by the study.

In 1982, Pini Herman and David LaFontaine, in a study of Israeli emigrants in Los Angeles, found high levels of Jewish affiliation, Jewish organizational participation and concentration in Jewish neighborhoods by Israeli emigrants. Israeli emigrants who behaved in a comparatively secular manner in Israel tended to behave in a more devoutly Jewish manner in Los Angeles and Israeli emigrants who reported greater Jewish behaviors in Israel tended to engage in Jewish behaviors to a lesser degree in Los Angeles, thus both becoming more 'Americanized' in their Jewish behaviors.

Israelis tend to be disproportionately Jewishly active in their diaspora communities, creating and participating formal and informal organizations, participating in diaspora Jewish religious institutions and sending their children to Jewish education providers at a greater rate than local diaspora Jews.

By generations
Based on the 2013 Pew American Jewry Survey estimate base on Jews by religion/no religion/Jewish background who were born in Israel is 140,000 nationally. American Jews born in Israel had 40 thousand children under age 18 in their US households. Another estimated 170 thousand Jewish adults not born in Israel have at least one parent born in Israel, and these adults have an estimated 200 thousand children under the age of 18 who have at least one Israel-born grandparent. An additional 60 thousand American Jews reported that they had once "lived in Israel."

By state
The U.S. states by Israeli Americans as per the 2000 census:

Culture and organizations
Various Israeli-American communities have their own newspapers which are printed in Hebrew. Communities arrange cultural, entertainment and art events (including celebrations of the Israeli independence day which usually takes place in Israeli-American demographic centers), and some have the Israeli Network channel, which consists of a selection of live broadcasts as well as reruns of Israeli television news broadcasts, entertainment programs and Israeli sport events. Hundreds of thousands of spectators view the annual Celebrate Israel Parade on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, which touts itself as the world's largest celebration of Israel. At the 2017 Celebrate Israel parade in Manhattan, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo declared the Sunday Shimon Peres Day in New York and announced a new venture to promote cultural heritage tourism between Israel and New York, as Cuomo marched alongside the son of the late Israeli leader.

A variety of Hebrew language websites, newspapers and magazines are published in New York, Los Angeles, South Florida, and other U.S. regions. The Israeli Channel along with two other Hebrew-language channels are available via satellite broadcast nationally in the United States. Hebrew language Israeli programming on local television was broadcast in New York and Los Angeles during the 1990s, prior to Hebrew language satellite broadcast. Live performances by Israeli artists are a regular occurrence in centers of Israeli emigrants in the U.S. and Canada with audience attendance often in the hundreds. An Israeli Independence Day Festival has taken place yearly in Los Angeles since 1990 with thousands of Israeli emigrants and American Jews.

In Los Angeles, a Council of Israeli Community was founded in 2001. In 2007, an Israel Leadership Council (ILC) was also organized in Los Angeles, later it was renamed Israeli-American Council, and it has been active in supporting activities for Israel, most recently in 2008, it sponsored with the local Jewish Federation and Israeli consulate a concert in support for the embattled population suffering rocket attacks of Sderot, Israel where the three frontrunners for the U.S. president, Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, John McCain greeted the attendees by video and expressed their support for the residents of Sderot. An Israeli Business Network of Beverly Hills has existed since 1996. The Israeli-American Study Initiative (IASI), a start-up project based at the UCLA International Institute, is set out to document the lives and times of Israeli Americans—initially focusing on those in Los Angeles and eventually throughout the United States.

Economic contributions
According to CNN, Israeli companies are establishing entrepreneurial ventures in New York City at the rate of ten new startups per month. In 2022, there were 293 Israeli startups in the New York area, the most of any metropolitan area outside Tel Aviv and Jerusalem.

Relationship with American Jews
Israeli Americans are generally seen as having less interaction with the non-Israeli Jewish American community and its institutions, often preferring to maintain ties of association with other Israeli Americans. Jewish Americans, especially religious Jewish Americans, tend to maintain correspondingly sparse contact with the Israeli American community besides participation in religious ceremonies. At one point, religious American Jews viewed "yordim" as being the antithesis of the Jewish people's "eternal hope" of return and permanent settlement in Israel, but now consider them an important subgroup within the broader American Jewish community. An estimated 75% of Israeli Americans marry within the Jewish community, as opposed to about 50% of non-Israeli Jewish Americans. At the same time, younger Israelis in America are assimilating in increasing numbers.

Notable people

In popular culture
 Comedian-writer Robert Smigel came up with a Saturday Night Live sketch in 1990 called the "Sabra Shopping Network". Two years later, Smigel followed it up with "Sabra Price Is Right", starring Tom Hanks as a pushy Israeli game show host, Sandler and Rob Schneider as its presenters and Smigel as a cigarette-smoking announcer, all pushing shoddy electronics on hapless clientele.
 The concept for the 2008 You Don't Mess with the Zohan movie, which was based on the skits "Sabra Shopping Network" and "Sabra Price Is Right", focused on Zohan Dvir, an IDF commando soldier, who stages his own death to fulfill his deepest dream—moving to New York to become a hairdresser.
 At the end of the 2005 film Munich, the main character Avner (played by Eric Bana), who is an Israeli Mossad agent, decides to move from Israel to Brooklyn, New York, to reunite with his wife and their child.

See also

 Yerida
 Israelis
 Israeli Australians
 Israeli Canadians
 Israeli British
 History of Israelis in Los Angeles
 Middle Eastern Americans
 Israel–United States relations
 History of Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean

References

Further reading
 Cohen, Nir. "State, Migrants, and the Negotiation of Second-Generation Citizenship in the Israeli Diaspora." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 16.2 (2007): 133-158. online
 Cohen, Yinon. “Socioeconomic Dualism: The Case of Israeli-Born Immigrants in the United States.” International Migration Review 23 (1989): 267–88.
 Gold, Steven J. “Israeli Immigrants in the United States: The Question of Community.” Qualitative Sociology 17 (1994): 325–45.
 Gold, Steven J. "Gender and social capital among Israeli immigrants in Los Angeles." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 4.3 (1995): 267-301. excerpt
 Rosenthal, Mirra, and Charles Auerbach. “Cultural and Social Assimilation of Israeli Immigrants in the United States.” International Migration Review 26, no. 3 (Fall 1992): 982–91.
 Rudolph, Laura C. "Israeli Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp. 493–503. online

Middle Eastern American
United States
Immigration to the United States
Multiracial ethnic groups in the United States


WILE-FM (97.7 MHz) is a commercial FM radio station licensed to Byesville, Ohio, and serving Guernsey County, including the city of Cambridge. The station is owned by AVC Communications and broadcasts a Soft Oldies - Adult Standards radio format.

WILE-FM features programming from Westwood One's "America's Best Music" network. It also carries college football and basketball games from the Ohio State Sports Network.

History
The station went on the air as WUFA on 30 July 1992. On 26 August 1994, it changed its call sign to the current WILE.

References

External links
 Official Website

ILE-FM
Adult standards radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1992


The Haudriettes were a religious congregation founded in Paris early in the fourteenth century by Jeanne, wife of Étienne Haudry, a private secretary of Louis IX, king of France.

During a prolonged absence of her husband on a pilgrimage to the tomb of Santiago de Compostela (see Way of St. James), Jeanne, believing him dead, gathered under her roof a number of pious women, with whom she made a vow of perpetual chastity, and consecrated herself to a religious life devoted to the service of the poor. On his return in 1329, Étienne obtained for his wife a dispensation from her vow on condition that the pious association be permitted to retain his house and be endowed with a capital sufficient for the maintenance of twelve poor women. He also erected a chapel for the community, which was soon in possession of its own hospital, and rapidly increased in numbers. The statutes of the Haudriettes, as prescribed for them by Cardinal d'Ailly, were approved in 1414 by Cardinal Nicolò da Pisa, legate of Pope John XXII, and later confirmed by several pontiffs. A gradual relaxation in the original fervour of the congregation caused a thorough reform to be instituted under Cardinal de La Rochefoucauld, Grand Almoner of France. Pope Gregory XV placed the religious under the Rule of St. Augustine, the vow of poverty being added to those of chastity and obedience and monastic observance and the recitation of the Office of the Blessed Virgin imposed. In 1622 the motherhouse was transferred to Rue Saint-Honoré, where a new monastery and church were built, the latter being dedicated to the Assumption of Mary, from which the religious were thenceforth called Daughters of the Assumption. The congregation was not restored after the French Revolution.

References

Attribution
 The entry cites:
Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen der kath. Kirche (Paderborn, 1908)
Helyot, Dict. des ordres religieux in Migne, Encyc. Theol.

Catholic female orders and societies


The Vau i Dejës Hydroelectric Power Station is a hydroelectric dam on the Drin River, in Albania, near Vau i Dejës. Completed in 1973, the project consists of five turbines of Chinese origin, each with a nominal capacity of , totaling the installed capacity to .

See also

 List of power stations in Albania

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Albania
Dams completed in 1973
Buildings and structures in Vau i Dejës


Marilyn Nelson (born April 26, 1946) is an American poet, translator, biographer, and children's book author. She is a professor emeritus at the University of Connecticut, and the former poet laureate of Connecticut. She is a winner of the Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize, the NSK Neustadt Prize for Children’s Literature, and the Frost Medal. From 1978 to 1994 she published under the name Marilyn Nelson Waniek. She is the author or translator of over twenty books and five chapbooks of poetry for adults and children. While most of her work deals with historical subjects, in 2014 she published a memoir, named one of NPR's Best Books of 2014, entitled How I Discovered Poetry.

Early life
Nelson was born on April 26, 1946, in Cleveland, Ohio, to Melvin M. Nelson, a Tuskegee Airman and a U.S. serviceman in the Air Force, and Johnnie Mitchell Nelson, a teacher and pianist. She grew up on military bases and moved all across the United States throughout her childhood. She began writing while in elementary school, yet discovered her love for poetry while attending a segregated middle school in Texas. Here, she was introduced to the work of African-American poets.

Nelson earned a B.A. from the University of California-Davis, an M.A. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1970, and a Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in 1979.

Career
In 1978, Nelson became a professor of English at the University of Connecticut and published her first book, the poetry collection For the Body. From 2001 to 2006, she served as poet laureate of the State of Connecticut. During this time, she also founded the Soul Mountain Retreat. She retired professor emeritus from the University of Connecticut in 2002 yet continued to actively write.

Nelson's poetry has a dominant family aspect, recovery for African American history as well as the search for sacred in everyday life. She is also known for incorporating the African American oral tradition into her work. Her poetry collections include The Homeplace (Louisiana State University Press), which won the 1992 Anisfield-Wolf Award and was a finalist for the 1991 National Book Award; and The Fields Of Praise: New And Selected Poems (Louisiana State University Press), which won the Poets' Prize in 1999 and was a finalist for the 1997 National Book Award.

Her honors include two NEA creative writing fellowships, the 1990 Connecticut Arts Award, a Fulbright Teaching Fellowship, and a 2001 Guggenheim Fellowship. In 2011, she spent a semester as a Brown Foundation Fellow at the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee. In 2012, the Poetry Society of America awarded her the Frost Medal. In 2013, Nelson was elected a chancellor of the Academy of American Poets.

Published works

Poetry books
 For the Body (Louisiana State University Press, 1978, )
 Mama's Promises (Louisiana State University Press, 1985, )
 The Homeplace (Louisiana State University Press, 1990, )
 Magnificat (Louisiana State University Press, 1994, )
 The Fields of Praise: New and Selected Poems (Louisiana State University Press, 1997, )
 Carver: A Life in Poems (Front Street, 2001, )
 Fortune’s Bones: The Manumission Requiem (Front Street, 2004, notes and annotations by Pamela Espeland)
 The Cachoeira Tales, and Other Poems (Louisiana State University Press, 2005, )
 A Wreath for Emmett Till (Houghton Mifflin, 2005, Illustrator Philippe Lardy, )
 The Freedom Business: Including A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture, a Native of Africa (Front Street, 2008, )
 Sweethearts of Rhythm: The Story Of The Greatest All-Girl Swing Band In The World (Dial Books, 2009, Illustrator Jerry Pinkney, )
 Faster Than Light: New and Selected Poems, 1996-2011 (Louisiana State University Press, 2012, )
 My Seneca Village (Namelos, 2015, )
 The Meeting House (Antrim House, 2016, )
 American Ace (Dial Books, 2016, )
 How I Discovered Poetry (Speak, 2016, )

Chapbooks
 Partial Truth (The Kutenai Press, 1992)
 She-Devil Circus (Aralia Press, 2001)
 Triolets for Triolet (Curbstone Press, 2001)
 The Freedom Business: Connecticut Landscapes Through the Eyes of Venture Smith (Lyme Historical Society, Florence Griswold Museum, 2006, illustrated by American paintings from the Florence Griswold Museum)

Collaborative books
 The Cat Walked Through the Casserole (Carolrhoda Books, 1984, with Pamela Espeland, various illustrators)
 Miss Crandall’s School for Young Ladies and Little Misses of Color (Wordsong, 2007, with Elizabeth Alexander, illustrated by Floyd Cooper, )
 Pemba’s Song: A Ghost Story (Scholastic Press, 2008, with Tonya Hegamin)
 Mrs. Nelson's Class (editor, World Enough Writers, 2012)

Translations
 Hundreds of Hens and Other Poems for Children by Halfdan Rasmussen (translated from Danish, Black Willow Press, 1982, with Pamela Espeland, illustrations by D.M. Robinson)
 Hecuba by Euripides, in Euripides I, Penn Greek Drama Series (translated from earlier English translations, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998)
 The Thirteenth Month by Inge Pedersen (translated from Danish, Oberlin College Press, 2005)
 The Ladder by Halfdan Rasmussen (translated from Danish, Candlewick, 2006, illustrated by Pierre Pratt)
 A Little Bitty Man and Other Poems for the Very Young by Halfdan Rasmussen (translated from Danish with Pamela Espeland, Candlewick, 2011, illustrated by Kevin Hawkes)

Books for young children
 The Cat Walked Through the Casserole (Carolrhoda Books, 1984)
 Beautiful Ballerina (Scholastic Press, 2009, photographs by Susan Kuklin, )
 Snook Alone (Candlewick Press, 2010, illustrated by Timothy Basil Ering, )
 Ostrich and Lark (Boyds Mills Press, 2012, illustrated by San artists of the Kuru Art Project of Botswana, )

In Anthology
 Ghost Fishing: An Eco-Justice Poetry Anthology (University of Georgia Press, 2018)

Honors and awards
Kent fellowship, 1976
National Endowment for the Arts fellowships, 1981, 1990
Connecticut Arts Award, 1990
National Book Award finalist for poetry, 1991
Annisfield-Wolf Award, 1992
Fulbright teaching fellowship, 1995
National Book Award finalist for poetry, 1997
The Poets Award, 1998
Poets' Prize, 1999, for The Fields of Praise: New and Selected Poems
Contemplative Practices fellowship, American Council of Learned Societies, 2000
Poet Laureate for the State of Connecticut, Connecticut Commission on the Arts, 2001-2006
J.S. Guggenheim Memorial Foundation fellowship, 2001 for Carver: A Life in Poems
Boston Globe/Horn Book Award, 2001 for Carver: A Life in Poems
National Book Award finalist in young-people's literature category, 2001 for Carver: A Life in Poems
Coretta Scott King Honor Book designation, 2002 for Carver: A Life in Poems
Flora Stieglitz Straus Award for Nonfiction, 2002 for Carver: A Life in Poems
Newbery Honor designation, 2002 for Carver: A Life in Poems
Coretta Scott King Book Award, 2005, for Fortune's Bones: The Manumission Requiem
Two Pushcart prizes
Michael L. Printz Award honor book designation, 2006 for A Wreath for Emmett Till
Lee Bennett Hopkins Poetry Award honor book designation, 2006 for A Wreath for Emmett Till
Coretta Scott King Honor Award, 2006 for A Wreath for Emmett Till
Lifetime Achievement honor, Connecticut Book Awards, 2006,
NSK Neustadt Prize for Children’s Literature, 2017.
Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize, 2019. Noted for being "a renowned poet, author, and translator who has worked steadily throughout her career to highlight topics that aren’t often talked about in poetry. Her literary work, spanning more than four decades, examines complex issues around race, feminism, and the ongoing trauma of slavery in American life in narratives poised between song and speech."

Speeches and Talk

Sarah Rebecca Warren. “Telling It Slant: A Conversation with Marilyn Nelson.” World Literature Today, vol. 92, no. 2, 2018, pp. 57–59. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.7588/worllitetoda.92.2.0057. Accessed 10 Oct. 2023.

References

Further reading

External links
 Official website

 Marilyn Nelson Papers - University of Connecticut Archives and Special Collections

1946 births
African-American poets
Living people
National Endowment for the Arts Fellows
Newbery Honor winners
Writers from Cleveland
Poets Laureate of Connecticut
University of California, Davis alumni
University of Connecticut faculty
University of Minnesota alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Poets from Ohio
Writers from Connecticut
20th-century American poets
21st-century American poets
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
American women poets
20th-century American translators
21st-century American translators
Poets from Connecticut
Formalist poets
American women academics
20th-century African-American women writers
20th-century African-American writers
21st-century African-American women writers
21st-century African-American writers
Fulbright alumni


WILE (1270 AM) is a radio station  broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Cambridge, Ohio, United States, the station is currently owned by Avc Communications.

Programming is simulcast on FM translator W253CF broadcasting at 98.5 FM and on W300CB broadcasting at 107.9 FM.

History
WILE began broadcasting April 9, 1948. It was operated by Land-O-Lakes Broadcasting Corporation.

References

External links

ILE
Country radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1956
1956 establishments in Ohio


VA+ TV (call sign XHCGA-TDT) is a television station in Aguascalientes City, Mexico. It was established on , with the support of the Instituto Cultural de Aguascalientes. It is part of Radio y Televisión de Aguascalientes, the public television and radio broadcaster for the state.

History
Aguascalientes first began operating a state-run television service on October 12, 1976; te first broadcast aired was on November 17 of that year. The local transmitter for the Televisión de la República Mexicana network (later reorganized into Imevisión), on channel 10, was used to broadcast Televisión Cultural de Aguascalientes for two hours a day. The original studios were located in the Teatro Morelos and used equipment originally purchased to broadcast the 1968 Summer Olympics. This made it one of the first such regional production facilities integrated into TRM/Imevisión; the others, which launched in the late 1970s and early 1980s, served as the base for the creation of state networks across the country. On October 4, 1986, the state government made its final broadcasts on channel 10, and the next year, it received the permit for XHCGA-TV on channel 6, which also began operating from new studios alongside state-owned radio station XENM-AM 1320.

It is operated by Radio y Televisión de Aguascalientes (Radio and Television of Aguascalientes) as an internationally recognized cultural channel with an emphasis on Aguascalientes content and local television production. Its stated mission is to communicate, to inform, to educate, to entertain and promote human development.

In 2015, XHCGA applied for authorization to build a digital television station, XHCGA-TDT channel 26, which came to air on May 4, 2015. XHCGA began branding as channel 26 in December 2015. During parts of 2015, 2016 and 2017, XHCGA programming was heard on the radio on XHNM-FM 98.1 "Teleradio", which signed on in August 2015.

A failure to file a timely renewal led to the Federal Telecommunications Institute (IFT) awarding a new concession, with the new templated call sign XHCPAG-TDT, to the state government starting on January 1, 2022. The call sign on the new concession was changed to XHCGA-TDT on September 29, 2022.

Digital television
XHCGA is authorized to broadcast a television service known as "AGS TV" on digital subchannel 26.2. In actuality, this station is UAA TV, the television service of the Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, which began broadcasting over XHCGA on August 7, 2017.

See also
 Television stations in Aguascalientes

References

Public television in Mexico
Television channels and stations established in 1976
Television stations in Aguascalientes


The Human Bean is an American national coffee company and coffeehouse chain based in Medford, Oregon. The Human Bean has 153 drive-through coffee locations in 20 U.S. states. The drive through espresso brand started franchising in 2002.

History
In 1998, The Human Bean opened its first store in Ashland, Oregon. In early-2002, the company began franchising their brand throughout southern Oregon and nationwide.

The Human Bean has 153 locations. The franchise is located in 20 U.S. states including Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Virginia, Washington, Wyoming, and West Virginia.

While most locations are drive-through only, there are a few locations that offer indoor seating in addition to the drive through.

The chain sponsors women's and men's health initiatives. Its chief operating officer is Scott Anderson.

Awards and recognition
In January 2021, The Human Bean was named one of the Top 100 of Entrepreneur ’s Franchise 500.

In February 2021, Scott Anderson, COO of Nation's Restaurant News Most Influential Restaurant Executives in the Country.

In July 2021, The Human Bean was named one of Nation's Restaurant News Top 25 Fastest Growing Restaurant Chains in America by Nation's Restaurant News.

References

External links

Companies based in Ashland, Oregon
Restaurants established in 1998
Privately held companies based in Oregon
1998 establishments in Oregon
Coffeehouses and cafés in the United States
Fast-food chains of the United States


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Trinity County, California.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Trinity County, California, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a Google map.

There are 5 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

Current listings

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See also

List of National Historic Landmarks in California
National Register of Historic Places listings in California
California Historical Landmarks in Trinity County, California

References

Trinity


WJEH (990 AM) was a radio station licensed to Gallipolis, Ohio. Last owned by Thomas Susman, through licensee Vandalia Media Partners 2, LLC, it broadcast a Christian music format dedicated to the Southern gospel.

History
The station was originally licensed on July 3, 1950 with the call sign WJEH. The station changed its call sign to WGTR on June 4, 1990, and back to WJEH on June 30, 1990.

Its license was cancelled by the Federal Communications Commission on May 20, 2021.

References

External links
FCC Station Search Details: DWJEH (Facility ID: 70692)
FCC History Cards for WJEH (covering 1949-1981)

JEH (AM)
Radio stations established in 1950
1950 establishments in Ohio
Radio stations disestablished in 2021
2021 disestablishments in Ohio
Defunct radio stations in the United States
Defunct religious radio stations in the United States
JEH


West Central Florida Council was the former Boy Scouts of America Council serving Pinellas County and west Pasco County in Florida, between 1917–2016. It merged with Gulf Ridge Council to form the Greater Tampa Bay Area Council on May 1, 2016.

At the time of its merger, over 6,000 youth and 4,000 adult volunteers were served by the West Central Florida Council. More than 100 young men earned the rank of Eagle Scout in 2012. The West Central Florida Council earned the prestigious 2008 Centennial Quality Council Award from the Boy Scouts of America.

History
West Central Florida Council was originally chartered as the Pinellas Council in 1917. Pinellas Area Council changed its name to West Central Florida Council in the late 1970s to recognize that west Pasco County had been a part of the Council for many years.

Organization
The West Central Florida Council was divided into three distinct geographical Districts to best serve the youth of Pinellas and west Pasco Counties.

Anclote District (northern Pinellas County and western Pasco County): Is named after the Anclote River and Anclote Key which mark the border between Pinellas and Pasco Counties.  More than 65 Cub Scout Packs, Boy Scout Troops, and Venturing Crews serving areas including Oldsmar, Palm Harbor, Dunedin, Tarpon Springs, East Lake, Trinity, New Port Richey, Shady Hills, and Hudson.
Miccosukee District (central Pinellas County):  Is named after the Miccosukee, a Florida Native American tribe.  More than 60 Packs, Troops, and Crews serving areas including Clearwater, Belleair, Pinellas Park, Seminole, Safety Harbor, and Largo.
Skyway District (southern Pinellas County):  Is named after the Sunshine Skyway Bridge that crosses the mouth of Tampa Bay.  More than 60 Packs, Troops, and Crews serving areas including St. Petersburg, Tierra Verde, South Pasadena, St. Pete Beach, and Treasure Island.

Camps
Its two main Scout camps were Sand Hill Scout Reservation in Spring Hill and Camp Soule in Clearwater. There was also a smaller facility at Bigfoot Wilderness Camp near Dade City.

Order of the Arrow

The West Central Florida Council's Order of the Arrow Lodge was  Timuquan Lodge, founded in 1946.  The Order of the Arrow is Scouting's National Honor Society that recognizes youth and adult leaders who best exemplify the Scout Oath and Scout Law in their daily lives. The lodge was named in honor of the extinct Timucua Native American tribe of northern and central Florida. Timuquan Lodge hosted the S-4 OA Section Conference at Sand Hill Scout Reservation from April 17–19, 2009.  Nearly 1,100 Scouts and leaders from throughout Florida and southern Georgia attended the event.

With the merger of the two councils in 2016, Timuquan Lodge joined the Gulf Ridge Council's Seminole Lodge to form the newly named Uh-To-Yeh-Hut-Tee Lodge.

See also
Scouting in Florida

References

External links

Defunct local councils of the Boy Scouts of America
1917 establishments in Florida


Tourism Western Australia is the statutory authority responsible for promoting Western Australia as a tourist destination.

Its earlier predecessors included The Department of Tourism and the Tourism Commission.

See also
 Tourism Australia
 Tourism in Australia

Notes

External links
 Corporate website
 Welcome to Western Australia, tourism website run by Tourism Western Australia

Statutory agencies of Western Australia
Tourism in Western Australia
Tourism organisations in Australia


Neelo Begum (born Cynthia Alexander Fernandes; née Abida Riaz; 30 June 1940 – 30 January 2021) was a Pakistani veteran film actress. She made her film debut in 1956 with Hollywood film Bhowani Junction. She was known as The Queen of Romance and The Princess of Romance for her portrayal of romantic roles. She worked in more than one hundred and thirty-four Pakistani films including Urdu and Punjabi language films.

She was the recipient of numerous awards, including Nigar Awards, she earned recognition after appearing in a song "Aaye Mausam Rangilay Suhanay" from the film Saat Lakh and after playing lead role in Zarqa.

Early life
Born into a Catholic family, she adopted a Muslim name, Abida Riaz after marrying a Pakistani filmmaker, Riaz Shahid in 1965. She is the mother of film actor Shaan Shahid.

Neelo was born on 30 June 1940 in Bhera, British India. She did her primary schooling at Kinnaird High School, Lahore.

Controversies
In 1965, at the peak of her popularity, she was summoned by Nawab Malik Amir Mohammad Khan, then Governor of West Pakistan, to dance on stage for the Shah of Iran during his official visit to Pakistan; but she refused to do it for her own reasons. Harassed and threatened, Neelo faced dire consequences for refusing to obey official orders. She was allegedly gang molested and attempted suicide on the way to the Governor's house and was taken to a hospital instead, where the doctors saved her life.

News of the incident generated widespread public backlash against the Nawab.  The renowned leftist poet Habib Jalib, on hearing of the incident, expressed his anguish in his poem over her attempted suicide: "Tu kay nawaqif-e-aadab-e-ghulami hae abhi...raqs zanjeer pehan ker bhi kya jata hae" (meaning: "unaware art thou yet of the rites of enslavement...dance can be performed even while enchained".) Later this poem was used in the film Zarqa (1969) with slight changes in the words and ended up becoming a super-hit film song in Pakistan. The film song became much more relevant, effective, and popular because it was picturised on Neelo herself and was based on similar real-life events in Neelo's life. She also won the Best Actress Nigar Award for film Zarqa (1969). It had superb music by Wajahat Attre and was sung by Mehdi Hassan. Film Zarqa (1969) was produced and directed by Riaz Shahid who also wrote its screenplay. Neelo helped her husband, Riaz Shahid, produce this film and it became the box office hit film of her career.

Personal life
Neelo was born into a Catholic family. She adopted the name Abida Riaz after accepting Islam at the time of her marriage to film screenwriter and film director Riaz Shahid. Riaz Shahid suddenly died in 1972.

Illness and death
She died from blood cancer on 30 January 2021 in Lahore.

Filmography

1956  Bhowani Junction
1956: Sabira
1957: Anjaam
1957: Bholey Khan
1957: Pasban
1957: Sehti
1957: Saat Lakh
1957: Yakke Wali
1957: Aankh Ka Nashah
1958: Akhri Nishan
1958: Changez Khan
1958: Darbar
1958: Jan-e-Bahar
1958: Jatti
1958: Kachian Kaliyan
1958: Mumtaz
1958: Nayi Larki
1958: Neya Daur
1958: Sheikh Chilli
1958: Zehr-e-Ishq
1959: Koel
1959: Lalkaar
1959: Lukkan Mitti
1959: Neend
1959: Shama
1959: Shera
1959: Sola Aanay
1959: Suchhey Moti
1959: Nagin
1959: Saathi
1959: Yaar Beli
1960: Alladin Ka Beta
1960: Ayaz
1960: Insaaf
1960: Khyber Mail
1960: Manzil
1960: Neelofar
1960: Shehzadi
1960: Street 77
1961: Bara Bajje
1961: Do Raste
1961: Subha Kahin Sham Kahin
1962: Azra
1962: Banjaran
1962: Barsaat mein
1962: Darwaza
1962: Dosheeza
1962: Ghunghat
1962: Husn-o-Ishq
1962: Unche Mahal
1963: Barat
1963: Daaman
1963: Ishq par zor nahin
1963: Kala Aadmi
1963: Mouj Mela
1963: Qatal ke baad
1963: Shikwa
1963: Aman
1964: Beti
1964: Daachi
1964: Gehra Daagh
1964: Jugni
1964: Khyber Pass
1964: Mera Mahi
1964: Nehle peh Dehla
1964: Sher di Bachi
1965: Fareb
1965: Jeedar
1965: Raqqasa
1966: Abba Jee
1966: Ann Parh
1966: Badnaam
1966: Chughalkhor
1966: Laado
1966: Mr. Allah Ditta
1966: Naghma.e-Sehra
1966: Nizam Lohar
1966: Payal Ki Jhankar
1967: Chattan
1967: Dil Da Jani
1967: Neeli Baar
1967: Ravi Paar
1967: Sham Savera
1967: Yaar Maar
1968: Jag Beeti
1968: Lala Rukh
1968: Paristan
1968: Wohti
1969: Aukha Jatt
1969: Zarqa
1971: Karishma
1974: Khatarnak
1974: Bahisht (producer only)
1975: Athra
1975: Balwant Kaur
1975: Dhan Jigra Maa Da
1975: Heera Phumman
1975: Izzat
1975: Jailor te Qaidi
1975: Mera Naa Patey Khan
1975: Rajjo
1975: Sir Da Badla
1975: Sultana Daku
1975: Watan Iman
1976: Ayyash
1976: Gangu Puttar Maa Da
1976: Jatt Kurrian Taun Darda
1976: Khaufnaak
1976: Kil Kil Mera Naa
1976: Pindiwal
1976: Wardat
1977: Aj Diyan Kurrian
1977: Akhri Goli
1977: Danka
1977: Jurm main keeta si
1977: Malikzada
1977: Mere Badshah
1977: Sadqay Teri Mout Tun
1977: Tera vi jawab nahin
1978: Chamman Khan
1978: Gharib da baal
1978: Ghunda
1978: Haidar Daler
1978: Inqalab
1978: Mazi, haal aur mustaqbil
1978: Nazrana
1978: Sharif Shehri
1978: Tax
1979: General Bakht Khan
1979: Mout meri zindagi
1979: Order
1980: Chhotay Nawab
1980: Heera Puttar
1982: Khatra 440
1989: Barood ki Chhaon
1990: Bulandi
1990: Jur'at
2013: Waar

Tribute and honour
Actress and model Iqra Aziz held a tribute in her memory on International Women's Day and described her a very fine actress, successful individual, an amazing wife, and a wonderful mother. The Government of Pakistan named a street and intersection after her in Lahore on August 16, 2021.

Awards and recognition

References

External links

Filmography of actress Neelo on Complete Index To World Film website Archived

1940 births
Actresses in Pashto cinema
2021 deaths
Pakistani film actresses
Nigar Award winners
People from Sargodha District
Punjabi people
20th-century Pakistani actresses
Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz
21st-century Pakistani actresses
Pakistani former Christians
Converts to Sunni Islam from Catholicism
Actresses in Urdu cinema
Actresses in Punjabi cinema


The St. Landry Parish School Board is located in Opelousas, Louisiana. The St. Landry Parish School District is rated a C district. Mr. Patrick Jenkins is the superintendent of the St. Landry Parish School System.

Schools
The St. Landry Parish School Board operates 36 public schools, including 23 elementary schools, two middle schools, seven high schools, and four alternative programs.

Elementary schools

Arnaudville Elementary SchoolCankton ElementaryCentral Middle SchoolEast ElementaryEunice ElementaryGlendale ElementaryGrand Coteau ElementaryGrand Prairie ElementaryGrolee Elementary SchoolHighland Elementary SchoolKrotz Springs Elementary SchoolLawtell Elementary SchoolLeonville Elementary SchoolNorth Elementary SchoolNortheast Elementary SchoolPalmetto Elementary SchoolPark Vista Elementary SchoolPlaisance Elementary SchoolPort Barre Elementary SchoolSouth Street Elementary SchoolSouthwest Elementary SchoolSunset Elementary SchoolWashington Elementary School

Junior high schools

Eunice Jr. High SchoolOpelousas Jr. High School

High schools

Beau Chene High SchoolEunice High SchoolNorth Central High SchoolNorthwest High SchoolOpelousas Sr. High SchoolPort Barre High SchoolMagnet Academy for Cultural Arts (MACA)

Alternative Programs

Eunice Career and Technical CenterSt. Landry Accelerated Transition School (SLATS)Center for Academic Programs (CAPS)Washington Career and Technical Education Center

Superintendent

On May 4, 1878, the Board of Public School Directors of St. Landry Parish published the duties regulating the Parish Superintendent of Education, "an office lately instituted by our Parish Board." The position of Superintendent of Schools for St. Landry Parish was created in 1878.

References

External links
St. Landry Parish School Board

School districts in Louisiana
Education in St. Landry Parish, Louisiana


Georg Ferdinand Dümmler (10 February 1859 – 15 November 1896) was a German classical philologist and archaeologist born in Halle an der Saale. He was the son of historian Ernst Ludwig Dümmler (1830–1902).

He was a student at the Universities of Halle, Strassburg and Bonn. At Strassburg, he studied under Adolf Michaelis (1835–1910), and in Bonn, he had as instructors Franz Bücheler (1837–1908), Hermann Usener (1834–1905) and Reinhard Kekulé von Stradonitz (1839–1911). In 1882 he received his doctorate with a thesis on the philosopher Antisthenes.

Following graduation, he undertook archaeological research excursions through Italy, Greece, Cyprus and the Aegean Islands. From 1887 to 1890, he was a lecturer at the University of Giessen, and afterwards was a professor of philology and archaeology at the University of Basel. In 1889 he published Akademika. Beiträge zur Litteraturgeschichte der sokratischen Schulen ("Academica, contributions to the literary history of the Socratic schools").

Dümmler died of an illness in Basel on 15 November 1896 at the age of 37.

References
 This article is based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia, source listed as: ADB:Dümmler, Ferdinand (Archäologe) @ Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Band 48, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1904, S. 163–166.

German classical philologists
Archaeologists from Saxony-Anhalt
Academic staff of the University of Basel
People from Halle (Saale)
1859 births
1896 deaths


Iron City is a prison novel by the American writer Lloyd L. Brown based on an actual court case and inspired by the author's experiences as a labor organizer and political prisoner in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 1936 to 1941.

The novel tells the story of Lonnie James, a black youth falsely convicted of-and sentenced to death for the murder of a white businessman. From inside the "iron city" of the Allegheny County Jail in Pittsburgh, America's "iron city," three black Communist prisoners spearhead a fight to save James's life. Iron City confronts race relations in mid-twentieth-century America inside and outside prison walls and promotes a Communist vision of racial and class solidarity.

References

1951 American novels
Novels set in Pittsburgh
Proletarian literature


César Castellanos Domínguez is a Protestant Shepherd, founder of the International Charismatic Mission in 1983, since when he has been its general Shepherd. Creator of the G12 Vision movement. In 1998 he was elected Representative to the Chamber for Bogotá. Husband of Colombian Senator Emma Claudia Castellanos, and father of Bogotá Councilor Sara Castellanos.

Vision G12
Castellanos traveled to South Korea in 1986, where he was impressed by the success of the cell strategy used at the Yoido Full Gospel Church, led by Pastor David Yonggi Cho. Castellanos applied this strategy in his own church, giving it significance for Christians by the use of the number twelve, recalling the Apostles. The strategy had an effect, managing to have 18 headquarters around Colombia and be present in countries such as the United States, Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador , Bolivia, Venezuela, Costa Rica and Argentina in America; Switzerland, Spain, the United Kingdom and France in Europe; Philippines, South Korea and Russia in Asia; and South Africa.

Political career
Castellanos was elected as Representative to the Chamber for Bogotá, with the endorsement of the National Christian Party, and was part of the Third Commission of said Chamber. Castellanos was the victim of an attempt on his life in 1997.

References

Colombian clergy
Charismatics pastors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Colombian evangelicals


The West Virginia Speleological Survey (WVaSS) is a speleological organization and ongoing cave survey program that has gathered information and published about West Virginia caves and karst since 1967.

WVaSS was founded by Roger Baroody who was motivated to continue the survey begun by William E. Davies (1917–1990) in his Caverns of West Virginia (1949, 1950, 1965). Davis’ book and its updates were published as part of the West Virginia Geological Survey series, but after 1965 it became apparent that no further updates would be forthcoming. Large quantities of new cave and karst data were becoming available and so the need for a dedicated survey program seemed evident.

Organization and history
The WVaSS is a highly informal, voluntary, non-profit association of cavers and caving groups. In 1978, WVaSS became a Study Group of the National Speleological Society (NSS) and in 1987 was granted 501c3 tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service.

Safeguards
For reasons of cave conservation and safety, it is the policy of WVaSS to sell bulletins only to NSS members and individuals and agencies doing karst research. Certain caves contain unique speleothems, rare forms of cave life, or have serious landowner-caver relations problems. For these caves, the WVaSS may refrain from publication.

Publications
Beginning in 1971, the WVaSS has produced 19 publications (“bulletins”) to date. It has attempted to maintain a balance between bulletins that simply present cave surveys/descriptions (14 so far) and bulletins advancing specific karst research (5 so far). In aggregate, the 11 survey bulletins have provided descriptions of over 2175 caves in 14 West Virginia counties. The research survey bulletins include a master's thesis on cave development, a bibliography of West Virginia caves and karst, and bulletins on the invertebrate and vertebrate fauna of West Virginia caves.

WVaSS publications
An asterisk (*) indicates an out-of-print publication.

Bulletins
BULLETIN 1* — Caves of Randolph County, by Doug Medville, 1971. 218 pages,over 200 caves described.
BULLETIN 2* — Development of Solution Features Cloverlick Valley, Pocahontas County, by Eb Werner, 1972. 62 pages. A discussion of the geology and geomorphology of karst features in Cloverlick Valley.
BULLETIN 3 — Index of the Literature Pertaining to West Virginia Caves and Karst, by Eb Werner, 1974. 155 pages.
BULLETIN 4* — Caves of Monroe County, by John C. Hempel, 1975. 171 pages describing 210 caves.
BULLETIN 5* — Caves of North Central West Virginia, by E. Ray & Mary Ellen Garton, 1976. 116 pages describing 111 caves in 7 counties (viz., Barbour, Harrison, Marion, Monongalia, Ohio, Preston, and Upshur).
BULLETIN 6* — Caves and Karst Hydrology in Northern Pocahontas County, by Doug & Hazel Medville, 1976. 174 pages describing over 300 caves. See Bulletin 10.
BULLETIN 7* — The Invertebrate Cave Fauna of West Virginia, by John R. Holsinger, Roger A. Baroody & David C. Culver, 1976. 86 pages.
BULLETIN 8* — Caves of the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia, by Robert Gulden & Mark Johnson, 1985. 135 pages describing 89 caves in 3 counties.
BULLETIN 9* — Caves of the Organ Cave Plateau, Greenbrier County, West Virginia, edited by Paul J. Stevens, 1988. Over 70 pages devoted to Organ Cave, the second longest in West Virginia, 37+ miles. At 100 feet to the inch the map of the system covers 80 pages. Also included are descriptions of 50 other caves on the Organ Cave Plateau. 200 pages.
BULLETIN 10 — Caves and Karst Hydrology of Southern Pocahontas County and the Upper Spring Creek Valley, by Gary D. Storrick, 1992. 220 pages, 428 caves including 43+ mile Friars Hole System. 100 maps, 30 photos, 30 fold-out maps including Friars Hole at 1"=160'. Companion volume to Bulletin 6.
BULLETIN 11 — The Vertebrate Fauna of West Virginia Caves, by E. Ray Garton, Fredrick Grady & Steven D. Carey, 1993. 100 pages describing and listing the living vertebrates reported from WV caves. Lists over 550 records for 57 species in over 220 caves. 5 color plates, 3 B/W plates.
BULLETIN 12 — The Caves and Karst of Buckeye Creek Basin, by George R. Dasher and William M. Balfour, 1994. 238 page, 80 photos, 4 color plates, 62 illustrations, 35 cave maps including 4 foldouts, with descriptions of 116 caves including the 5+ mile Buckeye Creek Cave System.
BULLETIN 13 — Caves and Karst of Randolph, by Doug & Hazel Medville, 1995. Completely revised and updated to replace Bulletin 1. Describes 520 caves, 41 photos, with 150 maps, (11 foldout) including first ever full map of Simmons Mingo Cave, 252 pages.
BULLETIN 14 — Caves of East-Central West Virginia--The Guidebook of the National Speleological Society’s 2000 Convention, Elkins, West Virginia, edited by George R. Dasher, May 2000. Contains 60+ cave descriptions plus maps including 20 large fold-out maps in separate map packet. Also includes interviews with well-known cavers of the region, detailed geology, hydrology, paleontology, biology and field trips. 300 pages.
BULLETIN 15 — Caves and Karst of Pendleton County, by George Dasher, 2001. 404 pages describing 326 caves with 172 cave maps, 23 as fold outs, with 202 photos.
BULLETIN 16 — The Invertebrate Cave Fauna of West Virginia, 2nd ed., by Daniel W. Fong, David C. Culver, Horton H. Hobbs III, and Tanja Pipan, 2007; 167 pages, 11 color photos, 42 color maps, and six tables; describes 88 species and three subspecies in 282 caves in 19 West Virginia counties.
BULLETIN 17 — Caves and Karst of Grant County, West Virginia, by George Dasher, 2010. 120 pages describing 90 caves with 35 cave maps, with 91 photos.
BULLETIN 18 — The Caves and Karst of Tucker County, by Doug McCarty & Brian Masney, 2011. 302 pages describing 304 caves and karst features, with 96 cave maps, and 155 photos, with a CD containing color versions of all maps and photos, including several maps too large for the book.
BULLETIN 19 — The Caves and Karst of West Virginia, by George Dasher, 2012. The bulletin is 264 pages long, and contains descriptions of West Virginia's karst and limestones, summaries of the state's caves by river basins, and list of West Virginia's long caves, deep caves, deep pits, saltpeter caves, significant caves, karst springs, dye traces, VAR cave accidents, and reprints of the 2000 and 2012 NSS Convention geology field trips.

Monographs
MONOGRAPH 1 — "Caves in the Richlands Area of Greenbrier County, West Virginia", edited by Bert Ashbrook, 1995. 48 caves are described in a  area, with 25 figures, photos, tables & maps including 4 large foldouts, 37 pages.
MONOGRAPH 2 — "Recent Spring Creek Area Dye Tracings, Greenbrier County, West Virginia", by George R. Dasher & Dr. Doug G. Boyer, February 2000. Contains detailed analysis, significance and historical perspective of the karst springs of the Buckeye Creek, Culverson Creek and Spring Creek drainage basins. Maps, photos and illustrations. 28 pages.

Miscellaneous
Proceedings of the 1976 N.S.S. Annual Convention, Morgantown, WV edited by Eb Werner, 1977. 60 pages with 18 papers.
Proceedings of the 1977 N.S.S. Annual Convention, Alpena, MI edited by Eb Werner, 1979. 90 pages with 16 papers.
Caverns of West Virginia* by William E. Davies, 1965. 474 pages describing over 500 caves. Hard cover. Soft cover reprint, 1994.
Caverns of West Virginia by William E. Davies, 1965 supplement. 72 pages describing 194 caves.
Karst Hydrology Atlas of West Virginia by William K. Jones, 1997. Special Publication 4 of the Karst Waters Institute. 111 pages describing 22 aspects of the Hydrogeologic Setting in West Virginia including Karst Drainage Basins, Biological Significance of Karst, Land-use Planning for Karst Areas and the results of tracer tests in West Virginia. 11x14 format, dozens of photos, maps and charts.
West Virginia Caver, Published every other month as official newsletter of the Charleston, ESSO, Monongahela, Monroe County Cavers, Mountain State, Parkersburg Area, Warsaw Underground, WV Association for Cave Studies, GROSS Grotto, and the WV University Student Grottos. Edited by George Dasher, each issue is generally 18-20 pages. 124 issues have been published as of 11/01.
Hydrology of Limestone Karst in Greenbrier County, West Virginia (Bulletin 36) by William K. Jones, 1973. 55 pages describing several cave systems.
Limestones of West Virginia by J.B. McCue, J.B. Luke & H.P. Woodward, 1939. 560 pages, hard cover.
Springs of West Virginia by Paul H. Price, John B. McCue & Homer A. Hoskins, 1936. 146 pages describing the geology, history and chemistry of 176 springs in West Virginia.
Springs of West Virginia 50th Anniversary Revised Edition by Jane S. McColloch, 1986. 493 pages describing the geology, history and chemistry of 1193 springs in West Virginia. All major karst springs included.
Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Karst Geology and Hydrology edited by H.W. Rauch & Eb Werner, 1974. 192 pages, 22 papers, 10 abstracts.
Structural Contour Map on the Greenbrier Limestone in West Virginia by O.L. Haught, 1968. 35 X 38 inch map.
Ground-water Hydrology of the Potomac River Basin in West Virginia by W.A. Hobba, E.A. Friel, J.K. Chrisholm, 1973. 31 X 45 inch map.
Karst Subsidence and Linear Features Map of Greenbrier and Monroe Counties, West Virginia by P. Lessing, S.L. Dean, B.R. Kulander & J.H. Renalds, 1979. 32 X 58 inch map.
Limestone Outcrops and Probable Areas Underlain by Rock Salt and Natural Brine in West Virginia. 8.5 X 11 inch map.
WV Geological Survey County Geologic Reports and Geologic Maps. All county reports are rare out of print books but our extensive network of resources can generally find most titles within a few days or weeks. All books are hard bound and the accompanying geologic maps (when available) are in color at a scale of 1:62:500 (1 inch = 1 mile). Titles of interest to cavers include: Greenbrier County, 1939, 846 pages. Pocahontas County, 1929, 531 pages. Randolph County, 1931, 989 pages. Hampshire & Hardy Counties, 1927, 624 pages. Jefferson, Berkeley & Morgan Counties, 1916, 644 pages. Mercer, Monroe & Summers Counties, 1926, 963 pages. Mineral & Grant Counties, 1924, 866 pages. Pendleton County, 1927, 384 pages. Tucker County, 1923, 542 pages.

External links
WVaSS website

Caving organizations in the United States
Scientific organizations based in the United States
Organizations based in West Virginia


There's One in Every Family is the second  studio album by the American  rapper Fiend, released in 1998 on No Limit Records. It was produced by Master P and Beats By the Pound. Like most of the albums released by No Limit in the late 1990s, the album was a success, peaking at #8 on the Billboard 200 and #1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. It featured all of the label's top acts, including Master P, Snoop Dogg, Silkk the Shocker, Mystikal, Mia X, and C-Murder.

Commercial performance
The album was certified Gold by the RIAA. The single, "Take My Pain", featuring Master P, Silkk The Shocker, and Sons of Funk, peaked at #11 on the Top Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks.

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

See also
List of number-one R&B albums of 1998 (U.S.)

References

1998 albums
Fiend (rapper) albums
No Limit Records albums
Priority Records albums


Misión Carismática Internacional (also called International Charismatic Mission Church in english) is an evangelical megachurch, in Bogotá, Colombia, its part of the neo-charismatic movement. It operates under a pyramidal and cellular model.

The senior pastor and head of this organization is César Castellanos and his wife, Claudia Castellanos since its founding in 1983; their four daughters are also pastors at the organization.

In 2016, the attendance is estimated in 25,000 people.

History
The church was founded in 1983 by César and Claudia Castellanos as a cell group with 8 people. This same year, they visited Yoido Full Gospel Church in Seoul to learn about how to develop the church As of 2008, the church had more than 250,000 members in the World, organized into a structure of small cell groups. The church's teaching are titled the G12 Vision, which is based upon the mentoring of 12 disciples similar in method to Jesus. Castellanos stated that he was inspired to create the discipleship program after receiving a vision from God in 1983.  In 2016, Misión Carismática Internacional has 25,000 people.

Statistics
According to a census of the denomination in 2022, it would have 142 churches.

Beliefs and values
Its theology is based on the word of faith or prosperity gospel, and focuses on personal holiness and moral upstanding in order to be able to be "used by God". Every member is encouraged to become a cell group leader and have 12 disciples just as Jesus did.

See also
List of the largest evangelical churches
List of the largest evangelical church auditoriums
Worship service (evangelicalism)

References

External links
 mci12.com

Evangelical megachurches in Colombia
Christian organizations established in 1983


VEPR () is a Ukrainian multi-purpose off-road vehicle designed and assembled by the Kremenchuk Automobile Assembly Plant.  (The name is a pun:Ukrainian: Вепр, wild boar.)

The designers' goal was to create an SUV-type vehicle which would have the same terrain ability traditionally reserved for larger cargo vehicles, such as the KrAZ and Ural. The patent has been received for the passenger-cargo vehicle.

The per-unit price of the VEPR is estimated to be between $50,000 and $250,000.

Description
Fuel consumption is said to be modest for a vehicle of this size, with 14 liters per 100 km in urban areas, and 11.5 liters per 100 km on highways. This makes the VEPR more fuel-efficient than the smaller Hummer.

Standard modification includes:
 Adjustable pressure tires for use on all terrains
 A/C and heat independent of the engine
 Drum brakes of closed type, for harsh temperatures and driving over ford crossings, can clear up to 1.5 meter water level
 Stainless steel frame and parts
 BTR-94 wheels

Variants
 VEPR-K "Commander" (ВЕПР-К «Командир»)
 military armored variant
 extreme off-road, civilian unarmored variant. It is said to be targeted at the American Hummer SUV. photo
 VEPR-K "Sport" (ВЕПР-К «Спорт») - unarmored rally car, at least one was made in 2013 photo
 VEPR-M "Hunter" (ВЕПР-М «Мисливець») - Fully enclosed unarmored cab-forward truck photo
 VEPR-S "Special" (ВЕПР-С «Спеціальний») - fully enclosed cab-forward multi-purpose armored vehicle with «Кольчуга» passive sensor or «Мандат-Б1Е» electronic countermeasure system. Only 15 were made. Not produced since May 2011 photo

Production
At least 10 vehicles have been produced for the Siberian Tyumen and Yakutiya regions, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan until 15 March 2006.

Operators

Current operators
  - 1 VEPR-S "Special" since May 2008
  - 1 VEPR-S "Special" since May 2008

References

External links
 http://vepr.com.ua/ - official site of VEPR
 http://forums.finalgear.com/automotive-news/ukrainian-vepr-14023/ - forum discussion on VEPR
 http://video.aol.com/video-detail/-vepr/1194143355 - test-drive video of VEPR

Off-road vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Armoured fighting vehicles of Ukraine
Military trucks
Cars of Ukraine
Expanded length sport utility vehicles
Military vehicles introduced in the 2000s


"Short Shorts" is a song written and performed by Tom Austin, Bill Crandell, Bill Dalton, Russ Viers, and Bob Gaudio, members of The Royal Teens. It reached #2 on the U.S. R&B chart and #3 on the U.S. pop chart in 1958. The group originally released the track on the small New York label Power Records in 1957.

In an interview with Newsweek, Dalton explained how the song came to be written: "We were practicing one night at my house, and one guy started putting some notes together. Another guy picked it up and added some more. Before we knew it we had a tune. During the next three weeks we added and changed and polished until we had it the way we wanted it. Later, the four of us were riding down the street in Bergenfield ... It was a warm day and we saw this girl in shorts walking down the street. That gave us the idea for the lyrics."

The record ranked #35 on Billboard's Year-End top 50 singles of 1958.

Other charting versions
The Salsoul Orchestra released it as a single which reached #106 on the U.S. pop chart in 1977.

Other versions
Tiny Bradshaw and His Orchestra, as a single in 1958, which did not chart.
Tommy Sands, as part of a medley with "(I'm) All Shook Up", "Splish Splash", and "Hound Dog" on his 1960 live album, Sands at the Sands.
Freddie and the Dreamers, on their 1965 album, Frantic Freddie.
From the 1970s to the 90s, the song was adapted into the campaign slogan "We wear short shorts, Nair for short shorts" in commercials for Nair hair removal products.
The Simpsons featured the song four times, in the episodes "Homer the Heretic" (1992), "El Viaje Misterioso de Nuestro Jomer (The Mysterious Voyage of Homer)" (1997), "She of Little Faith" (2001), and "Sweets and Sour Marge" (2002).
The Jersey Boys 2005 Broadway cast, on their 2005 album, Jersey Boys (Original Broadway Cast Recording).
In the 2006 Family Guy episode "Stu & Stewie's Excellent Adventure", a sixty-something Joe Swanson living in the year 2035 sang, "Who wears short shorts? I wear short shorts!!" while flaunting the legs transplanted from his now-deceased wife Bonnie.

References

1957 songs
1957 singles
1958 singles
1977 singles
Songs written by Bob Gaudio
Freddie and the Dreamers songs
ABC Records singles


Emma Claudia Castellanos (formerly called Claudia Yadira Inés Rodríguez de Castellanos) is a Colombian Evangelical pastor of the International Charismatic Mission megachurch and politician. She is married to the also Evangelical pastor César Castellanos Domínguez. She was twice elected to the Senate of Colombia, first from 1991 to 1994, and again from 2006 to 2010; she also was appointed as Ambassador of Colombia to Brazil by her political sponsor at the time, from 2004 to 2005.

Controversies
She has been the subject of controversy in her political career for being constantly absent in Congress and was disciplinary investigated by the Attorney General's Office "for not supporting in a timely manner the excuse presented", "for failing to attend without a valid excuse" and "for not attending and not presenting an excuse to sessions".

Regarding her diplomatic work as ambassador in Brazil, her subordinates at the Embassy gave complaints before the Attorney General's Office of her abandoning diplomatic obligations and dedicating herself to church duties instead; during the eight months in which she remained as ambassador, she accumulated a dossier of complaints that was delivered to the Foreign Ministry, however, in 2013 she received a medal by then-Senator Claudia Wilches, whom he politically sponsors and is part of the team of pastors of the International Charismatic Mission.

In 2007 she was investigated for an unjustified increase in her assets due to inconsistencies found by the Prosecutor's Office in the accounting of the senator and her husband, Pastor César Castellanos; she could not justify part of the money that they found for the couple and that was in her name; the case was referred to the Supreme Court.

Selected works

References

Living people
Politicians from Bogotá
Colombian evangelicals
Colombian women in politics
Colombian women lawyers
Members of the Senate of Colombia
Ambassadors of Colombia to Brazil
Social Party of National Unity politicians
Colombian women ambassadors
Year of birth missing (living people)


Popular election or popular vote may refer to:

 Any election in a democracy
 An election taking place under universal suffrage
 Direct election, an election in which people vote directly for the candidate that they want
 Popular vote, in an indirect election, is the total number of votes received in the first-phase election, as opposed to the votes cast by those elected to take part in the final election
 In United States presidential elections it connotes the total number or percentage of votes cast for a candidate by voters in the 50 states and Washington, D.C., as distinguished from the electoral college vote which decides the outcome. See also the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact
 Referendum, or plebiscite, a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to vote on a particular proposal
 Straw poll, an ad hoc or unofficial vote
 Popularity contest, pejorative


Pitmilly is the site of a former estate located five miles south-east of St Andrews, Scotland. Its historical significance is threefold. It has been inhabited from ancient times; artifacts continue to be recovered from the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages and a well-known barrow (burial mound) Tumulus from the Bronze Age still exists there. It is connected to Clan Hay in that Eva of Pitmilly, the Celtic heiress to these lands, married William II de Haya, a Norman, in the 12th century C.E., with the couple becoming the progenitors of that Scottish clan. Finally, for over seven centuries, it was owned by the important Monypenny family.

Pitmilly Lands

The name, Pitmilly or Pitmillie, has been used for centuries, but many variants occurred in earlier times. These include Petmullin, Pitmulin, Pethmolyn, and Pitmaulin. They probably reflect the P-Celtic, Scottish Gaelic, Scots and Latin languages, coupled with no great desire for consistency in spelling and the modification of place names that occurs so often. The prefix pit is derived from the P-Celtic word, pett, meaning a piece of land, and is very common in place-names in this part of Scotland. The second part of the name means mill, regardless of its various forms. Pitmilly means, therefore, a piece of land by the mills, and indeed, there are still ruined mills at Pitmilly.

The Pitmilly Lands lie on both sides of the Pitmilly Burn, a stream that joins the larger Kenly Water, just before the latter reaches the North Sea between Craig Hartle and Babbet Ness on the east Fife coast. The lands on the east side of the Pitmilly Burn border that sea. In order to define further the Pitmilly Lands as they have been known through the centuries, it is helpful to note that in the early 20th century, before it was broken up, the Pitmilly estate consisted of the manor house with its grounds, known as Pitmilly House, several farms, a flax mill and a grist mill, both of which may have been ruins then, and a fisherman's bothy. The farms, all of which are identified on the 2008 Ordnance Survey map, are Boghall, Falside, Hillhead, Morton of Pitmilly and Kilduncan. A possible source of confusion is that the Kenly Water has sometimes been known, and shown on maps, as Pitmilly Burn, but it seems clear that the Pitmilly Burn of the Pitmilly Lands is a tributary stream.

A study of the cartography of the region from 1642 onwards shows the different naming of Pitmilly Burn and Kenly Water by individual mapmakers.  In one map the two streams reach the North Sea separately. It also shows that a manor house  existed at Pitmilly in 1775 and that the present farms in the region have existed for a long time, with the same names.  One map refers to Pitmilly mills in the plural, which explains why two different mills have sometimes individually been referred to as Pitmilly Mill. The spelling of Pitmilly varies only slightly. In addition to Pitmilly, the name is found as Pitmilli, Pitmil (possibly as an abbreviation) and Pit Mille. The family name, Moneypenny, appears on a map in 1775.

History before the arrival of the Normans

Artifacts have been recovered from the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Age s, indicating that Pitmilly has been inhabited since at least the Neolithic Age.  Beatson and Wright, in The Statistical Accounts of Scotland of 1791-99 and 1834–45, respectively, described stone coffins, containing human bones, on the shore of Kingsbarns parish, which includes Pitmilly.  They stated that the tombs were thought to be of Danes, i.e., Viking raiders, but Beatson appears dubious. From these descriptions, there is no doubt that the tombs were really Bronze Age cists. Pitmilly Law, a Bronze Age burial barrow, now with trees growing on its summit, is a local landmark on the Pitmilly estate. An article by Skinner in 1869 discusses the finding of six empty cists there. In 1867, he had discussed nearby cists on the Pitmilly estate that contained skeletons.  Around 2004, an early Bronze Age cist was discovered just outside the ruins of Pitmilly House during road work; it contained a skeleton and a food vessel of the Yorkshire vase tradition. Neolithic carved stone balls have been found in several locations in Scotland and in 2006 one was recovered near Pitmilly Law.

There appears to be no historical record, specifically, of Pitmilly from the Bronze Age to when the Normans arrived in Scotland. The Picts lived and farmed there, as nearby St Andrew developed into an important ecclesiastical center.  Robert Sibbald, writing in 1710, states  that there were some obelisks of rough stone on higher ground, just south of the former site of Inchmurtach, a country residence of the Bishop of St Andrews Archbishop of St Andrews, and now the site of Kenlygreen. That location would presumably place them on the Pitmilly Estate. He quotes "the great antiquary, Mr. Maule", as believing that these were the monuments of some great men killed in battle with the Danes. This conclusion may be valid because the Danes (Vikings) frequently invaded these shores. However, it is also possible that the stones were menhirs erected by the Picts. Such stones are common in Scotland.

Countess Ada and Pitmilly

In the latter half of the twelfth century, Countess Ada de Warenne, William I of Scotland's mother, made two grants concerning land that she owned at Pitmilly to the St Andrews Cathedral Priory. King William subsequently confirmed both grants.

The Hays and Pitmilly
William II de Haya, the first recorded de Haya in Scotland, married Eva of Pitmilly no later than 1171. Little is known about Eva, except that she was the heiress to land at Pitmilly which she brought into the marriage. However, this marriage was important because it was the beginning of the family that became Clan Hay. In 1172, William II de Haya leased one ploughgate in Pitmilly to St Andrews Cathedral Priory and its hospital for twenty years at an annual rent of half a merk of silver. The brief association of the Hays with Pitmilly essentially ended when, shortly after William's death around 1201, Eva and their son, David, after a dispute with the canons of St Andrews Cathedral Priory, quitclaimed the land to the priory, but retained the annual rent of half a merk of silver.  The land in question was part of Eva's tocher (dowry) and is known to be Falside from the rubric on King William's charter. Falside still exists as a farm in Pitmilly. However, nothing remains at Pitmilly of whatever residence Eva's family occupied there, if indeed they did live there in the 12th century.

The Monypennys and Pitmilly

The centuries-long association of the Monypennys with Pitmilly began in 1211, when Thomas, Prior of St Andrews, granted a charter of the lands of Pitmilly to Richard Monipennie, quam Malisius tennit. The former was probably a Norman knight, while Malisius (Malise of Pitmilly) was the tenant renting the land at the time. In 1296, along with the other Scots gentry and landowners, John de Monypenny of Pitmilly signed the so-called Ragman Rolls by which he swore fealty solely to Edward I of England.  Had he not done so, he would have forfeited his lands and suffered other severe penalties. There appears to be little historical record of Pitmilly, as opposed to the Moneypenny family, during the following centuries. Sibbald, writing in 1710, notes the existence of the house, one mile east of Kingsbarns, of a very ancient family of the name of Monipenny. Ainslie, in 1775, depicts on his map the square area of the grounds and house, labeling them as "Pitmilly Coll" and "Moneypenny".  The Pitmilly House, of which records exist, was built in three stages. The first two, adjoining, blocks were apparently built in the 18th century. The third stage, a block added to the front of the house, was built in the typical style of a Georgian mansionGeorgian architecture in 1818, the architect being Robert Balfour of St. Andrews.  National Monuments Record of Scotland have found no evidence that an earlier house stood on this specific site. However, stone wall fragments from another large structure have been described to the south-east of this house and may have been part of an earlier residence. They no longer exist. Pitmilly is not mentioned in either the 1791-99 Statistical Account of Scotland or in the New Statistical Account, published between 1834 and 1845. However, Slater's Directory, circa 1852, mentions Pitmilly as a very ancient seat in the northern part of Kingsbarns parish, while the Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland in 1865 notes the presence of Pitmilly as an estate with a mansion. The last Monypenny to live at Pitmilly was Charlton James Blackwell Monypenny, 1867–1947, who immigrated to South America in 1902, when he is still identified as the owner. The Monypenny family later sold Pitmilly House and the farms on the estate.

Pitmilly after the Monypennys

Pitmilly House was taken over during World War II as a billet for Women's Royal Naval Service (WRNS). After the war it operated as a hotel under several owners, but ultimately these businesses failed and the house, which was said to be haunted by a particularly active poltergeist, deteriorated badly. It burned in 1967, with much of the building material subsequently being salvaged to build houses in Kingsbarns. Pitmilly now exists as good agricultural land, with the farms of the former estate still operating. Of these, Morton of Pitmilly has been renovated as a self-catering holiday resort. The most important landmark is Pitmilly Law. The ruins of two mills and of a fisherman's bothy on the estate remain. Hillhead Mill was a grist mill, on which the date 1716 is still evident, and is located at the junction of Pitmilly Burn and Kenly Water. Crail Mill was a flax mill with an adjacent miller's house (which still bears the date 1790), located a few hundred yards upstream from Hillhead Mill. There is a large, marshy pond to the west of the miller's house, probably representing the retting pond for the flax.  Some confusion in nomenclature exists because both mills have on occasion been referred to individually as Pitmilly Mill. Little of Pitmilly House itself is left. Pitmilly West, built in 1975 on the site of the west gate house, operates as bed and breakfast. The other three gatehouses, the walls surrounding the grounds, pathways through the grounds, as well as ruins of the stables and the bowling alley remain. The Gate Lodge has been refurbished to a high standard; the East Lodge is in its original, Georgian, condition, while South Lodge is completely ruinous. Several photographs of the Pitmilly area as it is now can be found on Geograph Britain and Ireland at Grid Square NO5713 and adjacent squares The local beach is unofficially called Pitmilly Beach with the Fife Coastal Path running along  that beach and then entering the valley of Kenly Water, past the Pitmilly mills.

Notes

References

Barrow, G.W.S, editor; Scott,W.W. (1971). Regesta Regum Scottorum Vol II; The Acts of William I, King of Scots, 1165-1214. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Bruce, O.T.(ed) (1841). Liber Cartarum Prioratus Sancti Andree in Scotia; E Registro Ipso in Archivis Baronum De Panmure Hodie Asservato.

Geography of Fife
History of Fife
Neolithic Scotland
Bronze Age sites in Scotland
Iron Age sites in Scotland


Balshaw's CE High School is a comprehensive Church of England secondary school located on Church Road in Leyland, England.

Location
It is situated on Church Road in Leyland, England just south of the B5248 in the east of Leyland, close to the West Coast Main Line, and 546 yards (500m) west of the M6.

History and events

Foundation
The school was founded by Richard Balshaw in 1782.  He established a high school called Golden Hill - until the 1920s that school was the original school for Balshaw's pupils. In 1922 work started on building a new school on a 5-acre site.

Grammar school
Opened in 1931, it was Balshaw's Grammar School until 1972, when after the abolition of the 11 plus exam, it became Balshaw's High School.

Comprehensive
In 1972 the school partnered with Parklands High School opening Runshaw College, joining to combine both the schools' sixth forms. The school later abandoned its Grammar status in favour of comprehensive status in September 1972, becoming Balshaw's High School. In 1994 the school became a Church of England school.

Newer expansions

2013
 Construction of the 3G Astro multi-sport pitch began after students fund-raised for the area.

2014
 Construction of the 3G Astro was completed before the new intake arrived.

2016
 A new PE building was constructed which housed a fitness suite and PE office as well as new corridors to make access around the department easier.
 Old corridors and areas in the PE and Drama departments such as the backstage passages and storage rooms were renovated along with the re-modeling of the Old Gym into a new dance studio. The changing rooms were also greatly improved and toilets were added.
 Fire systems were fully replaced with new smoke detectors and alarms in every room. Strobe lights were also added in areas where the alarms may not be able to be heard such as music rooms.
 New electronic door access systems were installed along with basic CCTV

2017
 New equipment for the music department such as new music instruments for practice rooms and recording rooms.
 The music department was planned to be fully expanded in 2017 but plans were later scrapped

2018
 New IT upgrades such as new computers began, many old computers from the school's main computer rooms were removed and replaced with new all-in-one desktop PCs running Windows 10.

2019
 New security fencing was erected outside the school and CCTV coverage was increased.

Traditions

House system
The school is split into traditional houses. The house system consists of all years, all of which have four divisions (see below). These divisions are named after four areas of Lancashire, and are managed by learning managers.

The houses are managed by separate staff:
 Cuerden - Mrs Coburn
 Farington - Mr Riley
 Worden - Mr Jennings
 Clayton - Mrs Lupton

Headteachers
Jo Venn finished her stint as headteacher at the end of the 2014 spring term; having been in the position from 1995 where she took over from Paul Ingram. Venn was the first female headteacher throughout the school's history. From September 2014, Steven Haycocks became headteacher, making him the first new headteacher in 20 years.

School mottos

The school motto is Non Sibi Sed Aliis which is Latin for "Not for oneself, but for others". However the school has now adopted the somewhat common motto "Aiming at Excellence". Another commonly used motto used within the school, primarily during assemblies, is "If you don't have anything nice to say, don't say anything at all".

Ofsted inspections
The school was formally inspected by the HM Inspectorate of Schools on Thursday 4 June 2009, the previous one being in 2006, and achieved 'Good' status. A further Inspection took place in 2013 where the school was promoted to 'Outstanding' status. However, following the latest inspection which took place on 2 and 3 February 2023, the school was downgraded to a status of ‘Good’ with the report published online on 21 March 2023.

Eco-Schools
Balshaw's is part of the Eco-Schools scheme in Lancashire. This came with a lot of development, by way of recording waste usage, electricity, gas, and how well the school does economically with regard to funds, budgets and the environment. This meant creating new targets and innovating energy use for better sustainability. On 2 July 2009, the first Eco event held was an "Eco-Day", in which the pupils worked with eco-friendly materials and learnt about how to lead environmentally friendly lifestyles. Subsequent to this, further Eco events and projects have been held. One of the recent events was their Eco Garden Party in 2014.

Notable former pupils
 Tisha Merry, actress, currently known for playing Steph Britton in Coronation Street since 2013.
 Tom Bidwell, TV scriptwriter, nominated for an Academy Award in 2011, for his film Wish 143
 Marcus Bleasdale, photo journalist
 Clarke Carlisle footballer for Burnley F.C., achieving 10 A-grades at GCSE
 Bryn Hargreaves, rugby league player
 Trevor Mather, Chief Executive since 2006 of ThoughtWorks
 Danny Mayor, footballer
 Chris Tuson, rugby league player
 Phil Jones, footballer for Manchester United F.C.(formerly Blackburn Rovers F.C.)
 Amy Evans, artist

Balshaw's Grammar School
 John Aldington, physicist who did important work at Siemens in Preston on the development of mercury-vapour lamps
 Ian Bleasdale, TV actor
 Prof Thomas Hope, Professor of French Language and Romance Philology from 1968 to 1987 at the University of Leeds
 Sir John Lawton CBE, Chief Executive from 1999 to 2005 of the Natural Environment Research Council
 David Loftus MBE, Chaplain to the Royal Military School of Music
 Sylvia Mylroie, Baroness Jay of Ewelme, Chair of the Pilgrim Trust, and married to Michael Jay, Baron Jay of Ewelme
 Sir James Sharples, Chief Constable from 1989 to 1998 of Merseyside Police

Leyland Grammar School
 Thomas Walker (Australian politician)

References

External links

Church of England secondary schools in the Diocese of Blackburn
Secondary schools in Lancashire
Educational institutions established in 1931
Schools in South Ribble
Voluntary controlled schools in England

Leyland, Lancashire
1931 establishments in England


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Madera County, California.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Madera County, California, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in an online map.

There are 4 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

Current listings

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See also

List of National Historic Landmarks in California
National Register of Historic Places listings in California
California Historical Landmarks in Madera County, California

References

Madera


German Giovanni Ruano González (born 17 October 1971), popularly known as El Chino, is a former Guatemalan football defender who played the majority of his career for Municipal in the Guatemalan top division, and was also a member of the Guatemala national team.

Club career
Born in Guatemala City, Ruano, a right back of outstanding defensive and attacking skills, began his career with local side Suchitepéquez. In 1993, he was brought by coach Horacio Cordero to Municipal, where he would remain for the next 16 years, winning 12 league titles and five domestic cups, thus becoming one of the most honoured players in the history of the club. By 2008, he had become the second-longest serving active squad member after Juan Carlos Plata.

After finishing second on the 2008–2009 clausura tournament, Municipal did not renew his contract, and afterwards Ruano, who wore the number 17 on his shirt throughout his career, announced his retirement.

International career
Ruano made his debut for Guatemala in a December 1995 UNCAF Nations Cup match against Panama and went on to collect 57 caps in the next six years, appearing in a total 19 matches during the qualification processes to the World Cups of 1998 and 2002. He also played four matches at the 1996 CONCACAF Gold Cup and two matches at the 1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup.

His final international was a January 2001 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Costa Rica, a game which also marked the end of the international careers of national team stalwarts Jorge Rodas and Edgar Valencia.

Honours
Club
Liga Mayor / Liga Nacional winner (12): 1993–94, 2000 Apertura, 2000 Clausura, 2001, 2002 Clausura, 2003 Apertura, 2004 Apertura, 2005 Clausura, 2005 Apertura, 2006 Clausura, 2006 Apertura, 2008 Clausura
Domestic Cup tournament winner (5): 1994, 1995, 1998, 2003, 2004
 Campeón de Campeones (Super Cup) winner (2): 1994, 1997

References

External links

 FIFA.com - Individual record at FIFA tournaments

1971 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Guatemalan men's footballers
Guatemala men's international footballers
C.S.D. Municipal players
C.D. Suchitepéquez players
1996 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Footballers from Guatemala City


Walter Santesso (27 February 1931 in Padua, Italy – 20 January 2008) was an Italian film actor and director. His character name "Paparazzo" in Federico Fellini's 1960 film La Dolce Vita has become synonymous with modern celebrity/tabloid photographers, who are collectively referred to as paparazzi.

Filmography

References

External links

1931 births
2008 deaths
Italian male film actors
Italian film directors
Actors from Padua
Film people from Padua


Ko Losin (, ) is a small rocky islet in the southern area of the Gulf of Thailand. It is under the Panare District (administrative area) of the Pattani Province of Thailand.

Owing to the islet's relative remoteness, the area around Ko Losin is a good diving spot, where sharks and mantas thrive undisturbed.

Territorial dispute
Though barren and uninhabited, Ko Losin, along with the islet of Ko Kra () form the basis of a maritime territorial dispute. The dispute over the continental shelf boundary between Malaysia and Thailand arises from the different baselines which the two countries adopt in calculating the equidistant line for boundary. Thailand's proclaimed baseline runs from the terminus at Kuala Tabar (the eastern terminus of the Malaysia-Thailand land border as defined by the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909) northwards to Ko Losin islet and then northwestwards to Ko Kra. Malaysia however does not regard Ko Losin as a valid baseline point and calculates the equidistant line on a baseline running along the shore.

See also
 List of islands of Thailand
 Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909

Notes and references

External links
 Vietnam’s First Maritime Boundary Agreement

Losin
Territorial disputes of Thailand
Territorial disputes of Malaysia
Malaysia–Thailand border
Islands of the Gulf of Thailand


Edict on the Transfer of the Capital (, , ) is the edict written by the asking of emperor Lý Thái Tổ and was issued in the fall of 1010 to transfer the capital of Đại Cồ Việt from Hoa Lư to Đại La.

History
In 968, Vietnam was unified by emperor Đinh Bộ Lĩnh, ended the Anarchy of the 12 Warlords period. He placed the imperial capital in the mountainous Hoa Lư, located in modern-day Ninh Bình province of Vietnam, and Hoa Lư stayed being the capital for about 42 years and developed into a major cultural centre of Vietnam.

In 1005, ruling emperor Lê Hoàn of the Early Lê dynasty died, resulting in a succession dispute between the princes, Lê Long Đĩnh, Lê Long Tích, Lê Long Kính and crown prince Lê Long Việt, preventing a government to take control over the entire country for eight months. Eventually, Lê Long Đĩnh won control of the throne, became the new emperor. As a result of the emperor's poor health, according to some sources, most power was actually controlled by one of the members of the Lý family Lý Công Uẩn. Lê Long Đĩnh's reign only lasted for four years and he died in 1009. After Lê Long Đĩnh died, the court agreed to enthrone the high-rank mandarin and aristocrat Lý Công Uẩn as the new emperor under pressure from the public and from the Buddhist monks, thus ending the Early Lê dynasty.

Realising the difficulty of having the capital in a mountainous region, Lý Thái Tổ (Lý Công Uẩn) and the royal court decided to relocate from Hoa Lư to the site of Đại La (modern-day Hanoi) in the next year, 1010. Đại La was known as the city that the Tang general Gao Pian had built in the 860s after the ravages of the Nanzhao War. In 1010, Lý Công Uẩn published the edict explaining why he move his capital to Dai La. Lý Công Uẩn chose the site because it had been an earlier capital in the rich Red River Delta. He saw Đại La as a place "between Heaven and Earth where the coiling dragon and the crouching tiger lie, and his capital would last 10,000 years". When Lý Công Uẩn's boat docked at the new capital, a dragon, symbol of sovereign authority, reportedly soared above his head; he accordingly renamed the place Thăng Long, the "ascending dragon".

Documents
The Edict on the Transfer of the Capital is of great meaning in many respects. The work has been researched in terms of history, politics, literature, geography, philosophy and so on. The edict was first compiled into the book "the Complete Annals of Đại Việt" (Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư) by historian Ngô Sĩ Liên in the 15th century.

Classical Chinese original
昔商家至盤庚五遷，周室迨成王三徙。豈三代之數君徇于己私，妄自遷徙。以其圖大宅中，爲億萬世子孫之計，上謹天命，下因民志，苟有便輒改。故國祚延長，風俗富阜。而丁黎二家，乃徇己私，忽天命，罔蹈商周之跡，常安厥邑于茲，致世代弗長，算數短促，百姓耗損，萬物失宜。朕甚痛之，不得不徙。

況高王故都大羅城，宅天地區域之中，得龍蟠虎踞之勢。正南北東西之位，便江山向背之宜。其地廣而坦平，厥土高而爽塏。民居蔑昏墊之困，萬物極繁阜之丰。遍覽越邦，斯爲勝地。誠四方輻輳之要會，爲萬世帝王之上都。

朕欲因此地利以定厥居，卿等如何？

Sino-Vietnamese transliteration
Tích Thương gia chí Bàn Canh ngũ thiên, Chu thất đãi Thành Vương tam tỉ. Khởi Tam Đại chi sổ quân tuẫn vu kỷ tư, vọng tự thiên tỉ. Dĩ kỳ đồ đại trạch trung, vi ức vạn thế tử tôn chi kế; thượng cẩn thiên mệnh, hạ nhân dân chí, cẩu hữu tiện triếp cải. Cố quốc tộ diên trường, phong tục phú phụ. Nhi Đinh Lê nhị gia, nãi tuẫn kỷ tư, hốt thiên mệnh, võng đạo Thương Chu chi tích, thường an quyết ấp vu tư, trí thế đại phất trường, toán số đoản xúc, bách tính hao tổn, vạn vật thất nghi. Trẫm thậm thống chi, bất đắc bất tỉ.

Huống Cao Vương cố đô Đại La thành, trạch thiên địa khu vực chi trung; đắc long bàn hổ cứ chi thế. Chính Nam Bắc Đông Tây chi vị; tiện giang sơn hướng bội chi nghi. Kỳ địa quảng nhi thản bình, quyết thổ cao nhi sảng khải. Dân cư miệt hôn điếm chi khốn; vạn vật cực phồn phụ chi phong. Biến lãm Việt bang, tư vi thắng địa. Thành tứ phương bức thấu chi yếu hội; vi vạn thế đế vương chi thượng đô.

Trẫm dục nhân thử địa lợi dĩ định quyết cư, khanh đẳng như hà?

Vietnamese translation
Xưa nhà Thương đến đời Bàn Canh năm lần dời đô, nhà Chu đến đời Thành Vương ba lần dời đô. Há phải các vua thời Tam Đại ấy theo ý riêng tự tiện di dời. Làm như thế cốt để mưu nghiệp lớn, chọn ở chỗ giữa, làm kế cho con cháu muôn vạn đời, trên kính mệnh trời, dưới theo ý dân, nếu có chỗ tiện thì dời đổi, cho nên vận nước lâu dài, phong tục giàu thịnh. Thế mà hai nhà Đinh, Lê lại theo ý riêng, coi thường mệnh trời, không noi theo việc cũ Thương Chu, cứ chịu yên đóng đô nơi đây, đến nỗi thế đại không dài, vận số ngắn ngủi, trăm họ tổn hao, muôn vật không hợp. Trẫm rất đau đớn, không thể không dời.
In the old times, under Pan Geng of the Shang dynasty, the capital had been transferred for five times; under King Cheng of Zhou, the capital had been transferred for three times. It was not for personal benefits that the kings moved the capital. They did so in order to pursue great causes, choosing the central place, making it favourable for future generations to thrive, that was in respect to the Mandate of Heaven and in accordance with the commons, moving to a place to ensure the eternal existence of the nation and the richness of customs. But now the Đinh and the Lê disregarded the heavenly mandate and did not follow the examples of the Shang and Zhou, just fixing the capital here which causes the shortness of the nation, the people's depletion and the discord of the universe. We are very painful and now thinking of transferring the capital.
Huống chi thành Đại La, đô cũ của Cao Vương, ở giữa khu vực trời đất, được thế rồng cuộn hổ ngồi, chính giữa nam bắc đông tây, tiện nghi núi sông sau trước. Vùng này mặt đất rộng mà bằng phẳng, thế đất cao mà sáng sủa, dân cư không khổ thấp trũng tối tăm, muôn vật hết sức tươi tốt phồn thịnh. Xem khắp nước Việt đó là nơi thắng địa, thực là chỗ tụ hội quan yếu của bốn phương, đúng là nơi thượng đô kinh sư mãi muôn đời.
Moreover, Đại La citadel, the former capital of king Gao, is in the very heart of the universe. The position evoketh that of soaring dragon and stalking tiger, in the centre of the four directions, convenient for the development of the nation. This area is large and flat, high and bright, the population are not suffering from floods and darkness, everything is in full prosperity. After investigating all lands of Việt, this place is actually the gathering venue of people from across the nation, the most appropriate place for eternal capital positioning.
Trẫm muốn nhân địa lợi ấy mà định nơi ở, các khanh nghĩ thế nào?
We want to take the most advantage from placing the capital here. What think ye, the court mandarins?

See also
 Lý dynasty
 Lý Công Uẩn
 Hoa Lư
 Thăng Long

References

 Capital Transferring Edict in ceramic relief

Lý dynasty texts
Chinese-language literature of Vietnam
11th-century documents


James McIlhany Thomson (February 13, 1878 – September 25, 1959) was an American newspaper publisher, best known for his long tenure as head of the New Orleans Item newspaper and his political role within the Democratic Party.

Biography
Thomson was born in Jefferson County, West Virginia on February 13, 1878.

He attended the Johns Hopkins University, where he and classmate Edgeworth Smith founded the Johns Hopkins News-Letter in 1896.

Shortly after graduating, Thomson became editor of the Norfolk, Virginia Dispatch, where he worked from 1900 to 1906. From 1906 to 1941, Thomson served in the position he would hold for most of his life, as publisher of the New Orleans Item-Tribune, then known simply as the Item. The Item-Tribune was later merged with the present-day Times-Picayune.

He married Genevieve Champ Clark in 1915, whose father, James Beauchamp Clark, had been a Democratic nominee for president in 1912.

Thomson himself would serve as delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1920, 1924, and 1944 for the state of Louisiana. His nephew, also named James McIlhany Thomson, served as the Democratic representative of Alexandria, Virginia in the Virginia General Assembly from 1956 to 1978.

He is credited as being one of the leading proponents of the New Orleans Sugar Bowl, a collegiate football game which has been played annually at New Year since its inaugural game on January 1, 1935.

Thomson died on September 25, 1959.

References

1878 births
1959 deaths
20th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
Johns Hopkins University alumni
People from Jefferson County, West Virginia
Louisiana Democrats


Friedrich Wilhelm "Fritz" von Frantzius (1865-1917) was a German-born American banker, broker and bookkeeper.

Life and career
Von Frantzius was born on May 17, 1865, in Sawdin, West Prussia to parents Arthur (1823-1889) and Ida (Ehlert) von Frantzius (* 1831). He was educated at Marlenwerder and Graudenz in West Prussia from 1872 to 1885. He worked for three years in Berlin as a clerk of export and commission for the firm Ostberg & Loeser.

In 1888, von Frantzius came to the United States. He worked as a bookkeeper for Lipps & Button Silk Mills from 1888 to 1889, for Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co. from 1889 to 1892, for Siemens & Halske Electric Co. from 1892 to 1893 and for J. F. Wollen-sac from 1893 to 1896. He then worked in the real estate business with S. E. Gross and Sam Brown Jr. from 1896 until he became a banker and broker in 1899 at the firm Von Frantzius & Krusemarck.  In 1901 he began working with Ben Marcuse at the firm Von Frantzius & Co. On December 9, 1900, in Berlin, von Frantzius was selected as the Councilor of the Foreign Office and Councilor of the High Court for the International Court of Arbitration at The Hague.

He married Margarete Sieber on September 28, 1893, and they had two children, Hans Peter and Anne-Marie. On June 23, 1913, von Frantzius married his second wife, the Australian dancer Saharet, with whom he had long been obsessed. He made her vow to give up dancing forever, and she agreed to the condition. She stayed with him for four days before ripping up the marriage contract and pursuing a career in Europe.

Von Frantzius published a book in 1914, in response to an article written by Brander Matthews. The book was originally titled Germans as Exponents of Culture but later editions were titled The Book of Truth and Facts.

Von Frantzius died on January 8, 1917, in Chicago from heart disease.  His estate was worth an estimated $11,250,000 at the time.

References

1865 births
1917 deaths
Businesspeople from Chicago
People from Olsztyn
19th-century American businesspeople
Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Sutter County, California.

This is intended to be a detailed list of the properties on the National Register of Historic Places in Sutter County, California, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in an online map.

There are 3 properties listed on the National Register in the county.

Current listings

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See also

List of National Historic Landmarks in California
National Register of Historic Places listings in California
California Historical Landmarks in Sutter County, California

References

Sutter