The A 1 road (commonly known as the Colombo - Kandy Road or just the Kandy Road) is an A-Grade trunk road in Sri Lanka. It connects the capital city of Colombo with Kandy.

History
Commonly known as the Kandy Road, the A 1 was the first modern highway in the island.  Construction began in 1820 under the orders of the British Governor of Ceylon, Sir Robert Wilmot-Horton, 3rd Baronet.  Construction was carried out by Captain William Francis Dawson—who died during the project—along with Major Thomas Skinner. In the memory of Captain Dawson, the Dawson Tower was erected at Kadugannawa in the Kadugannawa Pass.

Route
The A1 highway begins at Colombo Fort.  It passes through Peliyagoda, Kelaniya, Kiribathgoda, Mahara, Kadawatha, Kirillawala, Imbulgoda, Balummahara, Miriswaththa, Yakkala, Weediyawaththa, Thihariya, Nittambuwa, Pasyala, Wewaldeniya, Danovita, Warakapola, and Ambepussa.  At Ambepussa, Kurunegala, Mawathagama, Weuda the A6 Highway branches off the A1, heading towards Kurunegala.  The A1 continues east, passing Tholangamuwa, Udukumbura, Nelundeniya, Yattogoda, Galigamuwa, Ambanpitiya, Ranwala, Kegalle, Meepitiya, Karandupana, Molagoda, Uthuwankanda, Anwarama, Mawanella, Beligammana, Hingula, Kadugannawa, Pilimathalawa, Kiribathkumbura, and Peradeniya to reach Kandy.

Images
Here are some photos of A1 Highway and notable places found along it.

References

A01 highway


David P. Campbell is an American psychologist who co-authored the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory which is widely used in vocational counseling. He is also the author of several popular books in psychology.

Early life and education
Campbell received his B.S. and M.S. degrees from Iowa State University, and his Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Minnesota, where he served as professor of psychology.

Awards and honors
For the accomplishment of the interest inventory work, he was awarded the E.K. Strong Jr Gold Medal for excellence in psychological testing research, an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from the University of Colorado in 1998, and the 2001 Distinguished Professional Contributions Award from the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology.

References

External links

Iowa State University alumni
University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni
21st-century American psychologists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Idaho's 2nd congressional district is one of two congressional districts in the U.S. state of Idaho, in the eastern portion of the state. Beginning with the 2012 election, the district expanded westward and now includes most of Boise, the state capital and largest city. The district is currently represented by Mike Simpson, a Republican of Idaho Falls. A former dentist in Blackfoot, he was first elected in 1998; the seat opened when his predecessor Mike Crapo successfully ran for the U.S. Senate.

History
After statehood in 1890, Idaho had a single seat in Congress through the 1910 election, a statewide at-large seat. Following the 1910 census, Idaho gained its second seat in the House; it was first contested in 1912, but the state did not immediately apportion into two districts.  Through the 1916 election, both were statewide at-large seats. The first election in Idaho with two congressional districts was in 1918.

Following the 2010 census and redistricting, the 2nd district was pushed slightly to the west, picking up much of northeast Ada County, including most of Boise. It now covers all of the capital north of Interstate 84. The 1st district had long been reckoned as "the Boise district", as it historically covered most of Boise. However, a significant increase in population directly west of Boise over the previous decade, in western Ada County and Canyon County, resulted in the 1st losing most of its share of the capital. The 1st continues to serve most of Boise's suburbs; in Ada County itself, it continues to include Meridian, Eagle, and west Boise, south of Interstate 84.

Other major cities in the 2nd district include Idaho Falls, Pocatello, Twin Falls, Rexburg, Hailey, and Sun Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has a strong presence in the district; a member of the LDS Church has represented this district continuously since 1951.

Recent statewide election results

Presidential election results
Results from previous presidential elections

Non-presidential results
Results from previous non-presidential statewide elections

List of members representing the district

Election history

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Historical district boundaries

See also
Idaho's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts

References

 Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present

02
Constituencies established in 1919
1919 establishments in Idaho


Idaho's 1st congressional district is one of two congressional districts in the U.S. state of Idaho. It comprises the western portion of the state. The 1st district is currently represented by Russ Fulcher, a Republican from Meridian, who was first elected in 2018, and re-elected in 2020 and 2022.

History
From statehood in 1890 to the 1910 election, Idaho was represented by a statewide at-large seat. Following the 1910 census, Idaho gained a second House seat; it was first contested in 1912. However, through the 1916 election, both seats were statewide at-large seats. The first election in Idaho with two congressional districts was in 1918.

The 2012 election cycle saw the district remain largely in the shape it has had since the 1950s, encompassing the western third of the state. Historically, it has been reckoned as the Boise district, as it usually included most of the state capital. The 2020 redistricting cycle, however, saw the 1st pushed to the west, shifting almost all of its share of Boise to the 2nd district. This was due to a significant increase in population directly west of Boise over the previous decade, in Canyon County and western Ada County. However, the 1st continues to include most of Boise's suburbs.  In Ada County itself, the district continues to include Meridian, Eagle, Kuna, and some parts of Boise, south of Interstate 84. It also includes the entire northern portion of the state, through the Panhandle.

Recent statewide election results

Presidential election results
Results from previous presidential elections

Non-presidential results
Results from previous non-presidential statewide elections

List of members representing the district

Election results

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Historical district boundaries

See also
Idaho's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts

References

External links

 Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present

01
Constituencies established in 1919
1919 establishments in Idaho


The Sports Club/LA is a collection of large luxury health clubs located in Los Angeles, New York and major metropolitan cities across the United States.

History
Company founders Michael Talla and Nanette Pattee Francini met as teenagers on spring break in Mexico in 1969, and later founded a bikini company, Foxy Lady. They went on their own and pursued separate ventures, with Talla founding a racquetball club and Francini winning the Miss Aspen pageant and becoming a Budweiser girl.

The Sports Club Company began around the same time as that of the physical fitness consciousness era. This was around the late 1970s and mostly in Southern California. Reuniting professionally, the pair opened the first of their urban country club concept, The Sports Connection in Santa Monica in 1979. The concept of private trainers, pro shop, café, multiple fitness options all under one roof soon became a hit. The pair also introduced a coed approach in fitness which was until then segregated by sex. The Sports Connection Clubs were then opened in Beverly Hills, Encino, Long Beach, the South Bay and Costa Mesa, California.

The clubs became popular among Hollywood celebrities. They also inspired the 1985 motion picture “Perfect” starring John Travolta and Jamie Lee Curtis. In 1987 they introduced the Spectrum Clubs which were 65000 sf. The first Spectrum Club was opened in Manhattan beach with 11 Spectrum Clubs to follow in the next few years. The original Sports Connection clubs were eventually sold. And in 1987 they also opened their first mega club, the flagship Sports Club/LA, investing $30 million. This 100000 sf club included a marble lobby, state of the art equipment, full basketball gym, Olympic pool, hair salon, spa and valet parking. It reached its membership goal of 5000 members in a short span of time including influential members from the corporate and entertainment industry. The initial executive membership was $2500 initiation fee and $160 a month dues. The Los Angeles times described the club as “the Acropolis of physical fitness centers” and "The fitness Taj Mahal". Celebrity members of The Sports Club/LA included Magic Johnson, Shaquille O'Neal, John Travolta, Tom Cruise, Kevin Bacon, Jessica Simpson, Katie Holmes, Victoria and David Beckham, Mark Wahlberg, Jennifer Garner, Marcus Allen, Queen Latifah, Brooke Shields, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar.

Expansion
In 1994, the company went public becoming the first among sports clubs to do so. The company was valued at $100 million. In 1995 they partnered with Reebok International and opened Reebok Sports Club/ NY in Manhattan. By 2003, the company had 10 clubs nationwide with 60000 members in Los Angeles, New York, Washington DC, San Francisco, Boston and Miami. This increased their revenues and their share prices  stood at $9. Michael Talla was awarded the lifetime achievement award from the Governor’s Council by Arnold Schwarzenegger for his leadership and achievements.

In 2006, six of The Sports Club/ LA locations were purchased by Millennium Partners including Reebok Sports Club/ NY.

In 2011, Equinox Fitness purchased the remaining 4 Sports Club/ LA clubs from The Sports Club Company for about $130 million.

References

External links
sportscuffs - official site

Health clubs in the United States
Companies based in Los Angeles
Medical and health organizations based in California


Mittagspitz is a mountain in Liechtenstein, close to the border with Switzerland in the Rätikon range of the Eastern Alps, east of the town of Balzers, with a height of .

References

Mountains of Liechtenstein
Mountains of the Alps


Erhard Ahmann (21 May 1941 – 14 December 2005) was a German football manager.

In 1972, he was the assistant manager of the West Germany national football team. Later he most notably managed Arminia Bielefeld and Alemannia Aachen.

External links
Career stats

1941 births
2005 deaths
People from Sundern
Footballers from Arnsberg (region)
German football managers
Arminia Bielefeld managers
Alemannia Aachen managers
Wuppertaler SV managers
German men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
West German men's footballers
West German football managers


That Metal Show is a talk show that premiered on VH1 Classic on November 15, 2008 and ended on May 9, 2015 with a span of 14 seasons. Hosted by Eddie Trunk, Don Jamieson and Jim Florentine, the series features three hosts interviewing musicians from the hard rock and heavy metal genre in addition to artists and non-musicians who are metal fans while various segments intervene throughout the episode.

VH1 Classic discontinued producing more episodes of That Metal Show on January 19, 2016 due to the network's transition to MTV Classic seven months later.

Recurring segments
 Stump the Trunk
 Pick of the Week (Seasons 1–11 & 13–14)
 What's Going On with... (formerly Whatever Happened to...) (Seasons 1–11 & 13)
 The Throwdown (Seasons 1–11 & 13–14)
 Living the High Life with... (Season 3)
 The Rant (Seasons 4 & 12)
 TMS Vault (Seasons 5–14)
 TMS Top 5 (Seasons 6–14)
 TMS Top 4 (Season 10)
 Metal Modem (Seasons 12–14)
 Take It or Leave It (Seasons 12–14)
 Put it On the Table (Seasons 12–14)
 On the Shelf (Seasons 12–13)
 On the Fringes (Seasons 12–13)
 TMS Book Club (Seasons 12–13)
 TMS Worldwide (Season 12)
 Behind the Music Video (Season 12)
 Rock & Roll Landmarks (Season 12)
 Origins (Season 12)
 Rank (Seasons 12–14)
 Underrated (Seasons 12–14)
 Take It or Take It (Season 13)

Miss Box of Junk Girl
The duties of the Miss Box of Junk Girl are to bring out the prize box for Stump the Trunk and to place choices in order for TMS Top 5.
 Kerri Lee Tucker (Seasons 2–3; died 2009)
 Jennifer Gottlieb  (Seasons 4–14)

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (2008)

Season 2 (2009)

Season 3 (2009)
The season premiere kicked off as a one-hour special at the Hard Rock Cafe featuring live performances from Anvil plus Q&A with the band and an appearance from some special guests.

Season 4 (2010)
Keri Leigh Tucker, the first Miss Box of Junk Girl, died in late 2009 and was replaced by Jennifer Gottlieb. A memorial dedicated to Keri Leigh was shown after the end credits to the season premiere. This season also marks the last to be filmed in New York before the show relocated to Los Angeles beginning with Season 5.

Season 5 (2010)
This season marks the first to be filmed at the Sony Pictures Studios in Glendale, California (a suburb of Los Angeles).

Season 6 (2010)
Beginning with Season 6, the show aired as a one-hour format in addition to including a musical guest for each episode.

Season 7 (2011)
Season 7 continued to have a guest guitarist for each episode while introducing a guest bassist.

Season 8 (2011)
The episode featuring guests Michael Sweet, Jani Lane and Taime Downe featured the final appearance of Jani Lane as this episode was already taped prior to his death on August 11. It was originally scheduled to air on October 1, but was moved to August 27 as the second episode where the episode included a special opening dedicated Lane's memory. In addition, the episode with Stephen Pearcy and Tim "Ripper" Owens now aired as the seventh episode.

Season 9 (2011–12)
The season premiere was filmed during Guns N' Roses' Chinese Democracy Tour at the American Airlines Arena in Miami, FL. Season 9 marked the first season to be presented in widescreen format.

Season 10 (2012)
Season 10 is the first to feature a drummer as a musical guest. According to Eddie Trunk, eight out of the ten episodes were shown while two of them debuted in the next season after the VH1 Classic revised the schedule. Jason Newsted, who was originally scheduled to appear in the fifth episode, cancelled his appearance at the last minute during the taping and was replaced by the members of Warrant.

Season 11 (2012)
The "David Draiman/Adrenaline Mob" and "Bobby Blotzer/L.A. Guns" episodes were originally going to be included in the previous season after both episodes were taped but were moved to Season 11 after VH1 Classic revised the Season 10 schedule. The TMS marathon premiered the season premiere as a sneak preview ahead of its August 11 premiere.

Season 12 (2013)
Several new segments were introduced with only two "Top 5" lists being debated in the series. Another new inclusion to the show is an announcer for the opening credits as well as surprise special guests appearing via satellite to chat with the hosts in the new segment "Metal Modem". This is the last season to be taped in Los Angeles before returning to New York in Season 13. Season 12 was also the only season to include the round table format.

Season 13 (2014)
For the first time since Season 4, the series made its return to New York with episodes being taped every Tuesday at the Metropolis Studio for 12 weeks except for the last two episodes that were both filmed on the same day. This season also marks the return of "The Throwdown", "Pick of the Week" and "What's Going On With..." after they were absent in the previous season. Ace Frehley was originally supposed to appear on the same episode as Peter Criss but was unable to make it.

Season 14 (2015)
Season 14 premiered on February 21, 2015 in their new timeslot at 9/8c with a repeat airing in their former 11/10c slot. All the episodes were once again filmed on Tuesday nights at the Metropolis Studios in New York City while the ninth and tenth were both shot back-to-back. A special last-minute tribute to Twisted Sister drummer A.J. Pero, who died a week earlier on March 20, was included in the sixth episode along with an appearance by his bandmates. Despite Trunk telling the audience at the end of the season, now series finale, "We'll see you next season on That Metal Show", Season 14 proved to be the show's final season after VH1 Classic announced its decision not to renew the show for a 15th season in January 2016 a year after the airing, and before the network's re-branding to MTV Classic in August that year.

Specials

References

External links
 That Metal Show at VH1.com
 That Metal Show Blog

2000s American television talk shows
2010s American television talk shows
VH1 original programming
Heavy metal television series
Rock music television series
2008 American television series debuts
2015 American television series endings
2000s American music television series
2010s American music television series
English-language television shows
2000s American black comedy television series
2010s American black comedy television series


Lea Deutsch (; 18 March 1927 – May 1943) was a Croatian Jewish child actress who was murdered in the Holocaust.

Early life
Lea Dragica Deutsch was born in Zagreb to Croatian Jewish parents, Stjepan and Ivka (née Singer) Deutsch. Their surname was at the time also spelled . Her father was a lawyer, and her mother was an educated housewife, who was actively engaged in chess. She also had a brother, Saša. The Deutsch family lived in Zagreb at Gundulićeva street 39 in a three-story house. Deutsch began acting at the HNK Zagreb at the age of five, playing small roles in professional productions of Molière and Shakespeare. Her mentor and dance teacher was Rod Riffler, a modern dance teacher and choreographer from Zagreb. People were enchanted by her, and she was thought an exceptional talent, a "Croatian Shirley Temple."  Even the famous Parisian firm Pathé heard of Deutsch and arrived in Zagreb to film a short documentary about her. She quickly rose to become a popular child actor.

In 1941 NDH began the implementation of race laws which prevented Deutsch from acting. Immediately after the establishment of the NDH she was banned from the theater where she performed and a little later from a school that she attended. Deutsch's schoolmate Relja Bašić recalls, "She used to sit motionless on a bench across from the theater in a little herringbone pattern coat with a yellow star of David on her sleeves, staring for hours at the building where once she was a star, and now she couldn't even enter the building."

Arrest, deportation and death

In an attempt to save his family, Deutsch's father converted his family to Catholicism in June 1941. On 5 May 1943 Heinrich Himmler visited Zagreb. During his visit he pressed NDH leader Ante Pavelić to enact the "Final Solution" in his territory. In the coming days, Croatian and German officials began detaining the heads of the Jewish community in Zagreb and any remaining Jews who had been allowed to stay in the city up until that point.

Members of the national theatre intervened to try to help Deutsch and her family. Actors Tito Strozzi, Vika Podgorska, and Hinko Nučić, and the theatre's attendant Dušan Žanko (himself a member of the Ustaše) all attempted to save Deutsch's life. "Ordinary" people tried to save the Deutsch family. An escape trip to Karlovac was organized for the Deutsch family, where they were supposed to meet up with the partisans, but they had to return to Zagreb because they failed to meet with their "connection." Jewish attempts to transport the Deutsch family to the British Mandate of Palestine also failed.

In the lower floor of their house, the Deutsch family had at one time a tenant, a young man from Herzegovina, who occasionally wore the Ustaše uniform. In the words of Deutsch's friend Nika Grgić, this young man offered to falsely marry Lea in an attempt to save her from deportation, but that was not done for unknown reasons. Later it was discovered that Deutsch's mother did not want to consent to the wedding, because Lea was still a minor at the time.

In May 1943, Deutsch, her mother and her brother were deported to Auschwitz by the Nazis. Out of 75 prisoners during the six-day journey in the cattle wagon, without food and water, 25 did not survive. Lea Deutsch was among them, her heart having been weakened by diphtheria in her childhood. Her mother and brother were killed in Auschwitz. Her            father, Stjepan, managed to save himself, hiding as a patient who suffered from infectious ocular trachoma at the ward of an ophthalmologist, Dr Vilko Panac, in the Sisters of Charity Hospital, Zagreb. Stjepan Deutsch survived the Holocaust and lived until 1959. He was buried in the Jewish part of the Mirogoj Cemetery, with Lea's photo on his tombstone.

Legacy
In 2003, a Lauder Jewish elementary school in Zagreb was named after her.

In 2011 Croatian director Branko Ivanda made a film Lea and Darija, about Deutsch.

References

Bibliography

1927 births
1943 deaths
Actresses from Zagreb
Croatian stage actresses
Jewish Croatian actresses
Croatian children
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
Children who died in Nazi concentration camps
Croatian people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp
Croatian civilians killed in World War II
20th-century Croatian actresses
Croatian Jews who died in the Holocaust
Jewish children who died in the Holocaust
Deaths by starvation


The King Alfred School is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form located in Highbridge, Somerset, England. It is an academy and part of The Priory Learning Trust. It serves Brent Knoll, Highbridge, Burnham-on-Sea and the surrounding villages. In 2007, the school celebrated its 50th anniversary. In 2017 it had 1375 pupils.

The school is associated with the King Alfred Sports Centre which is next to the school site. There is some evidence of Roman remains under the school playing field.

Academic performance
The Ofsted report in April 2017 rated the school as Inadequate overall with Requires improvement for 16-19 study programs Due to no overall improvement on GCSE results in English and Maths since 2013. The exam results were described as 'poor for several years'.

Notable alumni
Stephen Daldry, director and producer of film, theatre, and television
Liam Phillips, BMX racing cyclist
George Shelley, singer, actor and presenter, and a member of the boy band Union J
Anthony Stephens, swimmer and Paralympian

References

Academies in Somerset
Secondary schools in Somerset


Erik Sørensen, also known by his full name Erik Lykke Sørensen, (born 22 January 1940) is a Danish former football player and manager. He was a goalkeeper, and played professionally in the 1960s and 1970s for Scottish clubs Greenock Morton and Rangers, and later served as the manager of Morton. He played 15 games for the Denmark national football team from 1963 to 1971.

Career
Born in Odense, Sørensen made his breakthrough with local top-flight club B1913 in the amateur-only Danish championship. He made his debut for the Denmark national team in June 1963, and played five of Denmark's seven games in the successful qualification campaign for the 1964 European Nations' Cup tournament. Before the final tournament, Sørensen signed a professional contract and was banned from the amateur-only national team.

He signed with Scottish team Greenock Morton. Morton manager Hal Stewart had originally wanted to sign another Danish goalkeeper, but was advised to sign Sørensen instead. Sørensen played in a trial game against Third Lanark dressed all in black. Morton refused to name the new player and he was dubbed by the media "The man in black" or "Mr. X". From 1963 to 1967, Sørensen played 102 league games for Morton.

In 1967, he was sold for £25,000 to rival Scottish club Rangers. He played 30 games for Rangers, before returning to Morton in 1970. When the Danish Football Association abolished the rule of amateurism, Sørensen returned to the Denmark national team in May 1971, eight years after his debut. He played a further five national team games, including a 1–0 win against Scotland, before ending his international career in June 1971. He left Morton in 1973, having played a total 173 league games for the club.

He eventually became Morton manager for a short time in the mid 70s. He also ran a public house in Greenock after he retired from the game. In the late 1970s he briefly returned to football to play for Danish amateur side Svendborg fB.

References

1940 births
Living people
Footballers from Odense
Danish men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Denmark men's international footballers
Boldklubben 1913 players
Odense Boldklub players
Greenock Morton F.C. players
Rangers F.C. players
SfB-Oure FA players
Danish football managers
Scottish Football League managers
Greenock Morton F.C. managers
Greenock Morton F.C. non-playing staff
Danish expatriate football managers
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland
Expatriate football managers in Scotland
Publicans


Pelagio is a masculine given name and a surname.

Notable people with the name include:

Given names
 Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos (1816–1891), Mexican Roman Catholic prelate
 Pelagio Cruz (1912–1986), chief-of-staff of the Philippine Air Force
 Pelagio Galvani (c. 1165–1230), Spanish cardinal
 Pelagio Luna (1867–1919), Argentine politician
 Pelagio Palagi (1775–1860), Italian painter, sculptor and interior decorator
 Pelágio Sauter (1878–1961), German Roman Catholic priest

Surnames
 Pedro Pelágio (born 2000), Portuguese footballer

Music
 Pelagio (Mercadante), opera

See also
Pelagius (disambiguation)
Pelayo (disambiguation)

Masculine given names


The Huff Memorial Library is a historic library located at 320 South King Street in Jackson, Wyoming. The single-story log library was built by the Works Progress Administration between 1938 and 1940. The library replaced the city's first library, which had been established in St. John's House in 1915 but had become too small for the city by the 1930s. Jackson's Lions Club, along with several other community groups, began to work to bring a county library to the city. The WPA approved the city's proposal for a library in 1938, and it was built over the next two years. The library was named after Charles Huff, the city's only physician for over twenty years. The county library relocated to a new building in 1997, and the old library became a county office building.

The Huff Memorial Library should not be confused with the Teton County Library which is located on 125 Virginian Lane, Jackson Wyoming.

The library was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 5, 2003.

References

External links
 Huff Memorial Library at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office
 Teton County Library is not related to Huff Memorial Library.  They are two different locations.

Library buildings completed in 1940
Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
Buildings and structures in Teton County, Wyoming
Rustic architecture in Wyoming
National Register of Historic Places in Teton County, Wyoming
1940 establishments in Wyoming


Luigi Galvani was an Italian physician and physicist who lived and died in Bologna.

Galvani may also refer to:

People
 Galvani (surname)

Other uses
 10184 Galvani, a main-belt asteroid
 Galvani (crater), a lunar crater that lies close to the northwestern limb of the moon
 Galvani, the first electric railway locomotive, built in 1841 by Robert Davidson


Mount Weld mine is a rare earth mine in Western Australia, located about  south of Laverton and  east of Leonora. It is one of the largest rare earth deposits in the world. It is owned by Lynas Corporation. Mining began at the Mount Weld site in 2011.

Geology
Rare earths are contained in secondary phosphates and aluminophosphates, presumably derived from weathering of the Proterozoic Mount Weld carbonatite.  The primary commercial interest at the site is targeted towards oxides as well as further niobium and tantalum deposits within the intrusive pipe of the Mount Weld carbonatite, which is approximately three kilometers (1.9 mi) in diameter.

The main deposits are hosted within the soil and regolith horizon that blankets the entire carbonatite and form shallow lenses within  of the surface. The most important rare-earth oxide deposit, the Central Lanthanide Deposit, CLD, is located at the center of the carbonatite with the niobium/tantalum and other deposits generally located towards outer fringes. Discovered in 1988, the CLD represents a spectacular enrichment of rare-earth deposit sediments. The deposit is believed to be the largest and highest grade of its type in the world.

Ownership
The Mount Weld deposit is owned by ASX-listed Lynas Corporation, which raised A$450 million equity from J. P. Morgan in 2009 to fund the development of a mine and also a processing plant in Kuantan, Malaysia.  Once operational, the Mount Weld mine is expected to be the largest source of rare-earth elements outside of China.

References

Further reading

External links
 MINEDEX website: Mt Weld REE / Lynas Database of the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety

Surface mines in Australia
Mines in Western Australia
Rare earth mines
Shire of Laverton


Anton "Toni" Zeller (15 December 1909 - 1962) was a German cross-country skier who competed in the 1936 Winter Olympics.

In 1936 he was a member of the German relay team which finished sixth in the 4x10 km relay competition. In the 18 km event he finished 27th.

External links
Toni Zeller's profile at Sports Reference.com

1909 births
1962 deaths
German male cross-country skiers
Olympic cross-country skiers for Germany
Cross-country skiers at the 1936 Winter Olympics
Skiers from Bavaria


The Byzantine Institute of America is an organization founded for the preservation of Byzantine art and architecture.

History
Working with the Turkish government and President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, its greatest notable success is the preservation of the mosaics in Hagia Sophia starting in June 1931.  The institute is located in the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, in Washington, D.C.  The institute's founder was the scholar and archaeologist Thomas Whittemore.

External links
 Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, in Washington, DC.  http://www.doaks.org/
 Guide to the Byzantine Institute and Dumbarton Oaks fieldwork records and papers
 Work of the Byzantine Institute in Hagia Sophia
 Notes on the work of the Byzantine Institute in Istanbul 1957-1959

Institute
Arts organizations based in Washington, D.C.


Italian Lessons is a novel by Peter Pezzelli. It was published in trade paperback by Kensington Publishing on October 1, 2007.

Reception

Publishers Weekly reviewed the book saying Pezzelli "brings his fans a light if sometimes trite story of two lovelorn men who form an unlikely friendship...  Pezzelli makes readers want to believe in love at first sight, and his earnest storytelling should win over its share of readers."

Ron Terpening in Library Journal described the book as telling "an engaging story that is as leisurely paced and satisfying as a fine Italian meal".

References

2007 American novels
Novels set in Providence, Rhode Island


Koraspitz is a mountain in Liechtenstein in the Rätikon range of the Eastern Alps with a height of .

References

Mountains of Liechtenstein
Mountains of the Alps


Yugoslav Army, Army of Yugoslavia, or Military of Yugoslavia may refer to:

 Royal Yugoslav Army (1918–1941), the army of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
 Yugoslav National Liberation Army (1941–1945), the Yugoslav communist-led resistance movement during World War II best known as the Partisans
 Yugoslav People's Army (1945–1992), the army of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
 Yugoslav Army (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) (1992–2003), the armed forces of Serbia and Montenegro
 Yugoslav Army (basketball team), a men's basketball team in Belgrade, Yugoslavia from 1944 to 1946

See also
 Yugoslav Air Force
 Yugoslav Navy


Three ships and a shore establishment of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Attack:

Ships
 was a 12-gun  launched in 1794 and sold in 1802.
 was a  launched in 1804 and captured by Danish gunboats off Anholt in 1812.
 was an  launched in 1911 and sunk in 1917.

Shore establishments
 was a Coastal Forces base at Portland, commissioned in 1941 and paid off in 1945.

See also

Royal Navy ship names


Georg Ernst Ludwig Hampe (5 July 1795 – 23 November 1880) was a German pharmacist, botanist and bryologist who was a native of Fürstenberg.

In 1810 he became an apprentice pharmacist to his uncle in Brakel, and over the next fifteen years worked in several different pharmacies, including one in Halle an der Saale, where he made the acquaintance of botanist Kurt Sprengel (1766-1833). He also worked at the university pharmacy in Göttingen, and at establishments in Allendorf and Braunschweig. In 1825 he became head of a local pharmacy in Blankenburg am Harz, where he remained its director up until 1864.

During his time spent in Blankenburg, Hampe collected and studied flora native to the Harz Mountains. He was particularly interested in mosses, and through his association with bryologist Karl Müller (1818-1899), he became exposed to non-European species from the Americas, Madagascar, New Zealand, Australia, et al. In his collaborative research with Müller, he described numerous new bryological species.

Later in life, Hampe received an honorary professorship from the University of Göttingen. In 1876 he sold his pharmacy in Blankenburg, and moved to Helmstedt, where he went to live with his son. After Hampe's death, his large herbarium was acquired by the British Museum of Natural History.

The plant genus Hampea from the family Malvaceae was named in his honor by Dietrich von Schlechtendal (1794-1866).

Selected publications
 Prodromus flora Hercynicae (Halle 1836, Nordhausen 1842).
 Vegetabilia cellularia in Germania septentrionali praesertim in Hercynia et in agro Gottingensi lecta (1834 and 1836), with Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling (1798–1875).
 Icones muscorum novorum vel minus cognitorum (Bonn 1844).
 Flora Hercynica oder Aufzählung der im Harzgebiete wildwachsenden Gefässpflanzen (1873) – Flora Hercynica or enumeration of vascular plants native to the Harz region.
 Flora Hercynica (Halle 1875).

References

 Parts of this article are based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia.
 Episodes in Australian Bryology @ Australian National Botanical Gardens.

External links
 IPNI List of plants described and co-described by Hampe.

1795 births
1880 deaths
People from Holzminden (district)
Bryologists
19th-century German botanists
German pharmacists


Malik is a Semitic word meaning "king" or "chieftain", and a Greenlandic meaning "wave".

Malik or Maalik may also refer to:

People
 Malik (name)
 Malik (surname)

Communities and tribes
Muslim rulers often bestowed the title of Malik on loyal tribal leaders and chieftains in South Asia:
 Malik (Gujarat), a Gujarati Muslim community
 Malik (Jat), a Jat clan found in the Indian state of Haryana
 Malik caste, a Punjabi Muslim tribe
 Malik (Kashmir), a Kashmiri kram or tribe

Places
 Malik, Cambodia, commune, north east Cambodia
 Malik, Croatia, a village near Bosiljevo, Croatia
 Malik, Iran, a village in Kerman Province, Iran
 Maliq, a town and a municipality in Korçë County, Albania

Arts, entertainment, and media

Fictional characters
 Marik Ishtar, known as "Malik Ishtar" in Japanese (マリク・イシュタール), a character from Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters
 Malik Al-Sayf, a character from the video game series Assassin's Creed
 Malik Begum, a character from the British web series Corner Shop Show
 Malik Caesar, a character in the 2009 video game Tales of Graces
 Faridah Malik, a character from the 2011 video game Deus Ex: Human Revolution
 Malik Wright, a character from the American comedy-drama television series The Game

Films
 Maalik (1972 film), an Indian Hindi drama film
 Maalik (2016 film), a Pakistani political-thriller film
 Malik (film), an Indian Malayalam political action film

Music
 Malik, a 1975 album by the French funk-rock band Lafayette Afro Rock Band

Other uses
 Maalik, in Islam, the Hell / Purgatory guardian
 Storm Malik, a 2022 European windstorm
  MALIK Fraternity, Inc. , a Multicultural Non-Greek Fraternity

See also

 Malach (disambiguation)
 Malak (disambiguation)
 Malakh, a Somali title meaning war leader
 Malek (disambiguation)
 Malick (disambiguation)
 Malika (disambiguation)
 Mallik Island, in the Canadian Arctic
 Melek (disambiguation)
 Melik, a hereditary Armenian noble title
 Maliki (disambiguation)


Langspitz is a mountain in Liechtenstein in the Rätikon range of the Eastern Alps with a height of .

References

Mountains of Liechtenstein
Mountains of the Alps


RCPI may refer to:

Received Channel Power Indicator
Revolutionary Communist Party of India
Royal College of Physicians of Ireland


is a 2019 action-adventure game developed by Ys Net, published by Deep Silver for PlayStation 4 and Windows and produced by Shibuya Productions. Like the previous Shenmue games, it consists of open-world environments interspersed with brawler battles and quick time events, with a day-and-night system, variable weather effects, non-player characters with daily schedules, and various minigames. The story continues the quest of the teenage martial artist Ryo Hazuki, who searches for his father's killer in the mountains of 1980s Guilin, China.

Yu Suzuki conceived Shenmue as a saga spanning multiple games. Shenmue and Shenmue II  were developed by Sega AM2 and published by Sega for the Dreamcast in 1999 and 2001. The original Shenmue was the most expensive video game ever developed at the time, though this development also covered some of Shenmue II and groundwork for future Shenmue games. They attracted positive reviews and a cult following, but were commercial failures.

At E3 2015, following years of speculation, Suzuki launched a Kickstarter campaign to crowdfund Shenmue III, with Sega having licensed Shenmue to Suzuki's company Ys Net. It became the fastest campaign to raise $2 million, in under seven hours, and ended the following month having raised over $6 million, making it the highest-funded video game in Kickstarter history at the time. Further funding came from Sony and Deep Silver and crowdfunding on other platforms. The development team was much smaller than that of previous Shenmue games, though key staff from the original team returned. The game was built using Unreal Engine 4.

Shenmue III was released on November 19, 2019, 18 years after Shenmue II. It received mixed reviews; some critics described it as outdated, while others praised its faithfulness to the franchise. Retail sales were low, but exclude digital sales and copies sent to Kickstarter backers.

Gameplay
Like the previous Shenmue games, the player controls the teenage martial artist Ryo Hazuki, who is searching for his father's killer. Most of the game is spent exploring the open world in Guilin, China, searching for clues, examining objects and talking to non-player characters for information. The game features a 3D fighting system similar to the Virtua Fighter series; Ryo can practice moves to increase their power. In quick time events, the player must press the right buttons at the right moment to succeed. Ryo can earn money through minigames such as gambling, fishing, woodchopping, and forklift driving, and by selling foraged herbs.

Shenmue III introduces a stamina system, whereby Ryo's hit points (HP) gradually decline as the player explores. If his HP drops too low, he loses the ability to sprint while exploring. Ryo can restore HP through sleeping and eating.

Plot
In 1987, the teenage martial artist Ryo Hazuki has journeyed from Yokosuka, Japan, to the mountains of Guilin, China, in search of his father's killer, Lan Di. Ryo and his new friend, Ling Shenhua, search for Shenhua's missing father, the stonemason Yuan, in Shenhua's hometown of Bailu Village. They learn that thugs have been harassing the local stonemasons, looking for the phoenix mirror, which Ryo has brought from his father's dojo. Another stonemason, Xu, is also missing. Ryo defeats two of the thugs, but is defeated by their boss, Yanlang.

Ryo learns that Lan Di's father, Sunming Zhao, visited Bailu Village with Ryo's father to train under the local grandmaster. Zhao died under mysterious circumstances several years later. Ryo also discovers that the phoenix and dragon mirrors were created by Yuan's grandfather at the request of the Chinese emperor. Their creation is connected to the local Verdant Bridge, constructed to honor the visit of a Chinese envoy.

At the thugs' hideout, Ryo is defeated again by Yanlang. He convinces Sun, a local martial arts master, to teach him a powerful Bajiquan move, and uses it to defeat Yanlang. A village elder helps them discover a map to the treasure connected to the mirrors. Ryo fends off an attack from Lan Di's henchman, Chai, who reveals that Yuan and Xu have been taken to the city of Niaowu.

Ryo and Shenhua travel to Niaowu by boat. Ryo learns that a local gang, the Red Snakes, is holding Yuan and Xu. Ryo encounters his Hong Kong ally, Wuying Ren, who has traveled to Niaowu in pursuit of the treasure connected to the mirrors. At the Red Snakes’ hideout, Ryo and Ren are defeated by their boss, Ge, who uses an animalistic fighting style. Ryo meets a cormorant fisherman, Grandmaster Bei, who teaches him a similar Bajiquan move to defeat the Red Snakes.

Ryo and Ren approach the hideout, only to find Li Feng, a mysterious woman whom Ryo has encountered previously in Niaowu. She tells them that the Red Snakes have kidnapped Shenhua and taken her across the river to a castle. Ryo convinces Bei to take him and Ren by boat. Before departing, Ren reveals that he has acquired a counterfeit phoenix mirror, believing it could be useful.

The three cross the river with Hsu, a former student of Bei, and Lin Shiling, the maiden of a local shrine. Ryo and Ren infiltrate the castle while the others guard the perimeter. Ryo finds Yuan and Xu trapped in a cell; Ryo defeats Chai again and releases them. In the process, they learn that Li Feng is a Chi You Men leader: Niao Sun. Ryo gives her the real phoenix mirror to spare Shenhua's life, and Niao Sun tells them Lan Di is up ahead.

Ryo and Ren fight their way to the top of the castle, defeat Ge, and find Lan Di. Ryo challenges him to a fight, but Lan Di defeats him easily. Ren offers Lan Di the counterfeit phoenix mirror in exchange for Ryo's life. Lan Di accepts, but Ren hurls the mirror out of a window. Niao Sun has her men distract Lan Di in the castle and consolidate her power, and Ryo and Ren escape.

Ryo, Shenhua, Ren, Yuan, and Xu depart Niaowu by boat. On board, Yuan reveals that the mirrors were initially locked away in a cliff temple; Zhao Sunming retrieved them to keep them from "falling into the wrong hands". After Zhao died, his son, Lan Di, was raised by the Chi You Men. While captive, Yuan also learned that the Chi You have taken over the cliff temple. Ryo, Shenhua, and Ren continue their journey along the Great Wall of China.

Background
The first two Shenmue games were directed, written and produced by Yu Suzuki. They were developed by Sega AM2 and published by Sega for the Dreamcast in 1999 and 2001. Suzuki planned to tell the story across multiple games. With a level of detail considered unprecedented, the original Shenmue was the most expensive video game ever developed at the time, reported to have cost between US$47 and 70 million, including marketing. The development also covered some of Shenmue II, which was completed for a smaller figure, and groundwork for future Shenmue games.

Despite attracting a cult following and appearances in several greatest video games of all time lists, the first two Shenmue games were commercial failures. Suzuki worked on various projects which failed to see release, including Shenmue Online, a massively multiplayer online role-playing game for the Chinese and Korean PC markets.

Fans petitioned for Shenmue III, and in 2005 the BBC series VideoGaiden ran a campaign for its release. On several occasions, Sega spokespersons said they recognized the interest in Shenmue and did not rule out another game, and Suzuki said that Sega would be open to the project with the right budget. In 2008, Suzuki established his own development company, Ys Net, while remaining at Sega. That year, Sega announced Shenmue City, a social game for the Japanese services Mobagetown (for cell phones) and Mobage (PC). Suzuki hoped that if Shenmue City were a success it would allow him to make Shenmue III. However, it was shut down in December 2011.

In September 2011, Suzuki left Sega to focus on Ys Net. In 2012, he suggested that Sega could license Shenmue to Ys Net to develop Shenmue III independently. News arose in March 2013 that Suzuki was considering crowdfunding or console exclusivity to fund Shenmue III. During the 2014 Game Developers Conference, Sony Computer Entertainment approached Suzuki about Shenmue III as it was one of the most requested games. In March 2014, Phil Spencer, the head of Xbox, said Shenmue III was the most requested sequel from Xbox owners. Sega renewed the Shenmue trademark that May.

Crowdfunding

On June 14, 2015, the day before the Los Angeles E3 industry event, Suzuki tweeted "E3" with a photo of a forklift, a reference to a minigame in the original Shenmue. During Sony's E3 press conference the next day, Suzuki announced a Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign to develop Shenmue III for PlayStation 4 and Windows with a tentative release date of December 2017. The surprise announcement drew publicity, winning the "Best Debut" award from GameTrailers and generating a surge in sales of pre-owned Dreamcast consoles. In January 2017, Time, The Guardian and Den of Geek included Shenmue III in their lists of anticipated games.

The initial Kickstarter funding goal, the amount necessary for the campaign to succeed and development to begin, was $2 million. Additional goals, to encourage further donations, included a "rapport system" that changes interactions with characters depending on player choices, and a "skill tree system" allowing for greater customization of Ryo's fighting abilities. Suzuki said that for Shenmue III to be a "true" open-world game, the campaign would need to raise at least $10 million. Nonetheless, he said he would not be disappointed by a smaller figure and would work within the budget.

Shenmue III became the fastest game to raise $1 million in crowdfunding, in an hour and 44 minutes, and the fastest to raise $2 million, in eight hours and 43 minutes. It ended on July 17 having raised $6.3 million from over 69,000 backers, becoming the highest-funded video game in Kickstarter history at the time. On September 17, crowdfunding resumed using the online payment system PayPal. On March 15, the project began accepting pledges through the Chinese crowdfunding platform Alipay.

Crowdfunding ended in September 2018, having raised $7,179,510 from 81,087 backers across multiple platforms. Though this is a large amount for a crowdfunded project, it was relatively small for a high-profile game. However, Sony and Deep Silver provided further funding. After the game was released, Suzuki said it had reached a budget of around $20 million.

Development
Shenmue III was developed by Suzuki's development studio Ys Net. Sony and Shibuya Productions provided production, marketing, and publishing support.

Whereas Shenmue and Shenmue II were developed by between 250 and 300 people, Shenmue III had a core team of about 75, with a further 100 outsourced roles, excluding voice actors. Ten key staff had worked on the previous Shenmue games, including Suzuki, the second director Keiji Okayasu, the scenario director Takao Yotsuji, the writers Junichi Yoshida and Masahiro Yoshimoto, the character designers Kenji Miyawaki and Hideki Kawabata, and the composer Ryuji Iuchi. The chief executive of Neilo, Takeshi Hirai, was a lead programmer on the first Shenmue. Other staff had credits for games such as The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild and series such as Streets of Rage and Virtua Fighter. Masaya Matsukaze and Corey Marshall reprised their roles as the Japanese and English voices of Ryo.

In November 2015, Suzuki visited China to promote the project and research the locations, traditional clothes and martial arts of Guilin. In a presentation at China's Chuapp conference that month, he said that Shenmue IIIs story and "composition" were complete and that "baseline research" with Unreal Engine 4 had begun. Suzuki chose the engine as it allowed the team to build prototypes quickly. In late 2015, the team began using Shenmue II characters to run simple battle and conversation tests. In February 2016, Suzuki demonstrated the weather effects, lighting, and music at the Monaco Anime Game International Conference. By December, the game had left preproduction and motion capture and voice tests were under way.

In June 2017, Shenmue III was delayed to the second half of 2018. According to Suzuki, the game had become "bigger and more beautiful" than he expected through the use of new technology. That August, Suzuki announced that Ys Net had partnered with the German publisher Deep Silver to publish Shenmue III globally. He told Eurogamer this allowed them to make a larger open world, and that Sony and Sega were still supporting development.

Ys Net released a teaser trailer on August 22, 2017. Some fans and journalists criticized its "stiff" character models and animation. In December 2017, Ys Net announced that the Indian studio Lakshya Digital would provide additional character models. In May 2018, Ys Net and Deep Silver delayed Shenmue III until 2019. At the Gamescom trade fair that August, Deep Silver displayed a new trailer and announced a release date of August 27, 2019. A new trailer was shown in March 2019 at the Monaco Magic festival, showcasing the Guilin setting, fighting system, and several new characters. The fighting system was redesigned to make it accessible to less experienced players. In June 2019, Shenmue III was delayed to November 19. A new trailer, showcasing arcades and fighting gameplay, debuted at the Gamescom trade fair in August 2019.

Release
Shenmue III was released on November 19, 2019, 18 years after Shenmue II. It was published in China by Oasis Games on PlayStation 4 and the WeGame platform on PC. Shenmue III includes a letter to fans from Suzuki expressing his hope to develop Shenmue IV.

A demo was released for Windows in September 2019. The Windows version of Shenmue III was exclusive to the Epic Games Store for the first year. The exclusivity announcement drew criticism from some fans. Kickstarter backers who had requested the Steam version were offered refunds.

In January 2020, Ys Net released the first Shenmue III downloadable content (DLC) expansion, "Battle Rally". As Ryo, Ren or Ryo's sparring partner Wei Zhen, players compete in arcade-style races. A "story quest" DLC expansion was released in February, and features the return of Zhang Shuqin from Shenmue II. The third DLC expansion, "Big Merry Cruise", was released in March. In April 2021, fans released a mod for the PC version that replaces the voices of Greg Chun and Kyle McCarley as Ren and Lan Di with Eric Kelso and Paul Lucas, who had voiced them in the original games.

Reception

According to the review aggregator website Metacritic, Shenmue III received "mixed or average reviews". Reviewers were divided over its similarity to the older games; some felt it was a faithful sequel, while others criticized it as outdated. According to GamesIndustry.biz, "Ys Net hasn't rebooted or reimagined its franchise; rather, it has made a game as if (for the most part) the intervening years never happened at all."

Kirk McKeand of VG247 wrote that he enjoyed Shenmue III despite its "decades-old sensibilities". In a positive review, Martin Robinson of Eurogamer described it as "archaic and arcane ... completely ignorant of modern trends in open world gaming, or indeed trends of the last 20 years ... It looks and plays like a Dreamcast game that's as off-kilter, maddening, magical and majestic as the original Shenmue games, both all-time classics. I think there's good reason to rejoice in that." GamesRadar+ described it as "a magnificent, authentic, totally uncompromised sequel that crucially ignores virtually every gaming trend of the past 18 years". Kyle Hilliard of IGN criticized the plot, feeling it moved the series no closer to a conclusion. At the 2020 NAVGTR Awards, Shenmue III won for best franchise adventure game and was nominated for best franchise original light mix score.

Sales
In Japan, the PlayStation 4 version of Shenmue III sold 17,857 retail copies in its first week, making it the week's fourth-bestselling game and the bestselling new release. In the UK, Shenmue III entered the charts at number 17, selling half as many copies as the 2018 Shenmue remaster. GamesIndustry.biz and VG247 said the sales in both regions were likely lower than hoped, but noted that the chart excludes digital sales and copies given to Kickstarter backers. Lars Wingefors, the CEO of Deep Silver's parent company Embracer Group, said that Shenmue III had been "fine" financially and that it was a "core niche product".

Notes

References

External links

2019 video games
Action-adventure games
Crowdfunded video games
Deep Silver games
Kickstarter-funded video games
Open-world video games
Organized crime video games
PlayStation 4 games
Shenmue
Single-player video games
Unreal Engine games
Video game sequels
Video games designed by Yu Suzuki
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set in 1987
Video games set in China
Windows games
Video games based on Chinese mythology


The Men's Freestyle 74 kg at the 1972 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program at the Fairgrounds, Judo and Wrestling Hall.

Medalists

Tournament results
The competition used a form of negative points tournament, with negative points given for any result short of a fall. Accumulation of 6 negative points eliminated the wrestler. When only two or three wrestlers remain, a special final round is used to determine the order of the medals.

Legend
DNA — Did not appear
TPP — Total penalty points
MPP — Match penalty points

Penalties
0 — Won by Fall, Passivity, Injury and Forfeit
0.5 — Won by Technical Superiority
1 — Won by Points
2 — Draw
2.5 — Draw, Passivity
3 — Lost by Points
3.5 — Lost by Technical Superiority
4 — Lost by Fall, Passivity, Injury and Forfeit

Round 1

Round 2

Round 3

Round 4

Round 5

Round 6

Final

Results from the preliminary round are carried forward into the final (shown in yellow).

Final standings

 ,  and

References

External links
Official Report

Freestyle 74kg


Hughenden is a multi-sports venue in the Hyndland area of Glasgow, Scotland. It has been the home since 1924 of Hillhead Sports Club, a private members' club catering for cricket, rugby union and tennis. Hughenden is best known as a rugby venue and is the home ground of Hillhead Jordanhill RFC. It was also used as the home ground of the professional Glasgow Rugby team from 1996 to 2005 and again from 2006 to 2007. The main rugby ground has a capacity of 6,000.

History
Hillhead Sports Club was formed in 1902 as a private club for former pupils of Hillhead High School, catering for various sports including football, cricket, hockey and athletics. A rugby team, Hillhead High School Former Pupils RFC (later Hillhead RFC), was formed in 1904. Initially the club used the Scotstoun Showgrounds before seeking to find a permanent home after the First World War, purchasing land at Hughenden in 1922. The club's new home, with its pavilion designed by W. Hunter McNab, was officially opened on 24 May 1924. Since then Hughenden has hosted a variety of sports including hockey, cricket and tennis, although it has been most closely associated with rugby. The first major sports tournament held at the club was the West of Scotland Tennis Championship in 1925.

Due to the growing popularity of the rugby team, a grandstand was built alongside the pitch in 1934, designed by local consulting engineers FA MacDonald. The stand was built of reinforced concrete with a cantilevered roof, unusual for the time. It was first used in September 1934, for a match between Hillhead and Glasgow Academicals. The ground had an upgrade of their floodlights in 1977.

References

Rugby union stadiums in Scotland
Rugby union in Glasgow
Rugby league stadiums in Scotland
Sports venues in Glasgow
Sports venues completed in 1924
Cricket grounds in Scotland
Tennis venues in the United Kingdom
Glasgow Warriors


Ratt is an American glam metal band formed in Los Angeles, in the 1970s, that had significant commercial success in the 1980s, with their albums having been certified as gold, platinum, and multi-platinum by the RIAA. The group is best known for their hit singles "Round and Round" and "Lay It Down", both of which charted in the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100. Other songs such as "Wanted Man", "You're in Love",  "Dance", and "Way Cool Jr." also charted on the Hot 100.

The band's classic lineup consisted of Stephen Pearcy on lead vocals, Robbin Crosby on lead and rhythm guitar, Warren DeMartini on lead and rhythm guitar, Juan Croucier on bass guitar, and Bobby Blotzer on drums.

Along with one of their peers Mötley Crüe, Ratt has been recognized as instrumental in the formation of the early 1980s Los Angeles metal scene. The band has continued to tour and record following extended hiatuses and with various lineup changes, releasing their final studio album, Infestation, in 2010.

History

Early years (1973–1982)
The origins of Ratt date back to 1973 in Hollywood, with a band called Firedome, founded by singer Stephen Pearcy with a few friends. In 1974, the band broke up, with Pearcy forming Crystal Pystal. The name Crystal Pystal was changed to Mickey Ratt at some point in 1976. The name was shortened in 1977.

Guitarist Robbin Crosby in those same years had been a member of the bands Metropolis with Tommy Asakawa and Parramore McCarty, Xcalibur, Phenomenon, Secret Service and Mac Meda with Asakawa.

Mickey Ratt went through various lineup changes. Members included guitarists Jake E. Lee, Chris Hager, and Bob DeLellis, bassists Matt Thorr, Tim Garcia, and Dave Jellison, and drummers John Turner, and Bob Eisenberg. The various Mickey Ratt lineups released several demos, appeared on compilations and a live concert recording on Pearcy's indie imprint Top Fuel Records.

In 1980, to increase their chances of landing a recording contract with a major label, the band recorded a single called "Dr. Rock" / "Drivin' on E", which was given to fans at their early Los Angeles club shows.

Crosby played with the band later in the year. Guitarist Warren DeMartini, recommended by Lee, joined the band in January 1982. Bassist Gene Hunter (from Jake E. Lee's Teaser) and drummer Khurt Maier (who played drums on the early "Tell the World" written by Pearcy was their first recording that was featured on the compilation Metal Massacre I) temporarily played in Ratt before the arrival of Bobby Blotzer (ex-Vic Vergeat) and Juan Croucier (previously with Dokken, and musically active since 1973). DeMartini was only 18 years old when he was called up to Los Angeles to join Ratt. At the time he was attending college in San Diego and was reluctant to drop out to join a band that had, so far, had only limited success. Marq Torien briefly replaced DeMartini, though the latter returned in time for the recording of their first EP, later in 1982.

Ratt EP, Out of the Cellar and Invasion of Your Privacy (1983–1985)
In July 1983, Ratt signed with the production company Time Coast Music. The company was run by the band's then-manager, Marshall Berle. Time Coast had previously issued records by Spirit and The Alley Cats.

Released in 1983, the band's self-titled EP sold over 100,000 records. The band grew in popularity on the Hollywood, L.A. club circuit, selling out multiple shows on weekends. Stephen Pearcy and Robbin Crosby co-wrote the band's first single, "You Think You're Tough", which found its way onto local radio stations KLOS and KMET. The album cover featured guitarist Robbin Crosby's girlfriend at the time, Tawny Kitaen, who would later on appear on Whitesnake's music videos.

The self-titled independent EP was well-received, and the band was signed by Atlantic Records. Ratt immediately started writing and recording their first full-length album. Out of the Cellar was released in March 1984 and was praised by both fans and critics. Pearcy's raspy yet bluesy vocals were noted for melding with the pyrotechnic guitar playing of twin leads Crosby and DeMartini, combining the then-prevalent Van Halen and Aerosmith-influenced bravado elements with the then-novel muted, staccato guitar-picking style of Judas Priest. Tawny Kitaen, who was previously in a relationship with Crosby, agreed to appear on the cover of their debut full-length album. She also appeared in their video for "Back for More" and on their EP from the previous year.

The album scored much radio and MTV play with songs like "Round and Round" (which peaked at No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and again in 2020 on the Billboard Rock Digital Sales Chart, peaking at #18 on June 4, 2020), "Wanted Man", "Back for More", and "Lack of Communication". The video for "Round and Round" was notable for its guest appearance by Marshall Berle's uncle, Milton Berle, in his Uncle Miltie drag character. Out of the Cellar became a commercial success, going platinum three times over in the United States and making Ratt stars at home and abroad. The album release was capped off by a successful world tour that saw the band sell out stadiums and arenas worldwide. Out of the Cellar is widely regarded as the band's best work and a definitive moment in 1980s heavy metal, while "Round and Round" scored at No. 61 on VH1's Greatest Hard Rock Songs Show.

The band's second full-length album, Invasion of Your Privacy, was released in July 1985.
It peaked at No. 7 (which is the same peak position that Out of the Cellar attained). The album met with mostly positive reactions from fans and critics. AllMusic has called it "another batch of solid pop-metal tunes". It contained favorites "You're in Love" (No. 99 Hot 100) and "Lay It Down" (which made No. 40 on the Hot 100) that assured the band a presence on radio and MTV. Footage from the band's performances at Hirsch Memorial Coliseum in Shreveport, Louisiana and the Mississippi Coast Coliseum in Biloxi, Mississippi were featured in the video to "You're In Love". DeMartini and Crosby's impressive guitar solos and Pearcy's sexual lyrics helped to further define the Ratt sound. Although it did not achieve the sales figures or the status of their debut, Invasion of Your Privacy nonetheless was certified double platinum (selling over two million copies only in the U.S.). The band toured extensively in the United States and Japan, playing a total of 112 shows. In August 1985, the band played on the Monsters of Rock festival in Castle Donington, England.

The model on Invasions cover is Playboy Playmate Marianne Gravatte, who also made an appearance in the "Lay It Down" music video. Using a female model on an album cover later became a trend copied by many glam metal bands of the 1980s, including Great White and Slaughter. Invasion of Your Privacy was displayed by Parents Music Resource Center at a congressional hearing dealing with parental advisory labels.

A couple of months after the album release, the band released a home video entitled Ratt: The Video. The video featured the music videos from the Ratt EP, Out of the Cellar and Invasion of Your Privacy. The video was the first commercially available video to achieve gold sales status in the USA; it eventually reached platinum.

Dancing Undercover and Reach for the Sky (1986–1989)
Ratt's next release was Dancing Undercover on August 9, 1986. The album was a relative disappointment with most music critics at the time of its release, as it took on a heavier sound than the ones on the previous albums. From a commercial standpoint however, the album kept Ratt's string of consecutive platinum albums alive, managing to sell over a million copies in the United States alone. Popular tracks generated by the album included "Dance" and "Slip of the Lip".

In an effort to be taken more seriously, Ratt broke from the tradition of featuring a woman on the cover. Instead, they opted for gritty black-and-white portraits of each of the five band members. Likewise, the album does not contain a single power ballad amongst its ten tracks and even features experimental forays into thrashier and heavier sounds. The song that reflected this shift most strikingly was "Body Talk", which was featured on the soundtrack for the 1986 Eddie Murphy film The Golden Child. The more straight-ahead style of the album led many fans to believe that Ratt was headed in a direction  akin to the thrash style promulgated by such bands as Anthrax, Megadeth, and Slayer. However, the slightly experimental undertones of the album were replaced with a bluesier sound throughout the band's next three releases.

Through 1987, Ratt embarked on a U.S. tour with newcomers Poison and played in Europe as a part of the Monsters Of Rock Tour. Their tour with Poison was one of the highest-grossing tours of 1987.

Reach for the Sky was released in November 1988. Although the album achieved platinum sales status and reached No. 17 on Billboards album charts, it was widely panned by critics. After this album, the band parted ways with long-time producer Beau Hill. Reach for the Sky nevertheless contained the popular tracks "Way Cool Jr." and "I Want a Woman", which received MTV airplay, and as of 2021, is the band's last album to be certified platinum. Ratt spent much of 1989 on a world tour in promotion of Reach for the Sky, with support from Great White, Warrant, Kix and Britny Fox.

The surreal, Dali-esque album cover featured a statue wearing night vision goggles, a human hand emerging from a bundle of twine, a World War II fighter plane, and a wicker chair. The band has remained mother as to what the album cover is supposed to symbolize so as to facilitate the diverse interpretations of their fans. Early pressings of the album cover revealed the breast part of the statue as requested by lead singer Stephen Pearcy. According to Pearcy, he wanted to use that version of the cover, but the other band members feared that this cover would keep the record out of certain music stores.

Detonator, turmoil and hiatus (1990–1996)
Ratt's fifth album, Detonator, was released in August 1990. Sir Arthur Payson took over as producer for the band following Reach for the Sky. The album garnered mixed reactions. Critics claimed it lacked the live-sounding energy of the band's earlier work, while some stated that the band was maturing and striving to expand their sound. Detonator featured  "Givin' Yourself Away" and "Lovin' You's a Dirty Job". The band co-wrote most of the album's songs with Desmond Child while Jon Bon Jovi appeared as a guest background vocalist on "Heads I Win, Tails You Lose".

During the seven shows of the Japanese leg of the 'Detonator' tour in February 1991, Crosby's substance abuse caused his playing to become increasingly inconsistent onstage. During one particular show, after the band performed two songs using non-standard tuning, Crosby did not properly switch out guitars with his guitar technician; as a result, he was not in tune with the band for the next two songs. The last show of the band's Japanese tour, in Osaka, turned out to be Crosby's last with Ratt. When the band returned to the United States, Crosby checked again into a rehab facility and Ratt continued on with Michael Schenker, formerly of Scorpions, UFO, Michael Schenker Group, and McAuley Schenker Group.

In February 1992, Pearcy exited the group to form a new band called Arcade. He moved on to Vicious Delite in 1995 and the industrial-tinged Vertex in 1996.

Robbin Crosby started Secret Service, which included bassist Krys Baratto (from Samantha 7, Juice 13, The Oddfathers). In 1993, Crosby performed on Rumbledog's self-titled debut album. In 1994, Crosby was diagnosed with HIV, which later developed into AIDS.

First reunion and self-titled album (1996–2000)
In 1996, the five classic-era members of Ratt began discussing a reunion and a subsequent album. Ratt eventually moved forward with a lineup of Pearcy, DeMartini and Blotzer, along with new member Robbie Crane (formerly of Vince Neil's solo band and Pearcy's Vertex tour) on bass. When the band toured in 1997, they were a four-piece; Pearcy occasionally played guitar during this tour.

The band issued a compilation album called Collage in July 1997, which consisted of B-sides, alternate recordings, and new versions of songs from the Mickey Ratt period. In 1998, Ratt secured a worldwide record deal with Sony. The self-titled Ratt album, released in July 1999, featured new material with a more conventional blues rock feel. The album's first single, "Over the Edge", did graze the Top 40 Mainstream Rock charts.

Two versions of Ratt and death of Robbin Crosby (2000–2006)

In 1999, Ratt added Keri Kelli as a second guitarist. In January 2000, Pearcy left the group again and went on tour with his band Nitronic, which soon after became "Ratt Featuring Stephen Pearcy".

In 2001, former guitarist Robbin Crosby publicly announced that he was HIV-positive. He died on June 6, 2002, from a heroin overdose. He was 42 years old.

On May 11, 2006, Ratt was profiled on VH1's Behind the Music.

During the group's inactive years, present-day and former members continued to work on their own side projects.

Second reunion (2006–2008)
On December 1, 2006, the website "Metal Sludge" reported that Pearcy and Croucier would re-unite with Blotzer and DeMartini. On December 4, 2006, Jizzy Pearl announced on his message board that he was no longer a member of the band. On March 17, 2007, another website stated that Ratt would go on the 2007 tour with Poison and Great White. Later that month, Blabbermouth.net reported that Ratt would take part in the "Rocklahoma" festival on July 13–15, 2007 in Pryor, Oklahoma, with original singer Stephen Pearcy and without Juan Croucier, who decided not to participate in the reunion tour. Robbie Crane continued to play bass instead.

The summer tour started June 13, 2007, at the Bi Lo Center in Greenville, S.C., and ended August 19, 2007, at the Coors Amphitheatre in Denver. The tour, which brought Poison and Ratt onstage together for the first time since 1999, visited amphitheaters, festivals and fairs in such cities as Boston, Detroit, New York, Atlantic City and Los Angeles.

In August 2008, Sirius Satellite Radio's Hair Nation channel reported that former Mötley Crüe singer John Corabi had resigned as rhythm guitarist for Ratt and was rumored to be replaced by former Quiet Riot guitarist Carlos Cavazo. Bobby Blotzer confirmed these rumors stating that Cavazo was set to replace Corabi and would make his debut with the band on August 27. His first show with Ratt was in Baton Rouge, LA.

Infestation and hiatus (2009–2011)

In April 2009 Loud & Proud/Roadrunner Records announced the signing of a worldwide deal with Ratt. The label was managed by Tom Lipsky who had run CMC International before. Their new album, Infestation, was released in April 2010. Infestation reached No. 30 on Billboards Top 200 chart. A video was filmed for the album's first single, "Best of Me", and the band went on a world tour in support of the album.

In a March 18, 2010, interview with Metalholic Magazine, DeMartini said of the new album Infestation: "It really exceeded our expectations. Conceptually we kinda wanted to revisit the period of Out of the Cellar and Invasion of Your Privacy. We were sort of loosely trying to shoot for something that could fit between those two records. We were looking for more uptempo ideas and the double leads that Robbin Crosby and I started doing back in 1983."

On October 26, 2010, Ratt announced that the band would be going on indefinite hiatus due to internal tensions.

Reunion with Croucier and second departure of Pearcy (2012–2015)
In January 2012, Pearcy said Ratt was in the process of writing material for a new album, planned to be released that summer. On March 22, bassist Robbie Crane announced his departure from Ratt to focus on Lynch Mob. In April 2012, rumors arose original bassist Juan Croucier would rejoin the band that summer; these rumors were confirmed when Croucier played with Ratt at the M3 festival on May 12.

On April 24, 2014, Pearcy announced that he had left the band again, explaining he was "officially done with having anything to do with them due to the constant turmoil, unresolved business, personal attacks/threats in the public forum, and most of all, the disrespect to the fans."

Legal issues and two versions of Ratt again (2015–2018)
In June 2015, Blotzer formed a band called Bobby Blotzer's Ratt Experience. In August 2015, Croucier formed a touring band that played Ratt's deep cuts, with the band debuting in September. Within days, Blotzer criticized Croucier for using the band's logo, arguing trademark infringement.

In September 2015, Blotzer took over control of WBS, a company he set up with DeMartini and Pearcy in 1997 to handle RATT business, over the objection of DeMartini and announced that he had "taken control" of Ratt and his Ratt Experience lineup was the real Ratt and would be embarking a tour in 2016 titled the American Made Re-Invasion Tour. Within days, DeMartini spoke out against Blotzer using the band name. but Blotzer claims he has the legal right to do so on his behalf. In October 2015, DeMartini sued Blotzer for allegedly falsely advertising his "tribute band" as the actual band. On November 5, 2015, the Los Angeles federal court rejected DeMartini's claim.

Until early 2017, Blotzer toured using the name Ratt. The 2016 Re-Invasion tour took Ratt throughout North America. Their tour also took them to the UK, including Hard Rock Hell and London. During this time, Blotzer was using the company WBS to sue the band's original bassist, Juan Croucier, for trademark infringement. On November 8, 2016, that Court granted summary judgment against WBS and in favor of Croucier, finding that the trademark rights had never properly been transferred to WBS and thus were still held by the RATT Partnership under its 1985 partnership agreement. Blotzer had also used WBS to sue Pearcy for trademark infringement in a separate lawsuit, but that lawsuit also failed.

On November 29, 2016, Pearcy, Croucier and DeMartini announced that they had expelled Blotzer from the Ratt Partnership and announced their own Back for More Tour.

Despite adverse court decisions, Blotzer continued to tour as RATT with his band, claiming the right to do so because final judgment had not yet been entered in the cases.

In June 2017, judgment was finally entered in the Croucier case, and Blotzer's WBS filed an appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. In May 2018, the RATT Partnership filed suit against Blotzer and WBS for trademark infringement for continuing to perform as RATT after February 2016, when it was adjudicated that WBS had no rights in the RATT trademarks and Blotzer was expelled from the Partnership. In March 2019, the Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court judgment in favor of Croucier and sent the case back to the district court to determine whether WBS and its counsel should be liable for Croucier's attorneys' fees.

Ratt's "New Breed" and unknown future (2018–current)
On June 1, 2018, it was announced by vocalist Pearcy that Ratt would move forward with him and bassist Croucier. It was confirmed that DeMartini had departed from Ratt, with Cavazo and Degrasso following. On July 5, 2018, it was revealed that Pearcy and Croucier would be joined by Black 'N Blue drummer Pete Holmes and guitarists Jordan Ziff and Chris Sanders.  In February 2020, guitarist Chris Sanders announced his departure from the band, along with announcing his retirement from the music industry.

In March 2020, the band announced they would be embarking on the Big Rock Summer Tour starting in June, along with Tom Keifer, Skid Row, and Slaughter. On June 17, the tour was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Shortly after, it was announced that all Ratt shows in 2020 were rescheduled for 2021. On September 11, Pearcy announced that new music from the band would not be released until 2021.

In January 2021, Pearcy expressed interest in making one final Ratt album with all the remaining original members. On June 26, Ratt announced the addition of guitarist Frankie Lindia of David Lee Roth's solo band, replacing Chris Sanders.

In September 2022, Pearcy revealed that he would only want to continue Ratt with the remaining classic-era bandmates, but that "it's not gonna happen". He said reuniting with the members would be "all business pretty much", but that "there's no business in the Ratt camp". He also revealed he regretted touring as Ratt with only Croucier from the classic lineup and that he would be continuing to play Ratt songs with his solo band.

Members

Most recent lineup
Stephen Pearcy – lead vocals
Juan Croucier – bass, backing vocals
Pete Holmes – drums
Jordan Ziff – lead guitar, backing vocals
Frankie Lindia – rhythm guitar, backing vocals

Discography

Out of the Cellar (1984)
Invasion of Your Privacy (1985)
Dancing Undercover (1986)
Reach for the Sky (1988)
Detonator (1990)
Ratt (1999)
Infestation (2010)

References

External links

 Official website
 Official Bobby Blotzer's Ratt website
 [ Ratt] at AllMusic

American musical quintets
Atlantic Records artists
Glam metal musical groups from California
Hard rock musical groups from California
Heavy metal musical groups from California
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Musical groups established in 1976
Roadrunner Records artists


Twine was an online, social web service for information storage, authoring and discovery, located at twine.com, that existed from 2007 to 2010. It was created and run by Radar Networks. The service was announced on October 19, 2007 and made open to the public on October 21, 2008. On March 11, 2010, Radar Networks was acquired by Evri Inc. along with Twine.com. On May 14, 2010, twine.com was shut down, becoming a redirect to evri.com.

Twine combined features of forums, wikis, online databases and newsgroups and employed intelligent software to automatically mine and store data relationships expressed using RDF statements.

Site description
Twine serviced information storage, authoring and discovery through its website and browser-based tools. The service, intended for regular web users, attempted to automate certain processes related to data categorization and keyword-association (tagging). The system employed natural language processing and machine learning to extract concepts from written text in user data, and expressed it using RDF triples tied to a semantic taxonomy based on concepts mined from Wikipedia. This makes it easier for machines to process the data. The extracted data could be used in searches to additionally select the type of thing the user wanted to find, such as person or location.

Twine was a social network and its users could add contacts, send private messages and share information. Users could collaborate on collecting data through private or public twines; data collections focused on a certain topic, such as politics.

Data could be imported to Twine's website through conventional uploading of files, writing text with a WYSIWYG editor or using a bookmarking tool for webpages. The tool worked similarly to other social bookmarking websites. Users could manually write summaries, specify keywords (tags) and select an image to include in the bookmark that appears on Twine's website. Certain types of media in bookmarks, such as YouTube videos, were automatically embedded in Twine's pages when bookmarked. Twine also offered limited wiki capabilities to collaboratively edit documents.

Information discovery was mostly done through a user's main page where items appeared, organized by the twine they belonged to. Twine also used machine learning technologies that used semantic metadata to learn and generate more relevant, automatic information recommendations of possible interest to the user.

History
Radar Networks remained in stealth mode until October 19, 2007, when Twine was announced and limited invitations were handed out for beta testing. In February 2008 it was announced that Radar Networks raised a Series B venture round led by Velocity Interactive Group, Vulcan Capital and Draper Fisher Jurvetson. The service became visible to the public and search engines in July 2008. Approximately 50,000 people had signed up during Twine's beta-phase and 34,000 were active at that time. Twine went public on October 21, 2008.

On March 11, 2010, the search engine Evri Inc. announced the acquisition of Radar Networks and Twine.com.

On October 5, 2012, Evri laid off much of its staff and shut down its commercial offerings, including evri.com

See also
 Freebase (database) — Online semantic database
 Resource Description Framework (RDF)
 Semantic Web
 Web 2.0
 Web Ontology Language (OWL)

References

Social networking services
Social bookmarking
Internet properties established in 2007
Internet properties disestablished in 2010
Social information processing
Semantic Web
Defunct websites